Hubbry Logo
Bat YamBat YamMain
Open search
Bat Yam
Community hub
Bat Yam
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Bat Yam
Bat Yam
Bat Yam
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

32°01′N 34°45′E / 32.017°N 34.750°E / 32.017; 34.750

Bat Yam (Hebrew: בת ים (audio)ⓘ) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, on the Central Coastal Plain just south of Tel Aviv. It is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area. In 2023, it had a population of 131,099.[1]

Key Information

History

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19482,300—    
195516,000+595.7%
196131,700+98.1%
1972100,100+215.8%
1983128,700+28.6%
1995138,500+7.6%
2008130,300−5.9%
2010130,400+0.1%
2011128,200−1.7%
2022128,465+0.2%
Source: CBS[2][3]

British Mandate

[edit]

Bat Yam, originally Bayit VeGan ("House and Garden"),[4] was founded in 1919 by the Bayit VeGan homeowners association, affiliated with the Mizrachi movement. The association was formed to establish a religious garden suburb in Jaffa. By March 1920, it had 400 members. In 1921, 1,500 dunams (370 acres) of land were purchased, of which 1,400 were formally registered by 1923.[citation needed] In September 1924, an urban blueprint was approved by the association. In early 1926, the plots were divided up and a lottery was held to determine who would build first. By October 1926, roads and water supply were complete. Six families settled on the land in cabins. According to a 1927 report, ten houses were under construction. A synagogue was dedicated in October 1928. By then there were 13 families living in Bat Yam and a total of 20 houses.[citation needed]

In the wake of the 1929 Arab riots, the residents were evacuated by the British army and their homes turned into barracks. The soldiers left at the end of 1931. In 1932, the residents began to return and were joined by others. In November 1933, 85 families were living in the neighborhood. By early 1936, there were 300 homes and a population of 1400. Local industry began to develop, a movie theatre opened, and a hotel was established. The first school, named after Tachkemoni, was founded in 1936. The first headmaster was Haim Baruch Friedman.[5]

In December 1936, Bayit VeGan was declared a local council. It encompassed 3,500 dunams, 370 dunams of which were Arab-owned. In December 1937, the name was formally changed to Bat Yam (literally "daughter of the sea").[6] By 1945, 2,000 Jews were living in Bat Yam.[7] In 1936–1939, the town was cut off from Tel Aviv because the road ran through Jaffa, leading to the construction of a new road via Holon. According to the Jewish National Fund, the population had risen to 4,000 by 1947.[8]

Following the vote in favor of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine on November 29, 1947, and the fighting that accompanied the civil war in British Mandate, violent incidents, including sniping, were reported by the residents of Bat Yam.[8][9]

State of Israel

[edit]

After the independence of Israel in 1948, Bat Yam grew dramatically due to mass immigration. It gained city status in 1958.[10]

Aftermath of Iranian strikes during the Iran–Israel war

On June 15, 2025, an Iranian missile strike devastated a residential area in Bat Yam, killing at least nine people, including two children aged 8 and 10, injuring nearly 200, and leaving several still missing beneath the rubble.[11]

Demographics

[edit]

A small Hasidic enclave of Bobover Hasidim, known as Kiryat Bobov, was established in 1958.[12]

The vast majority of Israelis of Vietnamese origin live in Bat Yam.[13]

Since the wave of immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union began in the 1970s, many Russian speakers settled in Bat Yam and continue to live there.

Health

[edit]

The Yehuda Abarbanel Mental Health Center is a psychiatric hospital founded in 1944 by the British Mandate authorities. Since the establishment of the state, it had been administered by the Israeli Ministry of Health. The hospital, named for Judah Abravanel, a Portuguese rabbi, Jewish philosopher and physician in the Middle Ages, provides hospitalization and ambulatory services to residents of Tel Aviv, Jaffa, Holon and Bat Yam coping with mental illness.[14]

Education

[edit]
Bat Yam mayor Tzvika Brot at a local kindergarten

In 2008, the Weitzman-Albert Education Initiative headed by Jane Gershon, wife of fashion shoe designer Stuart Weitzman invested over $2 million in Bat Yam's Harel Elementary School, which received a top Education Ministry award for academic achievement and immigrant integration.[15]

In 2017, the percentage of high school students eligible for a bagrut matriculation certificate reached 86.3%, compared to the 68.2% national average. The number of high school students doing a five-point exam in mathematics is also on the rise thanks to a program inaugurated in 2015 in cooperation with the Donald J. Trump Foundation and Alliance Israélite Universelle to encourage excellence in math.[16]

Main neighborhoods

[edit]

Ramat Yosef

[edit]

Named after Yosef Sprinzak, and one of the oldest in Bat Yam, with most of its houses built in the fifties and sixties.

Shikun Amidar

[edit]

A religious-traditional neighborhood. The Defenders' Square, the main commercial center of the neighborhood and the city, is in its northwest.

Kiryat Bobov

[edit]

An ultra-orthodox-Chassidic neighborhood of the Bobover Hasidism, led by Rabbi Meizlish, brother-in-law of the Rebbe of Bobov. In the neighborhood there is a synagogue, a Talmud Torah, a small yeshiva, and a large yeshiva all in one building as well as Bat Yam's largest mikveh.

Orot HaTorah

[edit]

Mainly home to Orot HaTorah Congregation, a religious Zionist community led by Rabbi David Chai HaCohen, among the neighborhood's institutions of the Orot HaTorah Congregation: the synagogue, the high yeshiva "Yishiva Nativot Yisrael", and Talmud Torah Orot HaTorah.

Chabad

[edit]

Home to the Chabad community, which has five synagogues, a central Chabad house, a boys' kindergarten, a girls' kindergarten, Talmud Torah, a seminary for women and girls, and a Mikveh.

Main sites

[edit]

HaMeginim (the Defenders') Square

[edit]
HaMeginim Square

A monument in the memory of the defenders of the city who fell in battle. Located at the entrance to Bat Yam from Tel Aviv. In the War of Independence, there was a defense post in this place called "Hashdera" or "King George's Position" (the previous name of the Independence Boulevard).

Bat Yam Heritage Museum

[edit]

The museum is located in the municipal library building. The museum has photographs, documents and various exhibits on the history of Bat Yam in the years 1926–1948, including a detailed description of the city's standing in the War of Independence.

HaSela (the Rock) Beach

[edit]
Main article: Bat Yam Seafront
HaSela Beach

A popular beach, surrounded by a breakwater, suitable for all ages. The beach is very active and sports activities are held there in the early morning hours. In the summer season there are summer events such as street stalls, clowns and shows. The tiny island of Adam's Rock is located here.

Bat Yam City Hall

[edit]

The Bat Yam City Hall was designed by the architects Zvi Hecker, Eldar Sharon and Alfred Neumann.[17] When it was built between 1960 and 1963, the building stood alone in the heart of the dunes and was exposed to the coastline of Bat Yam. The building of reinforced concrete was designed in the form of an inverted ziggurat, in Brutalist architecture style.[18] The design was chosen in a competition in 1959 which drew entries from the leading architectural firms in Israel.[19]

Government

[edit]
Bat Yam City Hall

In the early 2000s, after financial scandals under the leadership of Yehoshua Sagi, the city was on the brink of bankruptcy. In 2003, he was replaced by Shlomo Lahiani, founder of the Bat Yam Berosh Muram (Bat Yam Heads-Up) party. In 2008, he was re-elected with 86% of the vote.[20] In 2014, Lahiani pleaded guilty to three counts of breach of public trust after being charged with bribery and income tax fraud.[21] He was replaced by Yossi Bachar.[22]

In 2014, after the Bat Yam municipality petitioned the Israeli Supreme Court, Interior Minister Gideon Saar appointed a steering committee to explore the possibility of incorporating the city as part of Tel Aviv-Yafo as a way of reviving its stagnant economy. Later that year, when Gideon Sa’ar was replaced by Gilad Erdan, a decision was reached to transfer funding to Bat Yam directly from the state budget. The plan for unification was postponed until the next municipal elections in 2023. In 2019, Bat Yam's current mayor, Tzvika Brot, said he opposed the union with Tel Aviv.[23]

Council heads and mayors

[edit]
Tzvika Brot
Type Name Years
Head of council Ben-Zion Mintz 1936–37
Head of council Ben Zion Yisrael [he] 1937–39
Head of council Yisrael Rabinovich-Teomim [he] 1939–43
Head of council Eliav Levai [he] 1943–50
Head of council David Ben Ari 1950–58
Mayor David Ben Ari 1958–63
Mayor Menachem Rothschild 1963–73
Mayor Yitzhak Walker 1973–77
Mayor David Mesika 1977–78
Mayor Menachem Rothschild [he] 1978–83
Mayor Ehud Kinamon 1983–93
Mayor Yehoshua Sagi 1993–2003
Mayor Shlomo Lahiani 2003–14
Mayor Yossi Bachar 2014–18
Mayor Tzvika Brot 2018–date
Source: Bat Yam's mayors on the official city website Archived 2019-04-27 at the Wayback Machine

Urban development

[edit]
A street in Bat Yam

In 2016, the municipality approved an urban renewal plan in the Ramat HaNasi neighborhood, adding 950 high-end apartments.[24] According to Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), residents of Bat Yam have the lowest income among the largest cities in Israel.[25]

According to Bat Yam mayor Tzvika Brot, the city is looking for creative solutions to rebuild the city and preserve its economic independence.[26] The city has six beaches and a 3.2 kilometer (2 mile) long promenade along the Mediterranean coast that connects to the Tel Aviv boardwalk.[27]

According to a report in Ynet, Bat Yam has become a countrywide leader in urban renewal. Many of the city's older buildings are undergoing construction to strengthen their foundations, add floors and improve their appearance, and dozens of parks are being beautified and made accessible to visitors with disabilities.[28]

Culture

[edit]
A neighborhood in Bat Yam

In the heart of Bat Yam is a three-museum complex known as MoBY.[29] The main building, David Ben-Ari Museum for Contemporary art was established in 1961. The Rybak House and the Sholem Asch Museum house MoBY's permanent collections and offer educational programs.[30] The Bat Yam Heritage Museum is adjacent to the municipal library. The city has two shopping malls, Bat Yam Mall, which opened in 1993, and Bat Yamon Mall.

The Bat Yam amphitheatre, also built in the 1960s near the beach, is a venue for concerts and public events. The International Street Theater Festival, the largest open-space performance art celebration in Israel, is an annual summer event in Bat Yam.[31]

A park in Bat Yam

The Ryback House showcases the work of Issachar Ber Ryback. The Yiddish writer Sholom Asch, who lived in Bat Yam in his later years, willed his home to the Bat Yam municipality, which turned it into museum.[32]

In 2008 the Bat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism, which is devoted to re-examining urban spaces through art and architecture, was held in Bat Yam. In 2010, the second Biennale, "Timing" took place,[33] which featured site-specific installations from designers and architects from around the world.[34]

The Center for Urbanism and Mediterranean Culture is a research institute devoted to the creation of a new discourse in Israeli urban space. The head of the center is veteran Haaretz correspondent Avirama Golan.[35]

Beaches

[edit]
Main article: Bat Yam Seafront
Marina Beach

The location of Bat Yam on the Mediterranean makes it popular with beach-goers. Bat Yam has a 3.2 km (2 mi) long promenade along the ocean lined with pubs and restaurants. The city has six beaches, one of which is protected by a breakwater.

Bat Yam's Al Gal beach is a popular surfing spot with fairly consistent surf conditions, especially during the summer months.[36] Both Al Gal and Hagolshim are straight, exposed dune-backed beaches.[37]

Trump Promenade

[edit]

In September 2025, Bat Yam named a section of its lower seaside boardwalk the Trump Promenade (Hebrew: טיילת טראמפ, also referred to as טיילת הנשיא). A cornerstone-laying ceremony was held on 10 September 2025, attended by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, U.S. Ambassador to Israel Mike Huckabee, and Bat Yam Mayor Tzvika Brot.[38][39][40]

Municipal and local media report that the designation applies to the “lower promenade” between Nordau Street and Tayo Beach and followed approval by the city's naming committee and council.[41][42]

Sports

[edit]
Bat Yam Municipal Stadium

The city's major football (soccer) club, Beitar Tel Aviv Bat Yam, currently plays in Liga Leumit, the second level of Israeli football.

Archaeology

[edit]

In September 2011, an iron anchor dating to the Byzantine period was discovered off the coast of Bat Yam. According to the Israel Antiquities Authority, it was likely that of a boat that sank in a storm about 1,700 years ago and may be proof of an unknown ancient harbor on the coast.[43]

Transportation

[edit]
Komemiyut railway station

Two railway stations opened in the city in 2011 as part of the new Tel Aviv–Rishon LeZion West line: Bat Yam–Yoseftal railway station and Bat Yam–Komemiyut railway station.[44] Bat Yam is served by the Red Line of the Tel Aviv Light Rail since August 18, 2023,[45] and is planned to be served by the Metro line M3. The city will be the terminus for both lines and the lines will meet at the new Yoseftal Station.

The city will be served by the Ayalon Route of the Ofnidan bike path network.[46]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel

Bat Yam is twinned with:

Notable people

[edit]
Eli Cohen
Miri Ben-Ari

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Bat Yam

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Bat Yam is a coastal city in the of central , situated on the immediately south of as part of the metropolitan area. With a population of approximately 128,000 in 2025, it functions primarily as a densely populated residential and destination. The city developed rapidly after 's founding in 1948 to accommodate Jewish immigrants, incorporating as a in 1958, and features a 3.2-kilometer beachfront promenade that supports its tourism-oriented alongside services and real estate development. Despite recent efforts, Bat Yam residents record the lowest average incomes among 's major cities, reflecting socioeconomic challenges amid a high concentration of immigrants from the former comprising about 35% of the population. In June 2025, during the brief Iran– war, Bat Yam endured a direct Iranian strike on an apartment building, killing nine people including three children and injuring nearly 200, in what was described as the conflict's worst civilian impact. The city has also witnessed episodes of intercommunal violence, notably a 2021 mob assault on an Arab resident amid nationwide riots.

History

Origins and British Mandate Era

The area now comprising Bat Yam was part of the coastal plain south of under Ottoman rule until the British conquest in 1917, consisting primarily of sand dunes and sparse agricultural land with no significant permanent settlements. In 1926, during the British Mandate, it was founded as a suburban Jewish neighborhood named Bayit ve-Gan ("House and Garden") by approximately 20 religious families seeking to establish homes near the , affiliated with Zionist building associations. This development reflected broader patterns of Jewish land acquisition and suburban expansion in Mandate , aimed at creating self-sustaining communities amid growing . The nascent settlement faced immediate threats during the 1929 Arab riots, when a mob from attacked Bayit ve-Gan, forcing residents to flee to ; British authorities evacuated the families and temporarily converted the homes into military barracks. The site remained abandoned until resettlement in 1930–1931, after which reconstruction proceeded with influxes of Jewish immigrants, particularly from following the rise of in 1933, who built additional homes and infrastructure. By the mid-1930s, the community had stabilized enough to receive local council status in 1936–1937, at which point it was renamed Bat Yam ("Daughter of the Sea") to evoke its coastal location and biblical connotations. Throughout the late Mandate period, Bat Yam grew as a residential outpost, with its Jewish reaching about 2,000 by 1945 and expanding to 4,000 by 1947 amid wartime displacements and post-Holocaust pressures. The era saw incremental development of basic amenities, including a notable established in 1942, but the settlement remained vulnerable to regional tensions, including intermittent attacks and British administrative restrictions on Jewish expansion. By 1948, as Mandate rule ended, Bat Yam functioned as a modest coastal locality integrated into the emerging Jewish state's defensive perimeter south of .

Establishment and Early Statehood

Following Israel's on May 14, 1948, Bat Yam, then a local council with a population of approximately 1,000 residents, played a defensive role in the ensuing War of Independence. The settlement withstood multiple attacks from Arab forces originating from nearby and surrounding areas, relying on local militia and improvised fortifications to maintain control amid the broader conflict that saw and sieges across central Israel. In the immediate postwar period, Bat Yam integrated into the new state's administrative framework, retaining its local council status established under the British Mandate in 1936 while expanding northward and southward to incorporate adjacent lands vacated during the fighting. The locality absorbed significant influxes of Jewish immigrants, primarily from North African countries such as , , and , as well as from and , driven by state-orchestrated operations like (1949–1950) and (1950–1951). This demographic shift fueled rapid urbanization, with rudimentary housing projects and infrastructure developments, including basic roads and extensions, supported by government agencies to accommodate the newcomers. By the mid-1950s, Bat Yam's population had swelled to over 20,000, prompting further municipal consolidation and the establishment of key institutions like schools and a central market. In 1958, it was officially granted by the Israeli Ministry of the Interior, reflecting its transformation from a modest coastal outpost into a burgeoning urban center within the . This elevation enabled greater autonomy in planning and services, though early challenges included housing shortages and socioeconomic strains from the immigrant-heavy populace.

Immigration and Expansion Post-1948

Following the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, Bat Yam experienced rapid demographic expansion driven by mass Jewish immigration, primarily from North African countries such as , , and , as well as other Middle Eastern regions including and . Between 1948 and 1953, over 20,000 displaced Jews—predominantly from and —settled in the city, roughly doubling its pre-state population through the construction of temporary (transit camps) and initial permanent housing quarters. By the end of 1953, Bat Yam's population had reached 10,000 residents. Sustained immigration inflows, coupled with state-led urban planning initiatives to accommodate newcomers, fueled further growth; the population climbed to 62,000 by 1967. This period saw the development of multi-story residential blocks and neighborhood expansions southward along the coast, transforming Bat Yam from a suburban settlement into a denser urban center integrated into the metropolitan area. In recognition of its expanded scale and administrative needs, Bat Yam was granted official on , 1958. A subsequent major influx occurred in the 1990s amid the collapse of the Soviet Union, when Bat Yam emerged as a primary absorption point for over 850,000 Jewish immigrants from former Soviet states between 1990 and 1999, with the city hosting a significant share due to its affordable housing and proximity to employment centers in Tel Aviv. Approximately 35% of Bat Yam's residents trace their origins to this post-Soviet aliyah, prompting accelerated high-rise construction and infrastructure upgrades, including expanded public housing projects and community facilities like ulpanim (Hebrew language schools) to integrate the arrivals. This demographic shift diversified the city's ethnic composition while straining resources, yet bolstered its labor force and economic base through the immigrants' contributions in sectors such as construction and services.

Geography and Environment

Location and Topography


Bat Yam is situated in the Tel Aviv District of central Israel, directly on the Mediterranean Sea coastline, approximately 15 kilometers south of Tel Aviv's city center. The city's geographic coordinates are approximately 32°01′N 34°45′E. It forms part of the densely populated Gush Dan metropolitan area, with its northern boundary adjacent to the Jaffa neighborhood of Tel Aviv-Yafo and southern extents reaching toward Rishon LeZion. The municipality covers a land area of 8.2 square kilometers. Topographically, Bat Yam occupies the flat expanse of Israel's central , with terrain dominated by low-lying sandy soils and minimal elevation changes; average elevation is around 21 meters above , rising slightly inland from the shoreline. The western edge features a 7-kilometer stretch of beaches backed by dunes, transitioning eastward to urban development on the without significant hills or valleys. This level facilitates extensive residential and commercial construction but exposes the area to and sea-level influences.

Climate and Coastal Features

Bat Yam features a hot-summer Mediterranean climate classified as Köppen Csa, with long, hot, dry summers and short, mild winters accompanied by the majority of annual precipitation. The average annual temperature is 20.5 °C, with summer highs averaging 30 °C in July and August, and winter lows reaching 11.8 °C in January. Annual rainfall totals approximately 436 mm, concentrated from October to April, peaking at 54 mm in December and negligible during summer months. Humidity levels are moderate, averaging around 60-70% year-round, contributing to muggy conditions in summer. The city's Mediterranean coastline extends roughly 3-7 km, dominated by sandy-gravel beaches backed by kurkar (aeolian ) ridges, which form natural barriers and influence local patterns. Six principal beaches line the shore, including the sheltered HaSela Beach protected by a breakwater and rock pool, suitable for calmer swimming amid otherwise exposed surf conditions. formations, cemented beach sediments exposed along the , exhibit diverse erosion morphologies such as notches, pits, and boulders, reflecting wave action and sediment dynamics typical of the . A 3.2 km seafront promenade parallels the beaches, supporting recreational activities and resilient to coastal processes.

Demographics

Population Dynamics

Bat Yam experienced rapid population growth following Israel's independence in 1948, driven primarily by mass Jewish immigration from Arab countries and , which necessitated extensive and led to its incorporation as a in 1958. By the end of 1953, the population had reached 10,000 residents, expanding to 62,000 by 1967 as waves of immigrants from and the settled in the area, transforming it from a small coastal settlement into a burgeoning urban center. A second major influx occurred in the 1990s with the arrival of immigrants from the former Soviet Union, accounting for about 35% of the city's residents and pushing the population to a peak of 133,900 by 2002. This period of expansion aligned with national absorption efforts, though it also strained local infrastructure and contributed to socioeconomic challenges in a dense urban environment spanning just 8.2 square kilometers. Since the early , growth has slowed, with the estimated at 126,290 in based on Central Bureau of Statistics data, reflecting a stabilization influenced by domestic migration patterns and lower net rates compared to earlier decades. Recent national trends, including post-2023 from conflict zones adding modestly to peripheral cities like Bat Yam, have not reversed this plateau, as outbound movement to nearby for economic opportunities offsets inflows. The city's high density—over 15,000 residents per square kilometer—continues to shape dynamics, prioritizing over further expansion.

Ethnic and Religious Makeup

Bat Yam's is classified by Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics primarily into , , and other groups. As of 2021, constituted approximately 77.5% of the city's residents (97,853 individuals), about 0.8% (1,012 individuals, predominantly Muslim), and the "other" category around 21.7% (27,425 individuals), which largely includes non-halakhically Jewish immigrants from the former eligible for citizenship under the . These figures reflect a total of roughly 126,000 at the time, with proportions holding steady amid growth to 131,099 by 2023. The Jewish majority exhibits ethnic diversity stemming from multiple immigration waves post-1948. Significant communities hail from the former , with Russian-speaking residents settling en masse since the and comprising a key demographic segment; this group has influenced local culture, including pop cultural expressions blending Mediterranean and Russian elements. Earlier arrivals included from Europe and from and the , contributing to a mixed urban fabric. Ethiopian Israelis form a smaller cohort, representing about 1.9% of the population (around 2,400 people) as of 2016. Religiously, the population is overwhelmingly Jewish, with minimal presence of other faiths beyond the small Arab Muslim minority. Within the Jewish , religiosity varies, but the city leans secular to traditional, evidenced by low fertility rates (around 1.91 children per woman in , among Israel's lowest) and limited ultra-Orthodox infrastructure compared to more religious centers. Small enclaves of religious Zionists and ultra-Orthodox groups exist, occasionally collaborating politically, but they do not dominate the demographic landscape.

Socioeconomic Profile

Bat Yam is classified in socioeconomic cluster 5 out of 10 by Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, placing it in the medium-low range among localities based on factors including , , , and conditions. This ranking aligns with the city's profile as a densely populated coastal south of , characterized by a high concentration of immigrants—particularly from the former and —which contributes to lower aggregate socioeconomic indicators compared to central district peers. Residents of Bat Yam record the lowest average among Israel's major cities, per Central Bureau of Statistics data, reflecting a working-class base with significant reliance on service sector and tourism-related . Approximately 70% of the lives near or below the line, exacerbated by challenges among immigrant men aged 18-64, over half of whom face or job mismatch. In quality-of-life assessments across 49 metrics for large cities, Bat Yam ranked lowest in early 2025, surpassing national averages in just 14 areas such as certain outcomes while lagging in , attainment, and housing affordability. Housing dynamics underscore affordability strains despite urban renewal efforts; average prices for three-room apartments rose from 1.34 million NIS to 1.62 million NIS by 2022, driven by proximity to and beachfront appeal, though this has not broadly alleviated poverty amid rising costs. Education levels remain below national norms, with limited access to higher education correlating to persistent gaps, though recent initiatives target skill development for immigrant integration. Overall, Bat Yam's profile shows gradual improvement through investments but ongoing vulnerabilities tied to demographic composition and economic peripherality relative to .

Government and Administration

Municipal Structure

Bat Yam functions as a city municipality (iriya) under Israel's Local Authorities Law (Municipalities) of 1968, which outlines the governance framework for urban local authorities. The structure features a separation between executive and legislative functions, with the heading the executive and the city council serving as the legislative body. The is elected directly by residents for a five-year term, holds authority over administrative decisions, budget execution, and policy implementation, and appoints department heads subject to council oversight. Tzvika Brot has served as mayor since November 2018, following a runoff victory in the municipal elections, and secured re-election for a second term in the February 2024 polls. Prior to his tenure, the position rotated among various figures, reflecting shifts in local political dynamics. The office coordinates with central government ministries on funding and planning, particularly for infrastructure tied to the city's coastal location and proximity to . The city council, comprising members elected via in the same five-year cycles, numbers 25 for Bat Yam's population bracket of 100,001 to 200,000 residents, as stipulated by election regulations. It approves budgets, zoning plans, and service contracts, while monitoring executive actions through committees on , , welfare, and urban development. Council sessions are public, with live broadcasts available, ensuring transparency in deliberations. Administrative operations are organized into key departments, including engineering and construction for , social services for welfare programs, for school oversight, and licensing and inspections for . These are managed by appointed directors reporting to the , with the influencing priorities through budgetary votes. The structure emphasizes efficiency in addressing urban challenges like housing density and coastal maintenance, though it has faced scrutiny over project delays in renewal initiatives.

Leadership and Elections

Tzvika Brot, a Likud-affiliated strategic advisor and former senior correspondent for Army Radio and Yedioth Ahronoth, has served as of Bat Yam since November 2018. He secured the position in the October 30, 2018, municipal elections through a runoff victory over incumbent Yossi Bachar, obtaining 63% of the vote to Bachar's 37%. Brot's campaign emphasized and security enhancements, reflecting voter priorities in a coastal with diverse socioeconomic challenges. Brot was re-elected on February 27, 2024, in elections delayed from October 2023 due to the Gaza war and reserve mobilization impacts. He declared victory against challengers Shlomo Lahiani, a former convicted of breach of trust, and Yossi Bachar, with voters re-electing the amid concerns. Prior to Brot, Yossi Bachar held the mayoralty from 2014 to 2018, succeeding Shlomo Lahiani, who governed from 2003 until his 2014 removal following and convictions that resulted in a 2015 sentence. Lahiani's tenure involved infrastructure projects but ended amid probes that highlighted governance vulnerabilities in the municipality. Bat Yam's leadership operates under Israel's municipal framework, with a directly elected overseeing and a 31-member city council elected via from party lists, serving five-year terms.

Policy Priorities

The Bat Yam municipal government, led by Tzvika Brot since 2018, emphasizes as a primary policy to combat housing deficits, enhance , and foster economic vitality in a historically marked by socioeconomic challenges. A key initiative is the comprehensive masterplan, which spans 8,000 dunams and projects the addition of around 30,000 units by 2050, doubling the existing stock through targeted densification along major transport axes, including integration with the system. This approach includes constructing 4,600 apartments near the Ha'Atzmaut station, alongside commercial spaces, employment opportunities, bike paths, and expanded public areas to promote and reduce reliance on low-density, aging structures. Social and civic innovation forms another pillar, with dedicated municipal teams addressing resident-prioritized issues like urban cleanliness and elderly welfare, embedded within broader national programs to embed data-driven solutions into local governance. Participation in ' innovation initiative since 2019 underscores commitments to advancements in , environmental , , and administrative efficiency, aiming to elevate service delivery amid fiscal constraints. Cultural and image-rebuilding strategies complement these efforts, leveraging events such as the International Biennale of to counter perceptions of decline and boost along the coastal front, while aligning with national housing policies like TAMA 38 for seismic and tower . Post-June 2025 Iranian missile strikes, recovery efforts have integrated into these frameworks, prioritizing resilient and community support without displacing core long-term objectives.

Economy

Key Sectors and Employment

Bat Yam's economy is primarily service-based, with , retail, and representing key sectors due to the city's coastal location and ongoing efforts. The industry benefits from Bat Yam's Mediterranean beaches and proximity to , attracting visitors and supporting local hospitality and commercial activities. Construction has expanded significantly as part of regeneration projects addressing shortages and needs, with initiatives focusing on high-density residential and mixed-use developments since the early . Employment in Bat Yam reflects socioeconomic challenges, with the percentage of households containing at least one employed person reaching only 71.1% in 2023—the lowest among Israel's major localities. rates have historically exceeded national averages, standing at 6.4% in 2021 compared to lower figures in peer cities like . Many residents commute to jobs in the adjacent , where broader metropolitan opportunities in and light supplement local .
SectorContribution Notes
Tourism and HospitalityDriven by beaches and seasonal visitors; supports retail and services.
ConstructionBoosted by ; addresses land scarcity through redevelopment.
Retail and ServicesLocal commerce tied to residential population and commuter base.

Urban Renewal Initiatives

Bat Yam's urban renewal initiatives, coordinated through the city's Urban Renewal Directorate established in with Israel's national renewal , emphasize pinui-binui (evacuate-and-rebuild) projects to modernize aging neighborhoods, increase , and enhance . These efforts target older residential areas with substandard buildings, replacing them with mid- and high-rise developments that include expanded public spaces, commercial facilities, and improved seismic resilience. A comprehensive masterplan, approved to guide renewal over the next two decades, prioritizes strategic densification, mixed-use zoning, and integration with transportation networks like the . Major projects include the Hgiborim neighborhood initiative by Tidhar Urban, which demolishes low-density structures to construct high-quality residential towers, contributing to Bat Yam's reputation as Israel's hub. In July 2025, a pinui-binui project on Chashmonaim, Yoseftal, and Bar Ilan streets commenced, set to deliver 267 new apartments in place of 72 obsolete units, with construction involving initial demolitions. Another landmark effort, approved in November 2024 by the Planning Committee, targets an older neighborhood for large-scale led by Tidhar, incorporating thousands of housing units alongside public amenities. In April 2025, a long-delayed mega-project advanced after a decade of planning, featuring 964 residential units, 6,000 square meters of commercial and office space, a new school, and upgraded public areas. Europe's billion-shekel endeavor, launched in July 2025 following four tenders, plans 550 low-rise apartments just 450 meters from the and 900 meters from the , blending residential growth with proximity to employment centers. The municipality has increasingly positioned itself as a developer, forging agreements to inject up to 100 million shekels into projects while navigating tenant protections amid model shifts. These initiatives have driven housing supply expansion, with plans like the 110-dunam Metro Darom-Komemiyut complex projecting over 1,000 units, alongside policies offering arnona tax exemptions and economic viability assessments to incentivize participation. Complementary developments, such as the southern Park Hayam luxury neighborhood, integrate renewal with green spaces and appeal, fostering socioeconomic uplift in a historically challenged by . However, implementation requires legislative safeguards for resident rights, as highlighted in critiques of evolving municipal roles.

Economic Challenges and Reforms

Bat Yam grapples with persistent economic challenges rooted in its low socioeconomic profile, characterized by below-average incomes and high housing costs relative to other major Israeli cities. Residents earn the lowest average income among Israel's large urban centers, exacerbating affordability issues amid rising property values driven by proximity to . The city ranks at the bottom in quality-of-life indices, with the lowest percentage of and elevated household expenditures on shelter compared to national peers. In the Central Bureau of Statistics' 2024 socioeconomic clustering, Bat Yam falls into the fifth tier out of ten, reflecting limited access to high-wage and infrastructure deficits, compounded by historical shortfalls reaching hundreds of millions of shekels. Urban renewal programs represent the primary economic reforms, targeting dense, aging neighborhoods to boost property values, attract investment, and diversify beyond tourism-dependent sectors. Bat Yam anticipates the most extensive such initiatives among Israeli cities, demolishing outdated structures for high-density developments that include commercial spaces and public amenities, as seen in the April 2025 approval of a project for 964 apartments, 6,000 square meters of retail, a school, and green infrastructure in the Ramat neighborhood. Municipal innovation teams, established since 2021, address land scarcity and social gaps through targeted interventions, while new luxury enclaves like Park Hayam integrate residential growth with economic revitalization. These efforts have spurred real estate demand, mitigating broader downturns, though they risk amplifying housing commodification without proportional wage gains.

Social Dynamics and Controversies

Ethnic Tensions and Violence

In May 2021, during the Israel-Hamas conflict, Bat Yam became a site of acute Jewish-Arab violence, reflecting spillover from nationwide unrest. On the evening of , a mob of dozens of Jewish Israelis surrounded and assaulted an Arab driver named Mousa on a main street, dragging him from his car after presuming his ethnicity based on appearance, beating him unconscious with strikes to the head and kicks to the body. The incident, involving up to 50 attackers, was broadcast live on Israeli television, amplifying public outrage. This occurred amid broader Arab-initiated riots in like and Acre, where synagogues and Jewish property were targeted, prompting retaliatory actions by Jewish groups across , including in predominantly Jewish Bat Yam. Legal repercussions followed, with Binyamin Aharonovich, identified as a primary assailant who struck the victim at least 10 times, convicted in 2023 of and an act of terror by the Tel Aviv District Court. He received a 12.5-year sentence in January 2024, underscoring the severity of mob violence classified as . Nationwide, indictments from the riots showed disparities, with comprising 90% of the 616 cases (545 indictments for rioting, terror acts, and violence versus 71 for ), highlighting uneven enforcement patterns amid mutual clashes. Post-2021, Bat Yam has seen persistent ethnic tensions linked to , with far-right groups promoting Kahanist ideologies framing presence as an "occupation" and fostering anti- sentiment. Local officials, while attributing core issues to national dynamics, concede that extremist elements have embedded in the city, exacerbating divides in a locale with a large Russian-speaking Jewish population prone to nationalist views. Earlier incidents, such as 2012 anti-migrant protests turning violent against African asylum seekers, indicate recurring patterns of communal friction beyond Jewish- lines, though less documented in scale.

Radicalization and Community Responses

In Bat Yam, a process of Jewish nationalist has intensified since the early 2020s, characterized by the resurgence of Kahanist ideologies that advocate strict separation from and view property acquisitions by Arab individuals as an existential "occupation" and threat of . This trend, rooted in the city's historical appeal to right-wing extremists dating back to Meir Kahane's campaigns in the 1980s, gained traction amid socioeconomic pressures and perceptions of demographic encroachment in a predominantly Jewish coastal . Local rhetoric, including claims of Arabs "buying up apartments" and imposing a " of assimilation," has fueled , with Bat Yam identified as a focal point for such ethnic tensions. A pivotal incident occurred on May 12, 2021, during nationwide riots sparked by the Israel-Hamas conflict, when a mob of Jewish extremists in Bat Yam dragged Said Musa, an Arab resident of Ramle, from his vehicle and subjected him to a brutal beating that nearly resulted in his death; the attack was captured on video and symbolized the eruption of intra-communal violence in areas with transient Arab presence, such as workers or visitors. This event, part of broader clashes including arson against Arab-owned properties, highlighted how radicalized groups mobilized via social media to target perceived threats, exacerbating a cycle of retaliation seen in mixed cities like Lod. Conversely, Islamist radicalization has manifested through targeted attacks, such as the February 2025 bus bombing in Bat Yam executed by Palestinian operative Abd al-Karim Tznuber, who evaded capture for months before a joint IDF-Shin Bet operation apprehended him in Nablus on July 30, 2025, following a 19-hour pursuit. Community responses have included acknowledgments from Bat Yam leaders that has taken root locally, though they frame Jewish-Arab frictions as a national rather than isolated municipal issue, urging broader intervention. Following the 2021 violence, political figures from far-right to Islamist parties issued unified condemnations, calling for calm and to prevent civil strife. Non-governmental initiatives, such as those funded by the , have promoted Jewish-Arab partnerships at local levels to counter , , and through and legitimacy-building efforts. Security measures have emphasized , with forces like 5025 extending reservist deployments beyond 300 days annually to address both Jewish and Palestinian in the region. Despite these steps, persistent challenges include uneven enforcement and the influence of online mobilization, which continue to hinder .

Recent Security Incidents

On February 20, 2025, three parked buses in Bat Yam and nearby were targeted in explosions authorities described as a suspected terrorist attack, with no injuries reported as the blasts occurred after hours. later arrested a Palestinian suspect from the , identified as Abd al-Karim Snobar, who was indicted in October 2025 for planting the improvised explosive devices as part of a coordinated plot to maximize civilian casualties in the area. The most severe incident occurred on June 15, 2025, during the 12-day Iran-Israel war, when an Iranian struck an apartment building in Bat Yam, killing nine civilians—including three children—and injuring nearly 200 others, with one person initially reported missing. The strike, which involved a carrying hundreds of kilograms of explosives, caused extensive structural damage and was described as the deadliest civilian attack of the conflict, with victims including 44-year-old Efrat Saranga and a 94-year-old among those later . classified the targeting of populated areas like Bat Yam as likely constituting war crimes due to the indiscriminate nature of the ballistic missile barrage. In the aftermath of the June strike, a Bat Yam resident, Liliana Luyan, was indicted for obstructing civilians from accessing a during the missile barrage, highlighting secondary risks from individual actions amid heightened security threats. These events underscore Bat Yam's exposure to both proxy terrorist operations and direct state-sponsored missile attacks, with Israeli defenses intercepting many but not all incoming threats during the escalation.

Culture and Attractions

Beaches and Tourism

Bat Yam's Mediterranean coastline features a sandy beachfront extending over three kilometers, equipped with stations, workout areas, and a renovated promenade that supports daily recreation and seasonal events. The beaches attract visitors seeking a less crowded alternative to Tel Aviv's shores, offering suitable for swimming, sunbathing, and water sports including at designated spots with consistent wave conditions. Facilities include equipment rentals for activities like and , alongside beachfront cafes and restaurants providing dining options. A dedicated gender-segregated beach area accommodates Orthodox Jewish visitors, ensuring access during religious observance periods. The Bat Yam Boardwalk, or Tayelet, spans the waterfront with playgrounds, bars, and entertainment venues, fostering a environment that draws both locals and tourists. Events such as street theater festivals, fairs, and stalls utilize the promenade, enhancing its appeal during peak summer months from July to August when warm weather boosts attendance. Tourism in Bat Yam emphasizes beach-oriented leisure, with the city's proximity to —about a 10-minute drive—making it a convenient day-trip destination for urban escapees. The area's high safety perception, with 78% of residents and visitors feeling secure after dusk, supports evening promenade strolls and nightlife. Optimal visiting conditions align with clear, rainless days featuring temperatures between 75°F and 90°F, prioritizing and pool activities.

Cultural and Sports Facilities

Bat Yam features a range of cultural institutions dedicated to , , and heritage. The Museums of Bat Yam (), a complex promoting through contemporary exhibitions and events, includes facilities for and interdisciplinary projects. The Bat Yam Museum of Art, situated on Struma Street 6, hosts rotating displays of local and international artworks, operating from 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM when open. Performance venues contribute to the city's cultural scene. The Bat Yam stages high-level events encompassing , comedy, and theater productions. Additionally, the Notzar Theater, relocated from , offers dramatic and theatrical performances as part of Bat Yam's efforts to foster artistic expression. These facilities support ongoing exhibitions, workshops, and public programs aimed at engaging residents and visitors. Sports infrastructure in Bat Yam centers on multi-use venues and coastal activities. The Bat Yam Municipal Stadium, opened in 1991, accommodates 3,100 spectators with natural grass surface and concrete stands, primarily hosting football matches for Maccabi Ironi Bat Yam. Additional amenities include sports fields, halls like Ofer Hall, and facilities managed by the Bat Yam Leisure and Sports Culture Company Ltd., which oversees recreational and competitive programs. The city's beaches facilitate water sports and events such as championships, enhancing community fitness initiatives.

Heritage and Archaeology

Bat Yam's heritage primarily reflects its establishment as a modern Jewish settlement in the early , with preservation efforts centered on cultural figures and local history. The city was founded in 1926 by 24 religious Jewish families as a named Bayit VeGan, initially serving as a suburban extension of ancient before evolving into an independent municipality in 1936. Key heritage sites include the Sholem Asch House at 50 Arlozorov Street, the final residence of Yiddish author from 1950 until his death in 1957, which now functions as a housing his extensive library of over 15,000 volumes, including rare manuscripts, and serves as a research center for . The , part of the (Museums of Bat Yam) complex, reopened in September 2025 after renovations, emphasizing Asch's contributions to Jewish cultural identity amid his controversial post-World War II works bridging Jewish and Christian themes. Archaeological evidence in Bat Yam is sparse, reflecting the site's development on sandy coastal dunes with limited pre-modern occupation layers, though surveys and coastal discoveries indicate intermittent ancient activity. In the 1950s and 1960s, excavations by archaeologists such as Ram Gophna uncovered pottery sherds, including kraters similar to those from contexts at nearby Tel Afek, suggesting possible transient settlement or trade links in the region. More notably, in 2011, the recovered a 4th- or 5th-century CE Byzantine ship anchor from the seabed off Bat Yam's coast, prompting speculation of an undocumented ancient port facilitating maritime trade during the period, as no prior onshore evidence of such a facility existed. These finds, primarily maritime, underscore Bat Yam's role in ancient coastal networks rather than as a major inland settlement, with urban expansion since the 1920s limiting further systematic digs.

Infrastructure and Transportation

Urban Development Projects

Bat Yam's urban development is guided by the Overall Renewal Masterplan, approved by the Local Planning Committee in December 2024, which encompasses 8,000 dunams and aims to add approximately 30,000 housing units by 2050, doubling the city's residential stock through densification along major thoroughfares and enhancements. The plan integrates urban landscape strategies, linking development with transportation, environmental systems, and irrigation to promote sustainable growth. Prominent projects include the Almog Group's Ramat Yossef initiative, which received building permits in April 2025 after a decade of planning, comprising 964 apartments, 6,000 square meters of commercial space, a new school, and a green boulevard to replace aging structures. Israel Europe's urban renewal effort, launched in July 2025, targets 550 low-rise apartments located 450 meters from the light rail and 900 meters from the seafront, with three-room units starting at NIS 2.5 million to capitalize on transit-oriented development. Additional residential-focused renewals feature Tidhar's Hgiborim project, erecting two modern towers on the Bat Yam-Tel Aviv border near the beach and station; the SEA&PARK neighborhood by Sarfati Group, incorporating green-built towers, public institutions, a mall, entertainment venues, and smart waste systems; and the Garden Towers, demolishing 10 older buildings with 72 units to construct 267 new apartments. The Minrav Yam Towers exemplify "Pinui Binui" (evacuate-and-rebuild) efforts at key intersections, while the project delivers four nine-story buildings with underground parking. Public infrastructure advancements include the new municipal building complex, a with 12,000 square meters of court offices forming the eastern gateway to the business district, and the seafront promenade, whose occurred in September 2025 to enhance coastal accessibility. These initiatives align with broader goals of seismic , increased density, and integration with regional like the , addressing housing shortages amid proximity to .

Transportation Networks

Bat Yam's transportation infrastructure is integrated into the broader metropolitan public transit system, facilitating connectivity to and surrounding areas. The primary network includes , bus services, and road links, with no direct heavy rail stations within but access via feeder buses to nearby stops. The Red Line, operational since August 18, 2023, serves as a key artery, spanning 24 kilometers from through , , Tel Aviv-Jaffa, and terminating in Bat Yam with nine stations, including Komemiyut and others along the southern route. This line, managed by NTA Metropolitan Mass Transit System, handles an estimated daily ridership potential of 250,000 across its five municipalities, though actual usage remained below capacity as of September 2025. It operates on street level along routes like Road, with transfers available to buses and future metro lines. Service runs Sunday through Thursday and limited hours on Fridays, but not fully on . Bus networks, operated by companies such as Egged, Dan, and Afikim, provide extensive coverage with frequent routes to Tel Aviv's Central Bus Station, such as line 83 departing every 15 minutes from key Bat Yam points like Balfour/HaRav Kook. These services use the electronic ticketing system, allowing seamless transfers within 90 minutes for intra-city or short inter-city trips at fares around 6 NIS (approximately $1.65 USD). Local lines connect residential areas to beaches, commercial districts, and stations, supplemented by sherut (shared taxi) minibuses for flexible, on-demand travel. Road transport relies on Highway 4, a coastal arterial route linking Bat Yam northward to (about 10-15 minutes by car) and southward to , handling significant commuter traffic. Local arterials like Jerusalem Boulevard support intra-city movement, while projects have improved and paths. Taxis and ride-hailing apps offer supplementary options, particularly to , approximately 30-45 minutes away via dedicated shuttles or direct buses. Future expansions, including Green and Purple lines and metro integration by 2028, aim to enhance capacity amid ongoing real estate-driven demand.

Notable Figures

Prominent Residents

Shay Abutbul, born in Bat Yam on 16 January 1983, is a former Israeli professional footballer who primarily played as a central midfielder, representing clubs such as Hapoel Petah Tikva and Maccabi Haifa, and earning caps for the Israel national under-19 team. Yossi Abukasis, born in Bat Yam on 10 September 1970, is a retired Israeli footballer and current manager, known for his defensive midfield role with Hapoel Tel Aviv, where he won multiple league titles, and later coaching stints including with the Israel national team. Miki Leon, born in Bat Yam on 20 September 1973, is an Israeli actor recognized for roles in films such as (2008) and television series like Bnei (2013). Shai Tsabari, born in Bat Yam to a Yemenite Jewish family, is an Israeli blending Mizrahi, indie, and traditional Yemenite music, with notable albums including his 2016 debut that fused folk elements with modern production. Michael Barkai (1935–1999), who settled in Bat Yam with his family upon immigrating to in 1948, developed his early interest in the sea there and rose to become commander of the from 1976 to 1978, overseeing operations including missile boat engagements.

References

  1. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/bat-yam
  2. https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/israel/bat-yam
  3. https://www.buyitinisrael.com/news/the-impoverished-city-of-bat-yam-is-becoming-a-princess/
  4. https://your-friends-in-israel.com/destination/bat-yam/
  5. https://www.timesofisrael.com/6-dead-including-2-children-in-iranian-missile-strike-on-bat-yam-apartment-building/
  6. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-857755
  7. https://www.timesofisrael.com/from-far-right-to-islamist-parties-leaders-condemn-jewish-arab-violence/
  8. https://www.britannica.com/place/Bat-Yam
  9. https://www.armon-yam.co.il/the-history-of-bat-yam/
  10. https://www.jpost.com/metro/burgeoning-bat-yam-411226
  11. https://www.academia.edu/29955621/Territorial_stigma_formation_in_the_Israeli_city_of_Bat_Yam_1950_1983_planning_people_and_practice
  12. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Israel_Commemorative_Cancel_1958_Bat_Yam_Became_a_City.jpg
  13. https://auca.kg/uploads/Migration_Database/William_Berthomiere_1.pdf
  14. https://www.climamed.eu/project/our-countries/israel/bat-yam/
  15. https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/397/from-russia-with-complications/
  16. https://journals.openedition.org/bcrfj/2172
  17. https://www.touristisrael.com/bat-yam/4958/
  18. https://www.latlong.net/place/bat-yam-tel-aviv-israel-13433.html
  19. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/israel/telaviv/admin/6200__bat_yam/
  20. https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-t7sjdn/Bat-Yam/
  21. https://www.floodmap.net/?gi=295548
  22. https://en.climate-data.org/asia/israel/tel-aviv-district-1697/
  23. https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/israel/bat-yam-climate
  24. https://weatherspark.com/y/98255/Average-Weather-in-Bat-Yam-Israel-Year-Round
  25. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/10/11/1571
  26. https://www.snorkeling-report.com/spot/snorkeling-hasela-beach-bat-yam/
  27. https://mark-horner.com/index.php?location=bat_yam
  28. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/israel/admin/tel_aviv/6200__bat_yam/
  29. https://www.taubcenter.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Demography-Overview-ENG-2022.pdf
  30. https://www.enp.org.il/en/cities/Bat_Yam/
  31. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351428354_Connecting_Ethnicity_and_Space_the_New_Russian-Mediterranean_Pop_Culture_in_Israel%27s_Periphery
  32. https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/349/11_19_349e.pdf
  33. https://www.jfeed.com/news/s0z2o4
  34. https://www.pressreader.com/israel/jerusalem-post/20240731/281659670307720
  35. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1193758
  36. https://www.jewishcanada.org/bat-yam
  37. https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-herzliya-top-bat-yam-bottom-for-quality-of-life-1001499264
  38. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/314724/1/cesifo1_wp11685.pdf
  39. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/trump-strategist-tzvika-brot-running-for-bat-yam-mayor-547233
  40. https://www.israelnationalnews.com/flashes/626581
  41. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/brot-replaces-vocal-netanyahu-critic-bibas-as-head-of-likud-municipal-committee/
  42. https://www.bat-yam.muni.il/en/604/
  43. https://rocketreach.co/bat-yam-municipality-profile_b5d67133f42e3244
  44. https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-mayors-more-women-2018-local-elections-summed-up/
  45. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-31/ty-article/.premium/israeli-cabinet-votes-to-delay-local-elections-until-late-february-due-to-gaza-war/0000018c-bffd-d6c4-ab8d-fffd56ab0000
  46. https://twitter.com/israel_elects/status/1762602020773515543
  47. https://twitter.com/Jerusalem_Post/status/1762676701274808825
  48. https://firmisrael.org/learn/news/7215256-voters-municipal-elections-are-underway-in-israel/
  49. https://www.timesofisrael.com/former-bat-yam-mayor-gets-prison-time-for-corruption/
  50. https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/real-estate/article-852689
  51. https://www.timesofisrael.com/municipal-innovation-teams-tackle-social-economic-challenges-in-israeli-cities/
  52. https://www.timesofisrael.com/ashdod-akko-bat-yam-chosen-to-be-part-of-bloombergs-city-innovation-program/
  53. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266398197_Reconstructing_urban_image_through_cultural_flagship_events_The_case_of_Bat-Yam
  54. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-858365
  55. https://www.jpost.com/metro/bat-yam-a-city-by-the-sea-385706
  56. https://www.gov.il/en/pages/renewal_old_neighborhoods_bat_yam
  57. https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/doclib/2024/032/20_24_032e.docx
  58. https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/DocLib/2023/lfs21_1890/intro1b_e.docx
  59. https://batyam.complot.co.il/inclusiveplan/
  60. https://www.bat-yam.muni.il/he/588/
  61. https://tidhar.co.il/en/project/hgiborim-project/
  62. https://www.ynet.co.il/economy/article/h1fqxz00sex
  63. https://www.ayr.co.il/the-tel-aviv-district-planning-and-building-committee-approved-the-establishment-of-a-large-scale-urban-renewal-project-in-one-of-bat-yams-older-neighborhoods-the-projects-developer-tidhar-urban/
  64. https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/real-estate/article-850297
  65. https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/real-estate/article-860131
  66. https://www.ynet.co.il/economy/article/yokra14433830
  67. https://www.nadlancenter.co.il/article/5894
  68. https://www.nadlancenter.co.il/article/4138
  69. https://www.calcalist.co.il/local_news/article/hkwumgz8el
  70. https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-jerusalem-bottom-in-socioeconomic-ranking-1001485397
  71. https://www.buyitinisrael.com/news/which-cities-in-israel-will-be-transformed-by-urban-renewal/
  72. https://www.jpost.com/real-estate/bat-yam-bucks-the-financial-crisis-654
  73. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13574809.2022.2154645
  74. https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-mobs-vicious-attack-on-presumed-arab-in-bat-yam-caught-live-on-israel-tv/
  75. https://www.timesofisrael.com/bat-yam-man-sentenced-to-12-5-years-for-2021-mob-assault-on-arab-driver/
  76. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-57097554
  77. https://www.kohelet.org.il/en/article/may-2021-arab-insurgency-must-be-a-wake-up-call/
  78. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-09-20/ty-article/.premium/key-suspect-in-2021-israeli-arab-lynching-convicted-of-attempted-murder-and-act-of-terror/0000018a-b360-d13d-a98f-fbf52ebd0000
  79. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-05-18/ty-article/.premium/israeli-arabs-make-up-90-of-indictments-over-may-2021-riots/00000180-e9f6-dc12-a5b1-fdff04140000
  80. https://www.972mag.com/discrimination-jewish-arab-defendants/
  81. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-02-15/ty-article-magazine/.premium/kahanism-arab-occupation-and-violence-far-right-stronghold-emerges-in-bat-yam/0000017f-edb3-da6f-a77f-fdbf65160000
  82. https://www.timesofisrael.com/shattered-windows-and-broken-borders/
  83. https://www.vox.com/world/2021/5/15/22436068/israel-violence-lod-bat-yam-jerusalem-lynching-arab-jewish-palestinian
  84. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-862907
  85. https://www.nif.org/stories/shared-society-combating-racism/bridge-the-divide-building-jewish-arab-partnership-in-time-of-crisis/
  86. https://www.euronews.com/2025/02/20/explosions-reported-in-israeli-city-of-bat-yam-in-what-authorities-say-could-be-a-terror-a
  87. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/20/bus-blasts-in-israel-are-suspected-terror-attack-say-police
  88. https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2025/07/23/idf-arrests-palestinian-terrorist-allegedly-responsible-for-central-israel-bus-bombing-in-february/
  89. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-files-indictment-against-palestinian-suspect-in-botched-bombing-of-bat-yam-bus/
  90. https://www.ynetnews.com/article/ryiz116iagg
  91. https://www.timesofisrael.com/these-are-the-28-victims-killed-in-iranian-missile-attacks-during-the-12-day-conflict/
  92. https://www.israelnationalnews.com/tags/Bat_Yam
  93. https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/09/04/iran-missile-strikes-on-israeli-civilians-likely-war-crimes
  94. https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-863116
  95. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-june-15-2025/
  96. https://jinsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Operation-Rising-Lion-6-16-25-2.pdf
  97. https://semerenkogroup.com/is-bat-yam-worth-it-the-ultimate-guide-to-life-near-tel-aviv-%25F0%259F%258F%2596%25EF%25B8%258F/
  98. https://www.visit-tel-aviv.com/en/bat-yam/
  99. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g297740-d9723529-Reviews-Bat_Yam_Boardwalk_Tayelet-Bat_Yam_Tel_Aviv_District.html
  100. https://holysands.com/attractions/8707/
  101. https://theworldtravelindex.com/en/middle-east/israel/bat-yam/is-bat-yam-safe
  102. https://www.visit-tel-aviv.com/en/museums-of-bat-yam/
  103. https://bat-yam-museum-of-art.wheree.com/
  104. https://www.timeout.com/israel/things-to-do/the-best-of-bat-yam
  105. https://www.jta.org/2014/05/23/ny/bat-yam-the-new-israeli-riviera
  106. https://www.touristisrael.com/bat-yam-artists-colony-gallery/2211/
  107. https://www.transfermarkt.com/maccabi-ironi-bat-yam/stadion/verein/27135
  108. https://mapy.com/en/?source=osm&id=1184675894
  109. https://easy.co.il/en/list/Sports-Fields?region=497
  110. https://en.checkid.co.il/company/l8d1mwQ-512178567
  111. https://www.isfsports.org/sites/default/files/documents/2022-07/WSC%2520Beach%2520Volleyball%25202023%2520Bulletin%25201.pdf
  112. https://ingeveb.org/blog/asch-remembered-sholem-asch-hoyz-in-bat-yam
  113. https://www.facebook.com/david.mazower/posts/exciting-news-the-sholem-asch-housemuseum-in-bat-yam-my-great-grandfathers-last-/25111621405106045/
  114. https://publications.iaa.org.il/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2211&context=atiqot
  115. https://israel21c.org/byzantine-treasure-found-off-israeli-coast/
  116. http://paulinespiratesandprivateers.blogspot.com/2011/09/history-new-finds-tell-new-stories.html
  117. https://www.skyscrapercity.com/threads/bat-yam-overall-renewal-master-plan-10-50-fl-prop.2430714/
  118. https://www.hqa.co.il/projects/bat-yam-renewal
  119. https://www.hqa.co.il/projects/bat-yam-urban-landscape-masterplan
  120. https://www.s-sarfati.co.il/en/project/sarfati-seapark/
  121. https://www.buyitinisrael.com/projects/garden-towers/
  122. https://kikabraz.com/project/minrav-yam/
  123. https://grofit.co.il/en/urban-renewal/projects/masada-bat-yam/
  124. https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/efvp/bat-yam-new-municipal-building-building-page.html
  125. https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/Netanyahu-dedicates-Bat-Yam-waterfront-to-Trump--Israel%2527s-best-friend-in-the-White-House/
  126. https://www.duns100.co.il/en/City_Projects
  127. https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Bat-Yam/Tel-Aviv
  128. https://www.nta.co.il/en/light-rail/red-line/
  129. https://israel21c.org/what-you-need-to-know-about-tel-avivs-new-light-rail/
  130. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-18/ty-article/.premium/israels-new-light-rail-line/0000018a-0727-d18f-a3fb-17f704f60000
  131. https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-tel-aviv-light-rail-still-underused-1001521323
  132. https://moovitapp.com/index/en/dir/Tel_Aviv_Central_Bus_Station-site_60283524-site_196010146-1
  133. https://www.abrahamtours.com/public-transport-in-israel/
  134. https://www.abraham.travel/everything-you-need-to-navigate-israel-public-transport/
  135. https://welcome-israel.com/blog/transportation-in-israel
  136. https://www.ynetnews.com/real-estate/article/rywfojjnle
  137. https://www.shuttledirect.com/en/transfer/tlv/il-bat-yam.html
  138. https://www.transfermarkt.us/shay-abutbul/profil/spieler/44862
  139. https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/shay-abutbul/
  140. https://www.transfermarkt.us/yossi-abukasis/profil/trainer/19614
  141. https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/yossi-abukasis/
  142. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1573064/
  143. https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/shai-tsabari-storms-the-heavens
  144. https://app.chartmetric.com/artist/716283
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.