List of Palestinian flags

The list of Palestinian flags catalogs various ensigns, banners, and standards linked to the territory historically known as Palestine, its Arab inhabitants, and political entities claiming to represent them, encompassing designs from Ottoman provincial symbols through British Mandate civil flags to modern nationalist and factional variants.^[1]
The predominant national flag, consisting of black, white, and green horizontal stripes with an adjacent red triangle, derives from the pan-Arab banner of the 1916 revolt against Ottoman authority and was formally adopted by the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1964 to signify aspirations for Palestinian statehood.^[2][3]
Factional flags, such as Fatah's yellow-emblazoned adaptations of the national design and Hamas's green-accented versions incorporating Islamist motifs, highlight persistent intra-Palestinian rivalries and ideological schisms that have shaped symbolic expressions since the mid-20th century.^[4][5]
Historical precedents include British Mandate maritime ensigns featuring the Union Jack with territorial badges, underscoring the absence of a unified indigenous flag prior to post-1948 nationalist developments amid colonial administration and Arab-Jewish partition disputes.^[1]

National and Official Flags

Flag of the State of Palestine

The flag of the State of Palestine features three equal horizontal stripes of black at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom, overlaid with a red triangle based at the hoist side that extends to about half the flag's length. The design adheres to a 2:3 aspect ratio, consistent with the original Arab Revolt flag from which it derives. This flag serves as the official national emblem of the State of Palestine, proclaimed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on November 15, 1988, during the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in Algiers.^[6][7] The design originated as the banner of the 1916 Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule, attributed to British diplomat Mark Sykes and adopted by Sharif Hussein bin Ali. The PLO formally endorsed it as its organizational flag on December 1, 1964, during its inaugural National Council session in Jerusalem, marking its transition into a symbol of Palestinian nationalism distinct from broader pan-Arab usage. Following the 1988 declaration, the flag represented the proclaimed State of Palestine, though its practical authority was limited by ongoing conflicts and the Oslo Accords' establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1994. Israel maintained restrictions on its display in controlled territories until 1993, after which it gained broader visibility.^[2][8] The colors carry pan-Arab historical connotations: black for the Abbasid Caliphate, white for the Umayyad, green for the Fatimid dynasty, and red for the Hashemite lineage and revolutionary bloodshed. In Palestinian context, interpretations emphasize black as the dark soil or historical oppression, white as peace and light, green as fertile land or Islamic heritage, and red as sacrifice for liberation. These meanings, while symbolically potent, reflect adaptation of a pre-existing Arab design rather than a uniquely Palestinian creation, as evidenced by its prior use in entities like the Kingdom of Hejaz and early Syrian states.^[9][2] The flag's international recognition advanced when the United Nations General Assembly granted Palestine non-member observer state status on November 29, 2012, permitting its raising alongside member states' flags at UN headquarters. It is flown by Palestinian diplomatic missions and at events symbolizing national aspirations, though its status remains contested amid disputes over sovereignty and territory. Official specifications, including color shades (black Pantone 19-0303, etc.), align with vexillological standards to ensure uniformity in reproductions.^[6][9]

Flag of the Palestinian Authority and PLO

The flag consists of three equal horizontal stripes—black at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom—overlaid by an isosceles red triangle based at the hoist.^[6] The design draws from the 1916 Arab Revolt flag, employing Pan-Arab colors that represent historical Islamic dynasties: black for the Abbasids, white for the Umayyads, green for the Fatimids, and red for the Hashemites.^[3] The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) adopted this flag on May 28, 1964, at its inaugural Palestinian National Congress in East Jerusalem, establishing it as the emblem of Palestinian national aspirations.^{[7] [8]} The PLO, founded the same year, positioned the flag as a symbol of resistance and self-determination amid ongoing Arab-Israeli conflict.^[6] Following the 1993 Oslo Accords, the Palestinian Authority (PA)—created as an interim self-governing body for parts of the West Bank and Gaza—incorporated the PLO flag into its official protocol, raising it over PA institutions and using it in diplomatic representations.^[10] The PA's flag usage aligns with the PLO's, reflecting their intertwined structures, as the PLO remains the internationally recognized representative of Palestinians while the PA handles limited administrative functions.^[6] Israel permitted its display in PA-controlled areas post-Oslo but maintained restrictions elsewhere until formal recognitions advanced.^[9] The flag's proportions adhere to 1:2, with the triangle's apex reaching the center of the flag's length, ensuring visual balance in its tricolor and triangular elements.^[6] It serves as a unifying symbol despite factional divisions, such as between PA-aligned Fatah and rivals like Hamas, which operates separately in Gaza with its own variants but acknowledges the core design's nationalist role.^[9]

Historical Flags

Flags from Ottoman and Early Arab Nationalist Periods

During the Ottoman Empire's administration of the region from 1516 to 1918, Palestine—as part of the vilayets of Syria and Beirut—utilized the Ottoman civil flag, a red field charged with a white crescent moon facing the fly and a five-pointed star above it.^[1] This design, formalized in the mid-19th century following Tanzimat reforms, served as the standard ensign for imperial provinces and local governance, with no distinct regional variant for Palestine.^[1] ![Flag of the Hejaz (1917), used during the Arab Revolt][float-right] The Arab Revolt of 1916, initiated by Sharif Hussein bin Ali against Ottoman rule during World War I, introduced a flag that early Arab nationalists in Palestine adopted as a symbol of independence and pan-Arab aspiration. Designed in June 1916, it featured three equal horizontal stripes of black (top), white (middle), and green (bottom), overlaid by an isosceles red triangle based at the hoist.^[1] This banner, raised by Hashemite forces in the Hejaz and advancing northward, was hoisted by Palestinian Arabs in 1917 to signify alignment with the revolt's goals of liberating Arab territories from Ottoman control.^[1] The colors derived from poetic traditions evoking Arab heritage—black for Abbasid battles, white for Umayyad purity, green for Fatimid fields, and red for Hashimite valor—though its use in Palestine remained informal and tied to broader nationalist sentiments rather than a localized Palestinian identity, which had yet to crystallize distinctly.^[11] By 1918, following the Ottoman defeat and Allied occupation, the flag appeared in Palestinian Arab demonstrations, foreshadowing its later adaptations, but it was supplanted regionally by mandate-era designs after 1920.^[12]

British Mandate and Interwar Period Flags

The British Mandate for Palestine, established by the League of Nations in 1922 following provisional administration from 1920, employed British-derived flags for official use. The Union Flag of the United Kingdom served as the primary symbol of authority on land, flown by administrative officials and departments.^[13] In 1927, with the creation of a Palestine Shipping Register, the Palestine Ensign—a Blue Ensign featuring the word "Palestine" within a white disc—was introduced for government maritime vessels, while a red ensign variant applied to civil merchant ships registered in the territory.^{[13] [14]} The High Commissioner for Palestine, the chief British administrator, utilized a personal standard incorporating the Union Flag augmented with the mandate's emblematic device, adopted around 1920 and used until 1948.^[15] Specialized ensigns emerged for particular services, such as the Customs and Postal Services Ensign from 1929, which displayed a blue ensign with postal motifs including a crown, ship, and scales of justice.^[14] These flags underscored the mandate's status as a British-administered territory without an independent national emblem, reflecting the absence of recognized sovereignty for either Arab or Jewish populations.^[16] Palestinian Arabs during the interwar period (1918–1939), amid rising nationalist sentiments, adopted the Flag of the Arab Revolt—horizontal stripes of black, white, and green with a red triangle at the hoist—as a symbol of opposition to British rule and pan-Arab unity.^[1] This design, originating from Sharif Hussein's 1916 revolt against Ottoman control, drew on Islamic caliphal colors: black for the Abbasid Caliphate, white for the Umayyad, green for the Fatimid, and red for the Hashemite lineage.^[12] It gained prominence in Palestine from the early 1920s, hoisted at protests and gatherings rejecting the Balfour Declaration's implications.^[17] During the 1936–1939 Arab Revolt against British policies and Jewish immigration, the Arab Revolt flag became the de facto emblem of Palestinian Arab resistance, flown by rebels and the Arab Higher Committee.^[12] Variants appeared, including one in 1938 incorporating a superimposed Christian cross and Islamic crescent to emphasize interfaith solidarity among Muslims and Christians in the uprising.^[18] These designs lacked official mandate endorsement and were suppressed during the revolt's suppression, which resulted in over 5,000 Arab deaths and mass detentions by 1939.^[12] No standardized Palestinian Arab flag existed under British oversight, with usages reflecting informal nationalist assertions rather than legal recognition.^[16]

Post-1948 Government and Revolt Flags

The All-Palestine Government, established on 22 September 1948 in Gaza City during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War under Egyptian protection, adopted the flag of the 1916 Arab Revolt as its official banner on 18 October 1948.^[6] This design featured three equal horizontal stripes of black, white, and green from top to bottom, with a red triangle extending from the hoist side.^[19] The Arab League subsequently recognized it as the flag representing Palestine.^[6] This flag served as the primary symbol of the short-lived government, which claimed sovereignty over all of Mandatory Palestine but effectively controlled only portions of the Gaza Strip.^[20] It remained in use until the government's dissolution in 1959, following Egypt's decision to integrate Gaza more directly under military administration.^[20] During this period, the flag also appeared in contexts of Palestinian resistance, including fedayeen raids launched from Gaza and the West Bank against Israeli targets in the 1950s, embodying early post-war nationalist sentiments amid Jordanian annexation of the West Bank and Egyptian oversight of Gaza.^[19] A variant known as the Red Script Flag, incorporating Arabic script in red on the stripes or triangle, was used unofficially by the Arab League to represent Palestine from 1945 to 1955, overlapping with the All-Palestine era but not formally adopted by the government itself.^[21] No distinct flags for specific post-1948 revolts, such as the fedayeen operations, have been documented beyond this standard design, which continued to symbolize Palestinian claims until the Palestine Liberation Organization's formal adoption in 1964.^[1]

Political and Factional Flags

Fatah and PLO Mainstream Flags

The mainstream flag of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), adopted by its Executive Committee on December 1, 1964, consists of three equal horizontal stripes of black, white, and green from top to bottom, overlaid by an isosceles red triangle based at the hoist side and extending to the fly end.^[2][9] This design derives from the 1916 Arab Revolt flag, intended to symbolize pan-Arab unity, and was selected to represent Palestinian aspirations for statehood amid the organization's formation at the Arab League summit in Cairo earlier that year.^[22] The PLO, established as an umbrella for Palestinian factions, elevated this flag as its emblem during a period of escalating conflict following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the 1967 Six-Day War, which displaced additional populations and intensified nationalist mobilization.^[22] Fatah, the Palestinian National Liberation Movement founded in 1959 by Yasser Arafat and others as a secular nationalist group emphasizing armed struggle, adopted the PLO's tricolor design as its base flag upon becoming the dominant faction within the organization after 1967.^[23] Fatah's version typically incorporates the movement's emblem centrally: two clenched fists—each arm colored in the pan-Arab stripes—gripping crossed rifles over a hand grenade, with an outline of the entire British Mandate Palestine territory (encompassing modern Israel, West Bank, and Gaza) superimposed, symbolizing claims to all historic Palestine.^[23][24] This emblematic overlay distinguishes Fatah banners at rallies and official events, reflecting the group's military orientation, though no precise adoption date for the emblem's integration is documented; it emerged alongside Fatah's rise to lead PLO operations, including high-profile attacks like the 1972 Munich Olympics incident.^[23] These flags have been flown by PLO and Fatah representatives in diplomatic contexts, such as United Nations observers, and in territories under Palestinian Authority control since the 1993 Oslo Accords, where Fatah holds governance.^[22] Their usage underscores the mainstream nationalist narrative prioritizing territorial liberation through insurgency and negotiation, contrasting with Islamist rivals like Hamas, though both share the tricolor motif.^[23] Restrictions on display persisted in Israel until 1993, lifted amid peace process developments.^[2]

Hamas and Islamist Group Flags

The flags of Hamas and other Palestinian Islamist groups incorporate Islamic symbolism, maps of historic Palestine, and militant icons to signify armed resistance aimed at establishing an Islamist state. These designs emerged in the late 20th century amid the rise of Islamist factions during the First Intifada and subsequent conflicts. Hamas, established in December 1987 as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, primarily uses two flag variants: a plain green field with the Shahada (Islamic declaration of faith: "There is no god but Allah; Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah") in white or black script, and a white or green background bearing the organization's central emblem.^[25][26] The Hamas emblem, often placed on a green field to evoke Islam, features the Dome of the Rock at its core, symbolizing Jerusalem's religious significance; an outline map encompassing pre-1948 Mandatory Palestine to assert territorial claims; two crossed swords representing military struggle and nobility; flanking Palestinian flags; and Arabic text including "Palestine" above and "Islamic Resistance Movement – Hamas" below. This seal underscores Hamas's dual political and militant identity, with the swords denoting resolve in jihad against Israel. The green Shahada variant, simpler and shared with broader Islamist movements, appears frequently at protests and by the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades military wing, while the emblem version serves official and emblematic purposes in Gaza governance since the group's 2007 takeover.^[26] The Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), founded in 1981 by Fathi Shaqaqi in Gaza as a splinter emphasizing immediate jihad over political accommodation, employs a predominantly black flag with yellow or gold elements, inverting colors associated with mourning and determination in Islamist iconography. The design includes the Shahada in stylized yellow calligraphy at the top, the group name "Harakat al-Jihad al-Islami fi Filastin" with "jihad" highlighted, and a central emblem comprising a map of Palestine, the Dome of the Rock, two raised fists, crossed rifles, and text such as "Allahu Akbar" alongside Quranic verse 29:69 ("And those who strive for Us—We will surely guide them to Our ways"). Variants feature horizontal layouts, added AK-47s, or white fields, but the black-yellow scheme predominates. These flags symbolize PIJ's rejection of interim peace processes in favor of holy war to eliminate Israel and impose Islamic rule, and are displayed at funerals, rallies, and by the Al-Quds Brigades armed wing.^[27][28] Other minor Islamist factions, such as offshoots or allies, occasionally adapt similar motifs like the Shahada on green or black but lack distinct widespread flags; usage often overlaps with Hamas or PIJ in joint operations or demonstrations. Both groups' flags have been observed in international protests and are restricted in countries designating Hamas and PIJ as terrorist organizations, including the United States and European Union.^[29][30]

Marxist and Other Militant Faction Flags

The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), established in December 1967 by George Habash as a Marxist-Leninist militant group following the Six-Day War, employs flags typically featuring a red field symbolizing revolution and sacrifice, overlaid with an emblem depicting an arrow pointing westward over a map of historic Palestine to represent the return of displaced Palestinians from eastern exile. ^[31] Variants include vertical formats with Arabic slogans such as "Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine" in black lettering above the logo, used in demonstrations and operations since the late 1960s. ^[32] These designs emphasize the group's commitment to armed struggle and class-based liberation, distinguishing them from nationalist PLO banners. The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), a Marxist-Leninist splinter from the PFLP formed in February 1969 under Nayef Hawatmeh, adopted a red flag emblematic of proletarian revolution, centered with a black silhouette of Israel overlaid by a five-pointed red star signifying socialism and unity against Zionism. ^[33] Additional variants on white fields incorporate the Arabic name "Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine" arched above the emblem, documented in use by the mid-1970s for rallies and guerrilla activities. ^[34] The design reflects the DFLP's ideological focus on democratic centralism and anti-imperialist warfare, with the star and territorial outline underscoring aims of classless Palestinian statehood. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC), founded in 1968 by Ahmed Jibril after splitting from the PFLP over tactical disputes, utilizes a flag with a green field bearing two crossed rifles atop a map of Mandate Palestine, flanked by a ribbon inscribed in Arabic and terminating in miniature Palestinian national flags at each end, symbolizing armed resistance and territorial reclamation. ^[35] This variant, aligned with the group's Syrian-backed operations since the 1970s, prioritizes military symbolism over explicit Marxist iconography despite origins in leftist circles. ^[36] The Palestinian Communist Party (PCP), tracing to a 1923 merger of Jewish and Arab communists under British Mandate rule and reformed in the 1990s as a Marxist-Leninist entity, flies a red flag with a yellow hammer and sickle emblem, evoking Soviet-style proletarian solidarity and used by hardline factions post-1994 splits. ^[37] Earlier iterations incorporated bilingual slogans in Arabic and Hebrew, reflecting interwar efforts to unite workers across ethnic lines, though post-1948 designs shifted toward Palestinian-specific militancy amid declining influence. ^[38] Other militant factions, such as Ba'athist-influenced groups like the Arab Liberation Front (founded 1969), occasionally adapt the Arab Ba'ath Socialist Party's black-white-red tricolor with a red star between crossed wheat stalks and a clenched fist, denoting pan-Arab socialism and anti-Zionist insurgency, though usage remains sporadic and tied to Iraqi patronage until the 2003 invasion. These flags collectively highlight ideological divergences within Palestinian militancy, prioritizing revolutionary symbols over the pan-Arab motifs dominant in mainstream PLO variants.

Proposed and Variant Designs

Early 20th-Century Proposals

In late 1929, amid rising Arab nationalist sentiments under the British Mandate, the Arabic newspaper Filastin—published by Christian Arabs in Jaffa—solicited public proposals for a distinct flag representing the Palestinian Arab population, seeking to differentiate from the pan-Arab flag while incorporating local symbols of identity and unity between Muslims and Christians. This initiative reflected efforts to assert a localized Palestinian identity, with submissions emphasizing agricultural motifs like Jaffa oranges and emblems of religious harmony, such as a crescent enclosing a cross.^[39] None of these designs gained official status, as British authorities did not recognize them, and broader pan-Arab symbolism prevailed in subsequent nationalist expressions. Husein Mikdadi's proposal, published in Filastin on November 9, 1929, featured a horizontal tricolor of black, white, and green—echoing pan-Arab colors—with a central emblem including a branch of oranges symbolizing Jaffa's economy, alongside a crescent containing a cross to denote Muslim-Christian solidarity, and additional elements like a sword and wheat sheaves representing defense and fertility. Another set of designs, submitted anonymously by "An Arab from Haifa" in late 1929, included variations such as a green-white-black vertical tricolor with a red disk or local motifs like palm trees and stars representing Palestine's administrative districts, aiming to blend regional specificity with Arab unity. Elias Hana Rantissi's entry proposed three vertical stripes in green, white, and black with a central red circle, prioritizing simplicity while adhering to Arab color traditions. During the 1936–1939 Arab Revolt against British rule and Jewish immigration, a variant flag emerged featuring the horizontal black-white-green-red stripes of the 1916 Arab Revolt, augmented by a white canton with a red crescent enclosing a cross, explicitly symbolizing Palestinian Muslim-Christian alliance against perceived colonial and Zionist threats.^[40] This 1938 design, used by rebels, incorporated no unique Palestinian symbols beyond the unity emblem and was not a formal proposal but an ad hoc adaptation circulated in propaganda, underscoring tactical ecumenism rather than enduring national iconography.^[40] These early efforts highlight nascent attempts at vexillological distinction, constrained by pan-Arabism's dominance and lack of sovereign authority.^[39]

Post-Oslo and Contemporary Proposals

Following the 1993 Oslo Accords and the establishment of the Palestinian Authority (PA), the 1964 Palestine Liberation Organization flag—featuring black, white, green, and red horizontal stripes with a red triangle—was adopted without modification as the PA's official emblem in 1994, symbolizing continuity in Palestinian national identity amid interim self-governance arrangements. No official governmental proposals for redesign have surfaced since, as the flag's pan-Arab colors, derived from the 1916 Arab Revolt, retain broad symbolic resonance across factions despite internal divisions between the PA and Hamas. This persistence underscores the challenges of forging consensus on state symbols in a fragmented polity, where alterations risk alienating stakeholders tied to historical narratives of resistance. Contemporary proposals, largely unofficial and artistic, have emerged in contexts of stalled two-state negotiations, often envisioning binational or confederated frameworks rather than standalone Palestinian designs. These reflect speculative efforts to reconcile competing national symbols amid ongoing conflict, though they lack institutional endorsement and primarily circulate in design exhibitions or online vexillology discussions. For instance, in 2018, Israeli and Palestinian designers at Jerusalem Design Week presented flags for a hypothetical unified state, blending motifs from both sides' emblems to promote coexistence. One such design by Ohad Hadad incorporated a white Star of David silhouette against the black, white, green, and red of the Palestinian flag, with blue (evoking Israel's colors) filling a quarter of the field, aiming to balance dual identities visually.^[41] Another by Studio Re-Levant synthesized 36 utopian concepts into an abstract banner with suns, mountains, clouds, and a central heart, using optimistic symbolism to transcend partisan divides without direct Palestinian flag replication.^[41] Nawal Arafat's entry mapped Palestinian cities and territories as enclaves in blue and white, dotted with settlement indicators, highlighting geographic fragmentation over traditional tricolor schemes.^[41] These exercises, while creative, have not influenced official Palestinian symbolism, which remains anchored to the pre-Oslo PLO standard amid persistent political stalemate.^[42]

Symbolism, Controversies, and Usage Restrictions

Origins and Color Symbolism

The design of the flag commonly associated with Palestinian nationalism derives from the Flag of the Arab Revolt, raised on June 10, 1916, by Sharif Hussein bin Ali of Hejaz during the uprising against the Ottoman Empire in World War I.^[3] This flag consisted of horizontal black, white, and green stripes with a red triangle based at the hoist, incorporating the Pan-Arab colors to symbolize unified Arab opposition to Ottoman rule.^[12] British diplomat Sir Mark Sykes contributed to its conceptualization as part of wartime efforts to foster Arab nationalism aligned with Allied interests, rather than as an indigenous Palestinian creation.^[43] In the Palestinian context, the flag first gained prominence during the 1936–1939 Arab Revolt against British Mandate authorities, where it was flown by Arab nationalists as a symbol of resistance and aspiration for independence.^[12] It was later formalized as the official emblem of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) on May 28, 1964, during the first session of the Palestinian National Council in Jerusalem, marking its adoption as the standard representation of Palestinian identity amid the post-1948 displacement and conflict.^[7] Prior to this, variants appeared in interwar proposals, but the Revolt design predominated due to its established Pan-Arab resonance, reflecting broader regional solidarity rather than a uniquely local origin.^[9] The colors carry historical symbolism tied to successive Arab-Islamic dynasties that governed the region, emphasizing continuity and heritage rather than specific Palestinian events. Black represents the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE), evoking eras of Arab empowerment and battles against perceived oppressors.^[8] White signifies the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), symbolizing purity and the foundational Arab conquests.^[8] Green denotes the Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171 CE), associated with prosperity, Islamic piety, and the Prophet Muhammad's favored hue.^[8] The red triangle, pointing toward the fly, embodies the Hashemite lineage of Sharif Hussein and the blood sacrificed in the Revolt, underscoring themes of struggle and unity across Arab lands.^[8][7] These attributions, while interpretive, stem from early 20th-century Arab nationalist rhetoric and have been consistently invoked in Palestinian usage to invoke shared historical legitimacy.^[44]

Associations with Terrorism and Political Violence

Flags associated with Palestinian militant factions designated as terrorist organizations by governments including the United States and the European Union have been used in planning, execution, and promotion of attacks against Israeli civilians and military targets. Hamas, designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) by the U.S. Department of State in 1997, employs a variant flag featuring its emblem—a green field with the Shahada inscription, two crossed swords, and a map outline of historic Palestine—which appears in recruitment videos, training exercises, and footage of operations such as the October 7, 2023, incursion into southern Israel that killed approximately 1,200 people and took over 250 hostages.^[45][46] This flag's display during such events links it directly to acts classified as terrorism, including mass shootings, rocket fire exceeding 12,000 projectiles in the ensuing conflict, and kidnappings.^[47] The Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), another U.S.-designated FTO since 1997 and EU-listed entity, utilizes a flag with its emblem on a yellow or green background incorporating Palestinian colors, documented in propaganda justifying suicide bombings and rocket attacks, such as those coordinated with Hamas during escalations in 2021 and 2023 that targeted Israeli population centers.^[45][29] Similarly, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), designated by the U.S. in 1997 for hijackings, assassinations like that of Israeli minister Rehavam Ze'evi in 2001, and bombings, flies a red variant with its logo during claimed responsibility for attacks, including the 1970s aviation hijackings and later suicide operations.^[45] These factional flags, often waved alongside the standard Palestinian tricolor in militant contexts, symbolize endorsement of violence against non-combatants, as evidenced by their presence in videos of plane hijackings, bus bombings during the Second Intifada (2000–2005), and post-attack celebrations.^[48] Such associations have prompted legal restrictions: Israel enforces bans on Palestinian flags when displayed to support terrorism, as ordered by National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir in January 2023, citing incitement linked to PLO and Hamas activities.^[49] In Germany, symbols of Hamas, PIJ, and PFLP—including their flags—are prohibited under 2021 laws targeting EU-designated terrorists, with enforcement intensified after October 7 amid protests featuring these alongside calls for intensified violence.^[50][51] Displays at international rallies have included Palestinian flags modified with terrorist imagery or paired with faction banners glorifying operations, contributing to perceptions of the symbols as endorsing political violence rather than mere national expression.^[52]

Bans, Legal Challenges, and International Disputes

In Israel, while no statute explicitly prohibits the display of the Palestinian flag, authorities have imposed restrictions citing threats to public order or incitement under emergency powers or anti-terrorism laws. On January 9, 2023, National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir directed police to enforce a nationwide ban on Palestinian flags in public spaces, leading to their removal from streets, universities, and events where deemed supportive of entities hostile to Israel. A June 2022 bill advanced in preliminary Knesset readings to prohibit the flag in state-funded institutions, including schools and universities, though it stalled; a separate July 2023 proposal targeted university campuses specifically, arguing the flag symbolizes denial of Israel's existence. Israeli courts have repeatedly affirmed that waving the flag is protected speech absent incitement, as in 1994 guidance from the Attorney General against criminal probes, yet enforcement varies, with documented removals during Palestinian funerals or protests in East Jerusalem.^[49][53][54] In Germany, post-October 7, 2023, Hamas attacks, authorities restricted pro-Palestinian demonstrations and symbols if linked to banned terrorist groups like Hamas or Palestinian Islamic Jihad, which share design elements with the Palestinian flag; however, the flag itself remains legal under the Basic Law's free expression protections. An October 2023 federal directive empowered schools to ban Palestinian flags, keffiyehs, and slogans like "From the river to the sea" to prevent antisemitism, resulting in teacher dismissals and protest limitations in Berlin. Courts have upheld such measures when evidence shows glorification of violence, but broader bans on the flag have faced criticism for overreach, with no outright national prohibition enacted. Similar restrictions appeared in other European states: France's Interior Ministry on September 19, 2025, instructed prefects to prevent town halls from flying the Palestinian flag despite state recognition of Palestine, prompting defiance by over 50 municipalities and internal political disputes over neutrality. In the UK, while the national flag poses no legal risk, factional variants tied to groups like Hamas are proscribed under terrorism laws, with 2023 threats of enforcement against public displays unmaterialized into a blanket ban.^[51][55][56] Legal challenges to these restrictions have yielded mixed outcomes, often hinging on distinctions between symbolic expression and support for terrorism. In Israel, petitions to the High Court have secured rulings against arbitrary removals, emphasizing lack of statutory bans, though ministers defend actions as preventive against unrest. European cases, such as German administrative appeals over school bans, have largely deferred to security rationales post-2023, with human rights groups arguing disproportionate censorship. Internationally, disputes arose at events like Eurovision 2025, where organizers initially barred Palestinian flags under host Switzerland's laws but reversed amid free speech advocacy, allowing them if not promoting violence. Factional Palestinian flags, such as those of Hamas or the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine—designated terrorist organizations by the EU, US, and Israel—face stricter global prohibitions, with displays prosecutable as material support; for instance, UK courts in 2025 upheld proscriptions on groups like Palestine Action for flag-linked activism, rejecting suspension requests. These measures reflect causal links between flag usage and escalations in violence, as documented in intelligence assessments tying symbols to recruitment by rejectionist factions.^[57][58][59]