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Lampione
Lampione
Lampione
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Lampione (Italian: [lamˈpjoːne];[1] Sicilian: Lampiuni [lamˈbjuːnɪ]; Arabic: جزيرة الكتاب, romanized: Jazīrat al-Kitāb, lit. 'Island of the Book') is a small rocky island located in the Mediterranean Sea, which belongs geographically to the Pelagie Islands and administratively to the comune of Lampedusa e Linosa, Province of Agrigento, region of Sicily, Italy. It is about 200 metres (656 feet) long and 180 metres (591 feet) across, and has an area of 4 hectares (9.9 acres) and a highest elevation of 36 metres (118 feet).

Key Information

The islet is uninhabited, the only building being a lighthouse. According to the legend, the island was a rock that had fallen from the hands of the cyclops Polyphemus.[2]

Lampione is part of the Riserva Marina Isole Pelagie, and its vegetation and wildlife are strictly protected. Animal species include the endemic Podarcis filfolensis ssp. laurentimulleri (also found on Linosa), which is a subspecies of Maltese wall lizard, numerous migrating birds, and the Armadillidium hirtum pelagicum, a land crustacean. The waters are populated by sharks, including the sandbar shark, groupers, lobsters, and varieties of yellow and pink coral.

See also

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References

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Lampione

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Lampione is a small, uninhabited forming part of the archipelago in the , situated approximately 17 kilometers northwest of the island of and closer to the Tunisian coast than to mainland . With an area of about 0.04 square kilometers (4 hectares) and a maximum length of 200 meters, it consists primarily of rugged cliffs rising up to 36 meters above , topped by a solitary built in 1935. The islet's name derives from the Italian word for "lantern" or "streetlamp," likely referencing the lighthouse that has long served as a for vessels in the Sicily Channel. As the smallest of the —which also include the larger and the volcanic Linosa and are administratively part of the comune of —Lampione is renowned for its pristine natural environment and , forming part of the established in 2002 to safeguard its unique marine ecosystems. The surrounding waters, reaching depths of up to 120 meters just offshore, teem with vibrant coral reefs, seagrass meadows, and diverse pelagic species, making it a premier destination for and , particularly for sightings of groupers, barracudas, and occasional turtles. Above water, the islet supports colonies of seabirds such as Eleonora's falcons and Audouin's gulls, while its barren, sun-bleached terrain features endemic flora adapted to the harsh, arid conditions typical of this strategic midpoint between and . Human access to Lampione is limited due to its protected status, with visits typically restricted to guided boat tours from for ecological observation or diving excursions, emphasizing its role as a vital rather than a tourist spot. Historically, the island has held strategic importance for maritime navigation and migration patterns across the Mediterranean, underscoring its position in broader geopolitical contexts involving , , and .

Geography

Location and Physical Features

Lampione is situated in the archipelago within the , at coordinates 35°33′06″N 12°19′18″E. It lies approximately 18 km southwest of and about 110 km from the Tunisian coast, positioning it on the and closer to than to mainland , which is over 200 km to the north. The spans 200 meters in length and 180 meters in width, encompassing an area of 0.036 km² (4 hectares). Its maximum elevation reaches 36 meters above at the highest point. Lampione remains uninhabited, featuring a predominantly rocky with steep cliffs along much of its perimeter and lacking any beaches or substantial vegetation cover.

Geology and Formation

Lampione is situated on the African continental shelf as part of the Pelagian Block, specifically at the eastern extremity of the Tunisian Platform and on the southwestern shoulder of the Pantelleria Rift within the Sicily Channel . This tectonic setting reflects the broader dynamics of convergence between the African (Nubian) and Eurasian plates, which have driven the island's formation through intraplate contraction and subsequent strike-slip deformation. The island's geological foundation consists primarily of shallow-water carbonate platform rocks from the Upper Lutetian to stages of the Eocene epoch (approximately 47.8–33.9 million years ago), belonging to the Halk el Menzel Formation. These deposits, up to 36 meters thick, are characterized by inner shelf wackestone and packstone , often dolomitized, with abundant miliolinid , indicating deposition in a warm, shallow marine environment akin to modern Tunisian offshore formations. The Lampedusa Plateau, of which Lampione forms the emergent pinnacle, developed as an anticlinorium during to Early Miocene compression (N-S directed), folding Meso-Cenozoic carbonates and creating WNW-ESE trending structural highs and lows with an average 20 km wavelength. Subsequent tectonic evolution involved Early to present-day , marked by NW-SE shortening and NE-SW extension, alongside -Quaternary rifting that reactivated extensional faults around the island. No volcanic activity is recorded on Lampione, distinguishing it from nearby Linosa; instead, its emergence and current configuration result from uplift and Pleistocene neotectonism, including regional southerly tilting and high-angle reverse faulting that bounds Eocene to Lower strata offshore. Ongoing marine has sculpted its margins, contributing to the development of rugged cliffs through wave action and sediment removal over the Pleistocene to .

History and Etymology

Name Origins

The Italian name for the island, Lampione, derives from the word meaning "large lamp" or "lantern," a reference to the automatic lighthouse situated on its western tip that serves as a navigational aid for mariners in the Mediterranean. Medieval Arabic geographers, such as al-Idrīsī, referred to the island as Jazīrat al-Kitāb, translating to "Island of the Book," in their descriptions of Mediterranean islands south of . This nomenclature appears in works like al-Idrīsī's geographical compendium, which catalogs the among other insular features, though the precise reason for the "book" designation—possibly linked to navigational charts or the island's form—is not explicitly detailed in surviving texts.

Historical References

Lampione, as part of the group, was recognized in for its isolated position in the Mediterranean far from continental shores. Archaeological evidence from Lampione indicates a seasonal Roman presence during the late Roman period, including with tessellated floors and Punic-Roman pottery shards, suggesting use by mariners rather than permanent habitation, and underscoring its role as a potential navigational hazard amid the rocky Pelagie outcrops. In medieval Arabic cartography, Lampione appears prominently in Muhammad al-Idrisi's 12th-century Book of Roger (Kitāb Nuzhat al-Mushtāq fī Ikhtirāq al-Āfāq), where it is designated as Jazīrat al-Kitāb and described within the Sea of Sicily, emphasizing its strategic yet isolated location between larger islands like and Linosa for maritime orientation. During the , Lampione served as a key landmark for sailors navigating the central Mediterranean, featured in portolan charts for its visibility as a rocky promontory, but no records indicate permanent settlement owing to the complete absence of freshwater sources on the arid islet. Following Italy's unification in 1861, when the —including and its offshore territories—was incorporated into the new , Lampione formally entered Italian administration as part of the , though human activity remained sporadic and limited primarily to passing vessels until the advent of lighthouse construction in the late .

Infrastructure

Lampione Lighthouse

The Lampione Lighthouse, located on the western tip of the uninhabited islet of Lampione in Italy's , serves as a critical aid to maritime navigation in the . Situated at coordinates 35°33′04″N 12°19′16″E, approximately 9 nautical miles (17 km) northwest of , the structure was activated in 1935 to guide vessels transiting between and , helping to mitigate risks from the islet's rocky prominence amid busy shipping routes. The consists of a 6-meter-high quadrangular stone , topped with a housing the source, designed for durability in the harsh Mediterranean environment. Its focal height stands at 40 meters above , providing over the surrounding waters. Technically, it emits two white flashes every 10 seconds (characteristic Fl(2) W 10s), with a range of 7 nautical miles, utilizing a fixed-distance optic of 150 mm within an ML-300 . Powered entirely by photovoltaic panels, the installation reflects modern adaptations for remote, unmanned operation. Operated by the Italian Navy's Marina Militare under identification code 3064, the lighthouse has been fully automated since at least the late , eliminating the need for on-site keepers and ensuring reliable function through . This automation aligns with broader efforts to maintain navigational safety in isolated locations, where the light's rhythmic pattern assists in precise positioning for approaching ships.

Access and Human Use

Lampione is accessible exclusively by small boat from the nearby island of , located approximately 17 km to the northwest, with no regular service available. This remote position makes it suitable primarily for private vessels or organized charters, particularly those focused on diving, though sea conditions can occasionally restrict access. The islet remains uninhabited, with a permanent of zero, and landing is prohibited without prior authorization from the managing authorities due to its inclusion in the (established in 2002). Lampione falls within Zone C of the , a partial reserve where most activities are permitted but subject to regulations aimed at preserving the environment, including limits on anchoring and mooring. Human activities on and around Lampione are strictly limited to scientific research, such as mapping and surveys conducted via or remotely operated vehicles, day-only diving excursions for licensed operators, and infrequent visits to the lighthouse, which stands as the island's only structure. No tourism facilities exist, and overnight stays are not allowed, ensuring minimal human impact. Economically, Lampione supports Lampedusa's diving sector indirectly by serving as a key destination for guided trips that highlight its unique marine features.

Ecology and Conservation

Terrestrial Biodiversity

Lampione's terrestrial biodiversity is severely constrained by its small size, rocky substrate, and lack of freshwater, resulting in a depauperate dominated by specialized, often endemic adapted to arid, exposed conditions. The island's uniform habitat of bare cliffs and thin layers supports minimal and a narrow range of , with no trees or shrubs present due to and disturbances from nesting activities. The is exceptionally sparse, comprising just 16 , many of which are rare and adapted to the saline, drought-prone soils. Notable endemics include Limonium albidum, with an estimated 20-30 individuals confined to coastal crevices, and Bellevalia pelagica, totaling around 60 plants, both representing unique evolutionary adaptations to the island's isolation. Non-vascular elements, such as lichens, colonize exposed rock surfaces, providing limited microhabitats but contributing little to overall . Invertebrate diversity is low but includes endemic forms like the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium hirtum subsp. pelagicum, a whose taxonomic status remains debated yet underscores the island's role in Mediterranean insular . This thrives in the humid microenvironments under rocks, feeding on in an otherwise limited by . Reptiles represent the most prominent terrestrial vertebrates, with the Maltese wall lizard (Podarcis filfolensis subsp. laurentimulleri) forming a key component of the fauna. This subspecies, endemic to Lampione and nearby Linosa, exhibits adaptations to the arid environment, including reliance on seabird remains for sustenance and rapid escape behaviors to evade predators. Population density is estimated at 75-80 individuals per 100 m², yielding a total of approximately 15,000-16,800 lizards across the island, coexisting with the ocellated skink (Chalcides ocellatus) in shared rocky habitats, despite observed interspecific competition. Behavioral observations note a higher proportion of females and reduced territoriality compared to mainland populations, reflecting the islet's resource scarcity. Avian life centers on breeding seabirds, including about 250 pairs of yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis), 50 pairs of Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea), and smaller numbers of Eleonora's falcons (Falco eleonorae) and European storm petrels (Hydrobates pelagicus). The island also serves as a minor stopover for migrating passerines crossing the Mediterranean, though it attracts fewer individuals than larger islands due to its limited vegetation and foraging opportunities. These endemic taxa face acute threats from potential invasive species, such as rats, which could decimate populations through predation—a common peril for insular reptiles globally. colonies further exacerbate habitat degradation by altering soil chemistry and compacting , amplifying the ecosystem's inherent fragility.

Marine Environment and Protection

Lampione forms an integral part of the Area Marina Protetta Isole Pelagie, a established in 2002 by Ministerial Decree to safeguard the unique biodiversity of the in the Sicily Channel. This reserve encompasses 4,136 hectares of sea surface surrounding , Linosa, and Lampione, blending influences from the eastern and western Mediterranean basins due to Atlantic currents. The designation aims to protect fragile ecosystems at the crossroads of African and European waters, where endemic and migratory species converge. The surrounding marine environment supports a rich array of life, including abundant populations of sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus), which aggregate seasonally around the islet, alongside groupers, spiny lobsters, and vibrant coralligenous formations featuring yellow and pink varieties. Dense Posidonia oceanica meadows thrive in shallower coastal zones, providing essential habitat for and stabilizing sediments against . These ecosystems highlight Lampione's role as a , with clear waters offering visibility up to 30 meters and supporting pelagic species like amberjacks and . Recent studies as of 2025 have observed prey using aggregating sandbar sharks as shields to ambush prey, underscoring the site's ecological complexity. Underwater topography around Lampione features steep, nearly vertical walls descending to depths of approximately 60 meters, creating dramatic drop-offs ideal for advanced diving and fostering diverse microhabitats. Nearby shipwrecks, including vessels located between and , contribute to enhanced by serving as artificial reefs that attract marine organisms and support recovery efforts from historical disturbances. Conservation measures within the protected area include a zoning system with Zone A designated as an integral no-take reserve, prohibiting all fishing, anchoring, and extractive activities to allow natural regeneration. Zones B and C permit regulated artisanal fishing with restrictions on gear types, seasonal quotas, and bans on trawling or spearfishing to minimize impacts on vulnerable species. Ongoing monitoring programs address threats from invasive alien species, such as the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), through regular surveys and early detection protocols, while pollution from Mediterranean shipping routes is tracked via water quality assessments and debris removal initiatives. Lampione's waters hold particular significance as one of only two known aggregation sites for sandbar sharks in the Mediterranean, supporting critical reproductive and nursery functions for this amid regional population declines. The area's coralligenous assemblages also serve as a focal point for studies on Mediterranean dynamics, informing broader conservation strategies for climate-resilient habitats in the face of warming seas and .

References

  1. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-Map-of-Lampione-Islet-in-the-Sicily-Channel-Central-Mediterranean-Sea-Italy_fig1_331237203
  2. https://www.divessi.com/en/mydiveguide/divesite/lampione-italy-118296
  3. https://www.myguidesicily.com/sights-and-attractions/lampione
  4. https://www.italyreview.com/lampione.html
  5. https://latitude.to/articles-by-country/it/italy/29297/lampione
  6. https://www.beniculturalionline.it/location-2953_Isola-di-Lampione.php
  7. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445647.2019.1567401
  8. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/37470/1/The_geology_of_the_Pelagian_Islands_1985.pdf
  9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317102253_New_insights_on_the_tectonics_of_the_Lampedusa_Plateau_from_the_integration_of_offshore_on-land_and_space_geodetic_data
  10. https://www.pelagiegroup.it/isola-lampione/
  11. https://brill.com/view/book/9789004256996/B9789004256996_008.xml
  12. https://livingagrigento.it/en_GB/Citta/main/citta?id=1041_Pelagie-Islands---Lampedusa-and-Linosa
  13. https://www.italythisway.com/places/articles/lampione-history.php
  14. https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781802701951-005/html
  15. https://www.britannica.com/place/Lampedusa-Island
  16. https://www.marina.difesa.it/cosa-facciamo/per-la-difesa-sicurezza/fari/Pagine/3064.aspx
  17. https://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/italys-treasures-pelagian-islands
  18. https://www.avocetta.org/down/mmj/
  19. https://www.ecolex.org/details/legislation/ministerial-decree-setting-up-the-marine-portected-area-isole-pelagie-lex-faoc039623/
  20. https://www.residencealparadiso.it/lampione/
  21. https://www.biodiversityjournal.com/pdf/3(4)_311-330.pdf
  22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260423834
  23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289634264
  24. https://www.parks.it/amp.isole.pelagie/Epar.php
  25. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17445647.2016.1195298
  26. https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/fish-use-sharks-as-shields-to-ambush-prey-study-reveals
  27. https://divernet.com/scuba-news/ghost-diving-targets-historical-wrecks-off-lampedusa/
  28. https://www.mondobalneare.com/en/marine-protected-areas-old-and-new-sanctuaries-in-italy/
  29. https://www.giornaledellavela.com/2024/02/22/marine-protected-areas-2024-in-italy-where-they-are-and-how-they-work/?lang=en
  30. https://iucn.org/resources/publication/monitoring-marine-invasive-species-mediterranean-marine-protected-areas-mpas
  31. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aqc.3517
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