Hubbry Logo
JereedJereedMain
Open search
Jereed
Community hub
Jereed
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Jereed
Jereed
Jereed
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Jereed, known by the name Equestrian Javelin (also jerreed, jerid, or jerrid; Turkish: Cirit) is a traditional Turkish equestrian team sport played outdoors on horseback in which the objective is to score points by throwing a blunt wooden javelin, or stick, at opposing team's horsemen. Played by Turkic peoples in Central Asia as the essential sporting and ceremonial game, it was brought to Anatolia during the westward migration in the beginning of the 11th century.

History

[edit]
Ottoman horsemen exercising in jereed, c. 1800

Horses have been essential and even sacred animals for Turks living as nomadic tribes in the Central Asian steppes. Turks were born, grew up, lived, fought and died on horseback. So became jereed the most important sporting and ceremonial game of Turkish people.[1] The term itself is an Arabic word (جريد) that refers to a javelin or stick made from stripped palm fronds.

Jereed came to Anatolia with Turks as they migrated in 1071 from their homelands in Central Asia. Later in the 16th century, Ottoman Turks accepted it as a wargame, and it widespread from that time onwards. In peacetime, jereed was played to improve the cavalry's attack and defense skills, and during campaigns to whip up their enthusiasm for battle. Some of the Ottoman sultans are known to have been jereed players, and early sultans like Bayezid I (1389–1402) and Mehmed I (1413–1421) attached importance to jereed in the training of their armies. A superior class of cavalrymen known as "cündi" was formed from those skilled at jereed.[2] It spread over to Arabia and European countries and, was enjoyed in German and French language speaking territories in the 17th century.[3]

In the 19th century, it gained its highest popularity as a show sport and game at the court and in all Ottoman ruled territories. However, the game was not without danger, and injuries and even death from fall-offs in the attempt to catch the flying jereed sticks prompted Mahmud II (1808–1839) in 1826 to ban the sport after he dissolved the Janissary Corps. Although playing jereed resumed before long, particularly in the provinces, it never recovered the importance of former times.[4]

Today, jereed is not as widespread as it once was, but is still enjoyed as a spectator sport, primarily in Erzurum and Bayburt, but also in the eastern provinces of Artvin, Erzincan, Kars, in the western provinces of Uşak, Balıkesir, Söğüt, in the southeastern provinces of Diyarbakır, Siirt and in the Central Anatolian province of Konya. Cultural folkloric societies are also attempting to keep this traditional sport alive by organizing local tournaments. Around 50 clubs in nine provinces in Turkey organize jereed tournaments.[2]

Game and rules

[edit]

Jereed is a means of improving equestrian skills, and involves two teams of horsemen, each armed with dried oak or poplar sticks. The sticks with rubber-tipped, blunt ends are 70–100 cm in length and 2–3 cm in diameter. Originally, the sticks were heavier and thicker, however in order to reduce the risk of injury, players came to prefer sticks made of poplar, which become lighter when dried.[4]

The teams are formed by six, eight or twelve players, standing on opposite sides of a field marked within a square of 70 to 130 meters. There are three "end zones" of about six meters deep at each end of the field, being a team's waiting area, thus meaning a neutral zone and the opposing team's throwing area. Each team has its own flag. The horses should not be younger than four years of age. A medium height horse is preferred because tall horses are not quick to maneuver, therefore most suitable ones are Arabian and Turkoman horses.[1]

The Jereed game begins with introduction of the players to the spectators with words of praise, followed by handshakes at center field and a parade of each team with its flag. Meanwhile, drums and zurnas (reed pipes) play Ottoman military marches and Köroğlu folk music.[4]

Riders test the field and their horses, than go back to their section. Jereed players in traditional regional costumes, a remembrance of the Sipahis (Ottoman cavalrymen), mount their local breed horses, specially trained for this sport. The teams line up facing one another on the field, each player at a distance of about 10 meters from the next. With their right hand, they hold the first jereed that they will throw while holding other jereed in their left hand.[1]

At the beginning of the game, it is traditional for the youngest rider to trot towards the opposing team, shout the name of a player and at a distance of 30 to 40 meters toss his jereed at that player challenging him to enter the game. Then, he gallops back to his side, meanwhile the challenged player pursues him and throws a jereed at the fleeing player. Another player from the first team comes out and meets the retreating rider. The player from the second team starts riding quickly to his corner and takes his former place. This time, his rival chases him and throws a jereed at him. The fast-charging chase game goes on in two 45-minute periods.[1]

This process of chasing and fleeing, while trying to hit an opponent with a stick, is the essence of the game, which requires skill and sportsmanship. To hit the horse instead of the rider, which is regarded as a sign of inexperience, is against the rules, and causes the offender to be sent off the field.[4]

The referees, who are former jereed players with standing in the community, count the number of hits and at the end of the game announce the winning team. Experienced jereed players rarely miss hitting an opponent, and are skilled at avoiding hits themselves by performing acrobatics on horseback. Part of the skill lies in training the horses so that they play a significant role in the outcome of the game. The formation of the two teams has its traditional etiquette. Care is taken not to put players, who are on bad terms in opposing teams, and players, who display deliberately hostile behavior during a match are blacklisted.[4]

A player wins points when he manages to hit his rival with the stick, or ride him out, or catch an incoming jereed in mid-air. He will get negative points for actions that might endanger the horse, such as riding out of bounds or striking a horse intentionally; falling off his horse; throwing the stick from inside the neutral zone; or throwing from closer than five meters during pursuit. Referees posted at the center line and at each end of the field award both positive and negative points with their flags.[1]

The players make several different defensive maneuvers in order to avoid being hit by leaning towards either side of the horse, under the horse's stomach or even its neck. Some players score more points by hitting his opponent three or four times before that player manages to escape and take his place back in his row. Jereed boys run across the field to retrieve errant throws and deliver them to the end zones of both sides. Even though today jereed tips are rounded rubber and light, sometimes players might be injured if they are hit on the head, eyes or ears. With today's sticks it is very rare but these injuries might even result in death. If a player dies in the field, he is considered to have lost his life in battle as a martyr and his relatives do not sue against other player, except that a public case is opened by the court and a legal trial is done anyway. Therefore, if there are any known hostilities amongst players they can be left out of the tournament or put in the same team by the elder people of the locality, or by the referees, before the game starts.[1]

At the end of the game, the winner is announced by a council of former jereed players depending on points collected by two teams. Organizers give awards to the winning team and a banquet is held.[1]

Terminology

[edit]
  • Değnek, aka Diğnek or Deynek (stick) - The name given to jereed in some regions.
  • Meydan - Flat ground field for playing jereed game.
  • Cirit havası (Jereed game music) - One or all of the melodies played with drum or zurna while the jereed game is being played.
  • At oynatma havası - Name of the rhythms, melodies for the rhythmic horse dance in the province of Tunceli, played before the jereed game.
  • At oyunu - The name of jereed game in the provinces of Tunceli and Muş.
  • Aheste (slow gait) - Slowest four-beat walking gait of the horse; usually controlled by the rider.
  • Rahvan (amble) - The normal four-beat walking gait of the horse.
  • Adeta (walk) - The fastest four-beat walking gait of the horse; also controlled by the rider.
  • Tırıs (trot) - A two-beat gait of the horse between the smooth gaits of walk and canter during which the left front and right rear legs leave the ground simultaneously followed by the other two. A bumpy ride, this is the least comfortable gait for the rider.
  • Dörtnal (canter) - A three-beat gait of the horse, at one point during which all four legs are suspended in the air.
  • Hücum dörtnal (gallop) - The three-beat gait of the horse faster than canter; the fastest gait of a horse. Also called running.
  • Acemi (inexperienced) - Player, whose stick touches his rival's horse.
  • Sipahi aka Sipah or İspahi (cavalryman) - Soldier mounted on horseback at Ottoman times. This title is also given today to skillful horsemen and successful jereed players.
  • Cündi - Very skilled horseman.
  • Şehit (martyr) - Horseman, who died in the jereed game.
  • Alay - Horsemen of a team in a row formation.
  • Atbaşı (head-to-head) - The situation that two horses running in the same line.
  • Alay basmak - Penetrating into opponent's line formation by losing control of own horse.[2]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Jereed

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Jereed, also known as cirit, is a traditional Turkish equestrian team sport played outdoors on horseback, in which two opposing teams of riders throw blunt wooden javelins, called jereeds, at each other to score points by striking opponents while evading throws. Originating from Central Asian nomadic traditions, jereed was brought to by Turkish tribes in the and evolved into a prominent martial training exercise during the from the onward, particularly used to hone skills for warfare. In the Ottoman period, it became a , often performed in the imperial palace and showcased to foreign ambassadors as a display of prowess and equestrian expertise, though it was temporarily banned in 1826 by Sultan Mahmud II due to frequent injuries and fatalities. By the , it had spread to and Arab regions through Ottoman influence, but its popularity waned in the Republican era, surviving mainly in rural areas like , , and . The game is typically played on a rectangular field measuring 70 to 120 meters in length, with teams of 6 to 12 riders each starting about 100 meters apart; a rider gallops forward, throws a jereed at an opponent from 10 to 15 meters away, and must then dodge incoming throws using skillful maneuvers, with points awarded for successful hits on riders but penalties, including disqualification, for striking horses. The jereeds themselves are lightweight sticks, 70 to 100 centimeters long and 2 to 3 centimeters in diameter, traditionally made from dried date, , or poplar wood with rounded, blunt ends to minimize injury, though historically they were heavier and more dangerous. Matches are officiated by referees who track scores, and traditional etiquette emphasizes fair play, avoiding targeted aggression against specific players. Jereed holds deep cultural significance in Turkish heritage as a test of bravery, horsemanship, and teamwork, often performed at weddings, festivals, and holidays accompanied by traditional music like and drums, with rare fatalities historically honored as martyrdom. In modern Turkey, it is preserved through organized tournaments by folklore societies and local federations, such as the annual events in by the Karakechili tribe, serving as a living link to Ottoman military traditions and Central Asian roots while promoting equestrian sports. As of 2025, annual tournaments continue in regions like , , and .

History

Origins in Central Asia

Jereed, known in Turkish as cirit, originated among the nomadic Turkic tribes of as an equestrian game centered on throwing javelins from horseback to hone skills essential for hunting and warfare. These tribes, including early groups like the and , relied on horses for survival in the vast steppes, where mastery of mounted combat and pursuit was crucial for herding, raiding, and defending against rivals. The game involved riders hurling blunt wooden javelins at targets or opponents while galloping at high speeds, simulating the precision needed for spearing game or enemies in battle. This practice emerged as part of a broader equestrian culture that emphasized agility, coordination, and endurance, dating back to at least the early centuries CE when horse domestication transformed nomadic lifestyles across the region. Historical evidence for jereed's early form appears in several key texts and records from the period. The 11th-century Divanü Lügat-it-Türk by Kaşgarlı Mahmud, a comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, describes equestrian games akin to cirit as integral to tribal customs, highlighting their role in fostering martial prowess among young warriors. Similarly, the epic Book of Dede Korkut, compiled between the 10th and 13th centuries but reflecting older oral traditions, references javelin-throwing contests on horseback as a rite of passage and competitive sport in Turkic society. Archaeological and textual insights from Chinese sources, as analyzed by Wolfram Eberhard, further corroborate these practices among pre-Islamic Turkic peoples, noting parallels in mounted games documented in Tang dynasty annals that depict steppe nomads engaging in javelin pursuits during hunts and mock battles. Artifacts such as steppe burial goods with horse gear and weapon replicas also suggest the game's embeddedness in daily training rituals. Jereed shares foundational similarities with the horse and traditions of other Central Asian nomads, such as the and , who similarly integrated equestrian sports into warfare preparation. Scythian tomb art from the 7th to 3rd centuries BCE illustrates mounted warriors hurling spears in dynamic hunts, a motif echoed in later Turkic practices where jereed served as a non-lethal analogue to drills. Mongol traditions, as seen in 13th-century accounts, featured comparable games like nadan or mounted stick-throwing to build the same skills of accuracy and speed that Turkic tribes refined through cirit. These shared elements underscore a continuum of steppe nomadic culture, where such games reinforced communal bonds and combat readiness across ethnic groups from the Eurasian heartland. The game's westward migration occurred with the Seljuk Turks' expansions in the 11th century, who carried cirit to Anatolia following conquests like the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, integrating it into their settled yet horse-dependent society as a foundational martial exercise.

Adoption and Development in Anatolia and the Ottoman Empire

Following the Seljuk Turks' victory at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, which facilitated their migration into Anatolia, jereed was integrated into the military training regimens of Seljuk and early Ottoman cavalry forces as a means to hone equestrian and javelin-throwing skills essential for mounted warfare. This adaptation transformed the nomadic practice into a structured exercise for sipahi units, the elite cavalry of the Ottoman Empire, emphasizing agility, accuracy, and horsemanship in simulated combat scenarios to prepare warriors for battlefield maneuvers against Byzantine and other regional foes. By the 14th and 15th centuries, jereed had become a staple in military camps, fostering discipline and tactical coordination among sipahi horsemen who relied on such skills for the empire's expansive conquests. The sport reached its zenith in the during the reign of sultans such as , evolving from a purely drill into a formalized courtly and public spectacle that underscored Ottoman imperial prowess. Organized tournaments were held in venues like the Atmeydanı (Sultanahmet Square) in , where teams of riders competed before the , dignitaries, and crowds, blending athletic display with diplomatic pomp to demonstrate the empire's military readiness. These events not only entertained but also served as motivational exercises, reinforcing the cultural value of equestrian excellence among the nobility and soldiery during the Ottoman Empire's of territorial expansion. Key evolutions in jereed's rules during this period prioritized safety for recreational and training play while preserving its combative essence, including the shift from sharp metal-tipped javelins to blunt wooden ones to minimize injuries in non-battle settings. This modification, implemented in and military contexts, allowed for more frequent practice without excessive risk, particularly as the sport was incorporated into the training of regiments alongside their infantry drills to enhance overall unit cohesion and horsemanship. Such changes reflected the Ottoman balance between martial utility and controlled spectacle, ensuring jereed's role as both a preparatory tool for and forces and a symbol of refined imperial tradition.

Decline and Revival in the Modern Era

In 1826, Sultan banned the practice of jereed as part of broader reforms following the dissolution of the Janissary Corps, prompted by fatal accidents and injuries during games that highlighted the sport's dangers. Despite the prohibition, jereed continued underground, particularly in rural provinces, but it experienced a gradual decline through the late 19th and early 20th centuries, overshadowed by modernization efforts and the waning of Ottoman military traditions. By the early Republican period, the sport had nearly faded from prominence, surviving only in isolated communities as a remnant of nomadic heritage. The revival of jereed began in the 1930s during the early Republican era, when promoted traditional folk sports as a means to foster national identity and preserve Turkish cultural elements amid rapid . This initiative encouraged organized play and training, transitioning jereed from clandestine activity to a structured equestrian discipline. Official recognition came in the 1970s through the Turkish Equestrian Federation (Türkiye Binicilik Federasyonu), which integrated it into its programs, establishing standardized rules and competitions to institutionalize the sport. These efforts marked a turning point, revitalizing jereed as a symbol of Anatolian heritage while adapting it for contemporary audiences. Since 2022, it has been governed by the Türkiye Geleneksel Atlı Spor Dalları Federasyonu. Today, jereed is actively played in over 50 clubs across more than , including with 30 clubs, Erzurum with 11, and others such as and , with estimates of several thousand participants engaging in regular training and matches. Recent tournaments, such as the 2024-2025 season Yarı Final matches in in November 2025, continue to draw crowds and showcase the sport's enduring appeal, featuring teams from various regions competing in high-speed throws.

Gameplay

Equipment and Attire

The primary equipment in jereed, also known as cirit, is the blunt wooden of the same name, crafted from durable woods such as , poplar, or dried . These javelins typically measure 70-100 cm in length and 2-3 cm in diameter, with rounded or rubber-tipped ends to minimize injury risk during throws. Historically, during its origins as a cavalry training exercise in Ottoman warfare, the javelin featured a sharp metal tip for combat effectiveness; over time, as it transitioned to a regulated sport in the , the design evolved to lighter, blunter versions using poplar for safer play. Horses play a central role in jereed, with riders selecting sturdy, medium-height breeds like Arabian or Turkoman horses for their agility and endurance on the field. These animals must be at least four years old to ensure physical maturity and stability during high-speed maneuvers. While traditional saddles provide basic support, modern practices incorporate padded saddles to cushion impacts and leg wraps to protect against abrasions from rapid turns and collisions, enhancing both horse welfare and rider performance. Player attire draws from Ottoman military traditions, featuring regional costumes that evoke the horsemen, including fitted vests, loose trousers, sturdy boots for secure footing in stirrups, and protective helmets to guard against falls or errant throws. In contemporary matches, these uniforms are supplemented with added padding on elbows and knees for impact absorption, reflecting adaptations for while preserving cultural .

Field, Teams, and Match Format

The playing field for jereed, known as atlı cirit in Turkish, is a rectangular arena with dimensions ranging from a minimum of 90 meters in length and 30 meters in width to a maximum of 140 meters in length and 40 meters in width, marked by visible 15 cm-wide lines on a soft soil or grass surface to accommodate horseback play. At each end of the field, designated starting areas, such as 6- to 7-meter-wide alay durağı (regimental stops), are marked for team positioning, ensuring safe galloping space while preventing play in restricted zones behind the lines. Jereed matches feature two opposing teams, each starting with 7 riders and 7 , supplemented by 2 reserve players who can substitute during play with approval; teams are often categorized by levels, such as novice versus professional divisions in federated competitions. If a team's active riders fall below 5 due to injury or other reasons, the team is declared forfeit. Officiating involves 7 referees total, including a chief , assistant, two recorders, one midfield referee, and two sideline umpires, responsible for enforcing boundaries and monitoring horse welfare. A typical match unfolds in two 40-minute halves, totaling 80 minutes of active play, separated by a 10-minute for rest and horse changes. Play commences with both teams aligned in rows facing each other across the field, roughly 100 meters apart, following a starting signal from an official; initial exchanges involve riders throwing jereed sticks to initiate pursuit and evasion sequences. Riders don traditional attire and wield blunt jereed sticks throughout the field-based action.

Rules, Objectives, and Scoring

The primary objective of Jereed is for riders to chase opponents on horseback, aiming to throw jereed sticks accurately at their backs or sides to score points while simultaneously evading incoming throws to avoid being hit themselves. This dynamic pursuit emphasizes precision, speed, and defensive maneuvers, with players alternating between offensive chases and retreats across the field. Tactical elements include timing throws during optimal approach angles and using evasive actions like leaning low or swerving to dodge attacks, fostering a balance of and essential to the sport's excitement. The scoring system rewards successful throws and skillful plays while penalizing errors and unsafe actions to promote fair play and horsemanship. A hit on an opponent earns 4 points, while sparing (catching and forgiving) an opponent during a chase or crossing the opponent's path awards 3 points; catching a thrown jereed in the air scores 2 points. Penalties include -3 points for throwing from short distance, intentionally hitting a horse, or falling off the horse, and -1 point for various violations such as sideline breaches or throwing off the field. The team accumulating the highest total score at the end of regulation time wins the match; negative scores can significantly impact outcomes, encouraging disciplined execution. Key rules govern conduct to ensure safety and flow, prohibiting throws at the head or toward grounded players to prevent serious harm, with referees enforcing ejections for violations. Horses must maintain controlled gaits, typically a trot or canter, to avoid excessive speed that could lead to uncontrolled collisions, though brief accelerations are allowed during chases. Matches consist of two 40-minute halves, and if scores tie, the game ends in a draw unless tournament rules mandate overtime periods of up to 20 minutes total to determine a winner. These mechanics highlight Jereed's blend of strategy and tradition, where individual prowess contributes to team success without physical contact beyond the jereed throws.

Cultural and Social Significance

Terminology and Language

The terminology of Jereed, known as cirit in Turkish, reflects its deep roots in Turkish equestrian and military traditions, with many terms borrowed from , Persian, and languages. The word cirit itself refers to the blunt wooden used in the game, derived from the jarīd, meaning a defoliated or stripped stick, which entered Ottoman Turkish as cerid or cirit to denote the throwing implement. This underscores the sport's historical adaptation of simple, natural materials for training purposes. Other core terms similarly blend linguistic influences, illustrating how Jereed's evolved alongside Turkic nomadic culture and Ottoman military practices. Key elements of the game are denoted by terms like meydan, the open playing field where matches occur, originating from Persian meydān via adoption to signify a spacious arena for gatherings or contests. The horse's gallop is called dörtnal, a Turkic compound from dört (four) and nal (), describing the four-beat essential for high-speed maneuvers. Skilled riders are often termed sipahi, borrowed from Persian sipāh meaning army or soldier, historically referring to Ottoman cavalrymen who excelled in equestrian sports like Jereed. In a somber historical context, a player fatally injured during play might be honored as şehit, an meaning , reflecting the game's origins in intense military drills where casualties were revered. Referee commands and calls add to the sport's dynamic vocabulary, such as at!, a sharp imperative meaning "throw!" derived from the Old Turkic at- (to throw), used to signal the release of the javelin. Specialized phrases capture the tactical nuances of gameplay, including vuruş for a successful strike or hit on an opponent, from the Turkish verb vurmak (to strike), and kaçış for evasion maneuvers where riders dodge incoming javelins, rooted in kaçmak (to flee or escape) from Proto-Turkic kač-. These terms, many tracing back to Old Turkic roots like those in military contexts—such as çeri (army) influencing broader equestrian lexicon—highlight Jereed's heritage as both sport and warrior training.

Traditions, Festivals, and Music

Pre-match rituals in Cirit emphasize ceremony and , with players donning traditional attire such as loose shalwar trousers, leather boots, and embroidered vests before entering the field. Teams often perform synchronized horse maneuvers, lining up approximately 100 meters apart to demonstrate horsemanship and unity, while a cavuş (herald) introduces each player with praises and chants to build excitement and honor their skills. These rituals, rooted in Ottoman-era customs, foster camaraderie and pay homage to the sport's martial heritage. Cirit festivals serve as vibrant cultural gatherings, particularly in eastern , where annual events showcase the sport's enduring appeal. The Erzurum Cirit Festival, with traditions dating back at least 200 years, features competitive tournaments and ceremonial displays that draw local communities and tourists alike, especially during national holidays like . Regional tournaments in areas such as , , and , organized since the 1970s by cultural associations, further highlight inter-team rivalries and attract visitors seeking authentic Turkish equestrian spectacles. Music plays a central role in enhancing the rhythmic intensity of Cirit, with "cirit havası" (jereed airs) consisting of lively folk tunes performed on the (a double-reed shawm) and (a large double-headed drum) to synchronize riders' movements and energize the crowd. These traditional melodies, often including Köroğlu airs, are played before and during matches to evoke the sport's nomadic origins and set a tempo. Post-match celebrations frequently incorporate these instruments alongside communal feasts, where participants share stories of legendary riders and historical battles, reinforcing oral traditions tied to Turkish .

Role in Turkish Culture and Preservation Efforts

Jereed, known as cirit in Turkish, embodies the nomadic heritage of the , symbolizing the profound bond between humans and horses that has defined Turkish identity since Central Asian migrations. This equestrian sport highlights values such as bravery, agility, horsemanship, and communal harmony, evoking the traditions of ancestors who relied on mounted skills for survival and conquest. In Ottoman-era depictions, such as 19th-century engravings by artists like H. Lalaisse and Chaillot in Historia de Turquia, jereed scenes illustrate its ceremonial prominence, reinforcing its place in of resilience and unity. Preservation initiatives are led by the Turkish Traditional Sports Federation, established in , which, as of , oversaw 74 clubs and approximately 1,450 active players across 11 provinces, including youth training programs to transmit skills intergenerationally. The federation organizes national championships and provides financial support to sustain the sport, while the World Ethnosport Union promotes it through events like the annual Horseback Javelin Turkish Championship in , fostering international demonstrations. In May 2025, jereed was featured at the Ethnosport Culture Festival in , bringing together participants from more than 30 nations to showcase traditional sports. Although not yet inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the of Humanity as of 2025, these efforts align with global safeguarding frameworks to highlight jereed's cultural value. Despite these measures, jereed faces challenges from modernization, including declining rural participation due to , technological distractions, and mechanized transport, confining its practice primarily to eastern . Urban-based clubs and media coverage, such as documentaries on platforms like , help counteract this by attracting younger audiences and boosting visibility. Additionally, jereed contributes to through cultural festivals showcasing traditional horsemanship and supports equine welfare by emphasizing ethical horse care in training, preserving the animal's revered status in Turkish heritage.

References

  1. https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-98587/the-game-of-jereed.html
  2. https://travelatelier.com/blog/cirit-turkey-traditional-equestrian-sport/
  3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374422560_Jereed_Games_on_Horseback_from_Ottoman_Times_to_the_Present
  4. https://www.academia.edu/11771001/Equestrian_Games_in_Turkish_History
  5. https://thesportjournal.org/article/sport-in-turkey-in-the-pre-islamic-period/
  6. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44652688
  7. https://www.allaboutturkey.com/javelin.html
  8. https://traditionalsportsgames.org/news/traditional-sports-and-games-of-turkey-ictsg-national-chapter?language_id=1
  9. https://topkapipalace.com.tr/article/from-the-battlefield-to-the-palace-garden/
  10. https://insideturkey.org/introducing-cirit-turkeys-traditional-horseback-sport/
  11. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/13/world/istanbul-journal-turkish-brand-of-extreme-polo-making-comeback.html
  12. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/spor/bilal-erdogan-yeni-kurulan-geleneksel-spor-federasyonlarini-acikladi/2575575
  13. https://www.tgasdf.gov.tr/atli-cirit/
  14. https://eskapas.com/the-game-of-jereed/
  15. https://www.academia.edu/43519352/A_TALE_OF_TWO_GAMES_CIRIT_BUZKASHI_AND_THE_HORSEMEN_OF_THE_ASIATIC_STEPPE
  16. https://shgm.gsb.gov.tr/Public/images/SGM/Federasyon/474752009%2520geleneksel_atli_cirit_musabaka__.pdf
  17. https://www.usak.gov.tr/cirit
  18. https://www.gsdf.gov.tr/uploads/default/reports/23bde3c61fbc1b938e8357c1b7afa6f0.pdf
  19. https://www.tgasdf.gov.tr/atli-binicilik/
  20. https://erzincan.ktb.gov.tr/TR-57416/cirit.html
  21. https://shgm.gsb.gov.tr/Public/images/SGM/Federasyon/68343M%25C3%25BCh%25C3%25BCrl%25C3%25BC%2520Atl%25C4%25B1%2520Cirit%2520talimat%25C4%25B1.pdf
  22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366987614_A_TRADITIONAL_TURKISH_SPORT_HORSEMAN_JAREED
  23. http://www.tojras.com/volume/volume01-i02.pdf
  24. http://www.turkishmusicportal.org/en/turkish-music-dictionary/c
  25. https://todaysfestival.net/en/festival/Turkey/Javelin_Games_%28Jereed%29
  26. https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/turkish-horseman.html
  27. https://worldethnosport.org/horseback-javelin-turkish-championship
  28. https://www.facebook.com/trtworld/videos/archery-oil-wrestling-horseback-javelin-calligraphy-and-folk-dances-ethnosport-2/2070173673477481/
  29. https://traditionalsportsgames.org/news/Atl%C4%B1-Cirit-%E2%80%93-Turkey%E2%80%99s-Traditional-Equestrian-Javelin-Sport-Safeguarding-Cultural-Heritage
  30. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKL-XRLPnOk
  31. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330730717_Assessments_as_Regard_of_Service_Quality_of_Touristic_Consumers_Who_Participate_in_Equestrian_Trekking_Activities_An_Application_in_Core_Cappadocia_Turkey
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.