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Musical language
Musical language
Musical language
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Musical languages are constructed languages based on musical sounds, which tend to incorporate articulation. Whistled languages are dependent on an underlying spoken languages and are used in various cultures as a means for communication over distance, or as secret codes. The mystical concept of a language of the birds tries to connect the two categories, since some authors[who?] of musical a priori languages have speculated about a mystical or primeval origin of the whistled languages.[citation needed]

Constructed musical languages

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There are only a few language families as of now such as the Solresol language family, Moss language family, and Nibuzigu language family.

The Solresol family is a family of a posteriori languages (usually English) where a sequence of 7 notes of the western C-Major scale or the 12 tone chromatic scale are used as phonemes.

  • The Nıbuzıgu family[2]

Kobaïan is a language constructed by Christian Vander of the band Magma, which uses elements of Slavic and Germanic languages,[3] but is based primarily on 'sonorities, not on applied meanings'.[4]

Musically influenced languages

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  • Hymmnos

In fiction

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See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Musical language

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Musical language refers to the systematic organization of musical elements—such as pitches, rhythms, timbres, and harmonies—into structured patterns that convey meaning, emotion, and narrative, much like the phonemes, syntax, and semantics of spoken language. This concept, prominent in music theory and cognitive studies, posits that music functions as a communicative medium with its own "grammar" and rules, though it lacks the propositional precision of verbal language. Primarily analyzed in Western art music of the common-practice era (roughly 1600–1900), musical language emphasizes hierarchical structures where individual sounds build into phrases, sections, and entire compositions. At its core, the of musical language involves discrete units like pitches and durations, perceived categorically by listeners in a manner analogous to phonemes in , though musical units are less arbitrary and more tied to acoustic properties. Syntax emerges through relational rules, such as progressions that create tension and resolution or rhythmic patterns that establish meter, enabling the "unfolding" of music over time in a coherent, hierarchical . Semantics, by contrast, is more elusive: music evokes affective responses—, sorrow, or tension—through contextual associations rather than literal references, with meanings shaped by cultural and historical factors. For instance, in Wagnerian serve as recurring symbols to represent ideas or characters, functioning like lexical items with emotional connotations. The analogy between music and language extends to acquisition and cognition, where both are learned through immersion and imitation, often following a natural developmental order from simple elements to complex structures. Theories like those of and highlight music's vocal origins and the role of comprehensible input in mastery, mirroring second-language learning models such as Krashen's . However, unlike , musical language is inherently subjective and style-specific, varying across genres and eras—from the modal intricacies of to the atonal experiments of the —without a universal "dictionary." This framework has influenced , composition, and , underscoring music's capacity for non-verbal expression rooted in human evolutionary and .

Definition and History

Definition

Musical languages are artificial systems of communication, either fully constructed or significantly influenced by musical structures, in which elements such as pitches, notes, and rhythms function as the primary , , or semantic carriers, enabling the conveyance of meaning through vocalization like or , or via symbolic notation. These systems treat musical components as discrete symbols capable of forming , , and , distinct from mere artistic expression or in traditional . The allows for universal accessibility, as it leverages innate human perception of sound patterns without reliance on arbitrary phonetic inventories. A prominent example is , which uses standardized solfege syllables—such as do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, and si—to denote fixed pitches, which combine into melodic sequences representing words and phrases. This approach supports multimodal expression: auditory through performance on voice or instruments, visual through musical staff notation, and potentially tactile via patterned instrument strikes. Unlike conventional spoken languages, these systems emphasize combinatorial over articulation, where and interval may encode or emphasis, fostering a direct mapping between sound and semantics. François Sudre's 1866 publication Langue musicale universelle exemplifies the integration of into linguistic structure for international communication. Musical languages must be distinguished from tonal languages, where pitch serves as a prosodic feature modifying the meaning of spoken syllables within a phonetic framework; in contrast, musical languages elevate notes themselves as the elemental symbols, independent of spoken .

Historical Development

The concept of musical languages traces its speculative origins to the 17th century, when English bishop Francis Godwin described in his 1638 novel a form of communication among lunar inhabitants that relied on tunes and tonal variations rather than spoken words, with meanings distinguished by musical delivery or alone. This fictional portrayal imagined bird-like propulsion to the moon and a harmonious, non-verbal system of expression, reflecting early philosophical curiosity about alternative modes of interspecies or extraterrestrial exchange. By the , mystical traditions further intertwined musical communication with folklore, particularly the "," a symbolic perfect language in alchemical and esoteric lore that encoded divine wisdom through avian songs and tones, persisting in European mysticism as a for spiritual insight. The marked the first documented construction of a practical musical language with François Sudre's invention of in 1817, a system using the seven syllables (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si) to form words through sequences of notes, colors, or gestures, designed as an to bridge communication barriers, especially for the deaf and in global . Sudre promoted through public demonstrations and publications, envisioning it as a universal tool for accessibility and peace, though it gained limited adoption despite endorsements from figures like . In the 20th century, some experimenters developed chromatic variants of Solresol. The 21st century has seen revivals facilitated by digital tools, such as composer Jackson Moore's Moss in the 2010s, a pidgin-like system with melodic phonology that uses pitch contours to encode grammar and lexicon, drawing on natural language patterns for experimental performance. For example, the prog-rock band Magma developed Kobaïan in the 1970s, a fictional language with musical elements integrated into their compositions. Throughout this history, motivations have centered on accessibility for non-speakers like the deaf, secrecy in coded transmission, artistic innovation in sound-based expression, and hypotheses about interspecies communication, as seen in Godwin's speculative bird-inspired models.

Constructed Musical Languages

Solresol and Its Variants

, the pioneering constructed musical language, was invented by the French composer and music teacher Jean-François Sudre in 1817, with its first public demonstration occurring in 1827. Sudre continued developing the language until his death in 1862, after which his widow, Marie-Josèphe Sudre, oversaw posthumous refinements and the publication of the seminal work Langue musicale universelle in 1866. This publication formalized the system's principles, drawing on Sudre's earlier experiments in universal communication through music. The phonology of Solresol is built entirely on the seven syllables of the scale—do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si—each representing a distinct pitch that functions as a . Words are constructed from combinations of 1 to 5 of these syllables, allowing for a finite yet expansive ; for instance, "do-re" signifies "to go," while longer sequences build more complex terms. The comprises 2,660 words, organized semantically by initial syllables (e.g., words starting with "do" relate to humans and their attributes), with meanings developed a priori but influenced by French. This structure limits the language to diatonic scales, avoiding chromatic alterations to maintain simplicity across musical traditions. Solresol's grammar emphasizes simplicity and universality, using a fixed subject-verb-object without verb conjugations or inflections for tense (indicated by particles like "do" for or "mi" for ) and moods. A key feature is that antonyms are formed by reversing the syllables of a word—for example, "fala" means "good," while "lafa" means "bad"—and is prefixed by "do." For instance, "dr mls dm" translates to "I love you" (dr = I, mls = love, dm = you). Its multimodal nature allows expression through speech, singing, manual signs, or colored flags corresponding to the seven notes ( for do, orange for re, etc.), making it adaptable for deaf users or non-vocal contexts. Variants of Solresol emerged to address limitations, particularly the restriction to seven notes. In the early , Polish scholar Boleslas Gajewski extended the system in his 1902 Grammaire du Solrésol, refining grammar and vocabulary while preserving the core structure, though without fully adopting chromatic scales. Later adaptations incorporated 12-tone chromatic extensions for broader musical compatibility, such as in experimental implementations that add semitones (e.g., do-di-re) to expand phonemic inventory. Modern digital variants include software and apps that translate MIDI inputs into Solresol sequences, facilitating learning and composition through interactive tools. The legacy of includes public demonstrations, such as Sudre's acclaimed performance at the 1855 Paris Exposition Universelle, where it received recognition for its innovative approach to international communication. It influenced 19th-century efforts in international auxiliary languages by demonstrating music's potential as a linguistic medium, as noted in scholarly analyses of projects. Today, small enthusiast communities—estimated at a few dozen active users—sustain interest through online resources like Sidosi.org, preserving texts and promoting digital experimentation despite limited adoption.

Other Constructed Examples

Beyond , several constructed musical languages have emerged in the 20th and 21st centuries, often designed for artistic expression, experimental communication, or integration with performance. These languages typically derive meaning from musical elements such as pitches, intervals, or modes, distinguishing them from purely phonetic systems. One prominent example is Kobaïan, created by French musician Christian Vander in the early 1970s for his band . Intended to evoke an alien narrative on the fictional planet Kobaïa, Kobaïan draws phonetic influences from Slavic and while emphasizing musical expressiveness through rhythmic and tonal chanting in minor keys. Its vocabulary consists of approximately 126 documented words, used primarily in song to convey emotional and thematic depth without strict grammatical rules, prioritizing sonic impact over . Vander described it as a tool to make music "as expressive as possible," with serving the band's style—a fusion of , classical, and elements. Nıbuzıgu, developed by conlang creator Henrik Theiling around 2007, represents a more structurally rigorous approach. This tonal language employs a 12-tone chromatic scale divided into seven morphotones (T, R, N, K, X, V, S) to mark grammatical constituents, such as verbs (T or K) or subjects (N or R), in a verb-final word order. Musical modes like Lydian for commands or Phrygian for questions determine clause mood, while syllables follow a consonant-vowel structure with limited phonemes (voiced consonants like b, d, g, and vowels a, ı, u). For instance, the sentence "Bäbū dǐhī dïgùhı nǐhugīnu dïdàa!" translates to "Give the book to the clerk!" using Lydian mode tones. Documentation is available through online conlang resources, though adoption remains niche. In 2009, composer Jackson Moore introduced Moss (also referred to as Maas in some contexts), a pidgin-inspired with a rooted in melodic intervals and shapes. Each of its roughly 120 words is a 2-to-4 note sequence, such as ascending thirds evoking vowel-like qualities or descending steps for , enabling simple agglutinative grammar for conversational exchanges. Designed for live performance, Moss facilitates "conversations" in settings, as demonstrated in Moore's 2015 album of the same name, where performers improvise dialogues using these motifs. The highlights parallels between music and speech, with basic focused on everyday concepts to lower barriers for non-musicians. Eaiea, proposed by Bruce Koestner in the early , extends musical expression to instruments and singers alike. Utilizing the full 12-note , it forms words through pitch sequences representing categories like (e.g., B for humans) or elements (e.g., C for nature), with prefixes (e.g., "aa" for pre-) and suffixes (e.g., "ff" for plural) modifying meaning. Examples include "aba" for "" or "Abcdefghijkl" for "," allowing dual vocal-instrumental use. Its supports complex ideas like "aagaefakk" (predetermined), though the tonal precision demands musical training. Limited to online documentation, Eaiea emphasizes emotional conveyance through . Lesser-documented examples include Domila, a 2000s forum-developed system with a pitch-accent structure for basic communication, and Sarus, another minor construction noted in conlang communities for interval-based vocabulary. These share a priori designs, where notes intrinsically generate semantics rather than mimicking natural languages, but face challenges like requiring accurate pitch production, which limits accessibility for non-musicians without notation aids.

Musically Influenced Languages

Natural and Tonal Influences

Tonal languages, which utilize pitch variations to distinguish lexical meanings, constitute approximately 60-70% of the world's languages. These languages are prevalent in regions such as , , and parts of the and Pacific. In such systems, the pitch contour assigned to a can alter word identity entirely; for instance, in , the syllable ma with a high level tone means "" (mā), while with a falling tone it means "scold" (mà). Similarly, Yoruba, a Niger-Congo language spoken primarily in , employs three tones—high, mid, and low—to differentiate meanings, as seen in words like ọkọ (high-low tone: "husband") versus ọkọ́ (high-high tone: "hoe"). The pitch contours in tonal languages often parallel musical melodies, with rising, falling, or level patterns mimicking melodic lines in songs. Linguistic research from the has demonstrated that speakers of tonal languages exhibit enhanced perception of al pitch compared to non-tonal language speakers, suggesting a bidirectional influence where tonal experience sharpens auditory processing for both language and . For example, studies using psychophysical tasks have shown that Mandarin speakers outperform English speakers in discriminating subtle pitch differences in melodies, attributing this to lifelong exposure to lexical tones that function analogously to musical notes. In non-tonal languages, prosodic features such as intonation and rhythm provide musical-like inflections without altering lexical meaning. Intonation patterns, which involve pitch rises and falls, convey grammatical or emotional information; in English, for instance, a rising intonation at the end of a sentence typically signals a question, creating a melodic arc similar to a musical phrase. Rhythm in these languages manifests through stress timing and syllable duration, particularly in poetry and song, where metrical feet organize sounds into patterned cadences that evoke musical flow, as in iambic pentameter where unstressed-stressed alternations produce a heartbeat-like pulse. Whistled variants of natural languages represent adaptations that preserve these tonal and prosodic elements for long-distance communication. , a whistled register of Spanish used on in the , translates spoken intonation and vowel qualities into pitch variations and durations, maintaining the melodic contours of the underlying language to convey messages across valleys. This system, historically employed by shepherds, demonstrates how prosodic "music" can be abstracted into pure tones while retaining semantic fidelity. Evolutionary theories posit that musical elements in language may trace back to proto-linguistic stages, where gesture-to-sound transitions incorporated proto-musical calls. , in his 1871 work The Descent of Man, hypothesized that music preceded articulate speech, serving as an instinctual through which early humans expressed emotions via song-like vocalizations, potentially aiding social bonding and mate attraction before developing into differentiated linguistic tones. This view aligns with later speculations that tonal systems evolved from such melodic precursors, bridging , music, and modern prosody.

Artificial and Artistic Influences

One prominent example of a constructed musical language influenced by artistic intent is Hymmnos, developed by composer Akira Tsuchiya for the series spanning 2006 to 2010. This language integrates emotion-based phonemes, where phonetic elements directly evoke feelings through song-like incantations, allowing speakers or singers to convey affective states as part of the utterance. Its grammar employs melodic "fields"—structured patterns of pitch and —to encode semantics, enabling complex expressions within a song-magic framework central to the game's narrative. Hymmnos features a drawn from diverse sources including English, Latin, Japanese, and , and it is prominently featured in the series' soundtracks to enhance immersive, emotive performances. Experimental hybrids between music and language have further explored these boundaries, notably in John Cage's 1950s compositions that treat spoken elements as melodic material. In works like Speech (1955), Cage instructed performers to read newspaper articles aloud while tuning radios, transforming prosaic discourse into a polyphonic soundscape where verbal rhythms and intonations function as improvised melody. This approach blurred linguistic and musical domains, emphasizing chance operations to reveal inherent sonic qualities in everyday speech. In the 2020s, AI tools have extended such experiments by generating "song languages"—synthetic vocalizations and melodies derived from textual prompts. For instance, Google's MusicLM model, released in 2023, produces high-fidelity audio tracks up to 24 kHz, including sung phrases in novel styles, by training on vast music-text datasets to mimic linguistic prosody in musical form. As of 2025, tools like Google's Music AI Sandbox build on this by enabling musicians to generate loops from prompts in collaborative environments. Artistic constructed languages often draw from and atonal traditions to prioritize expressive over conventional syntax. Influences from atonal music appear in poetry slams, where performers layer dissonant vocal contours onto , creating hybrid forms that echo musical intervals in linguistic delivery. Phonetic-melodic mapping systems exemplify this, assigning vowel-consonant pairs to specific pitches or intervals; for example, a might denote grammatical agreement markers, allowing utterances to resonate harmonically while carrying semantic weight. Such mappings facilitate experimental communication where prosody reinforces meaning, as seen in conceptual designs for artistic performance. Cultural precedents like African griot traditions provide foundational inspiration for these modern fusions, blending tonal speech with chanted narration. Griots, or jeliw, in West Africa's serve as oral historians and musicians, reciting epics such as the Sunjata through accompanied storytelling on instruments like the kora, where tonal inflections merge seamlessly with melodic lines to preserve and adapt cultural narratives. This integration of tone and chant has influenced contemporary works, including fusions in international kora performances by artists like , who incorporate traditional griot elements into global music genres.

Applications and Cultural Impact

Practical and Communicative Uses

Musical languages have been employed for , particularly benefiting deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals through non-auditory transmission methods. , for instance, supports tactile communication via and touch, allowing users to convey its seven syllables (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si) through physical contact on the body, as envisioned by early proponents to aid "deaf-mutes." In modern contexts, haptic feedback applications from the 2020s, such as vibrotactile interfaces for deafblind users, echo these principles by converting auditory or melodic signals into touch, though not always tied directly to constructed musical systems. For distance and secrecy, whistled forms of musical communication have proven effective in challenging environments. In hunting cultures, prehistoric hunter-gatherers in the crafted bone aerophones from waterfowl remains around 10,000 BCE to imitate raptor calls, likely for symbolic or purposes, demonstrating early musical . Similarly, during , the Australian military recruited speakers of whistled languages like Wam from to transmit coded messages over radio, confounding Japanese intercepts by adapting tonal melodies into secure signals. These adaptations highlight whistled musical codes' utility in secretive, long-range exchanges, blending natural birdcall imitations with structured communication. As an , embodied François Sudre's 19th-century vision of a universal system accessible across cultures via familiar musical notes, gestures, colors, and numbers, aiming to bridge linguistic divides without reliance on any national tongue. Despite demonstrations attended by luminaries like and initial enthusiasm, it failed to gain widespread adoption after Sudre's death in , overshadowed by emerging constructed languages. Technological integrations have revitalized musical languages for contemporary use. MIDI interfaces now enable direct input of by mapping musical notes to its syllables in real-time, facilitating translation between the language and natural ones like English through software tools. AI advancements, such as Google's 2023 MusicLM model, convert speech-like inputs (e.g., or ) into structured melodies guided by text prompts, offering prototypes for translating into musical forms akin to constructed systems. Today, musical languages sustain small but dedicated online communities, with enthusiasts active on platforms like and , where users practice translation and grammar. In education, melodic tools inspired by such languages appear in music , enhancing communication and for individuals with disabilities by leveraging and pitch to build expressive skills.

Influence in Arts and Performance

Musical languages have profoundly influenced music composition by enabling creators to forge immersive, otherworldly narratives and mystical expressions through integrated linguistic and sonic elements. The French band , active since the 1970s, exemplifies this through their Kobaïan, which permeates albums like Mëkanïk Dëstriktion (1973), serving as a tool for world-building in their sci-fi mythology and allowing lyrics to blend seamlessly with zeuhl-style rhythms for a fully alien aesthetic. Similarly, 12th-century composer and visionary Hildegard von Bingen developed the , an invented mystical language with over 1,000 words and a unique script, which complemented her groundbreaking chants in works like Symphonia armonie celestium revelationum, functioning as a proto-musical language where melodic lines and neologisms evoked divine visions and spiritual semantics. In performance arts, musical languages enhance dramatic expression by embedding semantic content within melodic structures, transforming librettos into carriers of depth. Richard Wagner's operas, particularly the Ring Cycle (1876), employ leitmotifs—recurring musical themes tied to characters, objects, or ideas—as semantic carriers that convey psychological and plot developments through tonal syntax, allowing music to function as a linguistic layer beyond spoken words. Contemporary theater adaptations often incorporate tonal dialogue to heighten emotional resonance, as seen in experimental productions that layer rhythmic and melodic inflections over spoken text, drawing from styles to encode community voices in a musically influenced syntax. Interdisciplinary fusions of musical languages extend their reach into visual and kinetic arts, where sound and form translate linguistic concepts into sensory experiences. In the , sound artist created installations that translate textual notations and found objects into ambient sound sculptures, mapping words to pitches and rhythms to produce evolving sonic landscapes that evoke narrative without conventional speech. In , movement frequently encodes "words" through rhythmic patterns, as performers use precise beats and phrasing to convey semantic units—such as emotional states or story elements—mirroring musical language structures, evident in contemporary works where synchronizes with non-verbal sonic cues to build communicative sequences. The educational impact of musical languages is notable in therapeutic applications, particularly programs employing Solresol-like systems that leverage and for language recovery. Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT), a structured approach using sung phrases and rhythmic repetition, has demonstrated efficacy in improving and repetition in patients post-stroke; systematic reviews of studies from 2015 to 2024 confirm significant gains in verbal output and functional communication, with meta-analyses showing moderate to large effect sizes in non-fluent cases. Modern trends highlight the integration of musical languages in electronic and festival performances, where constructed lexicons craft "lyrical melodies" for immersive experiences. Groups like , performing at events such as , employ a reconstructed in their ritualistic sets, blending ancient-inspired vocals with electronic and percussive elements to encode mythic narratives, influencing EDM-adjacent scenes at gatherings like for heightened sensory and cultural immersion.

Representations in Fiction

In Literature and Games

In China Miéville's Embassytown (2011), the Ariekei aliens employ a hyperlinguistic communication system requiring simultaneous utterances from two mouths to form similes, rendering lies impossible and intertwining language with as a performative act. This constructed mode serves as a to explore and human-alien contact, where the introduction of ambiguity disrupts Ariekei society, propelling the narrative toward crisis and adaptation. In video games, the series (2006–2010) integrates the constructed Hymmnos language, a emotion-conveying dialect derived from ancient shamanic chants, to power magical hymnsnos that advance the storyline and gameplay mechanics, such as summoning and world-alteration through sung invocations. Similarly, The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild (2017) features Korok songs and distinctive vocalizations as interactive puzzle elements, where players interpret the forest spirits' melodic calls and chants to uncover hidden seeds and navigate environmental challenges. Comics and graphic novels also employ musical languages for world-building, as in Alan Moore's Promethea (1999–2005), where Enochian-inspired incantations blend into musical compositions to invoke mystical realms, with characters reciting rhythmic spells that draw on angelic tongues to propel heroic journeys and metaphysical revelations. Thematically, musical languages in literature and games often symbolize universality, positioning sound as a transcendent medium that transcends verbal barriers, while simultaneously evoking alienation by underscoring incommensurable cultural perceptions in speculative worlds. They critique language barriers in science fiction by illustrating how melodic structures can either foster connection or exacerbate isolation, as non-human modes challenge human-centric assumptions about communication. Fan communities extend these concepts through constructed languages, such as melodic scripts inspired by (2015), where enthusiasts develop conlangs like Voidspeak to encode narrative motifs from the game's chiptune-heavy , enriching and experiences with auditory .

In Music and

In the 1977 science fiction Close Encounters of the Third Kind, directed by , extraterrestrial beings communicate with humans using a sequence of five musical tones derived from the pitches D, E, C, C, G♭ (re, mi, do, do, fa♭ in movable-do assuming ). This tonal system serves as a , enabling first contact at , where scientists and civilians replicate the on synthesizers and other instruments to signal peaceful intentions to the alien mothership. The film's climax features a reciprocal exchange of musical phrases between humans and aliens, underscoring music's role as a non-verbal bridge across species. The musical communication in Close Encounters resembles , a 19th-century invented by French musician Jean-François Sudré, which encodes words using the seven syllables (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si) that can be sung, whistled, or played. Spielberg incorporated elements resembling to lend authenticity to the aliens' "language," transforming abstract signals intercepted from space into playable melodies that convey coordinates and greetings. This representation popularized the concept of musical languages in popular media, portraying them as intuitive tools for interstellar diplomacy rather than mere sound effects. Beyond film, musical languages like have influenced contemporary compositions. In 2024, composer Anna Skryleva premiered Mirror for and with the Magdeburg Philharmonic, where the soprano's vocal line encodes a "mirror poem" entirely in , with each note forming decipherable words from Sudré's . The piece explores themes of reflection and universality, using the language's melodic structure to blend linguistic meaning with orchestral texture, demonstrating 's potential in modern art music.

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  69. https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/close-encounters-third-kind-alien-language-communication
  70. https://www.annaskryleva.com/compositions/
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