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Apptio
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Apptio, Inc. is a Bellevue, Washington-based company founded in 2007 that develops technology business management (TBM) software as a service (SaaS) applications.[3][4][5] Apptio enterprise apps are designed to assess and communicate the cost of IT services for planning, budgeting and forecasting purposes;[6] Apptio's services offer tools for CIOs to manage technology departments' storage, applications, energy usage, cybersecurity, and reporting obligations;[7] manage the costs of public cloud, migration to public cloud and SaaS portfolios; and adopt and scale Agile across the enterprise.

Key Information

In 2009, the company was the first investment for Silicon Valley venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz.[8] The company has approximately 550 customers[9] of various sizes.[10][11] The company went public in September 2016.[12]

On November 11, 2018, it was announced that Apptio would be acquired by the private equity firm Vista Equity Partners for $1.9 billion.[13] That same year, Apptio acquired Digital Fuel, a cloud computing expenditure company, for $42.5 million.[14]

In June 2023, IBM agreed to acquire Apptio from Vista for $4.6 billion.[15] The acquisition was completed on August 10, 2023.[16]

History

[edit]

The company was founded in 2007 by Sunny Gupta, Kurt Shintaffer and Paul McLachlan.[17][better source needed] Prior to founding the company, Gupta and Shintaffer worked together at iConclude before it was purchased by Opsware in 2007.[8] In November 2007, the company received $7 million in funding from Madrona Venture Group and Greylock Partners while it was operating in stealth mode.[18] Apptio raised an additional $14 million in Series B funding from the newly formed Andreessen Horowitz fund in 2009.[5]

In 2010, the company raised an additional $16.5 million in Series C funding led by Shasta Ventures, with participation from previous investors.[19]

In March 2012, the company raised an additional $50 million in Series D funding to continue scaling, hiring and expanding its services.[20] In 2013, Apptio raised an additional $45 million in Series E funding, bringing its total raised to $136 million from firms including Greylock Partners, Madrona Venture Group, Janus Capital and T. Rowe Price.[3][10]

In March 2014, Apptio opened offices in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia.[21] In 2015, the company announced that it was adding an office in Denver.[22] Apptio added another international office in March 2016, when it announced it would open an office in Paris, France.[23] On September 23, 2016, Apptio raised $96 million with its IPO, opening on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the symbol APTI at $16 per share.[12]

On February 2, 2018, Apptio completed the acquisition of Digital Fuel SV, LLC, a provider of IT business management (ITBM) tools.[9] On November 11, 2018, Apptio entered into definitive agreement to be acquired by Vista Equity Partners for $1.94 billion. Apptio shareholders received $38.00 in cash per share, representing a 53% premium to the unaffected closing price as of November 9, 2018.[24]

In 2019, Apptio acquired Cloudability, a firm that manages cloud spend.[25] Apptio opened its first India office location in August 2019.[26] In May 2020, LeanIX revealed technology collaboration with Apptio to include core IT spending data analytics.[27]

In February 2021, the company acquired Targetprocess, a software platform that specializes in business investments, for agile.[28] In April 2021, Apptio launched a redesigned portfolio of products including: ApptioOne, Targetprocess, and Cloudability.[29] Apptio announced its first certified solution and integration with ServiceNow in July 2021. The following month, Apptio opened its Kraków, Poland office.[30]

In December 2021, the company announced its collaboration with Microsoft to deploy Apptio’s platform on Microsoft Cloud to help enterprises migrate and optimize workloads.[31] Apptio also partnered with IBM to accelerate enterprise transformation and improve hybrid cloud technology that same year.[32]

In June 2023, IBM agreed to acquire Apptio from Vista Equity Partners for $4.6 billion in an all-cash deal.[15] In August, the company announced the completion of the acquisition of Apptio.[16]

Technology Business Management Council

[edit]

Apptio founded the Technology Business Management Council in 2012,[33] a non-profit organization that had over 2,900 CIOs[34] and other senior IT leaders by 2014.[33] It was reported by the Puget Sound Business Journal that the council "aims to help IT departments run like businesses by setting standards and best practices" .[35] The council held its first conference in November 2013.[11]

References

[edit]
[edit]
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Apptio

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Apptio, Inc. is an American software company headquartered in , founded in 2007 by Sunny Gupta that develops and provides cloud-based Technology Business Management (TBM) solutions as a service (SaaS). The company specializes in IT financial management (ITFM), FinOps for cloud cost optimization, and strategic portfolio management (SPM), enabling organizations to connect technology investments to measurable business outcomes, optimize budgets, and support data-driven decision-making for IT and finance leaders. As a founding member of the Technology Business Management Council and the FinOps Foundation, Apptio promotes standardized models like the Apptio TBM Unified Model (ATUM) for financial transparency in technology operations. Apptio went public on the in 2016 under the ticker APTO and was subsequently acquired by in 2019 for approximately $1.94 billion. In June 2023, IBM announced its agreement to acquire Apptio from Vista for $4.6 billion, with the transaction completing on , 2023, integrating Apptio as a key component of IBM's hybrid and AI . Post-acquisition, Apptio expanded its workforce by 43% as of 2024 and continues to operate under the IBM umbrella, offering products such as ApptioOne for unified IT analytics, IBM Cloudability for financial management (recognized as a Leader for two consecutive years), Kubecost for cost monitoring, and Targetprocess for agile portfolio alignment, including recent enhancements to FinOps solutions announced in November 2025. These solutions serve enterprises across industries, helping to balance cost control with innovation in technology spending.

History

Founding and Early Development

Apptio was founded in 2007 in , by Sunny Gupta, who serves as CEO, along with Paul McLachlan and Kurt Shintaffer, who became the company's . The trio, experienced in , aimed to address the challenges of managing escalating IT costs in large organizations by developing software that provided greater visibility and control over investments. This founding vision was influenced by the growing complexity of IT environments, where enterprises spent over $3.1 trillion globally on in 2007, yet struggled to align those expenditures with outcomes. In November 2007, shortly after incorporation, Apptio secured its initial $7 million Series A funding round, led by Madrona Venture Group and , with participation from Shasta Ventures. This capital enabled the company to build its core technology platform during its stealth phase, focusing on cloud-based tools for Technology Business Management (TBM), a framework designed to help enterprises model, analyze, and optimize IT costs. Early development emphasized creating scalable, on-demand software that integrated financial and operational data to deliver actionable insights, setting the stage for Apptio's differentiation in the IT space. Apptio emerged from on June 9, 2008, launching its flagship on-demand IT Cost Transparency solution, which provided enterprises with tools for IT benchmarking, cost modeling, and service-level visibility through features like and a "Bill of IT" reporting mechanism. This product centered on TBM principles to enable better around IT spending, helping organizations track utilization and communicate technology value to business stakeholders. By 2009 and 2010, Apptio experienced rapid early growth, securing its first major customers among companies in the technology and finance sectors, including and Blue Cross Blue Shield, as well as early adopters like Finlay Enterprises and . The company's IT spend under management expanded significantly, reaching over $3 billion in 2009 and surpassing $50 billion by the end of 2010, reflecting adoption by more than 60 customers, several of which were enterprises seeking to optimize their multimillion-dollar IT budgets.

Public Listing and Private Equity Ownership

Apptio completed its (IPO) on September 23, 2016, listing on the stock exchange under the APTI. The company priced the offering at $16 per share, raising approximately $96 million in net proceeds. This marked a significant milestone for the firm, enabling further investment in growth initiatives following years of private funding. As of June 30, 2016, Apptio had 694 full-time employees. In the period following the IPO, Apptio demonstrated robust expansion. 2017 revenue reached $188.5 million, reflecting a 17.4% increase from the prior year, driven by strong demand for its Technology Business Management (TBM) solutions. Sunny Gupta continued as CEO throughout this phase, maintaining leadership continuity from the company's founding. On November 11, 2018, Apptio announced its acquisition by for $1.94 billion, or $38 per share in cash, representing a 53% premium over the unaffected stock price. The transaction, which delisted the company from , was completed on January 10, 2019, transitioning Apptio to private ownership. Under Vista's ownership, Apptio emphasized , such as enhancements to its cloud-based TBM platform, and international market expansion, particularly in the region where revenue grew 45% year-over-year in 2020. Revenue increased to approximately $300 million by 2020, supported by a of 11-13% from 2018 onward, with the employee base expanding to 1,200. By this time, the company served around 550 customers, predominantly large enterprises across industries like and .

Acquisition by IBM and Recent Developments

On June 26, 2023, IBM announced its acquisition of Apptio from Vista Equity Partners for $4.6 billion in cash, aiming to bolster its capabilities in IT financial management and cloud optimization. The deal was completed on August 10, 2023, after obtaining necessary regulatory approvals, marking Apptio's transition into IBM's portfolio as a key asset for enterprise technology management. The strategic rationale behind the acquisition centered on enhancing IBM's hybrid cloud and IT management offerings by incorporating Apptio's FinOps and cost optimization tools, enabling deeper and actionable insights for enterprise IT operations. This move was intended to address growing demands for multi-cloud cost governance, allowing IBM customers to optimize across hybrid environments while integrating financial transparency into application management and workflows. Post-acquisition, Apptio was rebranded as IBM Apptio, operating as an IBM company to align with the parent organization's branding and ecosystem. It has been incorporated into IBM's broader platforms, including Cloud Pak for Data for unified data management and Watson for AI-enhanced analytics, facilitating seamless cost modeling and predictive insights in hybrid IT setups. In recent developments, Apptio expanded its ecosystem through a September 2024 partnership with EY, combining Apptio's software with EY's consulting services to provide joint solutions for enterprise technology spend visibility and management, including IT cost modeling for transactions. On November 4, 2025, Apptio launched next-generation FinOps solutions integrating Cloudability and Kubecost, designed specifically for AI-era cloud management to offer end-to-end visibility and optimization across multi-cloud environments amid rising AI-driven costs. Additionally, in 2025, Apptio released version 5.7 of its application on September 8, featuring updated integrations that support code-based identifiers for dimensions like vendors, locations, and roles, alongside enhanced connectivity with tools such as for resource optimization and for observability. These updates aim to streamline financial planning and IT budgeting by unifying cost data with performance metrics in dynamic infrastructures.

Products and Services

IT Financial Management Solutions

Apptio's IT Financial Management (ITFM) solutions, primarily delivered through the Apptio platform, provide organizations with tools to gain visibility into technology spending, model costs accurately, and align IT investments with business priorities. The platform integrates financial and operational data from diverse sources, enabling IT leaders to make data-driven decisions that balance cost control and innovation. Core to these solutions is the ability to create a unified view of on-premises, , and hybrid IT expenses, supporting the Technology Business Management (TBM) framework for standardized cost transparency. The Apptio suite includes modular offerings such as Essentials, which delivers streamlined reports and prescriptive datasets for rapid allocation and insights within 30 days; Standard, featuring customizable reports, advanced planning capabilities, and access to TBM Studio for flexible modeling; and ITFM + Strategic Portfolio , which combines costing with via integration with IBM Targetprocess. Key features encompass automated data ingestion from over 350 source systems, including platforms like and ; customizable allocation models that allow unrestricted hierarchies for accurate and showback; and interactive dashboards that provide real-time visualizations for IT teams to monitor spend and metrics. These elements facilitate IT against industry peers, detailed modeling for services and assets, and of service catalogs to track IT offerings and their associated expenses. Target use cases for these solutions focus on empowering chief information officers (CIOs) to align IT expenditures with outcomes, such as optimizing budgets to achieve 3-5% annual savings, accelerating processes by up to 75% with less than 1% variance, and rationalizing application portfolios for over 25% reductions in redundant assets. For instance, organizations use the platform to uncover hidden costs, including expenditures, through comprehensive visibility that improves stakeholder alignment and precise cost control. The solutions have evolved since Apptio's initial ITFM offerings in , with significant enhancements in 2018-2020 introducing AI-driven and to handle complex, multi-cloud environments. Adoption is widespread among enterprises, with Apptio serving over 1,800 customers globally whose collective technology spend exceeds $650 billion annually, and more than 70% utilizing the platform for core ITFM functions like costing and planning. Examples include achieving €2.5 million in savings through agile portfolio transitions and Hyland reducing cloud costs via integrated optimization.

Cloud and FinOps Tools

Apptio's cloud and FinOps tools focus on enabling organizations to govern cloud costs through collaborative financial management practices, with significant enhancements following IBM's 2023 acquisition of Apptio. These solutions emphasize real-time visibility, cost optimization, and integration across multi-cloud environments, aligning IT operations with business outcomes in dynamic cloud landscapes. A cornerstone of Apptio's offerings is IBM Cloudability, originally acquired by Apptio in 2019 and now integrated into IBM's broader FinOps portfolio. This platform delivers real-time cloud spend visibility and management across major providers including AWS, Azure, and Google , supporting FinOps practitioners with tools for budgeting, forecasting, and governance. Recognized as a Leader in the 2025 Gartner for Tools, Cloudability helps teams achieve operational efficiency by providing customizable dashboards and allocation rules. Complementing Cloudability is IBM Kubecost, an open-source tool for Kubernetes cost allocation that IBM acquired in 2024 and integrated into Apptio's FinOps suite. Kubecost enables precise cost monitoring and optimization in containerized environments, offering installation in under five minutes and bidirectional data sharing with Cloudability for a unified view of hybrid cloud expenses. This integration supports teams in allocating costs to specific namespaces, pods, and services, reducing surprises in Kubernetes workloads. In November 2025, Apptio released Kubecost 3.0 with enhanced GPU-specific metrics for AI workloads. Apptio's FinOps capabilities include automated tagging via Tag Explorer, which visually maps tag usage to identify untagged resources and enforce compliance; AI-backed that alerts on significant spend changes; and optimization recommendations for rightsizing resources. These features typically enable 15-25% savings in cloud costs by promoting accountability and efficiency, as evidenced in deployments where organizations automated container optimization and GPU monitoring. Post-2023 developments have expanded these tools for AI-driven workloads through integrations with for combined cost and metrics, and with for automated resource optimization in multi-cloud setups. In November 2025, Apptio launched Cloudability Governance in public preview, integrating with Terraform for cost estimation, policy compliance, and automated monitoring. These enhancements allow teams to visualize application performance alongside expenses, facilitating proactive adjustments in high-demand AI environments. In practice, Apptio's tools have empowered financial firms to manage multi- portfolios effectively; for instance, Securian Financial accelerated its transformation with Cloudability's multi- support, while leveraged FinOps practices for cross-departmental enablement and transparency. Similarly, BMO used these solutions to dissect application and align spending with priorities, demonstrating unified reporting for hybrid environments.

Planning and Analytics Applications

Apptio Planning is a cloud-based platform designed for annual IT budgeting, enabling organizations to perform modeling and what-if to optimize technology investments. It unifies financial data from various sources, automating workflows to streamline expense budgeting and processes. This tool supports continuous, adaptive by allowing users to simulate different financial outcomes based on variables such as resource allocation and market changes. The platform's analytics features include seamless integration with business intelligence tools like Tableau, facilitating advanced data visualization and reporting. Predictive algorithms are incorporated to forecast demand and resource needs, enhancing accuracy. Additionally, built-in ROI calculators help evaluate the return on technology investments by quantifying potential benefits against costs. Key workflows in Apptio Planning emphasize collaborative across IT, , and units, with automated ingestion to support real-time input and adjustments. It enables agile budgeting cycles through repeatable processes that incorporate actual expenses into ongoing forecasts, reducing manual aggregation efforts. In 2025, Release 5.7 introduced enhancements for end-to-end visibility, including code-based identifiers for vendors, locations, roles, and custom dimensions to improve and integration with tools like Apptio Costing. These updates combine cloud spend via Cloudability with traditional IT expenditures, providing a unified view for . Improved grouping options and in-app training further support variance analysis and collaborative workflows. Clients using Apptio Planning have reported significant improvements, such as reducing planning time by 75% and enabling monthly forecasting, while Micron achieved a budget variance of 0.5%. CHRISTUS Health cut its planning cycle by 90% and reduced variance by 50%, demonstrating enhanced budget accuracy and faster cycles overall.

Technology Business Management

TBM Framework

The Technology Business Management (TBM) framework is a designed to map IT costs to services and outcomes, facilitating value-based by providing transparency into investments and enabling organizations to align IT spending with strategic priorities. Developed to address the complexities of managing IT as a business function, TBM shifts the focus from traditional cost-tracking to a holistic view that integrates financial data with operational performance, allowing leaders to optimize resources, measure ROI, and drive . The framework, introduced in "Technology Business Management: The Four Value Conversations," has evolved into its second version to address contemporary challenges including , AI, and . At its core, the TBM framework rests on five foundational pillars that support the establishment and sustainability of a mature TBM practice:
  • , providing financial, operational, and contextual data for TBM models;
  • Tools, offering platforms for data gathering, , modeling, and reporting;
  • Methods, defining standard processes and methodologies for TBM application;
  • Roles, identifying people and teams, including the TBM Office, for execution;
  • Change, focusing on organizational to embed TBM in . These pillars work interdependently to create a unified approach for evaluating and communicating IT's contribution to .
The framework was developed by early contributors Chris Pick, Todd Tucker, and Josh Harbert, originating in the late 1990s, and advanced between and 2010 through collaborative CIO roundtables hosted by Apptio that applied principles to IT cost transparency and value assessment. Building on early discussions among six CIOs in , the concept evolved with contributions like Ed Hayman's cost model from in 2011, culminating in the formal incorporation of the TBM Council as a nonprofit in April 2012 and the release of foundational standards shortly thereafter. Implementation of the TBM framework relies on standardized taxonomies, such as the TBM Taxonomy version 5.0.1 (initially released in mid-2024, with update in November 2025), which categorizes costs, resources, and services consistently across industries to promote and benchmarking. This global standard, updated to accommodate modern elements like and AI, allows organizations to apply a common language for cost allocation, from IT towers to business consumption, reducing silos between , IT, and units. Apptio's software, such as ApptioOne, operationalizes this taxonomy through models like the Apptio TBM Unified Model () for practical deployment. The TBM framework has been recognized by as a for IT , aiding organizations in transitioning IT from a cost center to a strategic value driver by enabling data-driven optimizations and improved investment outcomes.

Technology Business Management Council

The Technology Business Management (TBM) Council was established in by Apptio as a dedicated to advancing TBM practices through , , and industry . Initially formed from Apptio's biannual TBM Summits to create an independent peer community for practitioners, the Council quickly grew to include over 225 members, comprising CIOs and executives from leading global enterprises. By late 2014, its membership had expanded by 50 percent to reach 1,400 individuals, reflecting increasing adoption of TBM methodologies among technology leaders. Today, the Council boasts a global network of over 20,000 professionals from more than 4,000 organizations across 110+ , including 92 Fortune 100 companies. The Council's core activities focus on fostering TBM adoption and standardization through annual events, professional development, and thought leadership. It hosts the flagship TBM , an annual that brings together executives for networking, case studies, and discussions on applying TBM to drive business value, with the 2024 event held in and the 2025 edition held November 10-12 in Miami, Florida. Additionally, the organization offers programs, including the TBM Practitioner Course for hands-on skills and the TBM Executive Foundation Course for strategic leadership, enabling participants to earn credentials that demonstrate expertise in TBM principles. The Council also conducts publications and advocates for elevating TBM discussions to boardroom levels, emphasizing its role in aligning technology investments with organizational outcomes. Key outputs from the Council include the collaborative development of foundational TBM resources, such as the TBM —a standardized framework for classifying technology costs, resources, and services—and the TBM Maturity Assessment, a tool for evaluating and advancing TBM program effectiveness within organizations. These efforts are complemented by freely available resources like whitepapers on IT value management and best practices, which support practitioners in implementing TBM without proprietary dependencies. Following IBM's acquisition of Apptio in 2023, the has continued its operations with sponsorship from the combined entity, shifting emphasis in 2024-2025 events toward hybrid cloud TBM applications, including sessions on accelerating hybrid cloud transformations and integrating generative AI with cloud operations.

Corporate Structure

Leadership Team

Apptio's team, operating as part of since the 2023 acquisition, emphasizes strategic continuity from its founding roots while integrating expertise in AI-driven and IT . The core executive group drives the company's focus on Technology Business Management (TBM) and FinOps solutions, blending long-tenured leaders with recent additions to align with IBM's hybrid initiatives. Current leadership includes as General Manager of Apptio and IT Automation at , overseeing operations and strategy; as ; as ; and as and . Sunny Gupta, co-founder and former CEO since Apptio's inception in 2007, led the company through its 2016 IPO, 2019 acquisition by , and 2023 integration into , drawing on his deep expertise in SaaS delivery and IT financial optimization. In February 2024, Gupta transitioned to Chairman Emeritus of Apptio and strategic advisor to , maintaining influence on long-term vision while enabling new leadership to execute on expanded AI and capabilities. Kurt Shintaffer, co-founder and former from 2015, oversaw financial operations, investor relations, and scaling during periods of rapid growth, including the public listing and phases. His contributions ensured fiscal discipline in Apptio's evolution as a SaaS leader in spend before he departed to pursue roles. Jeremy Ung served as Chief Technology Officer from 2022 to 2024, spearheading product architecture, engineering, and integrations to enhance Apptio's cloud-native offerings in the post-2023 era. With prior experience at and , Ung focused on operational scalability and global support before moving to a new role at BlackLine. Allison Breeding held the role of from 2020 to early 2025, directing efforts to promote FinOps and cloud cost management solutions, leveraging her background in demand generation from roles at Docker and . Her tenure amplified Apptio's market positioning during the IBM transition, fostering partnerships and brand growth in enterprise technology. Post-IBM acquisition, Apptio retained significant elements of its founding executive core for strategic stability while incorporating IBM-aligned leaders, such as Buitrago as COO and since 2024, to advance hybrid cloud strategies and operational synergies across IBM's portfolio. This hybrid approach has supported innovations like AI-infused TBM tools, ensuring seamless continuity in Apptio's mission.

Operations and Financial Overview

Apptio is headquartered in , at 11100 NE 8th Street, Suite 600. The company maintains a global footprint with over 20 offices worldwide, including key locations in for European operations, for support, and additional sites in , , and to facilitate international expansion and . As of September 2025, Apptio employs approximately 1,400 people across these locations, reflecting a roughly 17% increase from the 1,200 employees reported in 2020. The workforce emphasizes roles in , product development, and to support the company's technology business management solutions. Financially, Apptio generated an estimated $300 million in revenue in 2020 prior to its acquisition by . Post-acquisition in 2023, the company's annual revenue exceeded $400 million, with projections for further growth to over $500 million by 2024, bolstered by synergies with IBM's hybrid cloud ecosystem and expanded market reach. These figures underscore Apptio's integration into IBM's software segment, which reported $6.7 billion in revenue for the quarter ending in mid-2024. Apptio serves more than 1,800 enterprise customers globally as of 2025, including over 60% of 100 companies, with a focus on sectors such as (e.g., ), finance, and healthcare. These clients collectively manage more than $650 billion in annual spend, leveraging Apptio's tools for cost optimization and . Under IBM's influence, Apptio has advanced initiatives, including tools for tracking carbon emissions in IT operations and optimizing strategies for reduced environmental impact. On (DEI), the company aligns with IBM's broader goals for diverse hiring, though IBM has moderated some public DEI commitments amid external pressures in 2025.

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  57. https://www.apptio.com/case-study/cobank/
  58. https://www.apptio.com/case-study/how-micron-eliminated-budget-variance-and-changed-it-culture/
  59. https://www.apptio.com/case-study/how-christus-health-transformed-it-planning/
  60. https://www.apptio.com/topics/what-is-tbm/
  61. https://www.tbmcouncil.org/framework/
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  63. https://www.tbmcouncil.org/taxonomy/
  64. https://www.tbmcouncil.org/learn-tbm/resource-center/the-tbm-taxonomy-5/
  65. https://www.apptio.com/platform/atum/
  66. https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/4008910
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  78. https://www.tbmcouncil.org/tbm-events/upcoming/
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  80. https://www.apptio.com/company/leadership/
  81. https://www.geekwire.com/2024/apptio-ceo-sunny-gupta-stepping-down-17-years-after-founding-enterprise-software-giant/
  82. https://www.madrona.com/team-profiles/sunny-gupta/
  83. https://tracxn.com/d/companies/apptio/__Bq0GH5Hu74N3B9IO-J04baKXALQIF161t8a6tAEoids
  84. https://www.apptio.com/company/news/press-releases/apptio-promotes-co-founder-kurt-shintaffer-to-chief-financial-officer/
  85. https://www.crunchbase.com/person/kurt-shintaffer
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  94. https://www.apptio.com/company/trust/
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  96. https://www.zoominfo.com/c/apptio/350887504
  97. https://www.geekwire.com/2023/ibm-completes-4-6b-acquisition-of-apptio/
  98. https://crescointl.com/apptio-the-key-to-aligning-tech-spend-and-business-strategy/
  99. https://www.apptio.com/shows/tech-frontier/connecting-it-sustainability-to-business-value/
  100. https://www.apptio.com/blog/addressing-carbon-emissions-in-it-the-new-business-imperative/
  101. https://sustainabilitymag.com/articles/ibm-pulls-back-on-dei-amid-political-pressures
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