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ESP32
ESP32
ESP32
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ESP32
ESP-WROOM-32 module with ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip
ManufacturerEspressif Systems
TypeMicrocontroller
Release dateSeptember 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)[1]
CPU
Memory520 KiB SRAM
Power3.3 V DC
PredecessorESP8266

ESP32 is a family of low-cost, energy-efficient microcontrollers that integrate both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities. These chips feature a variety of processing options, including the Tensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor available in both dual-core and single-core variants, the Xtensa LX7 dual-core processor, or a single-core RISC-V microprocessor. In addition, the ESP32 incorporates components essential for wireless data communication such as built-in antenna switches, an RF balun, power amplifiers, low-noise receivers, filters, and power-management modules.

Typically, the ESP32 is embedded on device-specific printed circuit boards or offered as part of development kits that include a variety of GPIO pins and connectors, with configurations varying by model and manufacturer. The ESP32 was designed by Espressif Systems and is manufactured by TSMC using their 40 nm process.[2] It is a successor to the ESP8266 microcontroller.

Features

[edit]
ESP32 function block diagram
ESP32 die shot. Most of the chip area is covered by a power distribution network on the top metal layers.

Features of the ESP32 include the following:[3]

  • Processors:
    • CPU: Xtensa dual-core (or single-core) 32-bit LX6 microprocessor, operating at 160 or 240 MHz and performing at up to 600 DMIPS
    • Ultra-low-power (ULP) co-processor
  • Memory: 520 KiB RAM, 448 KiB ROM
  • Wireless connectivity:
    • Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
    • Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE (shares the radio with Wi-Fi)
  • Peripheral interfaces:
  • Security:
  • Power management
    • Internal low-dropout regulator
    • Individual power domain for RTC
    • 5 μA deep sleep current
    • Wake up from GPIO interrupt, timer, ADC measurements, capacitive touch sensor interrupt

ESP32-xx family

[edit]

Since the release of the original ESP32, a number of variants have been introduced and announced. They form the ESP32 family of microcontrollers.[8] These chips have different CPUs and capabilities, but all share the same SDK and are largely code-compatible. Additionally, the original ESP32 was revised (see ESP32 ECO V3, for example).

ESP32

[edit]
  • Xtensa single-/dual-core 32-bit LX6 microprocessor(s)
  • Supports single-precision Floating-Point Unit (FPU)
  • Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
  • Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE (shares the radio with Wi-Fi)
  • 34 GPIOs
  • 2 × 12-bit SAR ADCs, up to 18 channels[9]
  • 2 × 8-bit DAC[10]

ESP32-S2

[edit]
  • Single-core Xtensa LX7 CPU, up to 240 MHz (with ULP co-processor running at 20 MHz)
  • No Floating-Point Unit (no FPU)[11]
  • 320 KiB SRAM, 128 KiB ROM, and 16 KiB RTC SRAM
  • Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b/g/n)[12]
  • No Bluetooth
  • 43 GPIOs[12]
  • 2 × 13-bit SAR ADCs, up to 20 channels
  • 2 × 8-bit DAC[13]
  • USB OTG

ESP32-S3

[edit]
ESP32-S3-Wroom-1 board
  • Dual-core Xtensa LX7 CPU, up to 240 MHz,[14] and supporting single-precision FPU
    • Added instructions to accelerate machine learning applications
  • 512 KiB SRAM, 384 KiB ROM, and 16 KiB RTC SRAM
  • Capable of connecting to external 1GiB address space of PSRAM and Flash via Quad SPI or Octal SPI, by chunks of 32 MiB.
  • Ultra-low-power RISC-V (RV32IMC) coprocessor clocked at 17.5 MHz approximately
  • Ultra-low-power FSM coprocessor similar to previous ESP32 and ESP32-S2
  • Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11 b/g/n)[15]
  • Bluetooth 5 (LE)
  • 45 GPIOs
  • No integrated Ethernet MAC
  • 2 × 12-bit SAR ADCs, up to 20 channels
  • USB OTG

ESP32-C2

[edit]
  • 32-bit RISC-V single-core processor that operates at up to 120 MHz, implementing RV32IMC ISA[16]
  • 576 KB ROM, 272 KB SRAM (16 KB for cache) on the chip
  • Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b/g/n)
  • Bluetooth 5 (LE)
  • 14 GPIOs (QFN24)
  • SPI, UART, I2C, LED PWM controller, General DMA controller (GDMA), SAR ADC, Temperature sensor
  • No USB support

ESP32-C3

[edit]
NodeMCU board with an ESP32-C3-32S
  • Single-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 160 MHz[17]
  • 400 KiB SRAM, 384 KiB ROM, and 8 KiB RTC SRAM
  • Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b/g/n)[18]
  • Bluetooth 5 (LE)[18]
  • 22 (QFN32) or 16 (QFN32) or 15 (ESP8685 QFN28) GPIOs[19]
  • 2 × 12-bit SAR ADC
  • Pin compatible with ESP8266
  • USB device

ESP32-C6

[edit]
  • High performance 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 160 MHz,[20] implementing RV32IMAC
  • Low-power 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 20 MHz, implementing RV32IMAC
  • 512 KiB SRAM and 320 KiB ROM
  • IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) on 2.4 GHz, supporting 20 MHz bandwidth in 11ax mode, 20 or 40 MHz bandwidth in 11b/g/n mode
  • IEEE 802.15.4 (Thread + Zigbee)
  • Bluetooth 5.3 (LE)
  • 30 (QFN40) or 22 (QFN32) GPIOs
  • USB device

ESP32-H2

[edit]

Newer

[edit]

ESP32-C5 - April 30, 2025

[edit]
  • Single-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 240 MHz[22]
  • Low-power 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 40 MHz.
  • 384 KB SRAM and 320 KB ROM
  • Capable of connecting to external PSRAM and Flash
  • IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) on 2.4 and 5 GHz, supporting 20 MHz bandwidth in 11ax mode, 20 or 40 MHz bandwidth in 11b/g/n mode
  • IEEE 802.15.4 (Thread + Zigbee)[23]
  • Bluetooth 5 (LE)
  • Over 20 GPIOs

ESP32-P4 - January 2023

[edit]
  • High performance dual-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 400 MHz
    • Implementing RV32IMAFC_Zicsr_Zifencei and custom AI/vector instructions.
    • Supports single-precision Floating Point Unit (FPU).
  • Low performance single-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 40 MHz
    • Implementing RV32IMAC_Zicsr_Zifencei ISA extensions.
  • 768 KiB SRAM on high-performance core system.
  • 8 KiB TCM on high-performance core system.
  • 32 KiB SRAM on low-power subsystem.
  • Support PSRAM.
  • Integrated hardware accelerators for various media encoding protocols, including H.264.
  • No Wi-Fi or Bluetooth
  • Over 50 GPIOs[24]

QFN packaged chip and module

[edit]

ESP32 is housed in quad-flat no-leads (QFN) packages of varying sizes with 49 pads. Specifically, 48 connection pads along the sides and one large thermal pad (connected to ground) on the bottom.

Chips

[edit]

The ESP32 system on a chip integrated circuit is packaged in both 6 mm × 6 mm and 5 mm × 5 mm sized QFN packages.

Series Identifier Processor
cores 		Processor
speed (MHz) 		Embedded flash
memory (MiB) 		Embedded PSRAM
memory (MiB) 		GPIOs Package
size 		Description
ESP32 ESP31B 2 240 0 0 34 6 mm × 6 mm Pre-release SoC used for beta testing; no longer available.
ESP32-D0WDQ6 2 240 0 0 34 6 mm × 6 mm Initial production release chip of the ESP32 series.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-D0WD 2 240 0 0 34 5 mm × 5 mm Smaller physical package variation similar to ESP32-D0WDQ6.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-D0WDQ6-V3 2 240 0 0 34 6 mm × 6 mm Introduces some fixes to ESP32-D0WDQ6.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-D2WD 2 160 2 0 34 5 mm × 5 mm 2 MiB (16 Mibit) embedded flash memory variation.
Removed.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-S0WD 1 160 0 0 34 5 mm × 5 mm Single-core processor variation.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-D0WD-V3 2 240 0 0 34 5 mm × 5 mm Introduces some fixes to ESP32-D0WD.
ESP32-D0WDR2-V3 2 240 0 2 34 5 mm × 5 mm
ESP32-U4WDH 2 240 4 0 34 5 mm × 5 mm Single-core processor and 4 MiB (32 Mibit) embedded flash memory variation.
Also 1 CPU 160 MHz variant existed.
ESP32-S2 ESP32-S2 1 240 0 0 43 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG.
ESP32-S2R2 1 240 0 2 43 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG.
ESP32-S2FH2 1 240 2 0 43 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG.
ESP32-S2FH4 1 240 4 0 43 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG.
ESP32-S2FN4R2 1 240 4 2 43 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG.
ESP32-S3 ESP32-S3 2 240 0 0 45 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG. With 3.3V and 1.8V VDD_SPI voltage.
ESP32-S3R2 2 240 0 2 45 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG.
ESP32-S3R8 2 240 0 8 45 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG.
ESP32-S3R8V 2 240 0 8 45 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG. With 1.8V VDD_SPI voltage.
ESP32-S3FN8 2 240 8 0 45 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG.
ESP32-S3FH4R2 2 240 4 2 45 7 mm × 7 mm With USB OTG.
ESP32-C2 ESP8684H1 1 120 1 0 14 4 mm × 4 mm With Bluetooth 5.
ESP8684H2 1 120 2 0 14 4 mm × 4 mm With Bluetooth 5.
ESP8684H4 1 120 4 0 14 4 mm × 4 mm With Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C3 ESP32-C3 1 160 0 0 22 5 mm × 5 mm With Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C3FN4 1 160 4 0 22 5 mm × 5 mm Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-C3FH4 1 160 4 0 22 5 mm × 5 mm With Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C3FH4AZ 1 160 4 0 16 5 mm × 5 mm With Bluetooth 5. SPI0/SPI1 pins for flash connection are not bonded.
ESP-Shelly-C38F 1 160 8 0 11 5 mm × 5 mm With Bluetooth 5.
only for the manufacturer Shelly
ESP8686H4 1 - 4 0 - 4 mm × 4 mm Not released.
ESP8685H2 1 160 2 0 15 4 mm × 4 mm With Bluetooth 5.
ESP8685H4 1 160 4 0 15 4 mm × 4 mm With Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C5 ESP32-C5HF4 1H, 1L 240 4 Off-pkg 29 6 mm × 6 mm Ultra-low-power SoC w. Wi-Fi6 (802.11ax), Zigbee & Thread (802.15.4).
ESP32-C5HR8 1H, 1L 240 Off-pkg 8 29 6 mm × 6 mm Ultra-low-power SoC w. Wi-Fi6 (802.11ax), Zigbee & Thread (802.15.4)
ESP32-C6 ESP32-C6 1 160 0 0 30 5 mm × 5 mm With Wi-Fi 6 and Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C6FH4 1 160 4 0 22 5 mm × 5 mm With Wi-Fi 6 and Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-H2 ESP32-H2FH2 1 96 2 0 19 4 mm × 4 mm With Bluetooth 5 and Bluetooth Mesh.
ESP32-H2FH4 1 96 4 0 19 4 mm × 4 mm With Bluetooth 5 and Bluetooth Mesh.
ESP32-P4 ESP32-P4NRW16 2H, 1L 360 Off-pkg up to 64MB 16 55 10 mm × 10 mm Powerful image and voice processing
ESP32-P4NRW32 2H, 1L 360 Off-pkg up to 64MB 32 55 10 mm × 10 mm Powerful image and voice processing

In 2020, chips ESP32-D0WDQ6 and ESP32-D0WD also got a V3 version (ESP32 ECO V3), which fixes some of the bugs[25] and introduces improvements over the previous versions.

Modules

[edit]

The ESP32 PICO system in package modules combine an ESP32 silicon chip, crystal oscillator, flash memory chip, filter capacitors, and RF matching links into a single 7 mm × 7 mm sized QFN package.

The first released PICO was the ESP32-PICO-D4 with 2 CPUs at 240MHz, 4MiB internal flash, a 40MHz oscillator and 34 GPIOs.[26]

Later, in 2020, the ESP32-PICO-V3 and ESP32-PICO-V3-02 modules were introduced both based on the ESP32 ECO V3 wafer.[27][28]

In 2022 the ESP32-S3-PICO-1 module was introduced with USB OTG and internal PSRAM.[29]

Identifier Processor
cores 		Processor
speed (MHz) 		Embedded flash
memory (MiB) 		Embedded PSRAM
memory (MiB) 		GPIOs Package
size 		Description
ESP32-PICO-D4 2 240 4 0 34 7 mm × 7 mm Includes ESP32 chip, crystal oscillator, flash memory, filter capacitors, and RF matching links.[30]
ESP32-PICO-V3 2 240 4 0 31 7 mm × 7 mm Based on ESP32 with ECO V3 wafer.
ESP32-PICO-V3-02 2 240 8 2 29 7 mm × 7 mm Based on ESP32 with ECO V3 wafer.
ESP32-S3-PICO-1-N8R2 2 240 8 2 39 7 mm × 7 mm Includes USB OTG.
ESP32-S3-PICO-1-N8R8 2 240 8 8 39 7 mm × 7 mm Includes USB OTG.

Printed circuit boards

[edit]

Surface-mount module boards

[edit]

ESP32 based surface-mount printed circuit board modules directly contain the ESP32 SoC and are designed to be easily integrated onto other circuit boards. Meandered inverted-F antenna designs are used for the PCB trace antennas on the modules listed below. In addition to flash memory, some modules include pseudostatic RAM (pSRAM).

Vendor Name Antenna Flash memory (MiB) PSRAM (MiB) Description
Espressif ESP-WROOM-03 PCB trace 4 0 Discontinued. Limited distribution, pre-production module created by Espressif for beta testing purposes; this module used the ESP31B, the beta testing chip for the ESP32 series.[31][32][33][34][35] FCC Part 15.247 tested (FCC ID: 2AC7Z-ESP32).[36]
ESP32-WROOM-32 PCB trace 4 0 First publicly available ESP32 module board created by Espressif.[37] FCC Part 15.247 tested (FCC ID: 2AC7Z-ESPWROOM32).[38] Based on ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip. Originally named "ESP-WROOM-32".
ESP32-WROOM-32E PCB trace 4,8,16 0 Same as ESP32-WROOM-32 but with the Eco V3 processor revisions[39]
ESP32-WROOM-32D PCB trace 4 0 Revision of the ESP-WROOM-32 module which uses an ESP32-D0WD chip instead of an ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip.[40] Originally named "ESP-WROOM-32D".
ESP32-SOLO-1 PCB trace 4 0 Similar to the ESP32-WROOM-32D module, but uses the single-core ESP32-S0WD chip instead of the dual-core ESP32-D0WD.
ESP32-WROOM-32U U.FL socket 4 0 Alternative to the ESP-WROOM-32D module which has a U.FL connector for external antenna in lieu of a PCB trace antenna.[40]
ESP32-WROVER PCB trace 4 4 ESP32 module board with 4 MiB pSRAM created by Espressif. FCC part 15.247 tested (FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32WROVER). Uses 40 MHz crystal oscillator. Does not include U.FL connector. Based on ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip. Since June 2018, new modules have been upgraded to 8 MiB pSRAM.
ESP32-WROVER-I U.FL socket, PCB trace 4 4 Variation of ESP32-WROVER module configured to use an on-board U.FL compatible connector. PCB trace antenna not connected by default.
ESP32-WROVER-B PCB trace 4 8 Revision of ESP32-WROVER module with 8 MiB pSRAM (instead of 4 MiB pSRAM) operating at 3.3V (instead of 1.8V in previous versions) and ESP32-D0WD (instead of ESP32-D0WDQ6). FCC part 15.247 tested (FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32WROVERB). Does not include U.FL connector. (Custom order option for flash capacity of 8 MiB or 16 MiB also available.)
ESP32-WROVER-IB U.FL socket, PCB trace 4 8 Variation of ESP32-WROVER-B module configured to use an on-board U.FL compatible connector. PCB trace antenna not connected by default.
ESP32-WROVER-E PCB trace 4,8,16 2,8 Revision of ESP32-WROVER module with 2 or 8 MiB pSRAM (instead of 4 MiB pSRAM) operating at 3.3V (instead of 1.8V in previous versions) and ESP32-D0WD-V3, or in 2MB pSRAM models, ESP32-D0WDR2-V3. FCC part 15.247 tested (FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32WROVERE). Does not include U.FL connector. (Custom order option for flash capacity of 2 MiB, 8 MiB, or 16 MiB also available.)[41]
ESP32-WROVER-IE U.FL socket, PCB trace 4,8,16 2,8 Variation of ESP32-WROVER-E module configured to use an on-board U.FL compatible connector. PCB trace antenna not connected by default.
ESP32-PICO-V3-ZERO PCB trace 4 0 Based on ESP32-PICO-V3 SiP. It is designed as a module for Alexa Connect Kit (ACK) and connecting with Amazon Alexa.
Ai-Thinker ESP32-S PCB trace 4 0 Ai-Thinker's equivalent to Espressif's ESP-WROOM-32 module. (Same form factor and general specifications.)[42] Previously branded as "ESP-32S" with the hyphen before "32S", the initial release of the ESP-32S module replaced the previously announced, but never released, ESP3212 module.
ESP32-A1S U.FL socket, PCB trace 8 4 Contains an extra AC101 audio codec IC whose IO-pins (line, mic, etc.) are led to the board pins. Comes separately or soldered onto a corresponding audio development board ("ESP32-Audio-Kit").[43][44][45]
AnalogLamb ESP-32S-ALB PCB trace 4 0 Clone of the ESP-32S module (ESP-WROOM-32 compatible footprint). Seen with a green solder mask coating.[46]
ALB-WROOM PCB trace 16 0 Variation of ESP-32S-ALB with 16 MiB of flash memory.[46]
ALB32-WROVER PCB trace 4 4 ESP32 module board with 4 MiB pSRAM with the same footprint as the ESP-WROOM-32 module.[47]
DFRobot ESP-WROOM-32 PCB trace 4 0 Module board similar to Espressif Systems's ESP-WROOM-32, but is not FCC certified, and uses 26 MHz or 32 kHz crystal oscillator.[48]
eBox & Widora ESP32-Bit Ceramic, U.FL socket 4 0 Module has a ceramic antenna and an U.FL antenna connector. This module has a different footprint than the ESP-WROOM-32/ESP-32S modules.
Goouuu Tech ESP-32F PCB trace 4 0 Module board similar to Espressif Systems's ESP-WROOM-32. FCC certified (ID 2AM77-ESP-32F).
IntoRobot W32 PCB trace 4 0 Module similar in appearance to Espressif's ESP-WROOM-32, but footprint pinout differs.[49]
W33 Ceramic, U.FL socket 4 0 Differs from IntoRobot W32 module in its antenna configuration.
ITEAD PSH-C32 PCB trace 1[50] 0 Module has unusually small flash memory on board. Also, footprint is unique and differs from all other ESP32 modules.[51]
Pycom[52] W01 (Not included.) 8 4 OEM module version of the WiPy 2.0. Supports Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. FCC ID 2AJMTWIPY01R.
L01 (Not included.) 8 4 OEM module version of the LoPy. Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and LoRa. FCC ID 2AJMTLOPY01R.
L04 (Not included.) 8 4 OEM module version of the LoPy4. Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa, and Sigfox.
S01 (Not included.) 8 4 Discontinued. OEM module version of the SiPy. Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Sigfox (14 dBm and 22 dBm).
G01 (Not included.) 8 4 OEM module version of the GPy. Supports Cellular LTE-CAT M1/NB1, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
u-blox NINA-W131 (Not included.) 2 0 Belongs to the u-blox NINA-W13 series of Wi-Fi modules.[53]
NINA-W132 PIFA 2 0 Belongs to the u-blox NINA-W13 series of Wi-Fi modules.[53] On board planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is shaped (cut & bent) metal, not a PCB trace.

Development and other boards

[edit]
SparkFun Thing Plus – ESP32 WROOM
ESP32 dev board, SH1106 OLED display on breadboard with USB power meter

Development and break-out boards extend wiring and may add functionality, often building upon ESP32 module boards and making them easier to use for development purposes, especially with breadboards.

Vendor Name Surface-mount module used Description
Espressif ESP_Module_Testboard ESP-WROOM-03 Break-out board included with ESP-WROOM-03 beta modules.[31][32]
ESP32_Demo Board_V2 ESP-WROOM-32 Development & demonstration board created by Espressif.[54][55]
ESP32-DevKitC ESP32-WROOM-32, v4 comes with ESP32-WROOM-DA(Dual Antenna), ESP32-WROVER or ESP32-Solo (single-core variant) Compact development board created by Espressif.[56] Silkscreen labeling on PCB reads "Core Board".
ESP-WROVER-KIT ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP32-WROVER Large development board created by Espressif.[57] Previously named ESP32-DevKitJ.[58]
ESP32-PICO-KIT ESP32-PICO-D4 Small development board with Micro-USB and two header rows of 17 pins. FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32PICOKIT.
Adafruit HUZZAH32 ESP-WROOM-32 Also referred to as the "ESP32 Feather Board", the HUZZAH32 is a compact development board/module that is compatible with the Adafruit Feather family of products.
Ai-Thinker NodeMCU-32S ESP-32S NodeMCU-like development board.[59]
ESP32-CAM ESP32-S Compact (27 mm × 40.5 mm) board with ribbon cable Camera Serial Interface with support for 1600 × 1200 pixel OV2640 or 640 × 480 OV7670 camera. Has 9 usable IO pins and microSD card slot.[60]
AnalogLamb ESP32 Development Board ESP-32S-ALB or ALB-WROOM Development board similar to Espressif's ESP32-DevKitC with on board a CP2102 USB/serial bridge. 4 MiB variation uses ESP-32S-ALB; 16 MiB variation uses ALB-WROOM module.[61]
Maple ESP32 ESP-32S-ALB Development board with Arduino-style connections and CP2104 USB/serial interface.[62]
April Brother ESPea32 † Development board with perfboard area that may be optionally cut-off.
ArduCAM ESP32 UNO ESP-32S Arduino Uno-like development board based on ESP32 IoT UNO framework with support for SPI ArduCAM, battery pins and uSD card slot.[63]
Arduino Arduino Nano ESP32 U-Blox NORA-W106-10B (based on ESP32-S3 IC) Arduino Nano footprint
Banana pi BPI:bit ESP-32S a development for Webduino and Arduino
BPI-UNO32 ESP32-S a development board for Arduino
DoIT ESPduino32 ESP-WROOM-32 Full-featured Arduino Uno-like development board compatible with Arduino Shields. It also adds additional SPI & IO pins. The board is a clone of WeMos D1 R32 with a USB Type B socket.
ESP32 DEVKIT V1 ESP-WROOM-32 The ESP32 DevKit V1 is probably the most popular among hobbyists and educators for its ease of use and versatility in various electronic projects. The pinout[64] It's one of the most copied.
DPTechnics Walter ESP32-S3-WROOM-1 The Walter module combines cellular IoT (LTE-M and NB-IoT) and GNSS with the ESP32-S3 with 16MiB flash and 2MiB PSRAM. The module is suited for development as well as for production because of the CE, FCC, UKCA, RCM and IC certifications.[65]
EzSBC ESP32-01 Breakout and Development Board ESP-WROOM-32 Full-featured development board with two tri-color LEDs and fits on a breadboard.
Gravitech & MakerAsia Nano32 † Development board that directly incorporates the ESP32 chip.
HydraBus HydraESP32 ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP-32S HydraESP32 HydraBus v1.1 Rev1 shield/breakout board for ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP-32S. This shield can be used with or without a HydraBus board.
Noduino Quantum † Arduino-style development board that directly incorporates the ESP32 chip.
Olimex ESP32-Gateway ESP32-WROOM32 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet
ESP32-DevKit-LiPo ESP32-WROOM-32 pin compatible with ESP32-CoreBoard, but adds Lipo charger and ability to work on LiPo.
ESP32-POE-ISO ESP32-WROOM-32/UE Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet development board with Power over Ethernet and 2W of isolated DC power
ESP32-POE ESP32-WROOM-32 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet development board with Power over Ethernet
ESP32-PRO † Wi-Fi/Bluetooth and PIC32MX270F256DT microcontroller and 32 Mb SPI flash and 32 Mb PSRAM. ESP32-PRO-C includes external crypto engine with ATECC508A
ESP32-EVB ESP32-WROOM32 Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet development board with MicroSD, CAN, IR, LiPo, and two relays.
ESP32-ADF ESP32-WROVER-B audio development framework board with stereo microphones, speakers, audio output jack.
Pycom WiPy † MicroPython programmable Wi-Fi & Bluetooth IoT development platform with a 1 km Wi-Fi range. WiPy versions 2.0 and 3.0 use ESP32.
LoPy † Triple network Pycom board featuring LoRa, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
LoPy4 ? Quadruple network Pycom board featuring LoRa, Sigfox, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
SiPy † Triple network Pycom board featuring Sigfox, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
GPy † Triple network Pycom board featuring LTE-M, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
FiPy † Quintuple network Pycom board featuring LTE-M, LoRa, Sigfox, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
SparkFun ESP32 Thing † Compact development board with FTDI FT231x USB/serial interface and LiPo charger built-in.
SunDUINO ESP32 MiniBoard ESP-WROOM-32 Breakout compatible with the Espressif ESP32-DevKitC. Lacks on-board USB-UART.
ESP32 MiniBoard v2 ESP32-Wrover-B/IB Breakout board with Silabs CP2102, battery charger. Compatible with Espressif DEVkit.
ESP32 SunDUINO ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP-32S Arduino-style development board. Lacks on-board USB-UART.
SwitchDoc Labs BC24 ESP-WROOM-32 ESP32 Breakout with 24 SK6812RGBW LEDs with Grove Connectors for easy prototyping. Comes with USB-UART and Feather compatible pinout.[66]
Watterott ESP-WROOM32-Breakout ESP-WROOM-32 Breakout which is compatible with the Espressif ESP32-DevKitC.
WEMOS[67] LOLIN32 [Retired][68] ESP-WROOM-32
LOLIN32 Lite [Retired][69] † ESP32-D0WDQ6
LOLIN32 Pro [Retired][70] ESP32-WROVER MicroSD card slot (supports SD and SPI mode)
LOLIN D32[71] ESP-WROOM-32
LOLIN D32 Pro[72] ESP32-WROVER I2C port, TFT port and Micro SD Card slot (support SPI mode)
Widora Air † Compact ESP32 development board.
MagicBit Magic Bit Core ESP-WROOM-32 Compact ESP32 development board with displays and several sensors onboard to make learning embedded development convenient.

† ESP32 SoC incorporated directly onto development board; no module board used.

Programming

[edit]

Programming languages, frameworks, platforms, and environments used for ESP32 programming:

  • ESP-IDF[73][74] – Espressif’s official IoT Development Framework for the ESP32, ESP32-S, ESP32-C and ESP32-H series of SoCs.
  • Arduino-ESP32[75] – Arduino core for the ESP32, ESP32-S2, ESP32-S3 and ESP32-C3.
  • ESP32forth[76] – FORTH implementation for ESP32
  • Espruino – JavaScript SDK and firmware closely emulating Node.js
  • MicroPython (and CircuitPython) – lean implementation of Python 3 for microcontrollers
  • Mongoose OS – an operating system for connected products on microcontrollers; programmable with JavaScript or C. A recommended platform by Espressif Systems,[77] AWS IoT,[78] and Google Cloud IoT.[79]
  • mruby for the ESP32
  • Nim for the ESP32
  • NodeMCU – Lua-based firmware
  • Rust[80][81]
  • Swift[82][83]
  • Visual Studio Code with the officially supported Espressif Integrated Development Framework (ESP-IDF) Extension[84]
  • Zerynth – Python for IoT and microcontrollers, including the ESP32
  • Matlab Simulink

Reception and use

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Commercial, industrial and academic uses of ESP32:

Use in commercial devices

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  • Alibaba Group's IoT LED wristband, used by participants at the group's 2017 annual gathering. Each wristband operated as a "pixel", receiving commands for coordinated LED light control, allowing formation of a "live and wireless" screen.[85]
  • DingTalk's M1, a biometric attendance-tracking system.[86]
  • Pium, a home fragrance and aromatherapy device.[87]
  • HardKernel's Odroid Go, an ESP32 based handheld gaming device kit made to commemorate Odroid's 10th anniversary.[88]
  • Playdate, a handheld video game console jointly developed by Panic Inc. and Teenage Engineering.
  • Octopus Energy Mini, an ESP32-C6 based real-time energy monitor.[89]
  • Mysa smart thermostats, based on ESP32-WROOM.[90]

Use in industrial devices

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  • TECHBASE's Moduino X series X1 and X2 modules are ESP32-WROVER / ESP32-WROVER-B based computers for industrial automation and monitoring, supporting digital inputs/outputs, analog inputs, and various computer networking interfaces.[91]
  • NORVI IIOT Industrial Devices with ESP32-WROVER / ESP32-WROVER-B SOC for industrial automation and monitoring with digital inputs, analog inputs, relay outputs and multiple communications interfaces. Supports LoRa and Nb-IoT as expansion modules.[92]

Academic Uses

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  • ESP32 devices are utilized in educational settings [93] and academic research projects. For example, these devices have been used to develop a smart home system designed to monitor and control the charging of electric vehicles, considering the current consumption of other electrical appliances and the contracted power capacity.[94] Additionally, ESP32 is used in DIY projects such as building low-cost drones.[95]

Undocumented HCI Commands in ESP32

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In March 2025, researchers from Tarlogic Security identified undocumented Host Controller Interface (HCI) commands in the ESP32 Bluetooth firmware, prompting discussions about their functionality and potential implications.[96] This discovery was presented on March 6, 2025, at the RootedCON conference by the Tarlogic Security team.[97]

The identified commands, such as Write Memory (0xFC02), are vendor-specific HCI commands used primarily for debugging and testing purposes. These types of commands are common in Bluetooth controller implementations to assist with development and troubleshooting. They are not part of the standard HCI command set and are typically used in controlled environments.[98] While initially described as a "backdoor," further clarifications labeled them as "undocumented debugging features." These commands are not accessible remotely via standard Bluetooth connections but could be interacted with if an entity has physical access to the device or operates in an HCI-UART configuration.

Espressif Systems provided clarification regarding these commands, stating that they are intended for debugging and do not pose a security risk under normal operating conditions. The company emphasized that these commands cannot be triggered remotely and are not used in standard Bluetooth operations. These commands are present only in ESP32 chips and are not included in the ESP32-C, ESP32-S, and ESP32-H series. To address concerns raised within the security community, Espressif announced that future versions of the ESP-IDF would include updates to restrict access to these debugging commands and improve documentation for vendor-specific HCI commands. These actions aim to provide additional transparency and ensure developers are well-informed about available functionalities.[99]

See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

ESP32

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The ESP32 is a low-cost, low-power system-on-a-chip (SoC) family developed by Espressif Systems, featuring an integrated 2.4 GHz transceiver compliant with b/g/n standards (up to 150 Mbps) and dual-mode (Classic v4.2 BR/EDR and ) for wireless connectivity in (IoT) applications. Manufactured using TSMC's 40 nm ultra-low-power process, it combines a high-performance processor core with robust RF components, including an antenna switch, RF , power , low-noise , and filters, requiring fewer than 10 external components for full operation. First released in September 2016 as a successor to the , the ESP32 targets diverse uses such as sensor networks, wearables, and industrial automation due to its balance of performance, efficiency, and integration. At its core, the ESP32 employs a configurable Xtensa 32-bit LX6 from , available in dual-core configurations operating at up to 240 MHz (delivering up to 600 DMIPS) or single-core variants, with support for floating-point and instructions. includes 448 KB of ROM for boot and core functions, 520 KB of on-chip SRAM and 16 KB of RTC SRAM, and support for up to 64 MB of external QSPI flash or SRAM. The SoC also incorporates an ultra-low-power (ULP) for monitoring in deep-sleep modes, enabling fine-grained and dynamic power scaling to minimize energy use. Connectivity extends beyond wireless protocols to include an Ethernet MAC interface for wired options, while peripherals encompass 34 programmable GPIOs (10 of which support capacitive touch sensing), a 12-bit SAR ADC (18 channels), two 8-bit DACs, four SPI interfaces, two I2S ports, three UARTs, I2C, SD/SDIO/MMC host controller, motor PWM, LED PWM (up to 16 channels), and a Hall effect sensor. Power management supports multiple modes—from active (up to 260 mA during Wi-Fi transmission at +21 dBm) to hibernation (as low as 2.5 µA)—with an operating voltage range of 2.3 V to 3.6 V and industrial-grade temperature tolerance from -40°C to +125°C. The ESP32 series has evolved with variants like the ESP32-S2 (single-core with USB support, released 2019), ESP32-S3 (AI-optimized dual-core Xtensa LX7, 2020), ESP32-C3 ( based, 2021), ESP32-C6 ( and 5, 2023), ESP32-H2 (for Thread and via LE and 802.15.4, 2023), ESP32-P4 (high-performance dual-core for AI and HMI, 2024), ESP32-C5 (dual-band , 2025), ESP32-E22 (tri-band Wi-Fi 6E SoC, 2026), and ESP32-H21 (ultra-low-power BLE MCU, 2026), expanding capabilities for AIoT, secure boot, and /Thread protocols while maintaining through Espressif's ESP-IDF framework.

Introduction

History and Development

Espressif Systems was founded in 2008 in , , by Teo Swee Ann, with an initial emphasis on developing cost-effective wireless system-on-chips (SoCs) for (IoT) applications, particularly focusing on connectivity solutions. The company established its headquarters in the , aiming to provide accessible technologies to enable widespread IoT adoption. Early efforts centered on low-power SoCs, culminating in the release of the in August 2014, a single-chip that became a cornerstone for affordable embedded wireless projects due to its integration and pricing under $3. The ESP32 was launched in 2016 as a direct successor to the , enhancing capabilities by integrating both and connectivity on a dual-core Xtensa LX6 processor, which addressed growing demands for versatile wireless communication in IoT devices. This release marked Espressif's expansion into dual-protocol support, positioning the ESP32 as a more robust platform for applications requiring low-power alongside . The ESP32 quickly achieved key regulatory milestones, including FCC and CE certifications, which validated its compliance with international and standards, enabling broader . Espressif continued evolving the ESP32 family with targeted variants to meet diverse IoT needs. The ESP32-S2 debuted in 2019, introducing enhanced security features for secure IoT deployments. This was followed by the ESP32-S3 in 2020, adding AI acceleration and vector extensions. The ESP32-C3 arrived in 2021, marking Espressif's initial adoption of cores to promote open-source compatibility and reduce reliance on proprietary instruction sets. Subsequent releases included the ESP32-C2 and ESP32-H2 in 2022, the ESP32-C6 in 2023, the ESP32-C5 in 2025, and the high-performance ESP32-P4 in early 2025, further emphasizing architectures across the lineup for improved interoperability and developer accessibility. By 2023, Espressif had shipped over 1 billion units of its wireless connectivity chips, including the ESP32 series, reflecting rapid production scaling driven by global IoT demand; projections indicate cumulative shipments reaching billions by the end of 2025 as capacities expand. These milestones underscore Espressif's transition from a startup to a leading IoT provider, with the ESP32 family central to its growth through iterative innovations and regulatory achievements.

General Features and Specifications

The ESP32 family of system-on-chip (SoC) devices features processor architectures that vary by series, with the original and S-series variants utilizing dual- or single-core Xtensa LX6 or LX7 32-bit processors operating at clock speeds up to 240 MHz, while the C-, H-, and P-series employ cores ranging from single-core configurations at 160 MHz to dual-core setups reaching 400 MHz. These processors support efficient handling of IoT workloads, including real-time operations and AI extensions in advanced models. Memory configurations across the family typically include on-chip SRAM from 272 KB to 768 KB for data and instruction storage, with support for external SPI flash up to 16 MB and optional PSRAM up to 32 MB in variants designed for memory-intensive applications. This setup enables flexible code execution and data buffering without relying solely on internal resources. Connectivity is a core strength, with all variants integrating 2.4 GHz supporting 802.11 b/g/n protocols for robust wireless networking, alongside connectivity (with modes and versions varying by variant, including Classic v4.2 BR/EDR and Low Energy up to v5.3) for short-range communication; select models extend this to capabilities or support for Thread and protocols. The family provides a rich set of peripherals, including up to 55 programmable GPIOs for general I/O, the Remote Control Transceiver (RMT) peripheral for generating or capturing arbitrary sequences of precisely timed high/low pulses on GPIO pins with minimal CPU overhead—making it suitable for timing-critical protocols such as one-wire communication beyond its original infrared purpose—, analog-to-digital converters (ADC) with 12- to 13-bit resolution across multiple channels, digital-to-analog converters (DAC) with 8-bit channels, and standard interfaces such as , SPI, UART, and PWM; USB On-The-Go is available in S- and C-series for host/device connectivity, while features like capacitive touch sensors, sensors, and integrated temperature sensors enhance sensing capabilities in applicable variants. Power management emphasizes efficiency, with operating voltage range of 2.3 V to 3.6 V (with some variants requiring a minimum of 3.0 V), deep sleep modes consuming less than 5 μA to extend battery life in always-on IoT devices, and multiple low-power states including light sleep and supported by dynamic voltage and . Security is embedded at the hardware level, featuring to verify , flash for , digital signature verification using RSA and ECC algorithms, and a true generator (TRNG) for cryptographic . Packaging options prioritize compactness and integration, with QFN formats ranging from 4 mm × 4 mm for low-pin-count chips to 10 mm × 10 mm for feature-rich variants, alongside LGA packages for module designs, facilitating easy embedding in space-constrained applications.

Family Variants

Original ESP32

The original ESP32, introduced by Espressif Systems in 2016, serves as the foundational chip in the ESP32 family, providing a low-cost, highly integrated solution for IoT applications with built-in connectivity. It features a dual-core Xtensa 32-bit LX6 capable of running at up to 240 MHz, enabling efficient processing for tasks requiring parallel execution. The chip includes 520 KB of on-chip SRAM for data and instruction storage, along with 448 KB of ROM for boot code and core functions. This balances performance and power efficiency, making it suitable for battery-powered devices. The ESP32 integrates 2.4 GHz supporting 802.11 b/g/n standards with HT40 bandwidth for data rates up to 150 Mbps, and dual-mode v4.2 including BR/EDR (Classic) and BLE for versatile wireless communication. Unique to the original ESP32 among family variants are its analog and interface peripherals, such as an 18-channel 12-bit SAR ADC for interfacing, two 8-bit DAC channels for analog output, up to 10 capacitive touch inputs for user interaction, and an IEEE 802.3-compliant Ethernet MAC for wired connectivity when paired with an external PHY. Security features like AES, SHA, RSA, and (ECC) are also embedded, supporting secure boot and flash encryption. Variants of the original ESP32 include the bare die ESP32-D0WD, which integrates the core SoC without external components, and module forms like the ESP32-WROOM series that add and antennas for easier integration into products. Initial production used revision 0, which had bugs such as timing issues in the ULP and ADC calibration errors; these were addressed in revision 1, improving reliability without changing the pinout or major features. In volume production, the chip was available for under $3, with modules costing around $5 or less, facilitating widespread adoption in consumer and industrial applications. Power management is a key strength, with the ESP32 achieving low consumption in various modes to extend battery life; for instance, active transmission draws up to 240 mA at maximum output power, while mode with RTC timer enabled consumes as little as 5 μA, allowing extended dormant periods.

ESP32-S2

The ESP32-S2 represents a single-core evolution in the ESP32 family, emphasizing security and connectivity for IoT applications. It features a Xtensa 32-bit LX7 operating at up to 240 MHz, providing efficient for tasks without the dual-core complexity of earlier variants. Memory includes 320 KB of SRAM for general use, 128 KB of ROM for core functions, and support for external SPI flash up to 4 MB, enabling compact storage typical in secure embedded designs. This configuration targets low-power, security-oriented devices where connectivity is paramount. Connectivity on the ESP32-S2 is Wi-Fi-only, supporting b/g/n protocols at 2.4 GHz with a maximum data rate of 150 Mbps, omitting to streamline the design for cost-sensitive IoT nodes. A key addition is the full-speed USB 1.1 OTG interface, allowing direct connection to PCs or peripherals as a host or device, which simplifies and data transfer without additional hardware. Enhanced is a core focus, with hardware accelerators for AES-128/256 , SHA hashing, RSA (up to 4096-bit keys), and (ECC), complemented by secure boot mechanisms and flash to protect against tampering and unauthorized access. These features position the ESP32-S2 as a robust choice for secure IoT deployments requiring encrypted communications. The ESP32-S2 includes a versatile set of peripherals tailored for sensor integration and display applications, such as two 12-bit SAR ADCs for precise analog measurements across up to 20 channels, an LCD interface for driving low-resolution panels, a parallel camera interface for image capture, and an on-chip temperature for . Low-power operation is supported by an ultra-low-power (ULP) , which can independently handle polling and peripheral control during deep-sleep modes, minimizing to extend battery life in always-on scenarios. Released in 2019, the ESP32-S2 was developed specifically for secure IoT ecosystems, with development boards like the ESP32-S2-Saola providing easy prototyping access to its 43 GPIOs and full feature set.

ESP32-S3

The ESP32-S3 is a high-performance, low-power system-on-chip (SoC) in Espressif's ESP32 family, tailored for AI-enabled (AIoT) applications with enhanced multimedia and capabilities, released in 2020. At its core is a dual-core Xtensa 32-bit operating at up to 240 MHz, delivering up to 1.1 DMIPS/MHz for efficient processing of complex tasks. The chip integrates 512 KB of on-chip SRAM for data and instruction storage, 384 KB of ROM for boot code and core functions, and support for up to 8 MB of external PSRAM to handle larger datasets in AI workloads. This configuration enables robust performance in scenarios, such as real-time and . Wireless connectivity is provided by an integrated 2.4 GHz subsystem compliant with 802.11 b/g/n standards (HT40 support) and 5 Long Range (LE), offering reliable data rates up to 150 Mbps for and extended range for low-energy applications. A key differentiator is its AI acceleration, featuring dedicated vector extension instructions in the LX7 cores that optimize matrix multiplications and convolutions for models, alongside hardware support for and (DSP) tailored for audio and image handling. These features facilitate on-device AI tasks like voice recognition and basic without relying on cloud processing. The ESP32-S3 offers extensive peripherals for versatile interfacing, including 45 programmable (GPIO) pins, a full-speed USB 1.1 OTG interface for host/device connectivity, and parallel camera (DVP) and LCD interfaces supporting up to 16-bit and 40 MHz pixel clocks for applications. Analog inputs are managed by two 12-bit successive register (SAR) ADCs with a total of 20 channels (configurable for single-ended or differential modes), enabling precise sensor readings in IoT devices. Security is bolstered by core primitives like AES-256 encryption, though detailed implementations align with the family's general features. Power efficiency is a hallmark, with Wi-Fi transmit (TX) current consumption reaching up to 335 mA at 21 dBm output power, balanced by ultra-low-power modes such as at around 7 µA for battery-operated deployments. This makes the ESP32-S3 ideal for power-constrained AI edge devices, including wearables and smart sensors. Common variants include the ESP32-S3-WROOM series modules, which integrate the SoC with and antennas, and are widely adopted in voice assistant systems for their combined and AI prowess.

ESP32-C2

The ESP32-C2 is a compact, cost-optimized system-on-chip (SoC) in the ESP32 family, targeted at entry-level wireless IoT applications requiring minimal resources and footprint, announced in 2022. It integrates a single-core 32-bit processor operating at up to 120 MHz (with a 24 MHz base clock), providing efficient performance for basic tasks while supporting open-source toolchains to reduce development barriers. The SoC includes 272 KB of SRAM, with 16 KB dedicated to instruction cache for improved execution efficiency, and 576 KB of ROM for boot code and core functions. This configuration enables reliable operation in resource-constrained environments without external memory dependencies. For connectivity, the ESP32-C2 supports Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n (Wi-Fi 4) in the 2.4 GHz band, achieving up to 72.2 Mbps throughput for 802.11n packets at 18 dBm output power, and Bluetooth 5.0 Low Energy (LE) for low-power short-range communication, but omits Bluetooth Classic. These features leverage a shared radio for coexistence, making it suitable for simple sensor networks or beacons. Peripherals are streamlined for cost and size, including 21 programmable GPIO pins (GPIO0 to GPIO20, with 14 available in variants with integrated flash), a 12-bit SAR ADC supporting up to 6 channels for analog sensing, two UART interfaces, three SPI buses, and one I2C controller for interfacing with external components. The chip is housed in a low-cost 4 mm × 4 mm QFN-24 package, facilitating integration into ultra-small designs. Power efficiency is a key focus, with the ESP32-C2 achieving less than 1 mW average consumption in light when peripherals are gated and the CPU is halted, enabling extended battery life in intermittent-operation scenarios. Targeted at high-volume production with pricing under $1 per unit, it positions as a direct upgrade path from the for space-constrained applications like wearables, smart sensors, and basic nodes. Development is supported via variants such as the ESP32-C2-DevKitC-1 board, which provides USB connectivity and expansion headers for prototyping.

ESP32-C3

The ESP32-C3 is a low-power, cost-effective system-on-chip (SoC) from Espressif Systems, featuring a single-core 32-bit RISC-V processor designed for general-purpose Internet of Things (IoT) applications that require balanced performance and peripheral integration. It operates at a maximum clock frequency of 160 MHz, providing sufficient computational capability for tasks such as sensor data processing and wireless communication without the overhead of multi-core architectures. The chip includes 400 KB of on-chip static random-access memory (SRAM) for data and instructions, along with 384 KB of read-only memory (ROM) for boot code and core functions, enabling efficient operation with external flash for larger program storage. Wireless connectivity is provided through an integrated 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radio supporting 802.11 b/g/n protocols for reliable internet access in home and industrial environments, complemented by Bluetooth 5 low energy (LE) for short-range, low-power device pairing and data exchange. The peripheral set supports versatile interfacing, including 22 general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins that can be configured for multiple functions, a 12-bit successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with up to 6 channels for analog sensor readings, an 8-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for signal generation, a full-duplex inter-IC sound (I2S) interface for audio applications, a low-power universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART), serial peripheral interface (SPI), and inter-integrated circuit (I²C) buses, an LED pulse-width modulation (PWM) controller with up to 8 channels for lighting and motor control, and a built-in temperature sensor for on-chip thermal monitoring. Security is a core aspect, with hardware support for secure boot to verify firmware integrity during startup, flash encryption to protect off-chip memory contents from unauthorized access, and a 4096-bit one-time programmable (OTP) memory for storing device-specific keys and configuration data. Power management emphasizes efficiency, achieving as low as 5 μA in mode to extend battery life in always-on scenarios, while Wi-Fi transmission draws up to 197 mA at typical output power levels, balancing with constraints. The SoC is housed in a compact 5 mm × 5 mm quad flat no-leads (QFN32) package, facilitating integration into space-constrained designs. Released in 2020, the ESP32-C3 has gained widespread adoption in smart home sensors and devices since 2021, owing to its architecture and robust feature set at a competitive .

ESP32-C5

The ESP32-C5 is Espressif Systems' 2024 RISC-V-based system-on-chip (SoC) variant, marking the company's first implementation of dual-band Wi-Fi 6 in a single-core microcontroller optimized for modern IoT connectivity demands. Announced in 2022 and entering mass production in April 2025, it builds on the ESP32 family's low-power architecture while introducing enhanced wireless performance for applications requiring reliable, high-efficiency networking in crowded environments. This SoC emphasizes seamless integration of advanced radio protocols without the multimedia or multi-core capabilities found in higher-end variants like the ESP32-S3 or ESP32-P4. At its core, the ESP32-C5 employs a single 32-bit capable of operating at up to 240 MHz, complemented by 384 KB of high-performance SRAM, 16 KB of low-power SRAM, and 320 KB of ROM for efficient code execution and data handling. Its wireless subsystem supports (IEEE 802.11ax) across both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, delivering improved range through features like target wake time (TWT) and (OFDMA), alongside 5 Low Energy (LE) for low-latency, energy-efficient short-range links. The inclusion of an radio further enables 3.0 and Thread 1.3 protocols, facilitating multi-protocol distinct from the single-band focus of the ESP32-C6. Peripherals encompass more than 29 programmable GPIO pins, a 12-bit successive approximation register (SAR) ADC with up to 20 channels, an 8-bit (DAC), and USB 2.0 full-speed host/device support; Ethernet connectivity is achievable via external SPI-based modules rather than an integrated MAC. Power management is a hallmark of the ESP32-C5, with deep-sleep mode achieving consumption below 10 μA (approximately 8 μA at 3.3 V), enabling prolonged battery life in always-on scenarios such as nodes. This optimization, combined with the SoC's compact QFN48 package and support for external PSRAM and flash, positions it ideally for mesh networks in resource-constrained deployments. Targeted variants of the ESP32-C5, including modules like the ESP32-C5-WROOM-1, are particularly suited for infrastructure—such as urban monitoring s—and industrial applications, where dual-band ensures robust data transmission amid interference while maintaining ultra-low power for distributed sensing.

ESP32-C6

The ESP32-C6 is a multi-protocol system-on-chip (SoC) designed primarily for smart home devices and mesh networking applications, integrating wireless connectivity options suitable for IoT ecosystems requiring low power and high efficiency. It features a single-core 32-bit RISC-V processor operating at up to 160 MHz, providing sufficient computational power for real-time control and data processing in connected environments. The chip includes 512 KB of SRAM for runtime operations and supports up to 4 MB of embedded flash memory, enabling compact firmware storage without external components in many designs. A key strength of the ESP32-C6 lies in its wireless capabilities, supporting Wi-Fi 6 (IEEE 802.11ax) in the 2.4 GHz band for improved throughput and range in crowded networks, alongside Bluetooth 5 (Low Energy) for short-range communications. It also incorporates an IEEE 802.15.4 radio, making it compatible with protocols such as Zigbee 3.0, Thread 1.3, and the Matter standard, which facilitates seamless interoperability in smart home meshes. These features position the ESP32-C6 as an ideal choice for battery-powered sensors, gateways, and hubs in expansive IoT deployments. The SoC offers a robust set of peripherals, including up to 30 (GPIO) pins for interfacing with sensors and actuators, a 12-bit successive approximation register (SAR) (ADC) for acquisition, and standard serial interfaces such as UART, I2C, and SPI for communication with external devices. A (DMA) controller with multiple channels enhances data transfer efficiency, reducing CPU overhead in high-throughput scenarios. Security is bolstered by hardware-accelerated XTS-AES encryption for protecting stored data, alongside features like secure boot and flash encryption to safeguard against tampering. Power management is optimized for extended operation, with deep-sleep mode consuming as little as 4.5 μA, enabling years of battery life in always-on applications. The chip is housed in a compact QFN32 package (5 mm × 5 mm), facilitating integration into space-constrained modules. Released in 2023 following its 2021 announcement, the ESP32-C6 achieved Matter standard certification support by 2024, accelerating its adoption in certified smart home products.

ESP32-H2

The ESP32-H2 is a low-power system-on-chip (SoC) developed by Espressif Systems, featuring a single-core 32-bit RISC-V microprocessor operating at up to 96 MHz with a four-stage pipeline, achieving a CoreMark score of 303.38 at that frequency (3.16 CoreMark/MHz). It includes 320 KB of SRAM (with 16 KB cache), 128 KB of ROM for booting and core functions, and 4 KB of low-power (LP) memory to support ultra-low-power operations. Released in 2021 as Espressif's first RISC-V-based wireless SoC without Wi-Fi support, the ESP32-H2 is optimized for battery-operated IoT devices such as wearables and sensors, emphasizing energy efficiency and secure connectivity for protocols like Thread and Zigbee. The ESP32-H2 integrates (Bluetooth 5.3) for long-range and high-speed connections, alongside support for standards including Thread, 3.0, and compatibility in low-power scenarios. Its peripheral set includes 19 programmable GPIO pins for flexible interfacing, two UARTs, two I2C interfaces, two SPI buses, I2S for audio, PWM timers, and a 12-bit successive approximation register (SAR) ADC with five channels for measurement. Additionally, it features a USB 1.1 full-speed device interface for and debugging, along with general-purpose timers and watchdogs for system management. Power management is a core strength, with deep-sleep mode consuming just 7 μA (with RTC on and no peripherals active), enabling prolonged operation on coin-cell batteries in always-on applications. Active mode transmit power reaches up to 20 dBm for LE, drawing 140 mA, while receive mode uses 24 mA, balancing and for edge devices. Security features include hardware accelerators for AES-128/256, HMAC-SHA, RSA, ECC, RNG, secure boot, and flash encryption to protect against tampering and ensure in connected environments. Packaged in a compact QFN32 (4 mm × 4 mm) form factor, it operates across an ambient range of –40 °C to 105 °C, suiting harsh deployment conditions.

ESP32-P4

The ESP32-P4 is a high-performance system-on-chip (SoC) from Espressif Systems, introduced as part of the ESP32 family to target compute-intensive edge applications such as robotics, smart gateways, and human-machine interfaces (HMI). Announced in January 2023 and entering production in early 2025, it marks Espressif's shift toward RISC-V architecture for flagship performance, diverging from the Xtensa cores in prior variants. At its core, the ESP32-P4 features a dual-core 32-bit processor operating at up to 400 MHz, supplemented by a single-core low-power (LP) unit at 40 MHz for efficient background tasks. It includes 768 KB of on-chip SRAM and supports up to 32 MB of external PSRAM via high-speed SPI interfaces, enabling robust handling of large datasets in real-time processing scenarios. Unlike earlier ESP32 models with integrated wireless, the ESP32-P4 omits built-in and to prioritize computational power, but it can pair with external modules—such as the ESP32-C6 for and 5 (LE)—and includes an optional Ethernet MAC for wired connectivity up to 1 Gbps. The SoC's peripheral set is optimized for multimedia and sensor integration, featuring USB 2.0 High-Speed OTG for host/device connectivity, MIPI-CSI and MIPI-DSI interfaces supporting up to resolution for cameras and displays, and a 12-bit SAR ADC with up to 20 channels for precise analog inputs. It also integrates an H.264 video encoder, LCD controller, and parallel camera/display interfaces to facilitate advanced vision applications. For AI and workloads, the ESP32-P4 incorporates AI instruction extensions, including vector processing units that accelerate inference and voice processing tasks, delivering efficient edge AI without a separate dedicated neural processing unit. Power management emphasizes efficiency for always-on edge devices, with , multiple sleep modes, and an LP-core that reduces consumption to under 10 μA in . Active mode draws approximately 50 mA at peak under full load, making it suitable for battery-powered and gateways while supporting up to 500 mA transients during USB operations. This positions the ESP32-P4 as a versatile flagship for high-throughput applications, surpassing the ESP32-S3's capabilities through its higher clock speed and native optimizations for AI acceleration.

Hardware Packaging

Bare Chips

The bare chips of the ESP32 series, also referred to as system-on-chips (SoCs), are offered in Quad Flat No-leads (QFN) packages for direct surface-mount integration onto custom printed circuit boards by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). These unpackaged forms exclude shielding, antennas, and supporting passives found in modules, enabling tailored designs but requiring additional external circuitry. Espressif Systems provides these chips directly to OEMs or through authorized distributors, with assembly typically involving to achieve reliable connections. Package types vary across the series; for example, the original ESP32 uses QFN48 (5×5 or 6×6 mm), ESP32-S3 uses QFN56 (7×7 mm), and ESP32-C3 uses QFN32 (5×5 mm). For the original ESP32, key variants like the ESP32-D0WDQ6 utilize a 48-pin QFN package, featuring 48 connection pads along the perimeter for signals, power, and ground, plus a central exposed thermal pad for heat dissipation. Package dimensions vary between 5 mm × 5 mm and 6 mm × 6 mm, providing the smallest footprint among ESP32 form factors to optimize space in compact devices. The silicon die measures approximately 2.96 mm × 2.85 mm, fabricated on TSMC's 40 nm process for balanced power and performance. Pinouts include 34 programmable GPIOs, strapping pins for configuration, and dedicated RF interfaces, as detailed in the official pin descriptions. These bare chips offer advantages such as reduced overall system cost in high-volume production, where the absence of pre-integrated components allows OEMs to select optimized externals, and the minimal 5 mm × 5 mm suits space-constrained applications like wearables or sensors. However, integration challenges include the need for external components, including a 40 MHz for clocking, RF and matching network for /, decoupling capacitors, and an antenna or connector, which demand precise PCB layout to meet RF performance standards. The ESP32-D0WDQ6, for instance, requires careful thermal management, with a maximum of 125°C to maintain reliability across industrial operating ranges from -40°C to 125°C.

Modules

ESP32 modules are pre-integrated system-in-package (SiP) solutions that incorporate the ESP32 system-on-chip (SoC) along with essential components such as , a , RF matching networks, and antennas, enabling simplified integration into end products without requiring extensive RF design expertise. These modules facilitate rapid deployment in IoT and wireless applications by providing a compact, certified form factor that handles compliance and basic hardware requirements out of the box. The primary module types include the WROOM series, which features a built-in PCB antenna for standard applications; the WROVER series, which extends the WROOM with integrated pseudo-static RAM (PSRAM) for enhanced data buffering and processing; and MINI variants, designed for space-constrained designs by reducing footprint while maintaining core functionality. For instance, the original ESP32-WROOM-32 module integrates 4 MB to 16 MB of SPI flash memory, a 40 MHz , RF and matching circuitry, and an FCC-certified PCB antenna, supporting 2.4 GHz and connectivity. Similarly, the WROVER variants, such as the ESP32-WROVER-E, add 4 MB to 8 MB of PSRAM alongside comparable flash capacities, allowing for larger code execution and runtime data storage in memory-intensive tasks. MINI modules further optimize size, incorporating the same integrated elements but in a more compact layout suitable for wearables or sensors. Representative examples across ESP32 variants highlight the modularity's adaptability. The ESP32-S3-WROOM-1 is a dual-core Xtensa LX7 module with up to 16 MB flash, integrated crystal, RF components, and PCB antenna, optimized for AIoT applications requiring vector extensions. In contrast, the ESP32-C3-MINI-1 employs a single-core processor in a compact form, with 4 MB flash, 40 MHz crystal, RF matching, and certified PCB antenna, targeting low-power, single-chip solutions for basic connectivity. These modules vary in dimensions to suit different form factors, for example, 18 × 25.5 mm for standard WROOM types, 13.2 × 19.0 mm for the ESP32-MINI-1, and 13.2 × 16.6 mm for the ESP32-C3-MINI-1, with heights typically 2.4 to 3.1 mm. ESP32 modules undergo rigorous certification to ensure global compliance and reliability. They hold approvals including FCC for the , CE for the , and TELEC for , covering radio emissions and safety standards when using the integrated antennas. The operating temperature range spans -40°C to +85°C for standard variants, with some high-temperature options extending to +105°C, making them suitable for industrial and outdoor deployments. Variant-specific connectivity, such as Wi-Fi 6 in the ESP32-C6 series, is supported through these modules' RF integration.

Development Hardware

Surface-Mount and Custom Boards

Surface-mount and custom boards for the ESP32 leverage pre-certified modules to enable compact, integrated designs suitable for space-constrained applications. These boards typically involve ESP32 modules directly onto a (PCB) using surface-mount device (SMD) techniques, minimizing the overall footprint while adding only essential components for functionality. This approach allows designers to create tailored hardware without handling the complexities of bare-chip integration, such as oscillators or RF matching networks, which are already incorporated in the modules. In design, SMD footprints for ESP32 modules are standardized to match the module's pin layout, often using castellated edges for easy to the host PCB. Minimal passives, such as decoupling capacitors (e.g., 10 µF at power pins and 0.1 µF in parallel for noise filtering) and resistors for pull-ups, are added near the module to ensure stable operation and reduce (). Connectors, like USB for programming or IPEX for external antennas, are incorporated sparingly to maintain compactness, with traces kept short (e.g., UART lines under 100 mm) to preserve . Espressif provides libraries, including symbols, footprints, and 3D models, to facilitate and PCB layout in tools like or Eagle. These boards are ideal for use cases where size limitations are critical, such as wearables and environmental sensors fitting within 20x20 mm enclosures. For instance, battery-powered IoT nodes can integrate ESP32 modules with charging circuits (e.g., TP4056 for Li-ion batteries) and low-power sensors, enabling long-term deployment in remote monitoring systems. Similarly, ESP32-S3-based custom camera modules combine the SoC's AI acceleration with compact image sensors for edge vision applications like in drones or smart doorbells. Key considerations include ensuring antenna clearance—typically at least 15 mm around the module's antenna area to avoid performance degradation—and implementing EMI shielding through dense ground vias and complete ground planes on multi-layer PCBs (e.g., four-layer designs with dedicated ground and power layers). For , using FCC-modular-approved ESP32 modules (e.g., ESP32-WROOM series with single modular ) simplifies end-product by limiting testing to host-specific emissions.

Official and Third-Party Development Boards

Espressif Systems offers a range of official development kits designed for prototyping and evaluating ESP32 variants, providing essential interfaces for rapid development. The ESP32-DevKitC serves as the foundational board for the original ESP32, featuring a compact form factor with most I/O pins exposed via pin headers on both sides, enabling easy integration and peripheral connections. It includes a USB-to-UART bridge for straightforward programming and , supporting tools like the ESP-IDF framework and Arduino IDE. For more advanced applications, the ESP32-S3-BOX-3 targets AIoT and edge AI projects, incorporating a 2.4-inch SPI touchscreen for user interfaces, dual digital microphones for voice processing, a built-in speaker, and a high-density PCIe connector for expansions. This kit leverages the ESP32-S3's AI acceleration capabilities while maintaining USB Type-C connectivity for programming and debugging. Similarly, the ESP32-C6-DevKitC-1 provides an entry-level platform for and Matter-enabled devices, built around the ESP32-C6-WROOM-1 module with 8 MB SPI flash, supporting LE, Zigbee, and Thread protocols through its broken-out GPIO pins and USB Type-C interface. These official boards emphasize compatibility with standard development environments, including Arduino IDE for simplified coding and ESP-IDF for advanced features, alongside breadboard-friendly pinouts that facilitate integration, such as in select S3-based kits for motion detection. USB programming is standard across variants, allowing direct uploads without additional hardware. Third-party manufacturers extend the ESP32 ecosystem with user-friendly boards tailored for hobbyists and makers. The Adafruit HUZZAH32 – ESP32 integrates the ESP32-WROOM-32 module with a built-in USB-to-serial converter, LiPo battery charging circuitry, and STEMMA QT connectors for quick attachments, all in the compact form factor with full pin access. SparkFun's ESP32 Thing Plus series, such as the USB-C variant, adds Qwiic connectors for I2C peripherals, an onboard microSD card slot, and RGB LED for status indication, supporting and operations out of the box. ESP32 variants, like the NodeMCU-32S, offer breadboard-compatible designs with exposed pin headers, USB programming, and compatibility with Lua-based firmware, making them accessible for IoT scripting. Additional examples include the LilyGO T-SIM7600 series, which combines the ESP32 with 4G LTE Cat-4 and GPS for high-speed tracking applications, and the Walter board from DPTechnics, which pairs the ESP32-S3 with low-power LTE-M/NB-IoT and GPS for battery-efficient IoT deployments despite slower data rates. Pricing for these development boards typically ranges from $10 to $50 as of November 2025, depending on features and variant; for instance, basic ESP32-DevKitC models start at around $10, while equipped kits like the ESP32-S3-BOX-3 reach $45–$50. Expansions such as add-on modules, compatible with GPIO pins on boards like the DevKitC or Thing Plus, enable long-range wireless prototyping for under $20 additional cost. In 2025, Espressif introduced updated kits for the ESP32-P4, including the ESP32-P4-EYE development board, which focuses on AI vision demos with integrated camera support, 32 MB RAM, and USB 2.0 for high-performance edge computing applications.

Software and Programming

Development Frameworks

The ESP-IDF (Espressif IoT Development Framework) serves as the official software development kit for the ESP32 series of system-on-chips, providing a comprehensive C/C++-based environment for building IoT applications. It includes a rich set of libraries and components tailored for wireless connectivity, such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth protocols, including Bluetooth Classic profiles such as A2DP and AVRCP for audio streaming, but without native support for the Hands-Free Profile (HFP) required for hands-free calling applications; developers needing HFP must rely on custom implementations or third-party stacks. along with support for the FreeRTOS real-time operating system to manage multitasking and resource allocation. This framework enables developers to create firmware that leverages the ESP32's hardware capabilities, including power management and peripheral interfaces, while ensuring compatibility across the ESP32, ESP32-S, ESP32-C, ESP32-H, and ESP32-P variants. As of November 2025, the latest stable release of ESP-IDF is version 5.5.1. Version 5.3 introduced initial support for the ESP32-P4 SoC, including optimized drivers for its advanced core and improved security features. The framework utilizes a CMake-based build system, allowing for flexible project configuration and cross-platform compilation on Windows, , and macOS. This modular structure facilitates the integration of third-party components and custom code, streamlining the development process for embedded applications. Firmware flashing in ESP-IDF is primarily handled by esptool.py, a Python-based utility that supports serial communication over UART or USB interfaces to erase, program, and verify flash memory on ESP32 devices. Additionally, the framework provides built-in support for over-the-air (OTA) updates, enabling remote firmware deployment without physical connections by partitioning flash memory into update slots. For debugging, ESP-IDF integrates OpenOCD as the on-chip debugger server to facilitate JTAG-based hardware debugging, compatible with standard adapters that match the ESP32's voltage levels. This setup allows seamless integration with GDB (GNU Debugger), supporting features like breakpoints, watchpoints, and step-through execution directly within IDEs such as Visual Studio Code or Eclipse. The ESP-IDF ecosystem includes tools like , an interactive configuration utility based on Kconfig, which permits fine-grained customization of build options, component selections, and hardware-specific settings such as clock frequencies and peripheral pins. Flash memory management is handled through partition tables, which define layouts for application code, storage (e.g., NVS for key-value data), and OTA partitions, configurable via or custom CSV files to optimize space allocation.

Programming Interfaces and Languages

The ESP32 supports a variety of programming interfaces and languages, enabling developers to choose between low-level control and high-level abstractions for tasks such as GPIO manipulation, connectivity, and communication. One of the most accessible options is the Arduino IDE, which provides a core library compatible with all ESP32 variants, allowing users to write sketches in C++ for handling GPIO pins, operations, and other peripherals. To install ESP32 support, add https://raw.githubusercontent.com/espressif/arduino-esp32/gh-pages/package_esp32_index.json to the Additional Boards Manager URLs in File > Preferences, then search for and install 'esp32 by Espressif Systems' in Tools > Board > Boards Manager. Alternatively, manual installation involves cloning the repository from https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32.git or downloading the ZIP archive, extracting it to the Arduino hardware directory (Windows: Documents\Arduino\hardware\espressif\esp32; macOS/Linux: ~/Arduino/hardware/espressif\esp32), running the setup script (Windows: get.bat or equivalent; macOS/Linux: ./get.sh), restarting the IDE, and selecting an ESP32 board. This framework abstracts much of the underlying hardware complexity, making it suitable for rapid prototyping and integration with community-developed shields for and displays. The core library includes built-in support for and , with examples for common tasks like HTTP requests and sensor data processing. During sketch upload, the IDE typically displays the message "Hard resetting via RTS pin..." after programming, which is normal behavior indicating completion of the upload; however, the automatic reset via RTS pin toggling frequently fails on many ESP32 boards due to hardware variations such as USB-to-serial converter design, causing the IDE to appear to hang at this step or the uploaded program not to start automatically. MicroPython offers an interpreted Python 3 environment on the ESP32, facilitating interactive development through a REPL accessible over USB or serial connections, which simplifies and experimentation. This implementation supports standard Python libraries alongside ESP32-specific modules for networking and hardware control, enabling scripts to run directly on the device without compilation. A variant, , extends this with a focus on ease of use for beginners, providing drag-and-drop updates and a file-system-based approach to code deployment, though it maintains compatibility with 's core features. Additional languages include via the esp-rs ecosystem, which delivers a no_std layer (HAL) for safe, memory-efficient bare-metal programming across ESP32 series chips, emphasizing concurrency and error handling without garbage collection. is supported through Espruino, a lightweight interpreter that allows event-driven scripting for IoT applications, with APIs for GPIO and wireless protocols directly accessible in code. is available via firmware, an open-source implementation that uses Lua scripts for and file-system operations, building on the ESP32's flash-based SPIFFS for persistent storage. Key APIs enhance these languages for wireless and IoT functionalities. ESP-NOW provides a connectionless protocol for low-latency, between ESP32 devices, ideal for scenarios requiring direct communication without a router. integration supports lightweight publish/subscribe messaging for cloud connectivity, with the ESP-MQTT library handling QoS levels and secure TLS connections in IoT deployments. For , the BLE GATT profiles enable service-based data exchange, allowing the ESP32 to act as a peripheral or central device in low-energy applications like sensor networks. Cross-compilation tools streamline development across environments. PlatformIO offers multi-board support for ESP32 projects, integrating with various frameworks like and ESP-IDF to handle building, flashing, and library management in a unified IDE. VS Code extensions, such as the official ESP-IDF extension and PlatformIO IDE, provide integrated , serial monitoring, and configuration tools tailored for ESP32 workflows.

Applications and Adoption

Consumer and Commercial Devices

The ESP32 has seen widespread adoption in smart home devices due to its integrated and capabilities, enabling seamless connectivity and control. Sonoff smart switches, such as the BASIC R4 and Mini R4 Extreme models, incorporate the ESP32 chip to provide features like via the eWeLink app, voice integration with assistants like Alexa and Google Home, and scheduling functions. Similarly, Tuya smart plugs utilize the TYWE3SE module based on the ESP32, which supports advanced voice control through Tuya's ecosystem, allowing users to issue commands for and without additional hardware. These devices leverage the ESP32's low-power operation and over-the-air (OTA) updates to maintain functionality in everyday home environments. In wearables, the ESP32 series powers fitness trackers and similar gadgets, particularly through variants like the ESP32-C3, which offers (BLE) 5.0 for efficient data transmission of metrics such as and steps. Devices like the Lilygo T-Wristband integrate the ESP32 for motion sensing and wireless syncing with smartphones, emphasizing compact size and extended battery life suitable for continuous monitoring. For audio-focused wearables, the ESP32-S3 enables true wireless stereo (TWS) earbuds with on-device audio processing, noise cancellation, and connectivity, as seen in development kits and commercial audio modules that handle streaming and voice interactions. ESP32 integration extends to household appliances, where it facilitates Wi-Fi connectivity and remote management. Xiaomi robot vacuums, including models like the MJSTG series, employ the ESP32 for cloud communication and OTA firmware updates, allowing users to schedule cleanings, monitor progress via apps, and receive software enhancements wirelessly. This enables reliable operation in dynamic home settings, with the chip handling navigation data transmission and integration with smart ecosystems. In gaming, the original ESP32 powers compact retro consoles like the Gamebox Mini, which emulates classic titles from NES and eras on small displays, supported by the microcontroller's processing capabilities and low cost for portable entertainment. The ESP32's market impact in consumer IoT stems from its affordability, often under $5 per unit, driving mass adoption by lowering barriers for manufacturers to add features to gadgets. Espressif Systems reported over 1 billion ESP32-series chips shipped globally by 2023, with continued growth into 2025 fueling proliferation in consumer products through enhanced AIoT support and ecosystem compatibility.

Industrial and IoT Implementations

The ESP32 series plays a pivotal role in industrial gateways, particularly through variants like the ESP32-H2, which supports Thread border routing when combined with SoCs to connect low-power mesh networks in industrial IoT environments. This configuration enables seamless integration of Thread devices into broader IP networks, facilitating applications in where reliable, low-latency connectivity is essential for coordinating sensors and actuators. Additionally, the ESP32-H2 and ESP32-C6 serve as coordinators, managing device clusters in industrial control systems for protocols like Zigbee 3.0, supporting robust mesh topologies in automation setups. In sensor applications, the ESP32-C6 excels in within industrial settings, leveraging its capabilities for efficient that ensures extended coverage and reduced interference in large-scale deployments like factories or warehouses. For instance, it integrates with sensors for real-time tracking of , , and air quality, enabling in machinery by analyzing or thermal data to foresee failures and minimize downtime. For automation, ESP32 modules integrate with programmable logic controllers (PLCs) via protocols like Modbus RTU and TCP, allowing seamless communication in industrial networks for tasks such as remote monitoring and control. Examples include connections to Siemens LOGO! PLCs over Modbus TCP for data exchange in process control, and similar setups with Schneider Electric systems for enhanced interoperability in factory automation. The ESP32-P4 variant advances edge AI in these systems, providing high-performance RISC-V processing for on-device inference in human-machine interfaces (HMIs) and vision-based automation, such as defect detection in assembly lines. ESP32 chips support rugged industrial variants with operating temperature ranges from -40°C to +125°C, ensuring reliability in harsh environments like or high-vibration machinery. At scale, ESP32 deployments power IoT solutions in , including drone-assisted monitoring systems that use ESP32-CAM for crop health assessment via real-time imaging and . In logistics, they enable asset trackers with GPS and BLE integration for warehouse inventory and visibility, contributing to the global ecosystem of over 21 billion connected IoT devices projected by 2025, with Espressif having shipped more than 1 billion chips as of 2023.

Research and Educational Uses

The ESP32 is extensively utilized in educational environments, particularly in university-level (IoT) courses, where its compatibility with the IDE enables students to develop prototypes involving sensors, wireless connectivity, and data processing. Educational kits such as the Keyestudio IoT ESP32 Learning Kit and the SunFounder ESP32 Ultimate Starter Kit provide structured projects that teach fundamental concepts like and C++ programming, circuit integration, and real-time communication, making complex IoT topics accessible to beginners and intermediate learners. These resources are designed for hands-on experimentation, supporting over 100 projects that cover topics from basic LED control to advanced robotic applications, thereby enhancing practical skills in embedded . Furthermore, academic papers highlight the ESP32's role in simplifying IoT education through dedicated tools that streamline device configuration and testing, reducing barriers for classroom implementation. As an alternative to the Pico, the ESP32 offers built-in and , providing greater flexibility for wireless-focused educational projects while remaining cost-effective and easy to program for introductory courses. In research applications, the ESP32-S3 variant has gained prominence for tasks, including the deployment of models for real-time and human . Studies have demonstrated its efficacy in running lightweight inferences using libraries like ESP-DL, achieving efficient processing of data on resource-limited hardware without dependency. For example, implementations on the ESP32-S3 have enabled accelerometer-based with low latency, contributing to advancements in TinyML for wearable and systems. Additionally, research on (BLE) security has leveraged the ESP32 to investigate vulnerabilities and propose enhanced authentication protocols, such as lightweight digital certificate mechanisms that mitigate risks in Just Works pairing modes for IoT devices. In March 2025, researchers identified undocumented commands in the ESP32's interface, prompting further studies on IoT security enhancements. Open-source projects exemplify the ESP32's utility in prototyping and collaborative research, with the ESP32-CAM module serving as a cornerstone for experiments on , where practical camera resolution limitations restrict effective use to 5 MP (up to 2592×1944 pixels), as higher resolutions like 8 MP or 16 MP are not recommended due to constraints in processing power, RAM, and data bandwidth. Repositories like esp-computer-vision provide frameworks for on-device inference, allowing developers to build applications such as motion detection and image classification using integrated cameras and AI models. The ESP32 also supports integration with simulation environments like and , where users can design, simulate, and deploy control algorithms to hardware for validating IoT behaviors in virtual settings before physical testing. The ESP32's adoption has profoundly impacted academic and maker communities, with numerous academic papers exploring its applications in IoT, edge AI, and protocols. This proliferation has empowered diverse research initiatives and educational initiatives, promoting innovation in low-power embedded systems.

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