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Macao Special Administrative Region passport
Macao Special Administrative Region passport
Macao Special Administrative Region passport
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Macao Special Administrative Region passport
澳門特別行政區護照
The front cover of the Macao SAR ePassport issued since September 2009
TypePassport
Issued by Identification Services Bureau
First issued1999 (first version)
September 2009 (second version)
December 2019 (third version)
EligibilityChinese citizens who are permanent residents of Macao
Expiration10 years (over 18 years old)
5 years (under 18 years old)
CostMOP$430

The Macao Special Administrative Region passport (Chinese: 澳門特別行政區護照; Portuguese: Passaporte da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau) is a passport issued to Chinese citizens who are permanent residents of the Chinese Special Administrative Region of Macau. While both "Macao" and "Macau" are used interchangeably, "Macao" is the officially adopted English-language spelling for the SAR's government and its official documents,[1] including the passport.

In accordance with Macau Basic Law, this passport has been issued by the Identification Services Bureau (under the Secretariat for Administration and Justice) of the government of Macau since the handover of Macau on 20 December 1999. This is done under the prerogative of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China.

As Portuguese and Chinese are the official languages of Macao, all text within the passport appears in Traditional Chinese characters, Portuguese and English.

Historical background

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In accordance with the nationality law of the People's Republic of China and the explanations provided by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for Macao, any Macao permanent resident holding Chinese nationality can apply for the Macao SAR passport.

First Version (1999-2009): The Inaugural Machine-Readable Document

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The first version of the Macao SAR passport was introduced on 20 December 1999, following the formal establishment of the Macao SAR. This initial version was a non-biometric, standard machine-readable passport, designed in accordance with the international standards set by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Document 9303. Security features typical of that era included laminated data pages, guilloché patterns, and watermarks. The internal pages featured simple, monochromatic designs with a lotus flower watermark, serving as a security element and as a symbol of the SAR.

Second Version (2009-2019): The Biometric ePassport Era

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The second version, a biometric passport, was introduced in September 2009, replacing the previous non-biometric, machine-readable type. This upgrade reflected the global shift towards enhanced passport security and the increasing adoption of biometric technology for travel documents, driven by international standards set by organisations such as ICAO.

The most notable feature of this version is the embedded contactless chip, located within the passport's back cover, which securely stores the holder's personal data. An electronic travel document symbol is prominently displayed on the cover to indicate the presence of the chip. The biodata page was upgraded to a durable polycarbonate material, with the holder's personal information and photo engraved using multi-laser technology. A supplemental page also included the holder's photo and right index fingerprint.[2]

In addition to its technical enhancements, the internal pages of the passport were designed to reflect Macao's unique cultural identity. The illustrations feature prominent landmarks from Macao's UNESCO World Heritage sites, including the Ruins of St. Paul's, the Guia Lighthouse, and A-Ma Temple, alongside the city's three main bridges and the lotus flower, the official emblem of the Macao SAR.[3] The bottom of each page also displays connected patterns of the Great Wall of China and lotus flowers.These design elements highlight the harmonious blend of Chinese and Western cultures and symbolise Macao's role as a cultural bridge between East and West.

Third Version (2019-Present): Enhanced Security and Design Refinements

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The third and most recent version of the Macao SAR Passport was introduced for applications submitted on and after 3 December 2019.[4] This update aimed to modernise the passport's anti-counterfeiting features and design, as the previous version had been in use for a decade, and to align with the evolving international security standards.[2]

While this version retains the same core materials and anti-forgery design principles of its predecessor, it incorporates enhanced technologies to further strengthen document integrity. A key improvement is the upgraded cryptographic chip, which offers more robust encryption to protect the holder's personal data.[4] The biodata page includes tactile elements such as raised printing of Macao's emblem—the lotus flower—providing an additional layer of physical security.

The internal pages now feature enhanced colour ultraviolet (UV) printing techniques. Under UV light, instead of the basic four-colour patterns used in the previous version, vivid full-colour night views of Macao appear, contrasting with the original daytime architectural imagery. This creates a dynamic day-and-night visual effect.[2]

Physical features

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Front cover

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The older, non-biometric passport issued until 2009 (left), and its newer, biometric counterpart issued since 2009 (right)

The cover of the passport is coloured bottle green with the National Emblem of the People's Republic of China emblazoned centermost at the front. The passport's front cover is inscribed with the titles of the PRC and the SAR in Chinese: 中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區護照, in Portuguese: Região Administrativa Especial de Macau, República Popular da China, Passaporte, and in English: Macao Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China, Passport. Each passport consists of 48 numbered pages of size 125 mm × 88 mm (4.9 in × 3.5 in) emprinted with artistic designs featuring Macao's world culture heritage sites.[5]

Inside front cover

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Inside front cover and first page of the old version Macao SAR passport

The passport note appears on the second page in Chinese, Portuguese, and English:

中華人民共和國外交部請各國軍政機關對持照人予以通行的便利和必要的協助

O MINISTÉRIO DOS NEGÓCIOS ESTRANGEIROS DA REPÚBLICA POPULAR DA CHINA SOLICITA A TODAS AS AUTORIDADES CIVIS E MILITARES DOS PAÍSES ESTRANGEIROS QUE DEIXEM PASSAR LIVREMENTE O TITULAR DESTE PASSAPORTE E LHE DISPENSEM AUXÍLIO EM CASO DE NECESSIDADE

THE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA REQUESTS ALL CIVIL AND MILITARY AUTHORITIES OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO ALLOW THE BEARER OF THIS PASSPORT TO PASS FREELY AND AFFORD ASSISTANCE IN CASE OF NEED

Biodata page

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Biodata pages of the Macao SAR ePassport

The biodata page of the passport includes:

  • Passport type: P
  • Code of Issuing State: CHN (People's Republic of China)
  • Passport number (A valid Macao passport number consists of nine characters: two uppercase letters, followed by seven digits)
  • Surname and Given Names: in traditional Chinese and English/Portuguese
  • Nationality: "CHINESE" (Pre-printed, the nationality code is CHN as shown in the machine readable zone)
  • Sex: denoted as "M" (male) or "F" (female)
  • Place of birth: if born in China, name of the province/autonomous region/municipality; if born in Hong Kong or Macao, 'HONG KONG' or 'MACAO'; if born in other countries, name of country. (In capitals and in English)
  • Dates of birth, issue and expiry: displayed in the format DD-MMM-YYYY (e.g. 01 JAN 1970)
  • Authority (of issue): "澳門特別行政區身份證明局", "DIRECÇÃO DOS SERVIÇOS DE IDENTIFICAÇÃO DA REGIÃO ADMINISTRATIVA ESPECIAL DE MACAU", "IDENTIFICATION SERVICES BUREAU, MACAO SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION"

Besides personal data, the supplemental page of passport is printed with the picture and fingerprint of that holder.

Explanatory notes

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The passport's explanatory notes are located on pages 45, 46, and 47 of the passport. The following text is pre-printed on the passport explanatory notes page in Chinese, Portuguese, and English:

  1. The issuance, replacement, reissuance and endorsement of this passport shall be effected by the Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, diplomatic and consular missions of the People's Republic of China in foreign countries, or other Chinese authorities in foreign countries under the entrustment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.
  2. The bearer of this passport is a Chinese citizen who is a permanent resident of the Macao Special Administrative Region, and has the right of abode in and the right to return to the Region.
  3. This passport is valid for ten years, unless otherwise stated. But it is normally valid for five years if issued to a child under eighteen years of age. This passport shall be replaced by a new one when its validity period expires or it has no further space for visas.
  4. This passport is an important document of identity which shall be kept carefully and used properly. It shall not be mutilated, tampered with, or transferred to another person for unlawful use. Any case of loss or destruction should be immediately reported to the nearest issuing authority and the local police or public security authorities.
Visa pages of the Macao SAR ePassport

Application procedure

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Macao SAR passports are only issued by the Identification Services Bureau in Macao.[6] An applicant must fill out an application form, possess a Macao SAR Permanent Resident Identity Card and two recent 1½-inch colour photos along with (if replacing an old passport) their prior Macao SAR passport.

Qualified applicants can apply in Macao or overseas if necessary.

Usage and visa requirements

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Mainland China

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Home Return Permit.

Despite being endorsed by the Chinese government, the Macao SAR passport is not accepted by China's Ministry of Public Security for travel between mainland China and Macao. This is because both mainland and Macao authorities have agreed that using a passport for 'domestic' travel is deemed 'unnecessary' and 'inappropriate'.

Macao residents eligible for a Macao SAR passport are also eligible to apply for a Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents (colloquially known as a "Home Return Permit"). Issued by the National Immigration Administration of China, this serves as the primary travel document for Chinese citizens who are Macao permanent residents to enter mainland China. The issuance of a Home Return Permit is entirely at the discretion of the National Immigration Administration of China and is represented in Macao by the China Travel Service. It is important to note that possession of a Macao SAR passport does not necessarily guarantee the issuance of a Home Return Permit.

Macao residents travelling to mainland China from a third country without a Home Return Permit may obtain a Chinese Travel Document from an overseas Chinese embassy or consulate prior to their departure from that country.

Hong Kong

[edit]

Regardless of their citizenship status, Macao permanent residents do not require a passport to enter Hong Kong. Instead, they can use their permanent ID card, which grants them 180-day visa-free access. Non-permanent residents can use a Visit Permit for Residents of Macao to Hong Kong SAR for visa-free entry for up to 30 days.

When Macao residents travel abroad via Hong Kong, such residents can use their MSAR passports to enter Hong Kong and stay 7 days visa-free.

Macao SAR permanent residents may use the "Macao One Account" mobile application's QR Code for e-Channel entry into Hong Kong, though carrying their physical Macao identity cards remains a requirement when crossing the border. Eligibility for this service requires individuals to be aged 11 or above, hold a valid Macao permanent identity card, and have successfully enrolled for e-Channel service in the Hong Kong SAR.[7]

Taiwan

[edit]
Main article: Entry & Exit Permit for Taiwan

Macao SAR passport holders can enter Taiwan under a special entry-permit regime managed by Taiwan's National Immigration Agency, rather than requiring a traditional visa. This regime offers simplified entry procedures.

Holders born in Macao (or those who have previously entered Taiwan at least once as a Macao permanent resident) have two primary options:

  1. Online Registration: Applicants can register online in advance via the National Immigration Agency's website. Upon approval, the permit must be printed and presented at the border checkpoint. Online registration is free of charge..
  2. Entry Permit on Arrival: Alternatively, eligible holders can obtain an Entry Permit upon arrival at major ports of entry by paying a fee of NT$300.[8]

Both the online registration and the on-arrival options grant a single entry with a maximum stay of up to 30 days.[9] Travellers must present a valid Macao SAR passport with at least three months' validity remaining at the border checkpoint.[10]

Overseas

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Main article: Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau
Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau SAR
Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macao SAR

As of 27 July 2025, Macao SAR passport holders enjoy visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 148 countries and territories worldwide. This includes all Member States of the European Union, Brazil, Japan, Malaysia, Russia, Singapore, South Africa and South Korea.[11] In 2025, the Henley Passport Index ranked the Macao SAR passport as the 31st most powerful passport globally. In comparison, the Hong Kong SAR passport was ranked 18th, while the PRC passport was ranked 60th.[12]

As Chinese citizens, holders of a Macao Special Administrative Region passport are entitled to full consular protection by Chinese foreign missions abroad.

Macao SAR passport holders may undertake a paid activity (i.e. work) visa-free for a maximum of 90 days within a 180-day period in the Schengen Agreement signatory states of Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia and Sweden (though not in Portugal).[13] In Switzerland, another Schengen signatory state, Macao SAR passport holders can apply for a permit for "gainful occupation" of maximum 8 days in a calendar year during their visa-exempt stay without needing to apply for a work visa;[14] however, this 8-day exemption does not cover occupation in the primary or secondary construction industry, civil engineering, catering and hotel services, industrial and private cleaning industries, surveillance and security services, and sex industry. Alternatively, if in possession of a long term residence permit issued by any other Schengen member state, a Macao SAR passport holder may undertake gainful occupation for up to 3 months visa-free in Switzerland without any of the aforementioned industry restrictions. In Croatia (a European Union member state which acceded to the Schengen agreement on 1st Jan 2024), Macao SAR passport holders may undertake a paid activity (i.e. work) visa-free for a maximum of 90 days within a 180-day period.[13]

Macao SAR passport holders aged between 18 and 30 are eligible to apply under the Working Holiday Scheme by the New Zealand Government.[15] If successful, a visa is issued which permits the holder to spend up to 12 months in New Zealand for the primary purpose of travel but allowing for supplementary short-term employment or study. The scheme is highly competitive as applicants from Macao and mainland China are subject to a quota of 1000 visas annually (there is a separate quota for Hong Kong applicants).

Automated immigration clearance systems

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Holders of the Macao SAR ePassport benefit from access to automated immigration clearance systems in several countries, streamlining their entry and exit processes. These systems, which typically utilise biometric technology such as facial recognition and fingerprint scanning, are designed to enhance efficiency and security at borders.

As of 27 July 2025, six countries offering such facilities to Macao SAR ePassport holders are Australia (SmartGates),[16] the Republic of Korea (Smart Entry Service),[17] Japan (Trusted Traveler Program),[18] New Zealand (eGates),[19] Singapore (Automated Clearance Initiative),[20] and the United Kingdom (ePassport gates as a Registered Traveller).[21] Eligibility for these systems may involve specific age restrictions or pre-registration, varying by country.

See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Macao Special Administrative Region passport

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from Grokipedia
The Macao Special Administrative Region passport is an international travel document issued to Chinese nationals holding permanent residency in the Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China. Administered by the Identification Services Bureau under the Macao SAR Government, it serves as proof of identity and nationality for international travel, distinct from passports issued by mainland China authorities due to Macao's "one country, two systems" framework. Introduced in its biometric form in 2009 with an embedded electronic chip storing holder biometrics, the passport enhances security through facial recognition and machine-readable features. Holders benefit from visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to approximately 144 destinations worldwide, ranking the document 31st on the 2025 Henley Passport Index for global mobility. This elevated travel freedom underscores Macao's unique administrative status, facilitating economic and tourism ties beyond mainland restrictions. The of the Macao Special Administrative Region, promulgated by the on March 31, 1993, and effective from December 20, 1999, serves as the constitutional foundation for the issuance of Macao SAR passports. Enacted pursuant to Article 31 of the Constitution of the , which authorizes the establishment of special administrative regions with a high degree of , the vests the Macao SAR with independent executive, legislative, and judicial powers, including authority over control and the issuance of travel documents to its residents. Articles 33 and 34 of the explicitly affirm residents' rights to within the SAR, , and the right to obtain documents in accordance with law, while permitting departure without special authorization for holders of valid documents unless restrained by legislation. These provisions underpin the SAR's capacity to issue passports as a means of facilitating international for eligible Chinese nationals who are permanent residents, defined under Article 24 as those holding through birth, continuous residence, or other specified criteria. The Central People's Government recognizes these documents as valid PRC-issued passports, reflecting the "" framework that delegates such matters to SAR autonomy while maintaining national over and defense. The operational legal framework is established by Law No. 8/2009 of July 23, which approves the "Scheme of Macao Travel Documents," regulating the types, issuance, validity, and security features of passports and related permits. This law, supplemented by Administrative Regulation No. 20/2009, mandates biometric elements and aligns issuance with permanent residency status under Law No. 8/1999 on the , ensuring passports are granted only to Chinese citizens with Macao permanent identity cards. The Identification Services Bureau, under the Secretariat for Administration and Justice, executes these powers, with oversight ensuring compliance with both SAR legislation and principles.

Issuance Authority and Eligibility Criteria

The Macao Special Administrative Region passport is issued by the Identification Services Bureau (DSI) of the Macao SAR Government, which operates under the regional administration's authority to manage identity documents and travel credentials for eligible residents. This bureau handles applications, processing, and issuance, ensuring compliance with the of the Macao SAR and national regulations on Chinese nationality. Eligibility for the Macao SAR passport is restricted to Chinese nationals who hold permanent resident status in the region and possess a valid Macao SAR Permanent Resident Identity Card. Applicants must be at least five years old as of the issuance date of their Resident Identity Card, with those under 18 years requiring accompaniment or written authorization from both parents or a legal guardian. Non-permanent residents with Chinese nationality are ineligible for the passport and instead qualify for the Macao SAR Travel Permit, a distinct document for limited international travel. This criterion aligns with the "one country, two systems" framework, granting SAR-specific travel documents to permanent residents while upholding Chinese sovereignty over nationality.

Application and Renewal Procedures

Applications for the Macao SAR passport are handled by the Identification Services Bureau (DSI) and are available to Chinese nationals holding a valid Macao SAR Permanent , with eligibility extending to children aged 5 years and above. Procedures encompass both first-time issuances and renewals, which follow largely identical steps, though renewals require submission of the prior if it remains valid or has recently expired. Applicants may submit via self-service kiosks, the Macao One Account mobile application (requiring facial recognition verification), or in-person at DSI counters after obtaining a queue number through online booking, telephone, or on-site ticketing. Overseas applicants outside and can use postal services by accessing the DSI's online system to generate an application number, printing the form, and mailing required documents with payment. Required documents include the applicant's Macao SAR Permanent Resident Identity Card, a recent 1.5-inch color photograph on a plain white background (taken within 6 months, or sourced from the app's "My Photos" feature), and for renewals, the original previous passport. First-time applicants need not provide a prior travel document, while lost passports necessitate a police loss report and incur additional fees. Minors under 18 must be accompanied by a parent or guardian, who provides identification and written authorization; unaccompanied minors cannot use self-service options. Applications for passports expiring within 9 months are prioritized for renewal to avoid travel disruptions. Service locations comprise the DSI Headquarters in Macao Peninsula, branches at Macao Government Services Centres in Venceslau de Morais and the , and multiple self-service kiosks across Macao and . Counters operate to from 09:00 to 18:00, excluding public holidays and weekends, with kiosks available extended hours for self-service submissions. Fees for standard applications or renewals total MOP 430, with an urgent processing surcharge of MOP 150; lost or damaged passports add tiered penalties from MOP 150 to MOP 2,400 based on prior incidents. Payments accept cash, credit/debit cards, , , or digital methods like MPay and GovPay. Processing times are 10 working days for standard requests and 2 working days for urgent ones, excluding mailing delays for overseas applications; collection occurs in person at DSI facilities, with electronic notifications for status updates. kiosks facilitate streamlined renewals for eligible adults using their identity card for authentication, reflecting DSI's efforts to simplify processes since 2020.

Historical Evolution

Pre-Handover Travel Documents

Prior to the transfer of sovereignty over Macao from to the on December 20, 1999, travel documents for residents were issued under Portuguese colonial administration. These documents facilitated international mobility, though access varied by residency status and . Portuguese authorities managed issuance through local civil registry offices, with requirements including proof of identity, residency, and, for citizens, allegiance to . Portuguese nationals, including ethnic Portuguese, Macanese (Eurasian) descendants, and a limited number of naturalized individuals, received standard Portuguese passports. These burgundy-colored booklets, compliant with standards, bore the inscription "República Portuguesa" and granted visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to destinations aligned with Portugal's diplomatic ties, such as much of and former colonies. Eligibility for —and thus these passports—was restricted; estimates indicate only about 25% of Macao's residents qualified, primarily through or parental prior to legal changes in the and that tightened . The ethnic Chinese majority, who comprised over 90% of the population and generally lacked Portuguese citizenship, were issued non-passport travel documents by Portuguese authorities, often termed "Portuguese travel documents." These were simpler laissez-passer-style permits designed for one-way or limited international travel, requiring separate visas for most destinations and lacking the full diplomatic protections of passports. Issuance was tied to local identity cards (Bilhete de Identidade), with validity typically short-term and renewable upon demonstration of residency. Such documents enabled travel to regional hubs like or but faced restrictions elsewhere due to their provisional nature. These pre-handover arrangements reflected Macao's status as a Portuguese since 1557, with travel policies emphasizing administrative control over mass emigration amid Sino-Portuguese negotiations. Post-1987 Joint Declaration provisions anticipated the phase-out of Portuguese issuance, allowing holders of these documents to continue limited use after 1999 if they opted for Portuguese nationality over Chinese.

Inaugural SAR Passport (1999-2009)

The inaugural Macao Special Administrative Region passport was introduced on 20 December 1999, coinciding with the establishment of the SAR upon the handover of sovereignty from Portugal to the People's Republic of China. This document marked the transition from Portuguese-issued travel papers to those under Chinese sovereignty, specifically for permanent residents of Macao holding Chinese nationality. Issued by the Identification Services Bureau (Direcção dos Serviços de Identificação), it served as the primary travel document for international journeys, while existing Portuguese passports held by residents remained valid until their expiry dates. Designed as a (MRP) compliant with (ICAO) standards, the inaugural version featured a burgundy cover emblazoned with the words "MACAO SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION" in English and Chinese, alongside the regional emblem. Interior security elements included tamper-resistant printing and basic anti-forgery measures typical of late-1990s passports, such as watermarks, , and holographic overlays, aimed at preventing counterfeiting amid the post-handover transition. The biodata page contained standard fields for personal details, photograph, and machine-readable zone (MRZ) at the bottom, facilitating automated border processing. Valid for up to 10 years for adults and shorter periods for minors, the passport enabled visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to a growing number of destinations, reflecting Macao's unique "" status. It was produced with enhanced durability compared to pre-handover documents, incorporating elements in key pages to resist alteration. This version remained the standard until June 2009, when it was phased out in favor of a biometric e-passport with embedded contactless chips and upgraded security features.

Biometric Introduction (2009-2019)

The biometric version of the Macao Special Administrative Region () passport, designated as an or e-passport, was launched on 1 2009, succeeding the non-biometric machine-readable passport introduced in 1999. This upgrade aligned Macao's travel document with global standards set by the () for biometric passports, incorporating an embedded () chip to store digitized personal and biometric data. The initiative was announced by the Identification Services Bureau in June 2009 as part of efforts to enhance document security and international . The e-passport's biometric chip primarily encoded the holder's facial image as the core biometric identifier, along with biographical details matching the printed page, enabling contactless reading at e-gates and border checkpoints for automated verification. Security features included (PKI) for digital signatures, ensuring and authenticity against tampering or counterfeiting. Validity periods remained consistent with prior versions: 10 years for adults aged 18 and above, 5 years for those under 16, and 3 years for children under 11, applicable to Chinese nationals holding in Macao. From 2009 to , the facilitated visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to approximately 140 destinations for Macao SAR passport holders, reflecting its recognition under international agreements despite the document's issuance by a of . No major design overhauls occurred during this decade, though issuance volumes increased with rising outbound travel from Macao's tourism-driven economy. The version was phased out in in favor of an enhanced iteration with additional elements and expanded biometric capabilities.

Current Enhanced Version (2019-Present)

The enhanced version of the (SAR) passport was introduced for applications submitted on or after December 3, 2019, replacing the prior model issued between 2009 and 2019. This update aimed to incorporate advanced anti-counterfeiting measures and align with evolving (ICAO) standards for travel document security. The Identification Services Bureau of Macao began issuing these passports to eligible Chinese nationals with in the SAR, maintaining the document's status as a ePassport with an embedded contactless chip in the back cover. A primary enhancement is the use of perforation technology on the personal data page, creating a of the holder's , the Macao SAR emblem, and a lotus flower pattern visible under transmitted light. The electronic chip features upgraded protocols to strengthen and resistance to tampering, storing the holder's biometric facial image and personal particulars for automated verification at border controls. Additional optically variable devices and UV-reactive inks further deter , building on the foundational elements of the 2009 introduction. Design refinements include refined interior printing with intricate guilloche patterns and microtext integrated into the visa pages, while the exterior retains the traditional burgundy cover emblazoned with the SAR and "Macao Special Administrative Region Passport" in English, Chinese, and . These passports remain valid for up to 10 years for adults, with issuance fees structured progressively higher for frequent replacements to discourage unnecessary renewals. As of 2025, this version continues in circulation, supporting visa-free access to over 140 destinations and facilitating seamless electronic worldwide.

Design and Security Elements

Exterior and Cover Design

The exterior of the Macao (SAR) passport features a flexible single booklet constructed with a cover in . The front cover displays the National Emblem of the centered, applied via hot foil stamping, flanked by inscriptions in Chinese, Portuguese, and English reading "Macao Special Administrative Region" and "." The back cover bears similar textual elements without the emblem. Since the inaugural issuance on December 20, 1999, the cover design has remained consistent, with the addition of an international symbol denoting electronic travel documents introduced in the biometric version launched on June 30, 2009. Subsequent enhancements, including the 2019 version, preserved the front and back covers without alteration. This stability reflects adherence to established SAR identity protocols under the "one country, two systems" framework.

Interior Layout and Biodata Page

The interior of the Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR) passport consists of 48 numbered pages measuring 125 mm by 88 mm, featuring artistic designs that depict Macao's world cultural heritage sites and landmarks, such as the and the Guia . These visa pages incorporate multi-color UV and tactile patterns of elements like Macao's and lotus flowers for enhanced and aesthetic appeal. The page is integrated into the inner side of the back cover of this single booklet design. It displays the holder's color photograph alongside personal details in Chinese, English, and , adhering to ICAO standards for machine-readable travel documents. Key fields include passport type designated as "P", issuing state code "CHN" for the , a nine-character alphanumeric number, , given names, as "Chinese", date of birth, sex, , date of issue, date of expiry, issuing authority identified as the Identification Services Bureau of Macao SAR, and the holder's signature. The page features a machine-readable zone (MRZ) at the bottom, with the issuing country reiterated as "CHN" in both the visual inspection zone and MRZ. Security elements on the biodata page include repeated microprinting of "MACAOSARMACAOSAR" and a substrate lacking optical brighteners visible under UV light, contributing to anti-forgery measures. These features align with the biometric e-passport format introduced in 2009 and enhanced in the 2019 version.

Anti-Counterfeiting Technologies

The 2019 version of the Macao SAR passport incorporates laser perforation technology on the personal data page, creating arrays of minute holes that form the holder's , identification number, regional , and lotus flower motif; these perforations are verifiable by backlighting and provide a tactile element for manual . Tactile techniques apply raised intaglio patterns replicating the Macao SAR and lotus flower, enabling detection through touch and resistance to reproduction by standard scanning or printing methods. Interior visa pages feature multi-color ultraviolet (UV) printing, which remains invisible under normal light but reveals intricate designs of Macao's emblem and lotus motifs when exposed to UV illumination, enhancing verification against attempts that overlook reactive inks. The document's embedded cryptographic chip employs enhanced protocols to secure biometric and , preventing unauthorized alterations or that could facilitate counterfeiting; this electronic safeguard complements physical features by cross-verifying holder identity at inspection points. These measures align with international standards for machine-readable documents, prioritizing layered overt and covert elements to deter replication while maintaining for officials. Earlier iterations, such as the 2009 biometric introduction, relied on basic laminated pages and patterns, but the 2019 enhancements addressed evolving threats from digital reproduction technologies.

Biometric and Electronic Features

The Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR) passport incorporates biometric and electronic features in line with (ICAO) standards for electronic machine-readable travel documents (eMRTDs). These features were first introduced on 1 September 2009, marking the transition to electronic passports equipped with a contactless chip. The chip stores the holder's personal particulars, a digitized photograph, and a image, enabling biometric verification through facial recognition and fingerprint matching at automated systems. The electronic chip utilizes (RFID) technology for non-contact data reading and employs security protocols such as Basic Access Control (BAC) to prevent unauthorized skimming or eavesdropping. is maintained via digital signatures based on (PKI), ensuring that any alterations to the stored information can be detected. The biometric data page, typically constructed from material, features of the holder's details and integrates the chip's antenna, providing resistance to tampering and forgery. An updated version of the was issued starting 3 December 2019, incorporating enhanced security elements while retaining the core electronic and biometric functionalities of the chip. This iteration includes over 14 security features in total, with advancements in the chip's authentication mechanisms to counter evolving counterfeiting threats. The ePassport —a with a circle indicating the chip's location—is displayed on the cover to signify these capabilities. These features facilitate with global eGate systems, supporting seamless processing where compatible.

Travel Mobility and Visa Arrangements

Overall Visa-Free Access and Global Ranking

The Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR) passport enables holders to travel to 144 countries and territories without a prior visa, including visa-free entry or visa on arrival, as per the ranking updated in July 2025. This positions the Macao SAR passport 31st globally out of 199 passports evaluated, based on access to 227 possible destinations derived from (IATA) data. Singapore maintains the leading rank with access to 195 destinations in the same index. Alternative assessments yield slightly varying figures; for instance, the places the Macao SAR passport at 23rd worldwide with a mobility score of 143, encompassing 93 visa-free countries, 43 visa-on-arrival options, and 7 electronic authorizations. These rankings reflect the passport's relatively strong mobility, particularly for a document issued under Chinese sovereignty, outperforming the mainland ordinary passport, which ranks around 60th with access to fewer than 80 destinations. The index scores have shown incremental improvements over recent years, attributed to Macao's diplomatic engagements and bilateral agreements expanding visa waivers, especially within , , and . However, access remains restricted to major destinations like the , , and , where visas are required.

Access to Mainland China

Holders of the Macao (SAR) passport, which is issued only to Chinese nationals possessing in Macao, cannot utilize the passport itself for entry into . Instead, they must obtain the Mainland Travel Permit for and Macao Residents, commonly referred to as the Home Return Permit (港澳居民来往内地通行证). This permit functions as the requisite entry document and establishes proof of Chinese nationality for immigration purposes within the Mainland. Administered by China's through authorized outlets such as the in Macao, the Home Return Permit enables multiple entries without additional visas. It is typically valid for five years for children under 16 and ten years for adults, featuring biometric elements including fingerprints and digital photographs. Endorsements specify permissible activities and durations: the "S" endorsement for private affairs like or visiting relatives allows stays up to 90 days per entry, while "G" endorsements facilitate group with similar limits. Extensions beyond standard stays require separate applications at local public security bureaus in the Mainland. Application for the permit necessitates submission of the Macao SAR permanent identity card, photographs, and fees—approximately HKD 260 for initial issuance in Macao—via pre-booked appointments at designated service centers. Holders must carry both the permit and identity card during travel, as the SAR passport serves no role in Mainland border controls. This arrangement underscores the distinct immigration frameworks under the "" principle, prioritizing the Home Return Permit to regulate cross-border movement of SAR residents.

Relations with Hong Kong and Taiwan

Holders of Macao SAR passports, who are Chinese nationals residing in Macao, enjoy visa-free access to for short-term visits, typically up to 30 days, provided they meet standard immigration criteria such as proof of onward travel and sufficient funds. However, Macao permanent residents more commonly utilize their electronic Macao SAR Permanent Resident Identity Card for entry into as visitors, bypassing the need for a passport altogether, which facilitates seamless cross-border movement reflective of the close economic and administrative ties between the two Special Administrative Regions. This arrangement stems from the "" framework, allowing reciprocal recognition of resident identity documents without formal visa requirements, though stays exceeding permitted durations necessitate an extension application. In contrast, entry into with a Macao SAR passport requires prior approval via an Entry and Exit Permit issued by Taiwan's , rather than visa-free access. Applicants must submit documentation including a valid with at least three months' validity, proof of purpose (e.g., , , or ), and may face additional scrutiny if born in , with processing times varying from days to weeks depending on quotas and political considerations. This permit system, distinct from Taiwan's visa-exempt policies for many foreign nationals, reflects ongoing cross-strait tensions and Taiwan's restrictions on travel by Chinese nationals from SARs to prevent unauthorized migration or risks, limiting spontaneous travel and requiring online or in-person applications through Taiwan's overseas offices. Temporary entry permits are available for eligible Macao-born residents, but overall mobility remains more constrained than to , with no automatic reciprocity for holders of Taiwan passports seeking entry to Macao.

International Visa Policies and Recent Expansions

Holders of the Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR) passport enjoy visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 146 countries and territories worldwide, excluding arrangements specific to , , and , with permitted stay durations typically ranging from 14 days to 6 months depending on the destination and subject to conditions such as proof of onward or sufficient funds. This access reflects bilateral agreements negotiated by Macao authorities, often mirroring or exceeding privileges extended to mainland Chinese passports due to Macao's distinct international status under the "" framework. In Europe, 41 countries grant visa-free entry, including all states for up to 90 days within any 180-day period and the for up to 6 months. Asia provides access to 21 destinations, such as (90 days) and (30 days), while the Americas cover 33 countries like (90 days) and (90 days); Africa 20, including (30 days); and Oceania 13, such as (3 months). Visa-on-arrival or options further extend mobility to additional territories, though requirements like pre-approval electronic travel authorizations (ETAs) apply in select cases, such as for or certain Pacific islands. Recent policy adjustments include the extension of Korea's exemption from the K-ETA (Korea Electronic Travel Authorization) for Macao SAR passport holders until December 31, 2025, easing short-term travel without prior online registration. However, new ETA mandates have been introduced elsewhere, such as the United Kingdom's scheme effective January 8, 2025, and Israel's ETA-IL requirement from January 1, 2025, which impose nominal fees and digital pre-screening but do not revoke underlying visa-free status. No major new bilateral visa-free agreements were concluded in 2024 or 2025, though ongoing diplomatic efforts continue to pursue expansions amid global mobility rankings that position the Macao SAR passport competitively.

Immigration Processing and Infrastructure

Automated Clearance Systems in Macao

Macao's immigration checkpoints, managed by the Public Security Police Force, feature e-Channels as the primary automated passenger clearance system, enabling eligible travelers to bypass manual counters through self-service biometric verification. These systems, operational at ports including , , Taipa Ferry Terminal, and land borders like Qingmao Port and the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, utilize facial recognition, passport chip scanning, or authentication to verify identity and travel documents. (SAR) holders, who are typically Macao residents, access these channels upon presenting their biometric e-passport alongside their (BIR), with clearance times reduced to under 10 seconds per user in optimal conditions. Eligibility for e-Channels requires Macao residents to be aged 7 or above and possess a valid smart BIR card, which links to the e-passport's biometric data for seamless verification; children under 7 or those below 1.2 meters in must use manual lanes. Registration involves binding an Electronic Identity via the Macao One Account app, generating a for initial or fallback use, particularly beneficial for cross-border travel. Foreign nationals holding Macao SAR passports (dual nationals) or e-passports with valid residence permits exceeding six months can also register on-site at checkpoints, free of charge, provided they meet visa conditions. Joint inspection automated channels at mainland-adjacent ports, such as , further expedite clearance for residents holding Mainland Travel Permits, integrating tech with PRC border controls. Recent enhancements include iris scanning introduced in June 2025 for registered permanent residents entering Macao, and mutual recognition with Hong Kong's e-Channels since July 2024, allowing enrolled Macao SAR permanent residents aged 11 and above to clear reciprocally without physical document presentation in many cases. These measures, aimed at reducing congestion amid high tourism volumes exceeding 30 million visitors annually pre-COVID, rely on the e-passport's ICAO-compliant chip for data matching against databases and local records. However, users must proceed singly through channels to prevent errors, and evasion attempts trigger alerts. Non-compliance, such as using prohibited items or failing , results in redirection to manual processing.

Compatibility with Global Systems

The Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR) passport functions as an electronic passport compliant with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Doc 9303 standards for machine-readable travel documents, incorporating a contactless integrated circuit chip for data storage and verification. This design ensures interoperability with global passport reading equipment, including automated kiosks and border control scanners that process ICAO-compliant e-passports. The embedded biometric chip contains the holder's digitized facial image, personal particulars, and digital signatures, facilitating secure authentication via (PKI) systems shared through ICAO's Public Key Directory (PKD). This enables compatibility with international biometric verification protocols, allowing for facial recognition matching against the chip data at equipped entry points worldwide. Holders of the Macao SAR e-passport can access automated passenger clearance systems (e-gates) in six countries as of June 2025: , , the Republic of Korea, , , and the . These systems verify identity through chip reading and biometric scans, reducing manual processing times; for instance, access to 's SmartGate was enabled in June 2016, Japan's system in March 2017, and New Zealand's eGate in June 2025. Under the "one country, two systems" principle, the Macao SAR passport maintains distinct issuance and recognition separate from mainland Chinese passports, ensuring its biometric and electronic features are treated independently in global immigration databases and systems. This separation supports reliable processing at international borders without conflation with mainland-issued documents.

Global Recognition and Comparative Analysis

Passport Power Rankings and Mobility Scores

The Macao (SAR) passport holds a mid-tier position in global passport power rankings, primarily evaluated by the number of destinations accessible without a prior visa, including visa-free entry and visa on arrival. In the 2025 Henley , which draws on (IATA) data for 199 passports and 227 destinations, the Macao SAR passport ranks 35th, granting holders access to 142 such destinations. This score reflects negotiated bilateral agreements emphasizing tourism, business, and regional ties, though it lags behind Hong Kong SAR's 18th ranking with 170 destinations and exceeds mainland China's 64th position with 82. Alternative indices yield varying mobility scores due to differences in counting visa on arrival, electronic visas, and real-time updates. The Arton Capital , updated dynamically with visa policy changes, assigns the Macao SAR passport a visa-free score of approximately 143 destinations, placing it around 23rd globally in some assessments, though strict visa-free entries number fewer at about 43, with additional access via 7 visa-on-arrival options and 55 eVisa/eTA pathways. These rankings underscore the passport's utility for short-term travel to , , and select , but highlight limitations in broader global reach compared to passports from sovereign states with extensive diplomatic networks. Official Macao government lists, maintained by the Police Force's Identification Services Bureau, confirm visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to over 140 territories as of October 2025, aligning closely with Henley metrics.

Comparison to Mainland Chinese and Other SAR Passports

The Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR) passport affords significantly greater international travel mobility than the ordinary passport of the (PRC), which is issued to mainland residents. According to the 2025 , the Macao SAR passport ranks 35th globally, granting visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 142 destinations, compared to the PRC passport's 64th ranking and access to only 82 destinations. This disparity arises from the "" framework under which Macao maintains distinct immigration and foreign relations practices, allowing it to negotiate separate visa agreements independent of mainland China's geopolitical constraints, such as limited reciprocity with Western nations due to concerns and territorial disputes. However, the Macao SAR passport does not permit direct entry to mainland China; holders who are Chinese nationals must obtain a separate Mainland Travel Permit for and Macao Residents (commonly known as the Home Return Permit), valid for five years and required for all crossings into the mainland. In comparison to the SAR passport, the Macao SAR document offers similar but slightly inferior travel freedom, reflecting Hong Kong's longer of international integration under British administration prior to 1997. The SAR passport ranks 18th on the 2025 with access to 170 destinations, exceeding Macao's by 28, including visa-free entry to additional European and Asian countries like certain Schengen states and under more favorable terms. Both passports are biometric e-passports issued exclusively to residents with in their respective SARs, feature 10-year validity for adults, and bear the SAR's rather than the mainland's , emphasizing their autonomous issuance by local authorities. Like the Macao version, the SAR passport requires a Home Return Permit for entry, underscoring the internal border controls that treat SARs as distinct territories despite shared Chinese nationality.
PassportHenley Rank (2025)Visa-Free/Visa-on-Arrival Destinations
Macao SAR35th142
Hong Kong SAR18th170
PRC (Mainland)64th82
These differences highlight practical advantages of SAR passports for global travel while illustrating limitations in intra-China mobility, where mainland passports provide seamless access to the PRC but far less international utility.

Criticisms, Limitations, and Debates

Political Autonomy and Security Law Impacts

The Macao Special Administrative Region (SAR) enacted its Law on Safeguarding National Security in 2009, fulfilling obligations under Article 23 of the Basic Law, which mandates local legislation to prohibit acts of treason, secession, subversion, sedition, and subversion against the central government. This law criminalizes such offenses with penalties up to 25 years imprisonment, and amendments passed unanimously on May 18, 2023, expanded definitions to include external interference and better align with mainland Chinese frameworks, amid Beijing's push for tighter controls post-Hong Kong's 2020 national security legislation. While Macao authorities maintain the law preserves the "one country, two systems" framework by targeting only threats to sovereignty, critics, including pro-democracy figures and Western observers, contend it broadens vague provisions that could suppress dissent, eroding the SAR's promised high degree of autonomy in political and civil liberties. These security measures indirectly influence the Macao SAR passport, issued independently by the Identification Services Bureau to permanent residents who are Chinese nationals, as they heighten risks of arbitrary enforcement affecting travel freedoms. Department advisories, updated as of January 2025, urge increased caution in Macao due to arbitrary application of local laws, including potential detention without clear recourse for activities deemed security threats, which could prevent passport holders from departing or renewing documents if flagged under pretexts. Similarly, Canadian and UK travel guidance warns of risks including transfer to for prosecution, even for transit or perceived violations abroad, underscoring how the law's extraterritorial reach—mirroring PRC practices—constrains the 's utility for individuals engaged in political expression. No public cases of Macao SAR passport revocations solely under the 2009 or amended law have been documented as of October 2025, unlike in , but the framework allows authorities to withhold exit permissions or travel documents for security-related investigations, aligning with PRC citizenship policies that do not recognize dual nationality. International perceptions of Macao's diminishing under these laws have prompted scrutiny of the passport's reliability, though without measurable declines in visa-free access as of 2025 rankings. reports highlight a "growing emphasis on " that risks undermining fundamental freedoms, potentially deterring bilateral ties influencing passport recognition, while Macao's government rejects such interference as infringing on internal affairs. Empirically, the law's enforcement remains limited compared to — with fewer than 10 prosecutions annually pre-2023—suggesting minimal direct disruption to passport mobility for compliant holders, yet the provisions reinforce central oversight, subordinating SAR-issued documents to broader PRC diplomatic and security priorities.

Practical Recognition Issues and Dual Nationality Constraints

The Macao (SAR) passport is issued solely to Chinese nationals holding in Macao, subjecting holders to the constraints of the (PRC) Nationality Law, which explicitly states that the PRC does not recognize dual nationality for any Chinese national. This policy applies uniformly to SAR residents, meaning that even if individuals possess foreign passports—such as those from held by some Macao-born residents of Portuguese descent—PRC authorities treat them exclusively as Chinese citizens upon entry to Macao, , or in consular matters. Foreign nationals seeking as Chinese citizens in Macao must demonstrate intent to reside permanently and provide justifications, with the process requiring of prior nationalities to align with PRC law. In practice, while Macao regulations do not prohibit permanent residents from holding foreign travel documents alongside SAR passports, use of non-SAR documents for entry or exit from Macao or is invalid, necessitating the SAR passport or a Home Return Permit for mainland travel. Dual nationals risk compulsory , taxation, or detention obligations under PRC without recourse to second-country , as the Macao SAR government mirrors the PRC in non-recognition of dual status. U.S. Department of State advisories highlight that dual U.S.-PRC citizens entering Macao on a U.S. may still be subject to PRC laws, underscoring the primacy of Chinese nationality in SAR contexts. Regarding practical recognition, the Macao SAR passport is accepted internationally as an ICAO-compliant , enabling visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to over 140 destinations as of 2024, though its association with Chinese can complicate processing in jurisdictions with stringent PRC-related scrutiny. Administrative hurdles arise in visa applications or identity verifications where systems expect "Chinese" without SAR distinction, potentially delaying approvals despite the passport's validity. Holders may encounter limited diplomatic leverage compared to passports from fully , relying on PRC embassies for , which can be constrained by Beijing's priorities rather than Macao-specific interests. These factors, combined with non-recognition of dual status, impose ongoing constraints on mobility and legal protections for SAR passport holders navigating global systems.

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