Mid back rounded vowel

Mid back rounded vowel
Mid back rounded vowel
o̞
ɔ̝
IPA number	307 430
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	o̞
Unicode (hex)	U+006F U+031E
Braille

IPA: Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend: unrounded • rounded

The mid back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back rounded vowel between close-mid [o] and open-mid [ɔ], it is normally written ⟨o⟩. If precision is desired, diacritics may be used, such as ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩, the former being more common.

Multiple para-IPA alternative symbols also exist for this vowel. The Swedish Dialect Alphabet uses the symbol ⟨ⱺ⟩ (an o with low ring), while Sinological notation uses the symbol ⟨o̧⟩ (an o with cedilla). The symbol ⟨ꭥ⟩ (a small capital omega) was proposed for Americanist notation, but was never implemented.

Just because a language has only one non-close non-open back vowel, it still may not be a true-mid vowel. Tukang Besi is a language in Sulawesi, Indonesia, with a close-mid [o]. Taba, another language in Indonesia, in the Maluku Islands, has an open-mid [ɔ]. In both languages, there is no contrast with another mid (true-mid or close-mid) vowel.

Kensiu, in Malaysia and Thailand, is highly unusual in that it contrasts true-mid vowels with close-mid and open-mid vowels without any difference in other parameters, such as backness or roundedness.

Features

Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	Standard^[1]	bok	[bɔ̝k]	'goat'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The height varies between mid [ɔ̝] and close-mid [o].^[1] See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic	Hejazi^[2]	لـون/lōn	[lo̞ːn]	'color'	See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Breton^[3]		^{[example needed]}			Possible realization of unstressed /ɔ/; can be open-mid [ɔ] or close-mid [o] instead.^[3]
Chinese	Mandarin^[4]	我 / wǒ	[wo̞ɔː˨˩˦]^ⓘ	'I'	See Standard Chinese phonology
Chinese	Shanghainese^[5]	高/kò	[kö̞¹]	'tall'	Near-back. Realization of /ɔ/ in open syllables and /ʊ/ in closed syllables.^[5]
Czech^[6]^[7]		oko	[ˈo̞ko̞]	'eye'	In Bohemian Czech, the backness varies between back and near-back, whereas the height varies between mid [o̞] and close-mid [o].^[6] See Czech phonology
Danish	Standard^[8]^[9]	måle	[ˈmɔ̽ːlə]	'measure'	Near-back;^[8]^[9] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch	Amsterdam^[10]	och	[ɔ̝̈χ]	'alas'	Near-back;^[10] corresponds to open-mid [ɔˤ] in standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology
Dutch	Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect^[11]	mot	[mɔ̝t]	'well'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.
English	Cultivated South African^[12]	thought	[θɔ̝ːt]	'thought'	Close-mid [oː] for other speakers. See South African English phonology
	Maori^[13]				Near-close [o̝ː] in General New Zealand English.^[13]^[14]
	Scouse^[15]				Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.
	Some Cardiff speakers^[16]				Other speakers use a more open, advanced and unrounded vowel [ʌ̈ː].^[16]
	General American^[17]	Cambodia	[kʰɛəmˈbö̞diə]^ⓘ	'Cambodia'	Near-back; often diphthongal: [ö̞ʊ].^[17] Some regional North American varieties use a vowel that is closer to cardinal [o]. See English phonology
	Yorkshire^[18]	Cambodia	[kʰamˈbo̞ːdjə]	'Cambodia'	Corresponds to /əʊ/ in other British dialects. See English phonology
Faroese^[19]		toldi	[ˈtʰɔ̝ltɪ̞]	'endured'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Faroese phonology
Finnish^[20]^[21]		kello	[ˈke̞lːo̞]	'clock'	See Finnish phonology
French	Parisian^[22]	pont	[pɔ̝̃]	'bridge'	Nasalized; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ̃⟩. See French phonology
German	Southern accents^[23]	voll	[fɔ̝l]	'full'	Common realization of /ɔ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Open-mid [ɔ] in Northern Standard German.^[24] See Standard German phonology
German	Western Swiss accents^[25]	hoch	[ho̞ːχ]	'high'	Close-mid [oː] in other accents.^[26] See Standard German phonology
Greek	Modern Standard^[27]^[28]	πως / pos	[po̞s̠]	'how'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew^[29]		שלום/shalom/šɔlom	[ʃäˈlo̞m]	'peace'	Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script. See Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology
Ibibio^[30]		do	[dó̞]	'there'
Icelandic^[31]		loft	[ˈlɔ̝ft]	'air'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. The long allophone is often diphthongized to [oɔ].^[32] See Icelandic phonology
Inuit	West Greenlandic^[33]	Maniitsoq	[maniːtsːo̞q]	'Maniitsoq'	Allophone of /u/ before and especially between uvulars.^[33] See Greenlandic phonology
Italian	Standard^[34]	forense	[fo̞ˈrɛnse]	'forensic'	Common realization of the unstressed /o/.^[34] See Italian phonology
Italian	Northern accents^[35]	bosco	[ˈbo̞sko̞]	'forest'	Local realization of /ɔ/.^[35] See Italian phonology
Japanese^[36]		子/ko	[ko̞]	'child'	See Japanese phonology
Korean^[37]		보리 / bori	[po̞ˈɾi]	'barley'	See Korean phonology
Limburgish	Hasselt dialect^[38]	mok	[mɔ̝k]	'mug'	May be transcribed IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩.^[38] See Hasselt dialect phonology
Malay	Standard	پوكوق / pokok	[po̞.ko̞ʔ]	'tree'	See Malay phonology
Malay	Johor-Riau	پوكوق / pokok	[po̞.ko̞ʔ]	'tree'	See Malay phonology
Norwegian	Urban East^[39]^[40]	lov	[lo̞ːʋ]	'law'	Also described as close-mid [oː].^[41] See Norwegian phonology
Romanian^[42]		acolo	[äˈko̞lo̞]	'there'	See Romanian phonology
Russian^[43]		сухой/sukhoy/sukhoj	[s̪ʊˈxo̞j]^ⓘ	'dry'	Some speakers realize it as open-mid [ɔ].^[43] See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic^[44]	Lewis	ruadh	[rˠʊɔ̝̈ɣ]	'red'	Near-back and weakly rounded; allophone of [ə] in the /uə/ diphthong.
Serbo-Croatian^[45]^[46]		ко̑д / kȏd/kõd	[kô̞ːd̪]	'code'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Shipibo^[47]		koni	[ˈkö̞ni̞]	'eel'	Near-back.^[47]
Slovene^[48]		oglas	[o̞ˈɡlá̠s̪]	'advertisement'	Unstressed vowel,^[48] as well as an allophone of /o/ before /ʋ/ when a vowel does not follow within the same word.^[49] See Slovene phonology
Spanish^[50]		todo	[ˈt̪o̞ð̞o̞]	'all'	See Spanish phonology
Tera^[51]		zo	[zo̞ː]	'rope'
Thai		โต	[to̞ː˧]	'big'	See Thai phonology
Turkish^[52]^[53]		kol	[kʰo̞l]	'arm'	See Turkish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[54]	do	[d̪o̞]	'corn tassel'

Notes

^ ^a ^b Wissing (2016), section "The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/".
^ Abdoh (2010:84)
^ ^a ^b Ternes (1992), p. 433.
^ Lee & Zee (2003), p. 110.
^ ^a ^b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
^ ^a ^b Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
^ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), pp. 228–230.
^ ^a ^b Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
^ ^a ^b Basbøll (2005), p. 47.
^ ^a ^b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
^ Peters (2010), p. 241.
^ Lass (2002), p. 116.
^ ^a ^b Warren & Bauer (2004), p. 617.
^ Hay, Maclagan & Gordon (2008), pp. 21–22.
^ Watson (2007), p. 357.
^ ^a ^b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
^ ^a ^b Wells (1982), p. 487.
^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 180.
^ Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)
^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.
^ Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.
^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 226.
^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 64.
^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.
^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
^ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
^ Urua (2004), p. 106.
^ Brodersen (2011).
^ Árnason (2011), pp. 57–60.
^ ^a ^b Fortescue (1990), p. 317.
^ ^a ^b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), pp. 137–138.
^ ^a ^b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 137.
^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
^ Lee (1999), p. 121.
^ ^a ^b Peters (2006), p. 119.
^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
^ Sarlin (2014), p. 18.
^ ^a ^b Jones & Ward (1969), p. 56.
^ Oftedal (1956), p. 96.
^ Kordić (2006), p. 4.
^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
^ ^a ^b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
^ ^a ^b Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).
^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 138.
^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
^ Tench (2007), p. 230.
^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.
^ Merrill (2008), p. 109.

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External links

[FOOTNOTEWissing2016section_"The_rounded_mid-high_back_vowel_<span_class="IPA_nowrap"_lang="und-Latn-fonipa"_title="Representation_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)">/ɔ/</span>[[Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA]]"-1] Wissing (2016), section "The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/".

[2] Abdoh (2010:84)

[FOOTNOTETernes1992433-3] Ternes (1992), p. 433.

[FOOTNOTELeeZee2003110-4] Lee & Zee (2003), p. 110.

[FOOTNOTEChenGussenhoven2015328-5] Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.

[FOOTNOTEDankovičová199972-6] Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.

[FOOTNOTEŠimáčkováPodlipskýChládková2012228–230-7] Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), pp. 228–230.

[FOOTNOTEGrønnum1998100-8] Grønnum (1998), p. 100.

[FOOTNOTEBasbøll200547-9] Basbøll (2005), p. 47.

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees2003132-10] Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.

[FOOTNOTEPeters2010241-11] Peters (2010), p. 241.

[FOOTNOTELass2002116-12] Lass (2002), p. 116.

[FOOTNOTEWarrenBauer2004617-13] Warren & Bauer (2004), p. 617.

[FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200821–22-14] Hay, Maclagan & Gordon (2008), pp. 21–22.

[FOOTNOTEWatson2007357-15] Watson (2007), p. 357.

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees199095-16] Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.

[FOOTNOTEWells1982487-17] Wells (1982), p. 487.

[FOOTNOTERocaJohnson1999180-18] Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 180.

[19] Peterson (2000), cited in Árnason (2011:76)

[FOOTNOTEIivonenHarnud200560,_66-20] Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 60, 66.

[FOOTNOTESuomiToivanenYlitalo200821-21] Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 21.

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees2013226-22] Collins & Mees (2013), p. 226.

[FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201564-23] Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.

[FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201534,_64-24] Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 64.

[FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201565-25] Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.

[FOOTNOTEDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl201534,_65-26] Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.

[FOOTNOTEArvaniti200728-27] Arvaniti (2007), p. 28.

[FOOTNOTETrudgill200981-28] Trudgill (2009), p. 81.

[FOOTNOTELaufer199998-29] Laufer (1999), p. 98.

[FOOTNOTEUrua2004106-30] Urua (2004), p. 106.

[FOOTNOTEBrodersen2011-31] Brodersen (2011).

[FOOTNOTEÁrnason201157–60-32] Árnason (2011), pp. 57–60.

[FOOTNOTEFortescue1990317-33] Fortescue (1990), p. 317.

[FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005137–138-34] Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), pp. 137–138.

[FOOTNOTEBertinettoLoporcaro2005137-35] Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 137.

[FOOTNOTEOkada1999117-36] Okada (1999), p. 117.

[FOOTNOTELee1999121-37] Lee (1999), p. 121.

[FOOTNOTEPeters2006119-38] Peters (2006), p. 119.

[FOOTNOTEVanvik197913,_17-39] Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.

[FOOTNOTEKvifteGude-Husken20054-40] Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEKristoffersen200016–17-41] Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.

[FOOTNOTESarlin201418-42] Sarlin (2014), p. 18.

[FOOTNOTEJonesWard196956-43] Jones & Ward (1969), p. 56.

[FOOTNOTEOftedal195696-44] Oftedal (1956), p. 96.

[FOOTNOTEKordić20064-45] Kordić (2006), p. 4.

[FOOTNOTELandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić199967-46] Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.

[FOOTNOTEValenzuelaMárquez_PinedoMaddieson2001282-47] Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.

[srebotrejec-48] Tatjana Srebot-Rejec. "On the vowel system in present-day Slovene" (PDF).

[FOOTNOTEŠuštaršičKomarPetek1999138-49] Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 138.

[FOOTNOTEMartínez-CeldránFernández-PlanasCarrera-Sabaté2003256-50] Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.

[FOOTNOTETench2007230-51] Tench (2007), p. 230.

[FOOTNOTEZimmerOrgun1999155-52] Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.

[FOOTNOTEGökselKerslake200511-53] Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 11.

[FOOTNOTEMerrill2008109-54] Merrill (2008), p. 109.

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Mid back rounded vowel

Mid back rounded vowel

Mid back rounded vowel

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Mid back rounded vowel

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