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Flag Day
Flag Day
Flag Day
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The former president of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi honors the flag of Cispadane Republic, first Italian flag, during the Tricolour Day on 7 January 2004 in Reggio Emilia.

A flag day is a flag-related holiday, a day designated for flying a certain flag (such as a national flag) or a day set aside to celebrate a historical event such as a nation's adoption of its flag.

Flag days are usually codified in national statutes passed by legislative bodies or parliaments; however, in some countries a decree or proclamation by the head of state or chief executive can also order a flag day. The statute, or the proclamation or decree, may specify locations where flags are to be flown and how (for example, at full- or half-staff); alternatively, custom may prevail.[citation needed] The flag day is naturally a flag-flying day.

Specific flag days

[edit]

Nations that are not broadly recognized sovereign states are shown in pink. Defunct states are highlighted in light grey.

State Subdivision Date Notes
 Abkhazia July 23 Republic Flag Day[1]
 Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of Asad 7 National Flag’s Day.[2][3] Asad corresponds to July – August.
 Albania November 28 Independence Day[4]
 Argentina June 20 National Flag Day. Anniversary of the death of Manuel Belgrano, who created the current flag[5]
 Armenia June 15 Commemorates the day the law on the flag was passed, on June 15, 2006[6]
 Australia September 3 Commemorates the day the flag was first flown, on September 3, 1901[7]
 Azerbaijan November 9 State Flag Day[8]
 Belarus Second Sunday of May Day of the National Emblem and the National Flag[9] (May 11, 2025. For the next year, the date will be on April 10, 2026)
 Bolivia August 17 Commemorates the creation of the Bolivian flag by law on August 17, 1825[10]
Bosnia and Herzegovina  Republika Srpska September 15 Day of Serb Unity, Freedom and the National Flag, celebrated with Serbia[11]
 Brazil November 19 [12]
 Canada February 15 National Flag of Canada Day[13]
Canada  Ontario May 21 [14]
 Quebec January 21 [15]
 Saskatchewan September 22 [16][17]
 Franco-Ontarian September 25 Commemorates the first flag-raising at the University of Sudbury on September 25, 1975[18]
 Chile July 9 Commemorates the Battle of La Concepción in 1882[19]
Chile  Magallanes September 21 Commemorates the beginning of the Chilean takeover of the Strait of Magellan and Western Patagonia[20]
 Colombia August 7 Commemorates the Battle of Boyacá on August 7, 1819 and the creation of the Colombian flag on August 7, 1834[21]
 Denmark September 5 Commemorates Danish veterans[22]
Denmark  Faroe Islands April 25 Commemorates the recognition of the flag by the British government on April 25, 1940[23]
 Greenland January 26, 2025 Unofficial flag day celebrated in 2025. No official flag day.[24]
 Ecuador September 26 Commemorates the adoption of the Ecuadorian flag on September 26, 1860[25]
 Estonia June 4 [26]
 Ethiopia First Monday of Tikimt Ethiopian month of Tikmit corresponds to October 11 – November 9[27][28]
 Finland Midsummer's Day [29]
Finland  Åland Last Sunday of April April 27, 2025. For the next year, the date will be on April 26, 2026[30]
 Georgia January 14 Georgian State Flag Day[31]
 Greece October 27 Day before Ohi Day[32]
 Haiti May 18 Haitian Flag Day[33]
 Honduras September 1 June 14 before 1995[34]
 Hungary March 16 Commemorates the establishment of the Hungarian Home Guard on 16 March 1848[35][36]
 India July 22 National Flag Adoption Day[37]
December 7 Armed Forces Flag Day[38]
India  Jammu and Kashmir (state) June 7 State Flag Day[39]
 Italy January 7 Tricolour Day[40]
Iraq  Kurdistan December 17 [41]
 Jordan April 16 Commemorates the first flag-raising on April 16, 1928[42]
 Kyrgyzstan March 3 National Flag Day of the Kyrgyz Republic[43]
 Lebanon November 21 Commemorates the first flag-raising on November 21, 1943[44]
 Liberia August 24 [45]
 Lithuania January 1 [46]
 Mexico February 24 Flag Day in Mexico[47]
Mexico  Guanajuato December 20 Commemorates day of state admission. Celebrated since 2023[48]
 Moldova April 27 [49]
 Mongolia July 10 Mongolian State Flag Day[50]
 Nepal Poush 1 Commemorates adoption on December 16, 1962 (Poush 1, 2019 in the Nepali calendar). Celebrated since 2017[51]
The Netherlands  Aruba March 18 National Anthem and Flag Day[52]
 Bonaire September 6 [53]
 Curaçao July 2 [54]
 Sint Maarten June 13 Commemorates the adoption of the flag on June 13, 1985[55]
New Zealand  Tokelau October 22 [56]
 North Macedonia May 15 Unofficial[57]
 Palestine September 30 Commemorates the first time the flag was flown outside the Headquarters of the United Nations on September 30, 2015[58]
 Panama November 4 [59]
 Paraguay August 14 [60][61]
 Peru June 7 Commemorates the Battle of Arica[62]
 Philippines May 28 Commemorates its first usage after the Battle of Alapan.[63] Since 1994, the celebratory period is May 28 to June 12[64]
 Poland May 2 Polish National Flag Day[65]
 Portugal December 1 Flag Day. In the same day of the celebration of the Restoration of Independence of Portugal on the December, 1, 1640[66]
 Romania June 26 [67]
 Russia August 22 [68]
Russia  Donetsk People's Republic October 25 [69]
 Bashkortostan February 25 Commemorates adoption of the flag on February 25, 1992[70]
Pskov Oblast February 20 Commemorates inclusion into the State Heraldic Register of the Russian Federation on February 20, 2019. Established 2023.[71]
 Sakha Republic October 14 Commemorates adoption of the flag on October 14, 1992[72]
Ulyanovsk Oblast December 22 [73]
 Saudi Arabia March 11

Saudi Flag Day[74]

 Serbia September 15 Day of Serb Unity, Freedom and the National Flag, celebrated with Republika Srpska[11]
 Slovenia April 7 [75]
 Somalia October 12 Commemorates the adoption of the flag on October 12, 1954[76]
Spain  Andalusia December 4 [77]
 Sweden June 6 Also celebrated as the National Day of Sweden since 1983[78][79]
 Tajikistan November 24 Celebrated since 2009[80]
 Thailand September 28 Celebrated since 2017[81]
 Turkmenistan May 18 State Flag and Constitution Day. Flag Day was originally separate from Constitution Day and celebrated on February 19, until the two holidays were combined in 2017[82]
 Ukraine August 23 Day of the National Flag[83]
Ukraine Crimean Tatars June 26 [84]
 United Arab Emirates November 3 Flag Day (United Arab Emirates)[85]
 United States June 14 Flag Day (United States)[86]
United States  Alaska July 9 [87]
 American Samoa April 17 Commemorates the date American Samoa first flew the US flag[88]
Choctaw Nation October 16 Celebrated since 2021[89]
 Hawaii July 31 Celebrated since 1990[90]
 Iowa March 29 [91]
 Maryland March 9 [92][93]
 Oklahoma November 16 Celebrated since 1968[94]
 Tennessee April 17 Commemorates the day of adoption on April 17, 1905[95]
 Utah March 9 [96]
 U.S. Virgin Islands May 17 Commemorates the adoption of the flag on May 17, 1921[97]
 Uzbekistan November 18 Commemorates the approval of the flag on November 18, 1991[98]
 Venezuela August 3 Commemorates the first hoisting of the flag on August 3, 1806[99]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Flag Day

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Flag Day is an annual observance in the United States held on to commemorate the adoption of the Stars and Stripes as the official national flag by the Second Continental Congress on , 1777, through a resolution specifying thirteen alternating red and white stripes with thirteen white stars on a blue field representing a new constellation. The day emphasizes and proper flag etiquette but is not a federal holiday, meaning government offices remain open and it lacks paid time off for workers, unlike Day. Observances trace back to 1877, when the first widespread celebrations marked the centennial of the 1777 resolution, including events in where the flag's designer, , was honored posthumously. Efforts to formalize the holiday gained momentum in the late through figures like J. Cigrand, a teacher who in 1885 began advocating for June 14 as a dedicated , organizing school events and writing articles to promote its recognition. President issued a in 1916 designating June 14 as Flag Day, and officially established it as National Flag Day in 1949 under President , though it remains unofficial in legal status. Modern celebrations typically involve flying the at homes and public buildings, parades, patriotic ceremonies, and educational programs on flag and the U.S. Code's guidelines for its display, such as not letting it touch the ground and illuminating it at night if displayed outdoors. While primarily American, similar days exist elsewhere, such as Poland's Flag Day on or Haiti's on , but these are distinct observances tied to local historical adoptions rather than a unified "Flag Day" concept.

Historical Background

Adoption of the Flag

On June 14, 1777, the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution, formally adopting the Stars and Stripes as the official flag of the . The resolution stated: "Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation." This act followed a special committee's report aimed at unifying the colonies under a distinct national banner amid the Revolutionary War, replacing earlier designs like the Grand Union Flag used by the Continental Army since 1775. The resolution intentionally left the arrangement of the stars unspecified, allowing for interpretive designs such as rows or circles, which contributed to early variations in flag production. The first documented use of this flag in combat occurred on August 3, 1777, at Fort Schuyler (then Fort Stanwix) during a British siege, where American forces reportedly raised it in defense. Although the design symbolized the thirteen original states as a "new constellation" of independence, practical implementation was gradual, with flags handmade by seamstresses and varying in quality until standardized production emerged later. This adoption marked a pivotal step in forging , distinct from British symbols, though the flag's symbolism—red stripes for hardiness and valor, white for purity, and blue union for vigilance—was not codified until the through . The resolution's passage during wartime underscored the Congress's intent to rally unified symbolism for the fledgling , even as and naval forces continued using predecessor ensigns in some contexts until full transition.

Early Commemorations

The earliest recorded commemoration of the adoption of the flag occurred on June 14, 1861, in , organized by local resident George Morris to rally support for the Union during the onset of the . This event involved community gatherings to honor the flag's symbolism amid national division, predating broader national recognition. The first nationwide observance took place on June 14, 1877, marking the centennial of the Continental Congress's Flag Resolution of June 14, 1777. Congress directed that the U.S. flag be displayed on all government buildings, with Philadelphia hosting prominent celebrations including parades and speeches emphasizing patriotic unity. These events highlighted the flag's role as a enduring emblem of independence, though they remained informal and without federal holiday status. In the ensuing decades, local and educational initiatives proliferated, particularly in schools during the late , where students participated in salutes and presentations to instill national pride. Such activities laid groundwork for sustained advocacy but lacked coordinated national mandate until later proclamations.

Establishment as an Observance

19th-Century Initiatives

The first nationwide commemoration of the flag's adoption took place on June 14, 1877, exactly 100 years after the Continental Congress's resolution, with public ceremonies emphasizing patriotic symbolism amid post-Civil War reconciliation efforts. In 1885, Bernard J. Cigrand, a 19-year-old schoolteacher in Waubeka, , initiated the earliest documented formal classroom observance of Flag Day at Stony Hill School, placing a 10-inch 38-star in an on his desk and directing students to recite pledges of to foster national loyalty. Cigrand expanded his advocacy the following year, publishing an article titled "The Fourteenth of June" in a newspaper that publicly proposed an annual national observance to honor the flag's "birthday." His persistent campaigns through the late 1880s and 1890s, including lectures and writings, positioned him as a primary proponent, though he faced resistance from those prioritizing other holidays. Parallel initiatives emerged in educational settings nationwide, as teachers organized Flag Day programs to promote and assimilate immigrant children into American civic culture during a period of rapid and immigration. For instance, in 1889, George Bolch, principal of a kindergarten, led exercises featuring flag salutes and recitations to instill reverence for national symbols among underprivileged youth. By 1893, schoolchildren in assembled at Independence Square, waving flags and singing anthems in a public demonstration that highlighted growing grassroots momentum for standardized observances. These efforts, though decentralized and lacking federal mandate, laid the groundwork for broader recognition by emphasizing the 's role in unifying diverse populations.

20th-Century Proclamations and Recognition

In 1916, President issued Proclamation 1335 on May 30, formally designating June 14 as Flag Day to commemorate the Continental Congress's adoption of the Stars and Stripes on June 14, 1777. The proclamation called for nationwide patriotic exercises, public meetings, and displays of the flag, emphasizing its role as a symbol of national unity amid preparations for entry. This marked the first federal-level recognition of the date, though it did not establish Flag Day as a federal holiday or mandate its observance. Subsequent presidents reinforced this initiative through additional proclamations. In 1927, President issued a statement urging Americans to honor the flag's anniversary with appropriate ceremonies, building on Wilson's precedent to promote civic . By the mid-20th century, Flag Day gained further traction; for instance, in 1937, enacted legislation making June 14 a state legal , the first such recognition at the state level. The most significant 20th-century federal action occurred on August 3, 1949, when President signed a joint congressional resolution (Public Law 81-620) officially designating as National Flag Day. This measure, enacted post-World War II, formalized annual observances without granting it status, requiring the president to issue encouraging flag displays and educational programs on the flag's history. Truman's accompanying highlighted the flag's symbolism of , noting its evolution through 48 stars by that era. These steps reflected growing institutional emphasis on the flag as a unifying , though observance remained voluntary and uneven.

Observances and Traditions

In the United States

Flag Day in the United States is observed on June 14 each year, marking the anniversary of the Second Continental Congress's adoption of the Stars and Stripes as the on June 14, 1777. Unlike federal holidays such as Independence Day, it does not involve closures of government offices or widespread time off from work, but presidents routinely issue proclamations designating it as a day for patriotic reflection and urging the display of the flag on homes, businesses, schools, and public buildings. In 1949, President signed a of Congress establishing National Flag Day and National Flag Week, formalizing the encouragement of flag-flying and educational programs about the flag's history and symbolism. The primary tradition involves the public display of the American , with citizens encouraged to hoist it from dawn until dusk in accordance with the U.S. Flag Code, which specifies proper handling to honor its significance as a of national unity and sacrifice. Schools often incorporate observances such as reciting the , flag etiquette lessons, and student-led ceremonies to instill , a practice tracing back to 19th-century efforts to educate immigrants on American symbols. In , the first state to designate June 14 as a legal in 1937, observances include state-level events at in , where the flag resolution originated. Community-level celebrations feature parades, wreath-laying at veterans' memorials, and flag-raising ceremonies, particularly in towns with strong historical ties to the Revolution. Military bases and veterans' organizations host events emphasizing service members' connection to the flag, including prayers for troops and tributes to fallen soldiers. While participation varies by region—more prominent in areas with active civic groups—overall observance remains modest compared to other patriotic holidays, focusing on voluntary acts of respect rather than large-scale festivities.

In Other Countries

In Canada, National Flag of Canada Day is observed annually on February 15, commemorating the first official raising of the Maple Leaf flag on Parliament Hill in Ottawa on February 15, 1965. This date marks the adoption of the current national flag, designed to symbolize unity and the natural beauty of the country, replacing earlier designs like the Red Ensign. The observance encourages citizens to fly the flag and reflect on its significance, though it is not a statutory holiday. Mexico celebrates Día de la Bandera on , a date established by decree in 1940 under President to honor the as one of the country's primary symbols. The flag, featuring vertical stripes of green, white, and red with the in the center, represents , unity, and the blood of national heroes. Ceremonies often include flag-raising events, parades, and educational programs in schools emphasizing and respect for the emblem. Argentina observes Día de la Bandera on , a national holiday designated by law in 1938 to commemorate the death of General , creator of the , on that date in 1820. The light blue and white with a golden sun, first hoisted by Belgrano in 1812, symbolizes the struggle for independence from . Major events occur in , where Belgrano raised the , including wreath-laying at his and public oaths of allegiance to the by students and . Other nations maintain distinct flag observances, such as Bolivia's commemoration on August 17, marking the legal creation of its flag in 1825, and Peru's Flag Day on , honoring the adoption of its red-and-white banner in 1825. In , designates October 28—also known as —for flag-related events tied to resistance in , while marks December 1, the date of its 1640 restoration of independence, with flag displays. These observances typically involve official ceremonies, educational initiatives, and widespread flag hoisting to foster national pride.

Significance

Symbolic Meaning

The , central to Flag Day observances, symbolizes , historical continuity, and the foundational principles of and . , where the holiday originated, the flag's 13 stripes denote the original colonies that declared in , while its 50 stars represent the union of states under a , embodying resilience against division and external threats. This design, adopted by the Continental Congress on , 1777, evokes the revolutionary struggle for , with red signifying valor and hardiness, white purity and innocence, and blue vigilance, perseverance, and justice—interpretations rooted in 18th-century heraldic traditions and reinforced by official U.S. Army guidelines. Flag Day amplifies these elements by promoting reflection on the flag as a repository of national sacrifices, from Revolutionary War battles to later conflicts, where it has flown over victories and cemeteries alike, fostering patriotism without mandating conformity. The observance counters fragmentation by highlighting the flag's role in unifying diverse citizenry around verifiable historical achievements, such as territorial expansion and constitutional governance, rather than abstract ideologies. In broader international contexts, analogous flag days similarly denote the emblem's function as a causal anchor for state cohesion, signaling allegiance to empirical institutions over transient sentiments. Critics of expansive flag symbolism, often from academic circles, argue it overlooks internal divisions like sectional conflicts, yet primary records from the founding era affirm its intent as a pragmatic unifier amid existential risks, prioritizing and order. Thus, Flag Day's ritual display reinforces the flag's truth as a marker of achieved stability, grounded in the concrete outcomes of collective defense and governance rather than aspirational narratives.

Cultural Impact and Patriotism

Flag Day reinforces by promoting the display of the and participation in public ceremonies that evoke national unity and historical sacrifice. On June 14 each year, citizens are encouraged to fly the Stars and Stripes, a practice that traces back to early 20th-century efforts to instill reverence for national symbols amid waves of and world wars. These observances, including parades and patriotic speeches, underscore the flag's role as an emblem of freedom and resilience, as highlighted in presidential proclamations that link it to the Continental Congress's 1777 resolution. In educational settings, Flag Day has historically fostered through programs like flag-raising s and contests, which teach children about the nation's founding principles and encourage civic pride. Such initiatives, pioneered by figures like educator Bernard Cigrand in the late , aimed to cultivate loyalty by associating the flag with democratic ideals and military valor. Community events on this day often include recitations of the , a modified in 1923-1924 to specify "the of America" explicitly to bolster national allegiance amid concerns over divided loyalties. Culturally, Flag Day contributes to the flag's prominence in American identity, influencing traditions where it symbolizes shared values over partisan divides, though its observance remains voluntary and less commercialized than holidays like Independence Day. This restraint aligns with a rooted in voluntary reverence rather than mandated celebration, distinguishing U.S. practices from more state-enforced displays elsewhere, and sustaining the flag's role as a unifying in public life.

Controversies

Flag Desecration and Free Speech Debates

Flag desecration, encompassing acts such as burning or mutilating national flags, has frequently intersected with First Amendment free speech protections in the United States, particularly during protests where the flag serves as a of dissent against government policies. These incidents often provoke intense public backlash, viewing desecration as an assault on national unity and , yet courts have generally upheld such acts as expressive conduct when motivated by political expression rather than mere . The tension is amplified around observances like Flag Day, which emphasize reverence for the flag, contrasting sharply with desecratory protests that underscore free speech absolutism versus symbolic respect. The landmark Supreme Court decision in (1989) established that flag burning constitutes protected symbolic speech. During the in , protester ignited an American flag while chanting political slogans, leading to his conviction under a statute prohibiting . The Court, in a 5-4 ruling, reversed the conviction, holding that the state's interest in preserving the flag as a symbol did not justify suppressing non-speech elements of expressive conduct, absent a of . Justice William Brennan's majority opinion emphasized that "the government's message is that should have shown respect" for the flag, but the First Amendment forbids punishing unpopular ideas through symbolic acts. Dissenters, led by William , argued the flag's unique status as a "brief symbol of national unity" warranted exception from pure speech protections. In response, enacted the , criminalizing any physical of the flag regardless of expressive intent, but this was swiftly invalidated in (1990), where the Court again ruled 5-4 that the law impermissibly targeted viewpoint-based expression. Subsequent efforts to prohibit via have repeatedly failed; for instance, a 2006 proposal passed the House 286-130 but stalled in the , reflecting divided congressional will despite consistent public majorities favoring restrictions. Polls indicate broad disapproval: a 2020 survey found 49% of Americans believed flag burning should be illegal, with only 33% supporting its legality as ; similarly, a 2006 poll showed 73% viewing it as illegal conduct warranting punishment. These debates persist amid sporadic incidents, such as Vietnam War-era burnings in 1967 protests or more recent demonstrations, where desecration fuels arguments over whether free speech tolerances erode civic norms. Proponents of bans contend that the 's role in fostering allegiance justifies limited exceptions, akin to time-place-manner restrictions on speech, while opponents warn of slippery slopes toward content-based censorship. Recent executive actions, like a 2025 order directing prosecution of flag burners, highlight ongoing friction but cannot override precedents without constitutional change, underscoring the entrenched legal protection amid cultural revulsion.

Decline in Public and Educational Observance

Observance of Flag Day in the United States has diminished in public settings over recent decades, with notable examples including the termination of longstanding community events due to waning participation. In , a 50-year Flag Day parade tradition concluded after 2017, as organizers cited declining interest amid broader shifts in . This reflects a pattern where non-federal status and competition from more prominent holidays like Independence Day contribute to reduced public fanfare, despite presidential proclamations since 1916. In educational contexts, awareness and formal recognition of Flag Day have similarly eroded, particularly in public schools influenced by evolving cultural priorities. A 2022 Brainly survey of students revealed that only 45% correctly identified June 14 as Flag Day, while over 30% were unaware that the flag's 50 stars represent the states, indicating gaps in basic civic knowledge. Reports attribute this fade to "culture wars," where progressive emphases in curricula—often prioritizing diversity initiatives over traditional —have sidelined flag-related observances, as noted in analyses from conservative-leaning outlets critiquing institutional biases in . Broader trends in declining national exacerbate this educational disengagement, with Gallup polling in 2025 showing American pride at a record low of 58%, driven largely by younger generations like Gen Z, who exhibit the sharpest drops in patriotic sentiment. Such attitudes correlate with reduced emphasis on Flag Day in classrooms, where historical programs from the late 19th century—aimed at Americanizing immigrants—have given way to sporadic or optional activities rather than mandatory rituals. Efforts to revive observance, such as those advocated by policy groups, highlight concerns over this trend's impact on civic among youth.

References

  1. https://americanenglish.state.gov/content-spotlight-flag-day
  2. https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/celebrate/flagday.pdf
  3. https://www.almanac.com/content/flag-day-celebration-american-flag
  4. https://www.military.com/flag-day
  5. https://nationalflagfoundation.org/how-flag-day-became-a-national-holiday/
  6. https://www.carrytheload.org/carry-the-flag/flag-day/
  7. https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/fdw.html
  8. https://www.hanwash.org/haitian-flag-day-a-symbol-of-unity-resistance-and-pride/
  9. https://www.si.edu/spotlight/flag-day/flag-facts
  10. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/short-history-united-states-flag
  11. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/june-14/congress-adopts-the-stars-and-stripes
  12. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/what-is-flag-day-heres-a-guide
  13. https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-flag-day
  14. https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/long-may-it-wave-flag-day/the-father-of-flag-day-bernard-cigrand
  15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17616013/
  16. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-1335-flag-day
  17. https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/long-may-it-wave-flag-day/formalizing-a-national-flag-day
  18. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/proclamations/2841/flag-day-1949
  19. https://www.abc-oriental-rug.com/flag-day-history.html
  20. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-66/pdf/STATUTE-66-PgC33.pdf
  21. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-2841-flag-day-1949
  22. https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/2022/06/13/celebrating-flag-day/
  23. https://share.america.gov/when-flags-fly-across-america/
  24. https://www.whatsoproudlywehail.org/curriculum/the-american-calendar/the-origins-and-traditions-of-flag-day/
  25. https://www.usatoday.com/story/graphics/2023/06/10/flag-day-2023-celebration-explained/70273035007/
  26. https://www.nationaldaycalendar.com/international/national-flag-of-canada-day-february-15
  27. https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/campaigns/national-flag-canada-day/about/declaration.html
  28. https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/canada/national-flag-of-canada-day
  29. https://nationaltoday.com/flag-day-mexico/
  30. https://www.spanish.academy/blog/the-fascinating-origin-and-history-of-flag-day-in-mexico/
  31. https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/mexico/flag-day
  32. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/20-de-junio-dia-de-la-bandera-4
  33. https://www.casarosada.gob.ar/informacion/actividad-oficial/9-noticias/51005-20-de-junio-dia-de-la-bandera-argentina
  34. http://buenosaires.gob.ar/noticias/dia-de-la-bandera-0
  35. https://www.babbel.com/en/magazine/flag-day
  36. https://foxflags.com.au/world-flag-days/
  37. https://www.gsa.gov/blog/2023/06/14/flag-day-the-symbolism-of-flags
  38. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2025/06/14/flag-day-june-14-holiday/84189589007/
  39. https://www.flaglerelections.gov/Get-Involved/Voter-Education/History-of-Our-Flag
  40. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/flag-day-americans-remember-history
  41. https://studyfinds.org/pledge-of-allegiance-ritual/
  42. https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2016/06/14/flag-day-past-and-present/
  43. https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/educational-resources/educational-activities/first-amendment-activities/texas-v-johnson/facts-and-case-summary-texas-v-johnson
  44. https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/when-the-supreme-court-ruled-to-allow-american-flag-burning
  45. https://www.scotusblog.com/2025/08/the-supreme-court-and-flag-burning-an-explainer/
  46. https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/flag-desecration/
  47. https://today.yougov.com/politics/articles/30491-flag-burning-legal-illegal-poll-data
  48. https://www.pewresearch.org/2006/06/28/no-clamor-for-amendment-from-flagwaving-public/
  49. https://www.history.com/articles/flag-burning-first-amendment
  50. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/08/prosecuting-burning-of-the-american-flag/
  51. https://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/flag-day-spectacle-american-communities
  52. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/jun/13/flag-day-fades-public-schools-amid-culture-wars/
  53. https://americafirstpolicy.com/issues/honoring-the-american-flag-in-schools
  54. https://news.gallup.com/poll/692150/american-pride-slips-new-low.aspx
  55. https://www.newsweek.com/gen-z-drives-decline-american-pride-poll-2092705
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