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The Tabularium, behind the corner columns of the Temple of Vespasian and Titus

Key Information

The Tabularium was the official records office of ancient Rome and housed the offices of many city officials. Situated within the Roman Forum,[1] it was on the front slope of the Capitoline Hill, below the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, to the southeast of the Arx.

Within the building were the remains of the Temple of Veiovis. In front of it were the Temples of Vespasian and Concord, as well as the Rostra and the rest of the forum. Presently the Tabularium is only accessible from within the Capitoline Museums, although it still provides a panoramic view over the forum.

The construction of the Tabularium was ordered around 78 BC by the dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla.[2] The building was completed by Quintus Lutatius Catulus Capitolinus, consul in 78 BC. This was part of a public works programme for the redevelopment of the Capitoline Hill, which had been damaged by a fire in 83 BC.[3] The construction by Catulus is not mentioned in the ancient literature. It is known through an inscription.[4]

Architecture

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The building itself had a facade of peperino and travertine blocks. The interior vaults are of concrete.[citation needed]

Its great corridor, 67 m (220 ft) long, raised 15 m (49 ft) above the forum on a massive substructure, is still partly preserved. This corridor was lighted through a series of arches divided by semi-detached columns of the Doric order, the earliest example of this class of decoration, which is in the Theatre of Marcellus, the Colosseum, and all the great amphitheatres throughout the Roman Empire, constituted the decorative treatment of the wall surface and gave scale to the structure.[1]

The facade faced the back of the Temple of Concord in the forum and consisted of three levels. The first story was a large and tall fortified wall with a single door and only small windows near the top to light the interior, forum level rooms. The second story featured a Doric arcade (partially preserved) and the third, no longer extant story, had a high Corinthian order colonnade.[citation needed] The upper floors of this structure were much changed in the 13th century, when the Palazzo dei Senatori was built.[1]

Some scholars, such as Filippo Coarelli, in the past, have suggested that the Tabularium itself is unattested to in any literary sources. Furthermore, its function and purpose has been the subject of debate. The unity of the main structure does however suggest that the building was at least initially conceived to serve a singular purpose. To illustrate the complexity of the building, Filippo Coarelli has stated that a particular annex of the Aerarium Saturni was constructed specifically to house metal ingots and minted Republican coins. Recent evidence, in the form of six military diplomas dated from 85 to 88 AD, confirms the existence of the Tabularium in its renowned form. Coarelli has suggested that the Tabularium can be dated precisely to 78 BC, although construction began many years prior and almost certainly prior to the death of Sulla. The building itself is in many ways intrinsically tied to the politics of Sulla, especially in regard to the temple substructure.

The structure was considered such an enduring masterpiece of late Republican architecture, that a funerary inscription for the architect, commissioned by Lutatius Catalus, was created and preserved in a courtyard of the hospital of the Fatebenefatelli, on Tiber island. The inscription reads as follows: "Lucius Cornelius, son of Lucius, of the Voturia tribe, chief engineer to Q. Lucius Catulus when he was consul, architect (to him) when he was censor."[5]

Modern scholarship

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Nicholas Purcell's article "Atrium Libertatis" is aligned with the view of contemporary historians regarding the epigraphic evidence once present within the Tabularium. In his detailed analysis of the now-lost inscriptions, Purcell makes clear that these inscriptions have compounded our misunderstanding of one of the largest, oldest and best-preserved buildings of the Roman Republic.[6]: 135 

The generic terms probatio of a substructio and a Tabularium were recorded by an early Renaissance antiquarian in that order. It is arguable that the identification of the so-called "Tabularium" is incorrect. Purcell draws our attention to the lack of archaeological and epigraphic knowledge on tabularia, suggesting that these inscriptions were not intended to be grandiose in scope, nor did they name the building,[6]: 140  which further reflects the prevailing credulity of the structure in question. Purcell's reference to the archaeological research conducted by Theodor Mommsen aligns with his argument and likely indicates that historians must set aside such misunderstandings reflected in the literary sources. As Mommsen stated quite rightly, that Tabularium may refer to any structure associated with administration.[6] Therefore, it is likely that the Tabularium in question, despite the sheer size fronting the Capitoline Hill, was one of many structures built for the purpose of holding records.

Purcell's assessment of the epigraphic evidence once found within the structure in question reaffirms the following view, long held by academics, that the Tabularium is insufficiently documented and the product of scholarly inertia. This, unfortunately, has further compounded our understanding of the Capitoline substructure and, as a result, we are no closer to identifying the extent of its function, let alone its name.

An article by Pier Luigi Tucci (2005) radically changed the way historians and archaeologists alike would view the Tabularium, questioning the very identification of the structure and its function. Exploring the history of archaeology at the site, Tucci makes clear that the identification of the so-called Tabularium is hinged solely upon an inscription long lost (CIL VI 1314 = CIL I 737), with no ancient evidence from the period directly correlating to the site. As such, it is arguable that the word "Tabularium" itself has been used incorrectly in modern scholarship with reference to the building. Instead, Tucci argues that the substructure, which provides the foundations for the entire building, was itself likely a Tabularium, being one of many offices housed within Roman buildings and temples for the purpose of holding records. As such, Tucci disputes the idea that a sole Tabularium or mass archive of Rome ever existed. In alignment with this argument, Tucci subsequently seeks to identify the structure in occupation of the space above the Tabularium substructure. In examining the architectural link between the rooms of the substructure and that of a south-western building, Tucci, in accordance with historians before him, could identify the remnants of an extension of the aerarium, or treasury, which was housed in the Temple of Saturn. Subsequently, in correlation with the accounts of Livy (7.28.4–6), Ovid (Fasti 6.183–185) and Cicero (De domo 38.101), Tucci draws attention to a clear association between the location of this mint, and that of the Temple of Juno Moneta. With reference to the archaeological research of Giannelli and his identification of concrete remains in the Aracoeli Garden in the forum, Tucci argues for the foundations of Giannelli's supposed Temple of Juno Moneta to date back to the 4th century BC, thus indicating a relocation. Tucci's argument thus is fulfilled as he concludes that in circa 78 BC, the Temple of Juno Moneta was rededicated atop the substructure of the Tabularium, in a complex which included the extended aerarium, and that this relocation likely occurred after the fire of 83 BC. As a result, Tucci called into question both the identification and function of the so-called Tabularium, in his attempt to overturn a theory that had been taken for historical fact since the 15th century AD.[7][8]

Fillipo Coarelli (2010) uses the arguments and findings of Nicholas Purcell (1993), Henner von Hesberg (1995) and Pier Luigi Tucci (2005) to propose an alternative understanding of the function of the Tabularium. These works are characterised by their ability to provide alternative understandings when questioning the function of the Tabularium. It is important to note that prior these studies, research and scholarship of the Tabularium was primarily saturated by the Richard Delbrück's Hellenistische Bauten in Latium, published in 1875. It was Delbrück's findings that rendered the conclusion that the Tabularium served as a house of public records. However, writing in 2010, Coarelli has had access to a wider range of both archaeological and written sources that probe a deeper inquest in to traditional discourses that cloud our conception of the function and meaning of the Tabularium.

Within Substructio et tabularium, Coarelli fundamentally purports that "the so-called Tabularium is not the archive of the Roman State, known by this name, and the rejection of this long held but incorrect hypothesis permits us to study the monument afresh". He goes on to state that "[the Tabularium] represents in fact the foundations (substructio) of a large temple of the Sullan period, restored by Domitian after the fire of 80 AD". Throughout his work, Coarelli uses the findings of Purcell, von Hesberg and Tucci as a roadmap that forms the basis of his argument. He begins with Purcell's epigraphic discoveries that connotes the classification of the Tabularium as a records building: Populi tabularia ubi publici continentur (tabularia of the [Roman] people where the public [documents] are housed). Moving to von Hesberg, Coarelli highlights the study of the dimensions of architectural pieces from the Tabularium that suggest "the second floor of the building must have been significantly wider than the arched lower floor", proposing that there was a temple structure within the Tabularium. Finally, Coarelli's inclusion of Tucci's findings builds upon von Hesberg's assertion, serving as a sounding board for Coarelli's initial thesis, that the Tabularium served as the basement of a proposed temple.

Coarelli tracks the structural changes that took place within the Tabularium, and ultimately concludes that it is challenging for historians to ascertain the absolute meaning of this structure due to the "complexity of [it]". He points out that only until recently have we been able to understand that the Tabularium actually existed due to the emergence of from six military diplomas, with dates ranging from  85–88 AD. Further, these diplomas refer the location of the Tabularium publicum to the Capitolium. Here, the location is extremely significant. Coarelli states that the Tabularium "must have been situated in the immediate environs of the area Capitolina, where the military diplomas were displayed until 90 AD". Thus, it is clear that the Tabularium was a multifaceted building that pertained to the political and religious culture of the Roman Empire.

Thus, by expanding upon the arguments of Purcell, von Hesberg and Tucci, Coarelli positions himself to further execute his overarching thesis with increased clarity. Fundamentally, by galvanising the "deep-rooted biases" that obfuscate the understanding of the Tabularium, Coarelli is able to suggest that the Tabularium is rather a multifaceted structure that pertained to the political and religious centre of the Roman world.

See also

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Notes

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Tabularium

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The Tabularium was an ancient Roman public building constructed in 78 BC by Quintus Lutatius Catulus on the southeast slope of the in , functioning as the central repository for state archives and official records. Positioned between the Clivus Capitolinus and the Gradus Monetae, it provided a monumental backdrop to the western end of the through its imposing facade of eleven large Doric arches. The structure's trapezoidal plan and use of opus quadratum masonry in peperino stone highlighted early Republican engineering, with a foundation wall over 3 meters thick and a first-story corridor approximately 5 meters wide and 10 meters high. Architecturally, the Tabularium exemplified the transition to more advanced construction techniques in late Republican , incorporating (opus caementicium) in its inner walls of Anio and outer sperone reinforcements, which allowed for the building's scale and durability. An inscription on the structure credits Catulus, as , with overseeing its substructures and approval: "Q. Lutatius Q. f. Q. n. Catulus cos. substructionem et tabularium de s. s. faciundum coeravit eidemque probavit." Restored by Emperor in 46 AD, it was later modified during the Flavian period with a second story featuring Corinthian arches, though much of the upper levels were altered in the by for the Palazzo dei Conservatori. Historically, the Tabularium played a crucial role in Roman administration by safeguarding legal documents, treaties, and public records, potentially linked to the nearby in the . Its location underscored the Capitoline's status as the religious and political heart of the city, integrating archival functions with sacred spaces like the . Archaeological evidence, including fragments from the , continues to refine understandings of its integration into the Capitoline's topography, revealing previously unrecognized substructures and monuments nearby. Today, the surviving arcade remains a key testament to Republican architectural innovation amid the modern Capitoline complex.

History

Origins and Construction

The Tabularium's origins are rooted in the turbulent political landscape of the late Roman Republic, particularly under the dictatorship of Lucius Cornelius Sulla from 82 to 81 BC. A major fire ravaged the Capitoline Hill in 83 BC, destroying the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus and much of the surrounding area amid the civil wars between Sulla and the Marians. This conflagration prompted extensive restoration efforts on the Capitoline, including public works to rebuild key administrative and religious structures, reflecting Sulla's reforms to centralize state authority and bureaucracy. Construction of the Tabularium was initiated around 83–78 BC as part of these post-fire Capitoline projects, ordered under Sulla's influence, with his ally Lutatius Catulus overseeing the work. Catulus, serving as in 78 BC alongside Marcus Aemilius , completed the building that year, funding it partly from his own resources. While the primary credit goes to Catulus, Lepidus's co-consulship suggests possible collaborative involvement in the initiative. An inscription on the structure, documented in the (CIL VI.1314), records Catulus's role: "Q. Lutatius Q. f. Q. n. Catulus cos. substructionem et tabularium de s. s. faciundum coeravit eidemque probavit," affirming that he ordered, financed, and approved the substructure and tabularium. The building featured a prominent 67-meter-long corridor elevated approximately 15 meters above the Forum Romanum, integrating seamlessly with the broader Capitoline restoration that also encompassed the rebuilding of the , dedicated by Catulus in 69 BC.

Role in Ancient Rome

The Tabularium functioned as the primary state archive in ancient Rome, established during the late Republic and continuing through the Imperial era as a repository for legal and administrative records inscribed on durable bronze tablets, or tabulae publicae. Constructed around 78 BC under the oversight of consul Q. Lutatius Catulus, it centralized previously scattered documents, serving as an essential hub for preserving the Republic's institutional memory and supporting governance by providing verifiable historical and legal precedents. This role underscored Rome's emphasis on written authority, where archives not only stored records but also symbolized the continuity and legitimacy of state power. Key historical events highlight the Tabularium's resilience and significance. During the chaotic in 69 AD, a devastating fire ravaged the , destroying the overlying and consuming approximately 3,000 bronze tablets stored in the Tabularium. Despite this loss, the building's robust structure endured, allowing for subsequent restorations that preserved its archival capacity. Literary references, such as Cicero's allusions in Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo (7) and De Natura Deorum (3.74), underscore early consultations of such records to resolve disputes and invoke historical precedents, illustrating how Roman orators and officials relied on the archive for rhetorical and judicial purposes. Administrative operations were managed by the quaestor urbanus, responsible for urban finances and record-keeping, with support from specialized clerks known as scribae who handled cataloging and maintenance. Access was tightly controlled, limited primarily to senators, magistrates, and authorized officials to prevent tampering or unauthorized disclosure, reflecting the archive's role in safeguarding sensitive state information. These protocols ensured that consultations served official needs, such as verifying treaties, decrees, or property rights, thereby integrating the Tabularium into daily Roman governance. Under the , the Tabularium saw expansions and modifications to accommodate growing administrative demands, including a major restoration by Emperor Claudius in 46 AD to enhance storage. Its location at the base of the facilitated integration with nearby sacred structures like the , forming part of a cohesive civic-religious complex that linked archival functions to 's symbolic heart. By the late , however, administrative centralization shifted toward , and repeated invasions—culminating in the sacks of in 410 and 455 AD—contributed to the dispersal of surviving records, marking the decline of the Tabularium's original purpose as records were either destroyed, relocated, or neglected amid broader imperial fragmentation.

Architecture

Overall Design

The Tabularium features a trapezoidal plan that forms the northern boundary of the Forum Romanum, with its primary facade oriented southward to face the forum directly. Its trapezoidal plan adapted to the space between the Clivus Capitolinus and the Gradus Monetae. This layout integrates the structure into the southeast slope of the Capitoline Hill, bridging the depression between the Capitolium and Arx summits while providing a monumental backdrop to the civic space below. The design emphasizes visibility and prominence, with the building's elevated position—rising approximately 15 meters above the forum floor—offering panoramic sightlines across the central area, symbolically representing the Roman state's oversight of public and administrative life. The elevation comprises three distinct levels, adapting to the hillside terrain for both functional and aesthetic purposes. The ground level includes substructures near the adjacent Tullianum prison. Above this lies the intermediate porticoed gallery overlooking the Forum, while the upper level served as the main archival space. The facade is characterized by an arcaded design on the ground floor, featuring 11 Doric arches that span the width, blending structural support with decorative rhythm to create a unified visual presence. In terms of proportions and scale, the Tabularium measures approximately 67 meters in length and 15 meters in height, proportions that balance monumentality with the hill's natural contours for optimal integration and visibility. This scale not only underscores its role as a fortified repository but also ensures it dominates the forum's northern vista, reinforcing the architectural harmony between the Capitoline complex and the surrounding urban landscape.

Structural Features

The Tabularium's structural integrity relied on a combination of locally sourced volcanic stones and innovative binding techniques characteristic of Republican-era construction. The outer walls were built in opus quadratum using peperino, a dark volcanic from the region, cut into uniform blocks measuring two Roman feet in height and width, providing both aesthetic uniformity and resistance to . Inner walls employed Anio tufa, a lighter volcanic stone, for its ease of quarrying and workability, while facade elements such as column bases, capitals, and impost blocks utilized , a more robust selected for its at points of high stress. Vaulted ceilings throughout the structure, including barrel vaults in the foundational platform, were formed with opus caementicium, the hydraulic Roman concrete composed of , ash, and aggregate, enabling the creation of expansive, self-supporting spans that distributed loads efficiently to the underlying piers and walls. This early application of concrete vaulting in a public monument highlighted Republican engineering prowess, allowing the building to span a 67-meter corridor while accommodating the steep topography of the . The engaged columns and piers further reinforced these vaults, demonstrating advanced understanding of management in multi-level designs. The facade's arcade, comprising eleven arches framed by engaged peperino columns, served as a primary structural and visual element, with each arch rising 7.5 meters and spanning 3.54 to 3.60 meters, integrating seamlessly with the internal corridor system that provided practical access routes. Opus caementicium's inherent properties, including its flexibility and durability in seismic zones, contributed to the building's resilience, while the predominance of non-combustible stone and materials offered fire resistance suited to the site's vulnerability. The upper Corinthian arcade dates to the Flavian period. Medieval alterations in the 13th century for the Palazzo Senatori incorporated a tower and modified upper elements, followed by reinforcements by , who integrated the remains into the Palazzo Senatorio through selective demolition and stabilization of the vaults and podium.

Function

Archival Purpose

The Tabularium served as the central state archive of , designed specifically for the storage of bronze tablets known as tabulae, which recorded essential public documents including laws, treaties, senatorial decrees, and other official records. Constructed in 78 BCE under the supervision of Quintus Lutatius Catulus, as attested by the inscription CIL I².737, it represented a dedicated institutional space for preserving the Roman state's administrative and legal memory, marking a shift from storage in religious structures to a purpose-built repository. Symbolically, the Tabularium's location on the underscored the enduring authority and sanctity of , aligning the physical preservation of records with the hill's role as the religious and political heart of the city, where temples to and other deities emphasized divine endorsement of state perpetuity. This placement reinforced the notion of law as an immutable foundation of Roman identity, with the archive embodying collective memory and governance continuity amid the republic's expansion. Evidence supporting its archival function includes surviving inscriptions and literary references, notably military diplomas, which were bronze tablets issued for veterans and explicitly linked to the Tabularium's holdings on the Capitol, confirming its active role in document storage during the early imperial period. However, scholarly debates persist regarding its exclusive archival identity; while the traditional view, based on the building's name and inscriptional ties, posits it as Rome's primary record office, modern interpretations by Nicholas Purcell and Filippo Coarelli argue it may have functioned as a substructure supporting a temple complex—potentially dedicated to Victrix, the Genius Populi Romani, or related deities—or as a multi-purpose administrative hall rather than a standalone . These debates draw on the absence of direct literary mentions in ancient authors and archaeological ambiguities, such as the structure's trapezoidal form and integration with the Capitoline's topography. This development illustrates the evolution of Roman record-keeping, evolving from earlier repositories like the , where the aerarium Saturni housed both treasury functions and archives in its basement from the fifth century BCE, to the Tabularium's more specialized setup by the late , reflecting growing administrative complexity and the need for centralized, secure preservation away from vulnerable temple precincts. The transfer of records from Saturn's temple to the Tabularium around the first century BCE highlighted this institutional maturation, prioritizing accessibility and protection for an expanding corpus of legal and diplomatic materials.

Stored Documents

The Tabularium served as the central repository for Rome's most vital state records, encompassing legal tabulae such as foundational laws from the early Republic. It also stored treaties concluded with foreign powers, which formalized diplomatic relations and territorial agreements. Financial ledgers, including public contracts and debtor lists, were maintained to track state expenditures, loans, and obligations, underscoring the archive's role in fiscal administration. These documents were preserved in durable formats suited to their importance: critical legal and senatorial acts, like senatus consulta and oaths, were engraved on bronze or stone tablets for longevity and authenticity, while less formal or voluminous records, such as detailed ledgers, were recorded on papyrus rolls. The materials were systematically organized by category—such as legal codes, diplomatic agreements, and administrative tallies—within the building's vaulted rooms and corridors, facilitating retrieval amid the growing complexity of Roman governance. Access to the Tabularium was strictly limited to authorized officials, including magistrates and quaestors, to safeguard sensitive information, though copies of key treaties and laws were distributed to provincial governors for enforcement. Significant losses occurred due to fires, particularly the devastating blaze on the Capitoline in 69 CE, which destroyed around 3,000 bronze tablets containing records from 's founding. Emperor responded by commissioning a search for duplicate copies to restore the collection, highlighting the archive's irreplaceable value. Surviving fragments of these tablets, recovered from later excavations, provide crucial insights into Roman legal evolution and senatorial procedures. Estimates suggest the Tabularium held thousands of tablets by the late , mirroring the bureaucratic expansion that accompanied Rome's territorial growth in the 1st century BCE and the need to centralize an increasingly vast administrative apparatus.

Modern Rediscovery

Excavations and Preservation

The Tabularium was initially exposed during the late 19th-century excavations of the , led by archaeologist Boni starting in 1898, which uncovered significant portions of its facade and integrated structures after the site's unification with in 1870 prompted systematic archaeological work. Full clearance and cleaning of the structure occurred in , particularly in 1939 when stucco walls were removed from the rear of the to reveal the ancient more completely. Key findings from these efforts included ancient inscriptions on blocks, such as those discovered in 1845 confirming its construction by Quintus Lutatius Catulus (CIL VI 1313, 1314), along with architectural fragments like vaulted galleries and archways that verified the presence of archival rooms on the upper levels. Excavations also revealed that the Tabularium's basement rooms, cut into the , served as medieval holding cells. Preservation faced significant challenges in the due to urban development in , including the encroachment of medieval and structures that partially obscured and damaged the site during the expansion of the area. In the 20th century, reinforcements were necessary to prevent structural collapse, with consolidation works documented in the early to stabilize the podium and arches against and seismic risks. Today, the Tabularium is incorporated into the , established in 1471, allowing visitors access through an underground tunnel known as the Galleria Lapidaria, which provides panoramic views of the while housing epigraphic collections. Restoration projects continued after with general repairs to the Forum area, focusing on stabilizing exposed masonry, and extended into the 21st century with digital documentation initiatives, including efforts by projects like Rome Reborn to aid conservation planning and virtual analysis of the structure's original form.

Contemporary Scholarship

Early scholarship on the Tabularium began in the , with limited archaeological evidence available, leading to initial identifications of the structure primarily as a state archive. Richard Delbrück's seminal 1907-1912 analysis in Hellenistische Bauten in Latium established this view, interpreting the building's design and location on the as supporting an archival function, though based on fragmentary inscriptions and architectural parallels rather than comprehensive excavation data. In the 20th and 21st centuries, debates have intensified around the Tabularium's precise role, moving beyond a simple archive to consider its integration with religious and political structures. Pier Luigi Tucci's 2013 article "A new look at the Tabularium and the " argues that the structure served as the substructure for the , rebuilt after the fire of 83 BCE, emphasizing architectural continuity and the site's sacred topography over purely administrative purposes. Filippo Coarelli, in his topographic studies of Republican , highlights the Tabularium's political symbolism, portraying it as a monumental assertion of regime authority and the centralization of state power on the Capitoline following Sulla's dictatorship. Key publications have refined understandings of its archival aspects while questioning monolithic interpretations. Nicholas Purcell's 1993 study "Atrium Libertatis: a study in the interpretation of the Roman Forum" examines the building's epigraphic evidence, including the lost inscription from the Palazzo Senatorio, to argue for multifunctional use that included senatorial records but extended to public announcements and legal displays, challenging the notion of a dedicated, isolated archive. The discovery of six military diplomas dated 85-88 CE, inscribed on bronze and referencing Capitoline storage, provides material proof of the Tabularium's ongoing role in preserving imperial documents, demonstrating administrative continuity from the Republic into the early Empire. Methodological advances since the mid-20th century have integrated with digital tools and comparative analysis to address interpretive gaps. Epigraphic studies, such as those cataloging tabulae fragments, have clarified types stored, while GIS mapping of Capitoline has modeled visibility and access, revealing the structure's role in urban propaganda. Comparative examinations with other Roman archives, like those in Pompeii or Ostia, underscore the Tabularium's uniqueness in scale and centrality, rejecting earlier views of it as a mere bureaucratic repository. Post-2000 scholarship has particularly addressed post-Sullan political contexts, emphasizing the building's construction under Q. Lutatius Catulus (78 BCE) as a symbol of restored senatorial order after civil strife. Works like Tucci's 2005 precursor to his 2013 piece and Coarelli's updated Forum analyses (e.g., 2010) critique outdated monolithic archive models, instead framing the Tabularium within broader networks of power, memory, and , supported by reassessments of literary sources like Cicero and . These contributions highlight ongoing debates, with recent epigraphic and spatial analyses continuing to evolve interpretations of its hybrid administrative-sacred identity.

References

  1. https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Tabularium.html
  2. https://penelope.uchicago.edu/encyclopaedia_romana/romanforum/tabularium.html
  3. https://oyc.yale.edu/history-art/hsar-252/lecture-3
  4. https://www.academia.edu/3315123/A_new_look_at_the_Tabularium_and_the_Capitoline_Hill
  5. https://www.attalus.org/names/c/capitol.html
  6. https://www.museicapitolini.org/en/infopage/tabularium
  7. https://www.digitalaugustanrome.org/records/tabularium/
  8. https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2005/2005.12.09/
  9. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/roman-architecture-and-urbanism/technology-of-building/0E9DB011EDB60E244FCCFE67536924F0
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9821858/
  11. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259410367_Substructio_et_tabularium
  12. https://madainproject.com/tabularium
  13. https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-7343
  14. https://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/suetnius/vspsn.htm
  15. https://ancientromelive.org/forum-romanum-roman-forum/
  16. https://romeonrome.com/2015/02/the-life-and-death-of-via-dei-fori-imperiali-1932-2015/
  17. https://www.turismoroma.it/en/places/tabularium-and-galleria-lapidaria
  18. https://web.sas.upenn.edu/discentes/2023/04/02/virtual-rome-and-rome-reborn-the-latest-developments-in-the-architectural-documentation-of-rome/
  19. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/FAAE634718B183F7403A7CC5B69DB44B/S0068246200000829a.pdf/substructio_et_tabularium.pdf
  20. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40344494
  21. https://journalofromanarchaeology.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/v18_01_Tucci.pdf
  22. https://academic.oup.com/book/26737/chapter/195593001
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