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Various measures of paper quantity have been and are in use. Although there are no S.I. units such as quires or bales, there are ISO[1] and DIN[2] standards for the ream. Expressions used here include U.S. Customary Units.

Units

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Writing paper measurements
25 sheets = 1 quire[3][4]
500 sheets = 20 quires = 1 ream[4][5]
1,000 sheets = 40 quires = 2 reams = 1 bundle[4]
5,000 sheets = 200 quires = 10 reams = 5 bundles = 1 bale[4]
200,000 sheets = 8,000 quires = 400 reams = 200 bundles = 40 bales = 1 pallet[4]
"Short" paper measurements[6]
24 sheets = 1 "short" quire
480 sheets = 20 "short" quires = 1 "short" ream
960 sheets = 40 "short" quires = 2 "short" reams = 1 "short" bundle
4,800 sheets = 200 "short" quires = 10 "short" reams = 5 "short" bundles = 1 "short" bale
Posters and printing measurements[citation needed]
516 sheets (= 21⁠1/2⁠ "short" quires) = 1 printer's ream[7]
1,032 sheets = 2 printer's reams = 1 printer's bundle
5,160 sheets = 5 printer's bundles = 1 printer's bale
Cover and index paper
250 sheets = 1 ream[8]

Quire

[edit]

A quire of paper is a measure of paper quantity. The usual meaning is 25 sheets of the same size and quality: 1⁄20 of a ream of 500 sheets. Quires of 25 sheets are often used for machine-made paper, while quires of 24 sheets are often used for handmade or specialised paper of 480-sheet reams. (As an old UK and US measure, in some sources, a quire was originally 24 sheets.[9]) Quires of 15, 18 or 20 sheets have also been used, depending on the type of paper.

Etymology

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The current word quire derives from Old English quair or guaer, from Old French quayer, cayer, (cf. modern French cahier), from Latin quaternum, 'by fours', 'fourfold'. Later, when bookmaking switched to using paper and it became possible to easily stitch 5 to 7 sheets at a time, the association of quaire with four was quickly lost.

History

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In the Middle Ages, a quire (also called a "gathering") was most often formed of four folded sheets of vellum or parchment, i.e. eight leaves or folios, 16 sides. The term quaternion (or sometimes quaternum) designates such a quire. A quire made of a single folded sheet (i.e. two leaves, four sides) is a bifolium (plural bifolia); a binion is a quire of two sheets (i.e. four leaves, 8 sides); and a quinion is five sheets (ten leaves, 20 sides). This last meaning is preserved in the modern Italian term for quire, quinterno di carta.

Formerly, when paper was packed at the paper mill, the top and bottom quires were made up of slightly damaged sheets ("outsides") to protect the good quires ("insides"). These outside quires were known as cassie quires (from French cassée, 'broken'), or "cording quires" and had only 20 sheets to the quire.[10] The printer Philip Luckombe in a book published in 1770 mentions both 24- and 25-sheet quires; he also details printer's wastage, and the sorting and recycling of damaged cassie quires.[11] An 1826 French manual on typography complained that cording quires (usually containing some salvageable paper) from the Netherlands barely contained a single good sheet.[12][Note 1]

It also became the name for any booklet small enough to be made from a single quire of paper. Simon Winchester, in The Surgeon of Crowthorne, cites a specific number, defining quire as "a booklet eight pages thick." Several European words for quire keep the meaning of "book of paper": German Papierbuch, Danish bog papir, Dutch bock papier.

In blankbook binding, quire is a term indicating 80 pages.

Ream

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"Reams" redirects here. For the surname, see Reams (surname).
15 reams of paper

A ream of paper is a quantity of sheets of the same size and quality. International standards organizations define the ream as 500 identical sheets.[1][2][Note 2] This ream of 500 sheets (20 quires of 25 sheets) is also known as a "long" ream, and is gradually replacing the old value of 480 sheets, now known as a "short" ream. Reams of 472 and 516 sheets are still current,[13] but in retail outlets paper is typically sold in reams of 500. As an old UK and US unit, a perfect ream was equal to 516 sheets.[9]

Certain types of specialist papers such as tissue paper, greaseproof paper, handmade paper, and blotting paper are still sold (especially in the UK) in "short" reams of 480 sheets (20 quires of 24 sheets). However, the commercial use of the word "ream" for quantities of paper other than 500 is now deprecated by such standards as ISO 4046.[1] In Europe, the DIN 6730 standard for Paper and Board includes a definition of 1 ream of A4 80 gsm (80 g/m2) paper equals 500 sheets.[2]

Etymology

[edit]

The word "ream" derives from Old French reyme, from Spanish resma, from Arabic rizmah 'bundle' (of paper), from rasama, 'collect into a bundle', reflecting the Moors having brought the manufacture of cotton paper to Spain. The early variant rym (late 15c.) suggests a Dutch influence.[14] (cf. Dutch riem), probably during the time of Spanish Habsburg control of the Netherlands.

History

[edit]

The number of sheets in a ream has varied locally over the centuries, often according to the size and type of paper being sold. Reams of 500 sheets (20 quires of 25 sheets) were known in England in c. 1594;[15] in 1706 a ream was defined as 20 quires, either 24 or 25 sheets to the quire.[16] In 18th- and 19th-century Europe, the size of the ream varied widely. In Lombardy a ream of music paper was 450 or 480 sheets; in Britain, Holland and Germany a ream of 480 sheets was common; in the Veneto it was more frequently 500. Some paper manufacturers counted 546 sheets (21 quires of 26 sheets).[17] J. S. Bach's manuscript paper at Weimar was ordered by the ream of 480 sheets.[18] In 1840, a ream in Lisbon was 17 (25-sheet) quires and three sheets = 428 sheets, and a double ream was 18 (24-sheet) quires and two sheets = 434 sheets; and in Bremen, blotting or packing paper was sold in reams of 300 (20 quires of 15 sheets).[19] A mid-19th century Milanese-Italian dictionary has an example for a risma (ream) as being either 450 or 480 sheets.[20]

In the UK, prior to 1922, the following definitions of "ream" were in use:[21]

  • 472 sheets: a ream size for hand‑made paper only, called "mill ream" (containing 18 short quires of 24 sheets of "insides" (paper without manufacturing defects),[22] and two cording quires of 20 sheets of "outsides" (paper with serious manufacturing defects))[22][23]
  • 480 sheets (then the standard ream size): a ream of paper was 480 sheets unless otherwise specified (a 480‑sheet ream consists of 20 quires of 24 sheets (a 24‑sheet quire is now called "short quires"); such a ream was also called "stationer's ream"[24] and it is now called "short ream"); for hand‑made paper, an "insides ream" (containing either "inside" paper or retree paper (paper with minor manufacturing defects)),[25] as opposed to mill ream, is 480 sheets
  • 500 sheets: the definition of "ream" for newspaper paper (20 quires of 25 sheets; now also called "long ream")
  • 504 sheets: the definition of "ream" for envelope paper (21 short quires)
  • 516 sheets: the definition of "ream" for printing paper (21⁠1/2⁠ short quires; also called "perfect ream" or "printer's ream")[24]

The UK paper industry began to use the following revised definitions of "ream" on 1 January 1922:[26]

  • 500 sheets: for all machine‑made writing paper and printing paper (paper other than wrapping paper or similar paper)
  • 480 sheets: for wrapping paper or similar paper, as well as insides reams of hand‑made paper
  • 472 sheets: for mill reams of hand‑made paper

Since the late 20th century, the 500-sheet ream has become the de facto international standard.

Bundle

[edit]

A paper bundle is a quantity of sheets of paper, currently standardized as 1,000 sheets. A bundle consists of two reams or 40 quires. As an old UK and US measure, it was previously equal to 960 sheets.[9]

When referring to chipboard, there are two standards in the US. In general, a package of approximately 50 pounds of chipboard is called a bundle. Thus, a bundle of 22 point chipboard (0.022" thick) 24" × 38", with each sheet weighing 0.556 pounds, contains 90 sheets. However, chipboard sold in size 11" × 17" and smaller is packaged and sold as bundles of 25 pounds.

Bale

[edit]

A paper bale is a quantity of sheets of paper, currently standardized as 5,000 sheets. A bale consists of five bundles, ten reams or 200 quires.[27] As an old UK and US measure, it was previously equal to 4800 sheets.[9]

See also

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Explanatory notes

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References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Units of paper quantity

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Units of paper quantity refer to standardized measures used in the paper industry to quantify batches of sheets, with the ream serving as the fundamental unit defined as 500 identical sheets of the same size and quality. These units facilitate , , and distribution by providing consistent nomenclature for bulk quantities, evolving from medieval practices to modern international standards. Historically, the quire emerged as a basic subdivision, originally comprising 24 sheets in medieval , derived from folding techniques where four sheets formed eight leaves for . Over time, the quire standardized to 25 sheets in many contexts, making a ream equivalent to 20 quires for a total of 500 sheets, as adopted in contemporary usage to align with machine-made paper production. This shift from 480 sheets (20 quires of 24) to 500 reflects practical adjustments for uniformity in the and writing trades during the . Larger units build upon the ream for commercial purposes: a bundle typically contains 1,000 sheets or two reams, while a bale encompasses 5,000 sheets or ten reams, often used for shipping and storage in the pulp and sector. Variations exist for specialty papers, such as printer's reams of 516 sheets to account for waste in folding processes, but the 500-sheet ream remains the global benchmark under ISO 4046. These measures ensure efficiency in an industry where global and production reached around 420 million metric tons as of 2023, underscoring their role in global supply chains.

Overview

Definitions and Hierarchy

Units of paper quantity refer to traditional, non-metric systems employed in the to count and package sheets, distinguishing them from measurements focused on weight or dimensional . These units provide a standardized way to quantify in bulk, independent of or area, and are rooted in practices that ensure consistency across production, distribution, and sales. At the foundation of this system is the sheet, defined as a single flat piece of produced to uniform specifications of size and quality, serving as the indivisible basic element in all higher units. The hierarchy builds upward from the quire, the smallest common aggregation of sheets, typically involving folding or stacking a modest number to form a manageable subunit suitable for initial processing or binding. Multiple quires then constitute a ream, a standard package that establishes the reference for paper grading and basis weight calculations in the industry. Progressing to larger scales, a bundle comprises multiple reams, enabling practical grouping for intermediate storage and transport, while a bale represents the largest common unit as a compressed, bound stack of multiple bundles designed for efficient long-distance shipping and warehousing. This nested structure—sheet to quire to ream to bundle to bale—streamlines in and by allowing scalable packaging that minimizes handling inefficiencies and supports standardized commercial exchanges.

Role in Paper Industry

In the paper and printing sectors, units such as the ream and bale serve as fundamental tools for , enabling precise tracking of stock levels through standardized counts of sheets. For instance, printers and suppliers often by complete reams of 500 sheets, billing customers accordingly to minimize partial usage and streamline ordering processes. Similarly, larger units like bundles (1,000 sheets) and bales (5,000 sheets) facilitate bulk storage and retrieval in warehouses, where scales are used to verify quantities and integrate with systems. Pricing in these industries relies heavily on these units to establish consistent costs, with ream-wrapped sheets forming the basis for nominal calculations in contracts, ensuring equitable transactions based on delivered quantities. Bales, as packages, allow for efficient quoting per unit, incorporating tolerances for deviations to balance supplier and buyer risks without disrupting commerce. In shipping, these units optimize by compressing volumes—such as bundling 10 reams into a bale—for cost-effective palletization and global distribution, reducing handling expenses in supply chains. The economic impact of these standardized units is profound, as they minimize waste through uniform packaging that prevents overproduction or mismatched orders, while enabling seamless international trade by providing a common language for quantity specification. In modern contexts, such as the office supplies sector, bales offer significant bulk purchase savings, with a single bale equivalent to 10 reams often priced at a discount for high-volume buyers. The publishing industry benefits similarly, using reams for press runs to align sheet counts with binding needs, and the packaging sector employs bales for transporting corrugated materials efficiently. These quantity-focused units interface with other metrics like (grams per square meter) primarily through verification processes, where a ream is weighed to confirm paper without altering the core sheet-count basis for and handling. This separation ensures that quantity standards remain sheet-oriented, supporting scalability from small-scale to large-scale exports.

Historical Development

Origins in Medieval Papermaking

Paper production reached through the Islamic world during the 11th and 12th centuries, primarily via trade routes and conquests in the , where Muslim scholars and artisans introduced techniques refined from Chinese origins. The Arabs had established in regions like by the 8th century and further disseminated the craft westward, leading to the construction of Europe's earliest known paper mills in , , around 1151, under Moorish influence. These mills marked the initial European adoption of water-powered production methods, transitioning from imported sheets to local manufacturing and facilitating the spread to by the late . In the context of handmade paper production, early European papermakers adopted the quire as a basic unit for organizing sheets, folding and gathering them into small groups of four to eight leaves to mimic the structure of bound manuscripts. By the second half of the , quires of from Spanish mills, particularly , were exported to and , indicating the rapid integration of this grouping method into the nascent paper trade for practical handling and storage. This approach allowed artisans to produce and distribute in manageable batches suited to the labor-intensive process of dipping molds into pulp vats and pressing individual sheets. The concept of the quire drew heavily from longstanding and traditions in European manuscript production, where animal skins were similarly cut, folded, and nested into quires to form codices, ensuring uniformity in binding and writing. As gained traction in the 13th century, particularly in and , these inherited practices transitioned to paper-specific measures, adapting the quire to accommodate the thinner, more flexible material while maintaining the folded gathering as a standard for and scribe usability. A pivotal development occurred with the establishment of paper mills in Fabriano, , around 1276, the first documented in the region and among the earliest in , which helped standardize small-batch quantities through innovations in watermarking and for consistent sheet quality. These mills, leveraging proximity to Adriatic ports, produced paper in quire units that supported the growing demand for writing materials in monastic and scholarly circles, laying the groundwork for larger-scale units in subsequent eras.

Evolution Through the Industrial Era

The invention of Johannes Gutenberg's movable-type printing press around 1450 dramatically increased the demand for across , transforming it from a luxury material into a commodity essential for mass-produced and documents. Prior to this innovation, production was limited by manual processes, but the press required vast quantities—up to three reams (1,500 sheets) per press per day—to support the rapid dissemination of knowledge during the . This surge in consumption elevated the ream, traditionally comprising 20 quires of 24 or 25 sheets, as the primary unit for , facilitating bulk transactions between mills and printers in burgeoning urban centers like and . By the 18th and 19th centuries, variations in ream sizes emerged to accommodate the practicalities of and folding techniques, reflecting regional and functional differences in usage. The printer's ream standardized at 500 sheets became common for general production, while the perfect ream consisted of 516 sheets (21½ quires of 24 sheets each), incorporating extra sheets to account for damaged wrappers or spoilage during folding into formats like quartos or folios. These adjustments arose from the need to mitigate losses in hand-folding processes, where outer quires often bore the brunt of handling and transport wear, ensuring printers received usable quantities despite imperfections in handmade . The further revolutionized paper production, with the establishment of the first steam-powered in in 1807 enabling continuous manufacturing via machines like the Fourdrinier, which dramatically scaled output from a few reams per day to hundreds. This mechanization, powered by steam engines, reduced costs and supported in print media, but it also necessitated larger aggregation units such as bundles (2 reams) and bales (10 reams or 5 bundles, equating to 5,000 sheets) to streamline transport across expanding rail and shipping networks. In the late , efforts toward uniformity in units gained momentum amid intensifying colonial trade between the and , where inconsistent quantities hindered international commerce in raw and finished products. Influenced by imperial standards and growing exports to colonies, both nations moved toward the 500-sheet ream as a benchmark by the , with bales standardized at 5,000 sheets to facilitate efficient warehousing and shipping, laying the groundwork for 20th-century global norms.

Core Units

Quire

A quire is a small group of uniform sheets of or , typically folded together to facilitate binding or storage in book production. In the context of paper quantity, it serves as the basic unit for organizing sheets before assembly into larger quantities like reams. With the transition to in , this increased to 24 sheets to allow for even folding into signatures suitable for and binding. By the , the standard shifted to 25 sheets in many regions, particularly for , while maintaining compatibility with trade units like the 500-sheet ream (20 quires).

Ream

A ream serves as a primary trade unit in the paper industry, defined as a standard pack of sheets prepared for commercial sale, originally consisting of 20 quires totaling 480 sheets. This unit facilitated efficient packaging and distribution, with quires being small groups of folded sheets bound together (as detailed in the Quire section). Over time, reams scaled into larger bundles for bulk transport (as detailed in the Bundle section). Historical inconsistencies in ream composition arose due to regional practices and allowances for waste. In many areas, the short ream comprised exactly 480 sheets, reflecting 20 quires of 24 sheets each. However, the perfect ream extended to 516 sheets—equivalent to 21½ quires—to incorporate extra paper for printing spoilage, outer protective wrappers, and trimming losses. These variations ensured practicality in trade, though they complicated across . In modern usage, the ream is standardized to 500 sheets (20 quires of 25 sheets each) under ISO 4046. In early printing operations, reams provided the foundational unit for job and cost estimation. Printers in 17th-century , for instance, purchased by the ream from importers and mills, using it to calculate production runs and negotiate with stationers; a typical order might involve multiple reams of foolscap or demy paper wrapped for protection during shipping from continental suppliers. This system supported the burgeoning trade, where ream quantities directly influenced press efficiency and output pricing.

Larger Units

Bundle

A bundle represents an intermediate bulk unit in the quantification of , typically comprising two reams or 1,000 sheets bound together to facilitate handling and transport. This configuration, equivalent to 40 quires of 25 sheets each, served as a practical aggregation for in the , building upon the standard ream while forming a component of larger units like bales. This practice addressed the vulnerabilities of loose or singly wrapped reams to , abrasion, and shifting during overland or , enhancing efficiency in the growing distribution networks. Physically, bundles were often secured by wrapping in coarse, thick —known as maculature in continental traditions—or bound with to maintain cohesion and protect contents.

Bale

A bale represents the largest traditional unit of paper quantity, functioning as a large compressed package optimized for international shipping and long-term storage. It typically comprises five bundles or ten reams, equivalent to 5,000 sheets of . This structure allows for efficient handling of bulk while protecting the sheets from damage during transit. Variations exist depending on paper type and region. The bale's development traces to the , when it became essential for sea transport of , with sheets compressed using mechanical presses to resist moisture exposure on extended voyages. In Genoa's industry during this period, production was quantified and compensated in bales; for instance, workers received payment of eight lire per bale, and 400 cantare of rags yielded 300 bales of finished . This packaging method supported the growing European trade amid rising demand from presses. In 19th-century trade, bale weights varied by region and paper type to suit shipping needs. These specifications balanced portability with volume for global . The British paper duties were repealed in , ending taxation that had previously influenced packaging practices.

Etymology

Quire and Ream

The term "quire" originates from the Latin quaterni, meaning "sets of four," which evolved through quaier or quaer to denote a group of four sheets of or folded together to form a signature, typically yielding eight leaves for purposes. This etymology reflects the medieval practice of folding sheets into compact units suitable for into manuscripts, where the "fourfold" structure facilitated efficient production. By the , as expanded in and quires shifted from folded gatherings in parchment-based to unfolded stacks of sheets, the term "quire" transitioned from referring to a small bound booklet or to a standardized count of loose sheets, often 24 or 25, to accommodate the demands of and larger-scale production. In English usage, the spelling evolved from the "quair" to the modern "quire" by the late , stabilizing amid broader orthographic reforms that distinguished it from homophones like "" while preserving its application to quantities. The term "ream," denoting a larger bundle of quires, derives from the Arabic rizmah, meaning "bundle," transmitted through Spanish resma and Old French raime during the introduction of papermaking techniques to Europe by Moorish artisans in 12th-century Spain. This linguistic path underscores the influence of Islamic papermaking traditions, where sheets were bundled for trade and transport, a practice that entered European commerce via Al-Andalus and gradually standardized the ream as 20 quires.

Bundle and Bale

The term "bundle" as a unit of paper quantity originates from "bundel," denoting a bound collection of items, which derives from "bundel" and is akin to "byndele," a of "bindan" meaning to bind, emphasizing tied groups without specific ties to . This general for bundled goods entered English usage by the late , reflecting broader practices in trade for securing miscellaneous items like fabrics or tools. Similarly, "bale" stems from "bale" or "balle," signifying a package or round bundle, borrowed from "bala" and ultimately from Proto-Germanic "*balō," evoking a swollen or ball-shaped mass of compressed material, with records of its application to goods dating to the . The word's roots in Frankish "*balla" highlight its association with rounded, tightly packed loads suitable for transport, predating any specialized use in . In the , these everyday trade and shipping terms were adapted for in European , appearing in ledgers to denote larger aggregations that set bulk shipments apart from finer units like quires. For instance, Genoese records from the period document transactions in bales, often equivalent to substantial weights for overseas , underscoring the shift from generic to industry-specific quantification. This adoption facilitated efficient accounting in burgeoning markets across and northern Europe. Linguistically, "bale" exemplifies cross-commodity versatility, as seen in its 18th-century extension to cotton trade, where the first documented shipments of American cotton to in 1785 were measured in bales, revealing shared origins in handling compressible bulk goods.

Modern Usage and Standards

Standardized Quantities and Conversions

In contemporary paper production and trade, the quire is standardized as a unit containing 25 sheets of identical size and quality. This definition aligns with international terminology established by the (ISO). The ream, a fundamental unit in paper quantification, comprises 500 sheets, corresponding to 20 quires. This 500-sheet ream has been the globally accepted standard since the early 20th century, as codified in ISO 4046 and reinforced by European norms such as DIN 6730, which specifies a ream of A4 80 g/m² as exactly 500 sheets. Larger units build upon the ream for bulk handling. A bundle is defined as 1,000 sheets, equivalent to 2 reams or 40 quires. A bale consists of 5,000 sheets, or 5 bundles, 10 reams, or 200 quires, facilitating efficient shipping and storage in the industry. Conversions between these units follow straightforward proportional relationships based on their fixed sheet counts. For instance, the total number of sheets in quires is given by sheets = quires × 25, while reams = sheets / 500. Similarly, bundles = sheets / 1,000 and bales = sheets / 5,000. These equations enable precise scaling for inventory and logistics without variation across standard applications.

Variations and Additional Packaging Units

While the standard ream consists of 500 sheets across most modern contexts, variations exist in specialized applications. In archival and production, a short ream of 480 sheets is commonly used, particularly for lightweight materials like 24x36-inch tissue where the reduced count aligns with handling and storage needs in preservation settings. Proposals to align paper quantities with metric standards in the mid-20th century ultimately retained the 500-sheet ream, as codified in ISO 4046, which defines a ream as a pack of 500 identical sheets to maintain compatibility with global printing and practices. Beyond traditional reams, larger packaging units facilitate distribution in commercial settings. A case typically contains 10 reams or 5,000 sheets, serving as a standard unit in supply chains for bulk of letter-size copy . For warehouse shipping, a often holds 40 cases in the United States, equating to 400 reams or 200,000 sheets, while configurations in the may range from 20 boxes of 5 reams each (100 reams total) to larger loads depending on supplier logistics. Regionally, the and maintain uniformity with 500-sheet reams for most writing and printing papers, but some Asian markets, particularly in , employ 480-sheet reams for newsprint to accommodate local presses and cost efficiencies in production. In modern adaptations, laser printer packs frequently consist of 250 sheets—effectively a half-ream—to suit home and small office usage, reducing overstock and waste in environments. Since the 2000s, eco-packaging initiatives have driven reductions in overall material use, such as lighter wrappers and recyclable banding for reams, aligning with broader goals in the paper industry without altering core sheet counts.

References

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  48. https://www.officedepot.com/a/products/348037/Office-Depot-Brand-Multi-Use-Printer/
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  51. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590289X20300086
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