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Wemding
Wemding
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Wemding (German pronunciation: [ˈvɛmdɪŋ] ⓘ; Alemannic German: Wendi) is a town in the Donau-Ries district of Bavaria, Germany. Wemding is situated on the edge of the Ries meteorite crater in the Geopark Ries.

Key Information

History

[edit]

The town of Wemding was founded in 793, documented as "Uuemodinga" in a donation deed from Count Helmoin Gosheim. In 1467, the city passed into the possession of Duke Ludwig the Rich of Bavaria. The city was besieged by the Kingdom of Sweden in 1632 during the Thirty Years' War.

Wemding is the location of the Zeitpyramide (Time pyramid), a public art work begun in 1993 and scheduled to be completed in 3183.[3] The most recent block, which was the fourth block, was placed on 9 September 2023, and the next block will be placed in 2033. This project has been noted for falling victim to the fence post problem.

Notable people

[edit]
  • Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566), born in Wemding, physician and botanist. The botanical genus Fuchsia is named in his honour.
  • Veit Amerbach, also Vitus Amerpachius, (1503–1557), born in Wemding, was a theologian, scholar and humanist.
  • Luitgard Im (1930–1997), born and died in Wemding, theater and film actress.

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Wemding

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from Grokipedia
Wemding is a small town in the Donau-Ries district of Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, situated on the northeastern edge of the Nördlinger Ries impact crater within the UNESCO Global Geopark Ries. With a population of 5,757 as of 2024 and an area of 31.60 square kilometers, it serves as a certified resort blending natural beauty, historical architecture, and modern attractions like the ongoing Zeitpyramide public art project. The town is renowned for its medieval core, pilgrimage traditions, and vibrant fuchsia culture, drawing around 150,000 visitors annually to its key sites. Geographically, Wemding lies at an elevation of 463 meters amid the fertile Ries plain and the Naturpark Altmühltal, offering extensive hiking and cycling trails through diverse landscapes shaped by the 15-million-year-old impact that formed the 24-kilometer-wide . The town's location in the Ferienland Donau-Ries region enhances its appeal as a gateway to geological wonders, with the Rieskrater providing a unique backdrop for educational and outdoor activities. Historically, Wemding traces its origins to 793 CE, marking over 1,200 years of settlement, though much of its preserved dates to the medieval period, including fortified walls and the Baroque-style market square lined with stately burgher houses. The town has evolved from an agricultural hub to a recognized since 1972, maintaining its through events like the annual Fuchsien- und Kräutermarkt, which celebrates the flower named after 16th-century botanist , who was born nearby. Among its notable attractions, the Wallfahrtsbasilika Maria Brünnlein stands as a major Roman Catholic pilgrimage site, featuring a spring venerated since the 17th century and drawing pilgrims for its spiritual significance and architectural beauty. The Zeitpyramide, initiated in 1993 to commemorate the town's 1,200th anniversary, is a step pyramid art installation by local sculptor Manfred Laber, designed to be completed in 3183 with one limestone block added every decade, symbolizing long-term community commitment. Complementing these are the Fuchsienrundgang trails showcasing thousands of fuchsia varieties and the Heimatmuseum, which documents regional history across 400 square meters of exhibits. Economically, Wemding supports a mix of , , and industry, highlighted by the Brain Division facility, which develops advanced driver-assistance systems like scanners and for automotive applications, employing a significant portion of the local workforce. In 2014, tourism alone recorded over 52,000 overnight stays, underscoring the town's role as a serene yet accessible destination in Bavaria's Swabian countryside.

Geography

Location and administrative status

Wemding is a town situated in the Donau-Ries district of Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, at geographic coordinates 48°52′N 10°43′E. It forms part of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Wemding and is recognized within the regional frameworks of Ferienland DONAURIES and Naturpark Altmühltal. The municipality lies on the edge of the Ries meteorite crater. The town encompasses an area of 31.6 km² and is positioned at an elevation of 463 m above sea level (NHN). Wemding is bordered by several neighboring municipalities, including Huisheim to the south, Polsingen to the east, Wolferstadt to the north, Otting to the west, and Fünfstetten to the southwest. In terms of transport, Wemding benefits from good connectivity, with the A8 motorway reachable within approximately 40 minutes, facilitating access to major cities such as and .

Geology and landscape

Wemding is situated on the eastern edge of the , a prominent measuring approximately 24 kilometers in diameter that formed about 15 million years ago during the epoch. The created a distinct circular depression in the landscape, with the town's location near the eastern rim exposing limestone quarries that reveal layers of rock disrupted by the strike. The region encompassing Wemding is part of the Global Ries, designated in to highlight the crater's exceptional geology as one of the best-preserved impact structures on Earth, offering insights into extraterrestrial collision dynamics and post-impact sedimentation. This status underscores the area's scientific value, with accessible outcrops and trails demonstrating formations and deposits unique to the Ries event. The local landscape features gently rolling hills surrounding the crater basin, interspersed with dense forests, expansive agricultural plains, and river valleys that contribute to a varied terrain. Wemding lies within the Naturpark Altmühltal, a renowned for its rich , including diverse habitats that support a wide array of and , such as rare orchids, endemic insects, and bird species adapted to the Jurassic limestone environments. Wemding experiences a temperate typical of central , characterized by warm summers and cold winters, with an average annual ranging from 8 to 9°C. Annual averages around 550 mm, distributed relatively evenly throughout the year, fostering the region's fertile soils and supporting both and .

History

Origins and medieval development

The earliest documented reference to Wemding dates to 793, when it appears as "Uuemodinga" in a from Helmoin of Gosheim to , indicating an existing settlement in the Frankish kingdom under . Five years later, in 798, King Charles I. (Charlemagne) allegedly granted the estate to the abbey, establishing it as a royal Meierhof and underscoring its administrative importance in the . By the , Wemding had evolved into a within the , with records confirming a market's existence since 1306 under the Counts of Oettingen, who acquired the settlement that year. In 1343, the market was formally elevated to town status by the Counts of Oettingen, promoting economic growth through trade in the Ries region and fostering the construction of defensive structures, including city walls that encircled the circular old town core. The medieval period culminated in 1467 with Wemding's transition to Bavarian control, when Duke Ludwig IX the Rich of purchased the town from the Counts of Oettingen, integrating it into the and enhancing its prosperity as a key small town. This shift spurred further development of the historic core, including the expansion of the market square ensemble and medieval buildings like the Church of St. Emmeram, which became central to the town's layout and cultural identity.

Early modern period to contemporary times

During the Thirty Years' War, Wemding experienced significant disruption when Swedish forces besieged the town in 1632 as part of their campaign in the Nördlinger Ries region. Wemding also experienced witch trials between 1609 and 1611, part of broader early modern persecutions in the region. The siege, though brief, contributed to the broader devastation in the area, leading to population declines and economic strain that persisted for generations; by the late 17th century, the town's recovery remained incomplete, with agricultural output hampered by war-related destruction. In the , Wemding's economy, rooted in suited to the fertile Ries soils, began transitioning alongside broader reforms. The dissolution of 12 medieval guilds dating to 1700 and the founding of eight modern trade associations in 1854 marked a shift from rigid craft structures to more flexible practices, fostering small-scale while continued to dominate rural livelihoods. Administrative changes further integrated the town into the Kingdom of ; following the 1806 mediatization, Wemding lost its imperial immediacy and was assigned to the Altmühl district in 1808, regaining limited communal autonomy by 1818 under oversight. The 20th century brought further trials during the World Wars. After the First World War, economic stagnation lingered, but the saw modest infrastructure improvements, such as the 1903 opening of the railway line to , enhancing agricultural trade. The Second World War culminated in an American artillery bombardment on April 23-24, 1945, destroying seven buildings and damaging others, with the town occupied shortly thereafter; overall, the conflict claimed numerous local lives and left lasting scars. Post-war recovery was swift yet challenging, as Wemding absorbed over 2,000 refugees and expellees between and amid housing and food shortages. Incorporation into the modern Federal Republic of facilitated rebuilding, with the 1948 settlement of the Wetex company creating around 400 jobs in , followed by in 1962 adding 600 more, diversifying the economy beyond and crafts. A notable contemporary milestone is the project, initiated in 1993 to commemorate Wemding's 1,200th anniversary. Conceived by local artist Manfred Laber, the structure consists of 120 concrete blocks arranged in a —64 at the base, 36 in the second level, 16 in the third, and four at the top—symbolizing the town's historical endurance projected into the future. One block is added every decade, with the first placed in 1993, the second in 2003, the third in 2013, and the fourth in 2023; the pyramid is scheduled for completion in 3183, ensuring a living monument to time and continuity.

Demographics

Population statistics

As of December 31, 2023, Wemding had a population of 5,860 inhabitants. The confirmed population as of December 31, 2024, was 5,757, with the most recent figure as of June 30, 2025, at 5,783. The town's measures approximately 183 inhabitants per square kilometer as of 2025, calculated over its total area of 31.6 km². This relatively low density reflects Wemding's rural character within the Donau-Ries district. Historically, Wemding's has shown gradual growth, rising from 2,961 residents in 1840 to 5,654 by the 2011 census. A steady increase occurred post-1950, from 4,870 inhabitants in 1950 to 5,801 in 2021, driven by local economic opportunities. The age distribution in Wemding remains balanced overall, though it exhibits a slight aging trend common to rural , with 24.1% of residents aged 65 or older as of 2021. Younger cohorts, including those under 18, comprised 18.5% of the population in the same year.

Social composition

Wemding's residents are predominantly German-speaking, with the local belonging to the Swabian variant of , characteristic of the Swabian-Bavarian border region in the Donau-Ries district. This linguistic tradition reflects the town's position in southern , where everyday communication often incorporates elements of the Bavarian-Swabian , fostering a sense of regional identity among the community. The religious landscape of Wemding is dominated by , with Roman Catholics forming the majority at approximately 61.5% of the population according to the 2022 census, followed by Protestants at 13.8%. This Catholic predominance is evident in longstanding pilgrimage traditions, particularly to the Basilica of Maria Brünnlein zum Trost, a site of devotion for over two centuries that draws visitors and underscores the faith's role in local culture. Smaller religious communities include an Evangelical-Lutheran parish, a Turkish-Islamic faith community affiliated with DITIB, and Jehovah’s Witnesses, contributing to a diverse yet harmonious religious . Ethnically, Wemding exhibits a high degree of homogeneity, with about 88.4% of residents holding German citizenship and the vast majority identifying as ethnic German. The remaining population includes small immigrant communities, primarily from EU countries like (109 residents), (88), and non-EU nations such as (111), comprising roughly 11.6% of the total as of 2022. Official statistics from 2021 confirm a foreigner rate of 5.4%, indicating limited but growing multicultural influences within the town's approximately 5,800 inhabitants. Community life in Wemding revolves around a robust network of over 40 local associations and clubs, which promote social cohesion and volunteerism across sports, culture, and welfare activities. The largest, the TSV 1892 Wemding sports club, exemplifies this engagement by offering diverse programs that unite families and generations. This family-oriented structure is further supported by initiatives like the Kolping Family and various cultural groups, emphasizing traditional values and communal events in the town's daily rhythm.

Government and administration

Local governance

Wemding's is led by the , Dr. Martin Drexler, who was elected in 2020 and serves a six-year term until 2026. As the first mayor, Drexler oversees the town , coordinates municipal administration, and represents the town in regional matters. The town , known as the Stadtrat, consists of 20 elected members who serve alongside the . Members are elected every six years and are responsible for approving budgets, enacting local policies, and addressing community issues such as infrastructure and public services. Administrative identifiers for Wemding include the vehicle registration code DON, assigned by the Donau-Ries district; the postal code 86650; and the dialing code 09092. Recent municipal initiatives emphasize sustainability, particularly through projects linked to the town's inclusion in the UNESCO Global Geopark Ries, such as educational programs on geological heritage and eco-friendly visitor centers to promote environmental awareness and regional development.

Administrative divisions

Wemding is divided into five primary administrative districts, known as Gemeindeteile, which encompass the core town and surrounding villages: the central area of Wemding itself, along with Amerbach, Geyern, Hirnstetten, and Reichenbach. These districts serve as the foundational units for local community management, infrastructure planning, and cultural preservation within the town's structure. Amerbach, incorporated into Wemding in 1972, represents a key outlying area with its own historical significance, while Geyern, Hirnstetten, and Reichenbach contribute to the town's rural periphery, supporting agricultural and residential functions. The town's , officially described as a silver shield bearing a chevron protruding from the right edge to the center, is accompanied on the left by five lilies arranged in the form of an , with an upright waning moon in the lower right. This design symbolizes Wemding's historical ties: the chevron derives from the half in the arms of the Counts of Oettingen, who governed the town for nearly 150 years; the lilies reference the former County of Niederelsass during the period of Oettingen rule; and the moon originates from the of the Lords of Monheim, under whose influence Wemding once fell. As part of the broader district-level administration, Wemding functions as the seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Wemding within the Donau-Ries district, coordinating services across member municipalities including Fünfstetten, Huisheim, Otting, and Wolferstadt while maintaining its internal divisions for town-specific governance.

Economy

Local industry and employment

Wemding's local economy is characterized by a robust employment landscape, with over 1,000 jobs available per 1,000 working-age residents as of 2022, placing it among the top performers in the Swabian region. This high employment density reflects the town's appeal as a dynamic commercial hub within the Donau-Ries district, where a significant portion of the workforce is engaged in local enterprises rather than commuting elsewhere. The primary economic sectors in Wemding revolve around medium-sized industries, innovative —particularly in machinery and sensor technology—and traditional crafts. Companies such as Schalter- und Sensoren GmbH exemplify the focus on advanced production, specializing in automotive components like laserscanners and front cameras, which contribute to the town's reputation for technological integration in industry. Owner-managed businesses dominate the landscape, many operating for generations, fostering stability in sectors including , , and . The local trade association encompasses handicrafts, commerce, and industry, supporting a diverse array of small to medium enterprises that emphasize quality and innovation. A notable aspect of Wemding's horticultural employment stems from its historical connection to the botanist Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566), after whom the fuchsia flower is named, leading to specialized cultivation that bolsters local nurseries. Fuchsia breeding in Germany began around 1835, building on earlier English developments from 1800, and has since become integral to the town's identity, with enterprises like Gärtnerei Unflath providing extensive varieties and sustaining jobs in plant propagation and sales. This niche supports broader horticulture, complementing industrial activities without overshadowing them. Unemployment in the Donau-Ries , which includes Wemding, remains low, at approximately 2.3% as of October 2025, aligning with the district's overall rate and indicative of regional economic vitality driven by industrial and commercial strengths. This figure, below the national average, underscores the effectiveness of local business ecosystems in maintaining amid broader economic fluctuations.

Tourism and agriculture

Wemding's economy is deeply rooted in , leveraging the fertile soils of the surrounding plains, which support extensive cultivation of grains such as , , and , alongside and potatoes. The region also features specialty horticulture, particularly the cultivation of s, earning Wemding its nickname as the "Fuchsia Town" in honor of local-born botanist (1501–1566), after whom the plant is named. This agricultural focus not only sustains local farms but also integrates with through events like the annual Fuchsien- und Kräutermarkt, held in late May, which transforms the historic old town into a vibrant display of over 700 fuchsia varieties and herbs, attracting tens of thousands of visitors (approximately 20,000 per day pre-COVID) from across . Tourism in Wemding thrives on its status as a destination, centered around the Wallfahrtsbasilika Maria Brünnlein, a major Roman Catholic site drawing approximately 150,000 pilgrims annually. Complementing , the town's location within the Global Ries—designated in 2022—offers geological tours exploring the 15-million-year-old , with nature trails highlighting unique geotopes and . Seasonal attractions include the Fuchsienrundgang, a self-guided summer from late May to September that showcases displays in over 100 locations along the medieval town walls, gardens, and the iconic Fuchsienpyramide near the tourist information center. Supporting visitor stays, Wemding provides a range of accommodations, including hotels like Schieners Hotel & Apfelhof, guesthouses, and camping facilities such as the Campingpark Waldsee Wemding, a lakeside site with pitches for tents, caravans, and modern rentals amid forested surroundings. In 2014, registered overnight stays in larger establishments exceeded 52,000, underscoring tourism's role in bolstering the local economy alongside agriculture.

Culture and landmarks

Religious heritage

Wemding's religious heritage is deeply rooted in its Catholic traditions, particularly as a prominent destination known as the "Wallfahrtsstadt" (pilgrimage town). The Wallfahrtsbasilika Maria Brünnlein, constructed between 1748 and 1782, serves as the centerpiece of this legacy. Designed by architect Franz Joseph Roth and featuring interior frescoes by Johann Baptist Zimmermann completed in 1754, the basilica exemplifies South German with its ornate work and focus on the miraculous Marian statue. This statue, brought to Wemding from around 1680 by local resident Franz Forell, gained renown after reported miracles, including the healing of an evangelical rider's headaches in the late and a vision of the statue moving in , which spurred the need for a larger structure. The 's role extends beyond architecture to define Wemding's communal identity, drawing over 150,000 pilgrims annually and fostering a sense of spiritual continuity tied to medieval monastic influences, including the town's period under the (Deutschherrenorden). Annual processions, including foot pilgrimages along routes such as the Bayerisch-Schwäbischer Jakobsweg, culminate in masses and devotions honoring the Virgin Mary, reinforcing the town's historical position as a key Marian shrine in since the late 17th century. Elevated to minor basilica status by on September 12, 1998, it underwent renovations from 2000 to 2003 to accommodate ongoing gatherings. Complementing the basilica are other parish churches and wayside shrines that reflect Wemding's Baroque-influenced religious landscape. The Stadtpfarrkirche St. Emmeram, a prominent with its twin towers, anchors local , while the Spitalkirche Mariä Geburt and Friedhofskapelle provide additional sites for devotion within the community. Scattered wayside shrines and crosses, documented in local heritage surveys, echo stylistic elements and serve as markers of faith along paths leading to sites, enhancing the town's devotional network. In contemporary times, Wemding's religious practices blend tradition with inclusivity through ecumenical events at the Haus Maria Brünnlein retreat center, opened in 1996, and youth-oriented pilgrimages that integrate modern routes like the Wallfahrerweg. These initiatives, including studies and marriage preparation courses, sustain the pilgrimage tradition while attracting about 50 organized foot groups each year.

Secular attractions and events

Wemding's historic market square, known as the Historischer Marktplatz, serves as the vibrant heart of the town, featuring a nearly square, cobbled surface surrounded by renovated Baroque-era buildings from the 17th and 18th centuries. This central plaza, often called the "good parlor" of Wemding, hosts a weekly market every , where local vendors offer fresh produce, flowers, and crafts, transforming the space into a colorful community gathering spot. The Heimatmuseum Wemding, housed in the former Kastenhaus building, spans 400 square meters and showcases exhibits on the town's , early , and urban development, alongside displays of traditional crafts, , and aspects of daily life such as . Originating from the Grundl family collection first exhibited in , the museum highlights local artisanal tools, furniture, and historical artifacts that illustrate everyday existence in the region. A prominent art installation in Wemding is the , an ongoing public artwork conceived by local artist Manfred Laber and initiated in 1993 with the placement of its . Designed as a stepped of 120 blocks, each weighing several tons and added decennially, the structure is projected to reach a height of approximately 7.3 meters (24 feet) upon completion in 3183, symbolizing the passage of time across 1,200 years. The most recent block was added in 2023, with the next scheduled for 2033. Wemding hosts several annual secular events that celebrate its cultural and , including the Fuchsienrundgang, a self-guided tour through the historic old town from late May to September, featuring over 700 plants arranged in gardens, balconies, and Germany's only Fuchsienpyramide near the tourist information office. This floral path honors 16th-century botanist , born in Wemding, and draws visitors to admire the vibrant displays amid the town's medieval walls and lanes. Historical traditions like the Schäfflertanz, a centuries-old coopers' performed every seven years, evoke medieval customs through rhythmic performances in the streets. Nature enthusiasts can explore guided walks in the nearby crater, a Global Geopark site, with trails starting from Wemding that highlight geological formations, limestone quarries, and unique dry grasslands along the crater's rim.

Notable people

Historical figures

Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566), a prominent botanist and physician, was born in Wemding, the youngest son of Hans Fuchs, who served as the town's Burgermeister. He began his education at the in 1515, earning a baccalaureate in 1517, before transferring to the , where he obtained a in 1521 and a in in 1524. Early in his career, Fuchs practiced and lectured on classical texts, including works by and , which he later edited and published in Greek editions to revive ancient medical knowledge. In 1535, Fuchs was appointed professor of at the , where he pioneered the integration of into medical training, emphasizing empirical observation of plants for therapeutic uses. His seminal work, De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (1542), cataloged over 500 plant species with precise descriptions, medicinal applications, and illustrations that set new standards for botanical accuracy and artistry, influencing for centuries. Fuchs's emphasis on systematic and visual documentation elevated from herbal lore to a scientific discipline, and the plant genus was named in his honor by in 1753. Veit Amerbach (1503–1557), a German humanist and theologian born in Wemding in the , played a significant role in early academia before his conversion to Catholicism. He pursued studies in philosophy, law, and Oriental languages at universities including , Freiburg, and , where he immersed himself in Lutheran theology under Philipp Melanchthon. From 1530 to 1540, Amerbach served as a professor in Wittenberg's arts faculty, teaching philosophy, rhetoric, and theology while residing in close proximity to and contributing to the university's humanist-oriented curriculum that supported ideals. Amerbach's scholarly output included commentaries on classical authors such as and , as well as patristic texts like those of , blending humanist with theological inquiry to advance debates on justification and scriptural interpretation during the . In 1541, he provided a preface to the first Latin translation of the by Peter Generanus, underscoring his initial alignment with Lutheran . Disillusioned with Lutheran developments, particularly conflicts involving Melanchthon, Amerbach converted to Catholicism in 1543, relocating to as a professor of and rhetoric, where he defended Catholic positions on and influenced counter-Reformation scholarship through his critiques of Protestant theology. His trajectory from Wittenberg to Catholic advocacy highlighted the era's intellectual fluidity and deepened scholarly engagement with divides.

Modern personalities

Luitgard Im (1930–1997) was a German actress renowned for her contributions to post-war theater and film. Born on January 12, 1930, in , , she began her career in the early , appearing in numerous stage productions and transitioning to screen roles by the mid-1960s. Her notable film credits include the title role in Judith (1965), a drama directed by Hans Conrad, and appearances in television adaptations such as Die Cocktailparty (1964) and Alle kann ich nicht heiraten (1952). Im's work spanned nearly five decades, encompassing over 50 film and TV productions, often portraying complex female characters in German cinema during the era. She maintained strong ties to her hometown, returning to Wemding where she passed away on April 21, 1997. Manfred Laber (1932–2018), a local artist from Wemding, is best known for initiating the Zeitpyramide, a long-term public art project symbolizing patience and future-oriented thinking. Born on May 5, 1932, in Wemding, Laber studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in during the 1950s before returning to his birthplace to establish his practice. In 1993, to commemorate the town's 1,200th anniversary, he proposed the —a to be constructed over 1,200 years by adding one block every decade until completion in 3183. Laber's vision emphasized community involvement and temporal scale, with the structure now standing at seven blocks and serving as a landmark in Wemding's town center. His other works, including paintings and sculptures, have been exhibited internationally, such as in Mormoiron, , and , . Laber died on August 17, 2018, in Wemding, leaving the project to continue under local stewardship. Ernst Steinacker (1919–2008) was a prominent German sculptor and painter whose career highlighted regional artistic traditions. Born on November 6, 1919, in Wemding, he apprenticed as a stone sculptor starting in 1933 and later studied at the State Academy of Fine Arts in Stuttgart under influential professors like Tony Stadler. Steinacker's professional milestones include creating public monuments and religious sculptures across , such as the Engel- und Figurenwiese installation in Wemding and works for churches in the Donau-Ries district. His style blended classical with modern , earning him recognition through exhibitions and commissions until his later years. Deeply connected to his roots, Steinacker spent much of his life in the region and died on March 2, 2008, at Schloss Spielberg near Wemding; in his honor, the town named a street after him in 2019 and houses a dedicated to his oeuvre.

References

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  50. https://www.wemding.de/wallfahrtsstadt/
  51. https://www.wemding.de/kirchen/
  52. https://www.wemding.de/sehenswertes/historischer_marktplatz-10181/
  53. https://www.wemding.de/wirtschaftsfoerderung/einkaufen/
  54. https://www.wemding.de/poi/heimatmuseum-798/
  55. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/14/arts/design/wemding-time-pyramid-zeitpyramide.html
  56. https://www.naturpark-altmuehltal.de/sehenswertes/fuchsienrundgang-5330/
  57. https://www.wemding.de/veranstaltungen/
  58. https://digital-exhibits.library.nd.edu/b2c90e6dc2/after-gutenberg/showcases/4cee63e4a8/science-and-technology
  59. https://archive.org/stream/HumanisticaLovaniensia/Humanistica%2520Lovaniensia%2520Vol.%252020%252C%25201971_djvu.txt
  60. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12096940_Protestant_and_Catholic_medicine_in_the_sixteenth_century_The_case_of_Ingolstadt_anatomy
  61. https://bookofconcord.org/other-resources/historical-introductions/
  62. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0407991/
  63. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0407991/bio/
  64. https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Manfred-Laber/D00F811FAB0CCD84
  65. https://www.wemding.de/poi/ernst_steinacker_1919-2008-10892/
  66. https://www.schlossspielberg.de/pages/topics/einweihung-ernst-steinacker---strasse-in-wemding.php
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