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In 1931, the National Guard deemed Camp Devens to be too small to meet their needs and began to look for a new training area, and two years later Cape Cod was identified as having a suitable environment to build a new camp. Camp Edwards was officially dedicated in 1938.[2]
In 1940, the U.S. Army leased Camp Edwards as a training facility as part of its mobilization strategy for World War II. The Army undertook significant construction which helped to expand Camp Edwards from a rustic military post to a small city, overflowing with new GIs. The new plan called for new capacity to house 30,000 soldiers and was completed in just four months. At the peak of the construction, 30 buildings were completed every day. During the war, the camp functioned as a sending off point for troops as well as a training ground for anti-aircraft and amphibious units. By mid-1944 the training centers were relocated to Florida, but the camp remained as a hospital, prisoner-of-war camp, and holding area for AWOL (Absent With Out Leave) soldiers being sent overseas until the end of the war.[1]
With the end of the war, Camp Edwards was deactivated. The Air Force took control of nearby Otis Field in 1948, and Otis Air Force Base was born. During the Korean War, the camp was reactivated to train troops. After the war, the camp was again deactivated. The camp was never reactivated for the Vietnam War, but training did go on occasionally.
Camp Edwards was subject to a closure attempt in the 1990s, but survived after objections from the military community. During Hurricane Katrina, the camp was utilized by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, opening up to 2,500 refugees.
Today, the Camp is home to two training centers for National Guard troops. These training centers, which are the only ones in the Northeast other than those at Fort Drum and Fort Dix, are meant to simulate a middle-eastern town.
Camp Edwards' beginnings can be traced back to 1908 when the Massachusetts State Militia practiced weekend and annual training in the Shawme-Crowell State Forest.[1] The area was looked at in 1931 when the National Guard deemed Camp Devens to be too small and began to look for a new training area. People who supported and were against the military on the Cape made their voices heard to the Commonwealth and the War Department in 1935 when Governor James Curley signed a bill establishing a Military Reservation Commission. In September, the War Department approved acquisition of up to 200,000 acres (810 km2) on Cape Cod for the purpose of military training. In 1936, troops began setting up camp and began training. These soldiers were often equipped with World War I era equipment, wooden guns, and Enfield rifles. This reality reflected the isolationist policy of the American people.[1]
Barracks being built in 1940
Between 1935 and 1940, Massachusetts and the federal government, primarily using Works Project Administration funds, constructed 63 buildings (all but Buildings 102 and the old Williams Hospital have since been demolished) and two, 500-foot (150 m) wide turf runways at Otis Field. The project was the largest WPA project in state history, employing over 600 workmen. In 1938, Governor Charles F. Hurley dedicated Camp Edwards, named after the commander of the 26th Division in World War I, Major General Clarence Edwards. In 1940, the biggest construction project in the camp's history began when the Army leased Camp Edwards. Construction was completed under the command of Major Thomas Waters, of the 68th AA Regiment. The Walsh Construction Company of New York was the company chosen to build the initial 1300 buildings in the cantonment area. These buildings were to house over 30,000 men. The goal was to have the area finished by the beginning of 1941 when the 26th Infantry Division began a year of training.[1]
A railroad spur was built from Falmouth and a constant procession of trucks transporting material to the camp began. Peak of construction occurred in November 1940, with 18,343 employees working three shifts, a weekly payroll in excess of one million dollars, and completion of 30 buildings a day. The project was completed in a mere 125 days (September 1940 to January 1941) and served as the national prototype for other camps built during World War II, using the 700 series drawings.[1] The station was located on Weaver Street.[12]
In January 1941, the 26th Infantry Division, which was recently federalized, consisted entirely of Massachusetts National Guard members. Over the next 3 months, its ranks filled up with members from New York and New England. Starting for 7 months in April 1941, the 26th left Camp Edwards to participate in the Carolina Maneuvers and the Coastal Patrol, while other National Guard and Army Divisions came to train the camp. The 26th returned to Camp Edwards on December 6, 1941, with the expectation of completing their year of service soon. The bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and the subsequent declaration of war by the United States, resulted in extension of federal service for the division through 1945.[1]
Early aerial image of Camp Edwards, notice the beginnings of Otis Field in the foreground
In 1941, the 101st Observation Squadron was inducted into federal service and moved to Otis Field. The first concrete runways were laid in 1942 and expanded in 1943 because of the advancements of allied aircraft. The field became an important anti-submarine base because of its proximity to the ocean, and subsequently the Army placed the 14th Antisubmarine Squadron at the field from November 1942 until July 1943. The Navy took over all anti-submarine missions in October.[1]
On February 2, 1942, a massive fire swept through a garage on the base.[13] This fire destroyed 125 vehicles, including 40 which were new.[13] This was the only massive fire to ever occur at the base.
A coast artillery battalion (anti-aircraft) was stationed at Camp Edwards from 1942 to 1944. It formed the core of the Antiaircraft Artillery Training Center, Camp Edwards, one of seven such U.S. Army facilities in World War II. This was activated 28 March 1942 as part of the Army Antiaircraft Command. The Camp Edwards center trained 42 anti-aircraft battalions before it was deactivated in July 1944.[1][14] Camp Edwards had at least two firing ranges at satellite camps in 1941–1942, the Popponesset Firing Range in Mashpee on the cape's south coast and the Scorton Neck Firing Range in Sandwich on the cape's north coast. The Scorton Neck range was used for antiaircraft and other training with weapons ranging from .22-caliber small arms to 90-mm antiaircraft guns. The types of weapons used at the Popponesset range are unclear. Reportedly, Scorton Neck was in use for a period of 110 days and Popponesset for 60 days.[15] Another anti-aircraft training center was Camp Wellfleet in eastern Cape Cod.[16]
Initially eight Engineer Amphibian Brigades, redesignated as Engineer Special Brigades in May 1943, were planned to be trained, five of these at Camp Edwards in 1942.[20] This was scaled back, and eventually six brigades were trained, four at Camp Edwards. Three of the six deployed to Europe; the other three to the Pacific.[22] Three satellite camps were established for training, all of them in beach areas on the southern coast of Cape Cod. Camp Cotuit (soon nicknamed Camp Candoit) was in Cotuit.[23]Camp Havedoneit was in Osterville and was also a maintenance facility including the Crosby Yacht boatyard.[24][25]Camp Washburn was on Washburn Island in Falmouth.[20] Training was also conducted on Martha's Vineyard.[24] The 36th Infantry Division and the 45th Infantry Division[10] were the divisions initially involved in training. Those divisions later fought in several European campaigns, including amphibious assaults in Sicily and Salerno, Italy in 1943. The first seasickness pill was also tested by the divisions.[1] In fall 1942 Camp Edwards was "winterized", with the Amphibious Training Center and the brigades in training relocated to Camp Carrabelle (later Camp Gordon Johnston) in Carrabelle, Florida.[26][22] By December 1943, the Engineer Amphibian Command had largely accomplished its purpose with the training of the 4th Engineer Special Brigade and replacements for the deployed brigades. A small supply staff remained until the command was dissolved in April 1944.[27]
The "Convalescent Hospital" was established at Camp Edwards in 1942. In addition to serving wounded coming back from both theaters, the hospital became famous for its convalescent trains that crossed the country and for its WAAC training program for New England nurses. Over 2500 nurses stopped for training at Camp Edwards before going overseas between 1942 and 1944.[1]
A mock German village was constructed at Edwards in 1942. This was one of the first instances of training for urban warfare.[1]
The East Coast Processing Center was established in October 1943. It was the first such facility in the United States. The center housed men who were AWOL prior to shipping them overseas. Most men stayed for a month before being shipped out. Between 1943 and 1945, more than 40,000 men were processed through this center.[1]
After the Allies began the invasion of North Africa in December 1942, the US Army built a prisoner-of-war camp for captured German soldiers. The camp, located at the south end of the runway, housed up to 2,000 POWs at a given time, many of whom were from Rommel's famed Afrika Korps. The prisoners worked around Camp Edwards much of the time, but were also sent to work in the area's farms and cranberry fields. German prisoners also assisted in salvaging millions of board feet of lumber after the Otis vicinity was devastated by a hurricane in September 1944. 4 sawmills were supposed to be built at the base to cut up this lumber.[28] The 1114th SCU maintained security and managed the camp throughout the war. By the end of the war, the POW camp had received, processed, and repatriated up to 5,000 POWs.[1]
By June 1944, Camp Edwards had expanded to an area of 21,322 acres (8,629 ha), capable of accommodating 1,945 officers and 34,108 enlisted personnel.[29]
In its last act of the war, Camp Edwards was the location of a Temporary Separation Center for discharging returning GIs. More than 12,900 men were discharged from the armed forces from 1945 to 1946.[1]
After the war, it was not uncommon for soldiers to train on local beaches firing artillery rounds into the sea. These rounds were blanks due to the fact that they were usually firing into the Cape Cod Canal entranceway.
During the Cold War, Camp Edwards remained active and continued training troops. During the Korean War, the base was activated and troop levels approaching World War II were again seen at the base.[1] In 1958, the Atomic Energy Commission recommended that nuclear waste reprocessing be conducted at the camp.[30] It never happened.
EC-121 Constellations on the ramp of Otis AFB, this ramp was later used by the 102nd Fighter Wing
Deactivated in 1946 and moved to caretaker status by the Army, Camp Edwards was used primarily for Air National Guard and Army National Guard training. The runway was also extended to 8,000 feet (2,400 m) and the 101st Observation Squadron was reactivated as the 101st Fighter Squadron. In 1948, the Air Force obtained Otis Field, renaming it Otis Air Force Base. Camp Edwards was reactivated in 1950 for troop training support for the Korean War, with levels approaching that of World War II.
On April 9, 1952, a C-47 transport plane, which had taken off from Otis, suffered a mid-air collision over Camp Edwards with an F-94B, resulting in the deaths of all 12 men aboard the planes (10 on the C-47 and two on the F-94B).[31][32]
In 1954, Congress authorized the transfer of the camp from the Department of the Army to the Department of the Air Force, for the purpose of operating a military airfield. The Army still used its usual areas while the Air Force expanded. Between 1951 and around 1956, the Air Force constructed numerous new hangars and other buildings on the south side of Otis. Otis became one of three Air Defense Command bases in the northeast, the others being Hanscom Air Force Base and Ethan Allen Air Force Base. Air Defense Command built a series of fighter alert hangars at Otis in the 1940s and 1950s. Otis fulfilled its role through the crews and aircraft of the 33rd Fighter Interceptor Wing, whose headquarters were established at Otis. The 564th Air Defense Group, consisting of the 58th and 437th Fighter Squadrons, was also based at and conducted missions from Otis. The 564th was later redesignated the 33rd Air Defense Group.
In 1955, the Air Defense Command's 551st Airborne Early Warning and Control Wing was assigned to Otis Air Force Base to conduct reconnaissance missions and expand the country's defensive perimeter. The 551st operated the EC-121 Constellation that were modified to conduct long-range flights over the Atlantic Ocean. Other Air Defense Command units conducting air defense missions from Otis AFB at this time included the 4707th Air Defense Wing, the 33rd Fighter Wing, and the 58th and 60th Fighter-Interceptor Squadrons. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Otis AFB played a role in the technologically advanced national defense Semi Automatic Ground Environment, which was under the command of North American Aerospace Defense Command. Otis AFB served as a node in gap-filler radar and flight support. In 1959, the Air Force constructed a counterpart to the Army's Nike missiles, and CIM-10 BOMARC anti-aircraft missiles were installed on a site northwest of the airfield. Otis was one of eight such facilities in the country.[1] The site was run by the 26th Air Defense Missile Squadron.
John F. Kennedy disembarks from a plane, while a girl, probably Caroline, runs towards him
As a result of John F. Kennedy becoming president in 1961, Otis became an important stop for Air Force One due to the proximity of the Kennedy Compound in nearby Hyannisport, called the "Summer White House" during his tenure in office. Kennedy maintained office space in Building 102 and used Building 110 (Kennedy Cottage) as a staging area for meetings and public affairs events when arriving or leaving from the airfield.[1]
In 1973, the Army began its withdrawal from Camp Edwards. Otis Air Force Base was also closed this year. In 1975, Otis reopened as Otis Air National Guard Base and all operations on the land occupied by Otis and Camp Edwards came under the control of the new Massachusetts Military Reservation. In 1978, the Air Force returned with the Perimeter Acquisition Vehicle Entry Phased Array Warning System, more popularly known as PAVE PAWS. This new facility was known as Cape Cod Air Force Station.[1] In 1986, an artilleryman from the Connecticut Army National Guard overloaded a gun and the shell overshot the target by over a mile, hitting U.S. Route 6. No one was injured in the incident, although a two foot wide crater that was three inches deep occurred.[33]
Camp Edwards has continued to provide training for Army National Guard units across the nation. It has recently been talked about as being the home for a new Department of Homeland Security training center. This would be the second known one for Edwards, the first being the mock German village set up during World War II.
Formerly known as Massachusetts Military Academy (MMA), the Regional Training Institute relocated to Camp Edwards from Camp Curtis Guild in Reading in 1986. From 1972 until 1986, Camp Edwards had been the site for the MMA's annual two-week training period. Since the academy's relocation and its re-designation as the RTI, all activities including the two-week training period have been conducted at Camp Edwards. Its functions include the officer candidate school for the Massachusetts Army National Guard.[34]
Since the late 1970s, Massachusetts Military Reservation, which sits atop the primary drinking water aquifer serving Cape Cod, has been the site of the nation's largest government-mandated and -funded environmental cleanup project. Decades of unchecked use and disposal of explosives, ammunition, fuels and chemicals, as well as sewage runoff, resulted in multiple contaminated groundwater plumes. While the Air Force and Army are the entities charged with remediation efforts, the Massachusetts National Guard has been working to modify its systems in an environmentally responsible manner while maintaining the rigid standards and requirements of military training.[35]
In 1998, Congressman William Delahunt proposed closing Camp Edwards.[36] In 1999, Governor Paul Cellucci proposed turning the northern 15,000 acres (6,000 ha), which includes Pine Hill, the highest point on Cape Cod, into a state conservation area.[37] This was met by protests from those in the Massachusetts National Guard and the proposal was later dropped.
In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) voted in 2005 to close Otis Air National Guard Base, a move that would have affected all tenants at Massachusetts Military Reservation. An agreement was ultimately brokered whereby the 102d Air Fighter Wing was transitioned into the 102nd Intelligence Wing, with Coast Guard Air Station Cape Cod remaining at the reservation. Though the 102d AFW and its fleet of fighter jets were relocated to Barnes Air National Guard Base in Westfield, the retention of the entities and the continued sharing of key operating costs such as base security, road maintenance, snow removal, water, utilities and sewage treatment ensured the missions carried out at Camp Edwards would continue.
In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Camp Edwards was opened to 250 evacuees from the New Orleans area. They were housed in aging but unoccupied military barracks, which were updated in short order with new mattresses, furnishings and linens, and served meals at three nearby dining halls.[38]
On June 7, 2008, two new training facilities were dedicated in honor of fallen soldiers from the Massachusetts Army National Guard.[1]
An example of Theater Immersion Training, TTB is designed to rapidly build combat-ready units by simulating military environments encountered during missions in Iraq, Afghanistan, or the Balkans. Soldiers live in tents with modular units provided for shower and sink facilities, and the base is surrounded by barriers filled with dirt and barbed wire, entry control points and guard towers. The base is named in honor of Sgt. Michael J. Kelley of Scituate, Mass. Kelley, a member of E Battery (Target Acquisition) of the 101st Field Artillery, was killed in action in Afghanistan on June 8, 2005.[1][39]
Designed to meet the training requirements of a company-sized unit in an urban environment, Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) Site Calero includes 48 buildings constructed from connex containers up to two stories high, with a mixture of rubble and complete structures. The layout includes a residential area, school, marketplace, and worship area. Soldiers learn how to clear rooms and buildings in built-up areas, conduct house-to-house searches by foot in hostile urban areas and distinguish between the characteristics of an innocent civilian and an embedded insurgent aiming to do harm. The MOUT also includes a building used for training classes and after-action review sessions. The site is named in honor of Maj. Jeffrey R. Calero of Queens Village, N.Y. Calero, a member of Operational Detachment Alpha 2132, C Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Special Forces Group (Airborne), was killed in action in Afghanistan on October 29, 2007.[1][39]
Other recently planned, modified or additional elements of Camp Edwards' training facilities include the following:
A Battle Simulation Center with a JANUS hardware and software suite, flexible room configuration, built-in PA, DVD, and power point systems; supports a wide range of tailored training including Warfighter Exercises, Virtual Battlefield Trainer (VBT) and multi-agency table top exercises. The BSC has also been used as an Emergency Operations Center during disaster responses.[39]
Plans are in place as of 2010 to construct a 7,540-square-foot (700 m2) Live Fire Shoot House that will permit all Massachusetts Army National Guard personnel to perform essential combat tasks that will improve their readiness posture prior to mobilization. The facility will support small arms familiarization in a confined environment, along with collective training and pre-mobilization requirements for deploying units, and will allow soldiers to train in the close quarters combat skills faced during overseas combat deployments. The range will also be available for use by other Department of Defense and federal agencies to better prepare them for room clearing operations.[39]
The Tactical Training Team is a team of non-commissioned officers (NCOs) whose primary mission is to provide national guard soldiers with the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities in order to close with and destroy the enemy in the Global War on Terror. The TTT also remains ready and available to assist other units and organizations from the Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, law enforcement personnel and first responders in all areas of tactical training.
The TTT is designed to augment and work closely with the Massachusetts Army National Guard's Pre-Deployment Training Assessment and Evaluation (PTAE) Team, which is responsible for ensuring that units deploying into combat are validated in all training standards as directed by First Army. Areas of TTT expertise include combatives; weapons; communications; calling for and adjusting indirect fire; combat lifesaver techniques; air assault operations; military operations on urban terrain; IED defeat techniques; operations in chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear environments; and all leader tasks.
All members of the Camp Edwards TTT are NCOs recently returned from deployments in Iraq and/or Afghanistan, have held leadership positions, and are qualified instructors meeting all US Army standards.[40]
On 20 September 2014, three Afghanistan military officers visiting Camp Edwards went missing at Cape Cod Mall during an event where they were to be introduced to American culture. They were later found trying to enter Canada while asking for asylum near Niagara Falls.[41]
Includes two 60-foot (18 m) rappel towers, an obstacle course, a driver training area, and the following specialized facilities:[42]
Call For Fire Trainer (CFFT)- Provides a simulated battlefield for training Joint Fires Observers at the institutional and unit level.[42]
Indoor Simulated Weapons Training- Includes the Equipment Skills Trainer (EST) and Fire Arms Training System (FATS).[42]
Leadership Reaction Course (LRC)- A practical exercise facility using 17 stations to build leadership skills, encourage teamwork, develop technical and tactical proficiency, and confidence.[42]
Virtual Convoy Operations Trainer (VCOT)- Simulates Baghdad and other geo-specific areas for mission rehearsals, leader training, and after-action reviews. Provides 360-degree visibility and weapon engagement area. Exercises include enemy IEDs, RPGs, machine gunners, riflemen, "technical" trucks, mortars, and suicide vehicles.[42]
^Coll, Blanche D.; Keith, Jean E.; Rosenthal, Herbert H. (1958). The Corps of Engineers: Troops and Equipment. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. pp. 365, 372, 385. OCLC934025581. Archived from the original on November 8, 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^Stanton, Shelby L. (1991). World War II Order of Battle. Galahad Books. p. 263. ISBN0-88365-775-9.
^Farson, Robert H. (1993). Cape Cod Railroads Including Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. Joan Hollister Farson (First ed.). Yarmouthport, Massachusetts: Cape Cod Historical Publications. p. 250. ISBN0-9616740-1-6.
Camp Edwards is a United States ArmyNational Guard training installation located in western Barnstable County, Massachusetts, comprising the primary land component of Joint Base Cape Cod and spanning approximately 15,000 acres dedicated to military maneuvers and live-fire exercises.[1][2] Established in 1938 and named for Major General Clarence R. Edwards, former commander of the 26th Infantry Division, the base originated from earlier National Guard training activities on Cape Cod dating to 1908.[3][1]During World War II, Camp Edwards expanded rapidly as one of the earliest mobilization camps, training over 50,000 soldiers in infantry tactics, amphibious assaults, and urban combat simulations, including the construction of a mock German village for realistic exercises; it also housed a prisoner-of-war camp for captured German personnel starting in 1944.[3][4] Reactivated during the Korean War for troop preparation, the facility evolved into a modern hub supporting multi-echelon combat training with 23 designated areas, 20 firing ranges, simulation centers, and maneuver lands for units from the Massachusetts Army National Guard and other services.[1][5] Innovations in training, such as the first U.S. Army Amphibious Training Center established there in 1942, underscored its role in developing amphibious doctrine that influenced later operations.[6]The base has faced environmental controversies, particularly groundwater contamination from lead bullets, explosives, and propellants used in ranges, prompting the Environmental Protection Agency to suspend most live-fire training in 1997 and impose restrictions following a 2011 violation agreement with the Massachusetts National Guard over unauthorized munitions use.[7][8] Recent proposals for a multipurpose machine-gun range have drawn local opposition citing potential impacts on water quality and quality of life, though Guard-led tours emphasize mitigation measures and compliance with federal standards.[9][10] Despite these challenges, Camp Edwards remains essential for enhancing unit readiness through state-of-the-art facilities.[11]
Geography and Facilities
Location and Physical Characteristics
Camp Edwards occupies approximately 14,886 acres in the northern portion of Joint Base Cape Cod, situated on the western end of Cape Cod peninsula in Barnstable County, Massachusetts.[12] This location places it adjacent to Otis Air National Guard Base, forming part of the larger 22,000-acre military installation that spans sections of Bourne, Mashpee, and Sandwich townships.[13] The site's position provides access to diverse coastal and inland environments, with elevations reaching up to 306 feet at Pine Hill, the highest point on Cape Cod.The terrain consists primarily of pine barrens ecosystems, featuring pitch pine and scrub oak on deep, coarse, well-drained glacial outwash sands, interspersed with ponds and low-lying wetlands.[14] This sandy, acidic soil supports fire-adapted vegetation and contributes to the area's suitability for extensive maneuver operations, while its proximity to the Atlantic coast—within about 5 miles—influences local microclimates and hydrology.[15] Underlying the installation is the Cape Cod aquifer, designated as a sole-source aquifer that provides drinking water for over 200,000 residents in the region, necessitating careful management to prevent contamination from surface activities.[12]The Commonwealth of Massachusetts owns the land, which is leased to the U.S. Department of the Army for military use, with agreements extended through 2099 to maintain dedicated training space and avert competing civilian developments.[16][17] This long-term federal lease ensures sustained operational integrity amid surrounding population growth pressures on Cape Cod.[16]
Training Infrastructure and Capabilities
Camp Edwards maintains several active small arms ranges, including Echo, India, Lima, and Sierra, designed for individual marksmanship, crew-served weapons qualification, and multi-purpose training up to 300 meters.[18] Sierra Range features ten lanes with 70 pop-up targets to assess target identification, engagement, and transition skills under varied conditions.[19] The site spans 33,000 acres of maneuver terrain suitable for infantry patrols, vehicle convoys, and combined arms operations, complemented by helicopter landing zones and fixed sites for rappelling and air assault drills.[20][21]The Training Support Center houses the Engagement Skills Trainer 2000, a simulator for weapons familiarization, shoot/no-shoot judgments, and squad-level tactical scenarios without live ammunition.[22] Supporting assets include rappel towers, confidence obstacle courses, and driver training tracks to replicate urban and rural mobility challenges.[21]Garrison facilities enable year-round sustainment through a Directorate of Logistics that coordinates equipment maintenance, fuel distribution, and sanitary services for extended field exercises.[23][11] Integration within Joint Base Cape Cod facilitates air-ground interoperability with adjacent Otis Air National Guard assets, enhancing rotary-wing insertions and joint maneuver proficiency.[24]Recent enhancements address contemporary operational demands by reincorporating pyrotechnics, chemical smoke, CS gas exposure, and tracer ammunition in live-fire evolutions, marking the first such use in decades to simulate battlefield obscuration and suppression effects.[20][25]
Historical Development
Establishment and Pre-World War II Training
In September 1935, the U.S. War Department approved the acquisition of up to 200,000 acres of land on Cape Cod, primarily from state forest holdings including the Shawme-Crowell State Forest, to establish a new training site for the Massachusetts National Guard amid the need for expanded facilities beyond the capacity of Camp Devens.[21][26] The Massachusetts National Guard utilized this opportunity during the Great Depression, when federal funding for military infrastructure was relatively accessible through New Deal-era programs and War Department allocations, to secure the land for annual summer encampments focused on basic soldier readiness.[2]By the summer of 1936, Guard units commenced formal training on the site, erecting temporary tent cities north of the designated core area for infantry drills, marksmanship practice, and rudimentary tactical exercises, which emphasized small-unit maneuvers suitable for the terrain's pine barrens and sandy soils.[1] These early activities prioritized cost-effective field training without permanent structures, reflecting the Guard's role in maintaining state-level defense capabilities under constrained budgets.[3]In July 1938, Massachusetts Governor Charles F. Hurley formally dedicated the facility as Camp Edwards, honoring Major General Clarence Ransom Edwards, the World War I commander of the 26th "Yankee" Division, whose leadership had elevated the unit's prominence.[3] Pre-1940 developments remained modest, incorporating basic firing ranges and additional tent-based camps to accommodate growing unit rotations, laying groundwork for scalability while environmental considerations, such as impacts on local ecosystems, received no formal regulatory attention in an era predating modern oversight frameworks.[2][27]
World War II Mobilization and Peak Usage
In 1940, as part of the U.S. military's pre-war buildup, the Army leased the Massachusetts Military Reservation and initiated a rapid expansion of Camp Edwards to support national mobilization efforts. Construction began on September 12, 1940, employing innovative prefabricated 700 Series building techniques that served as a model for other cantonments. By early 1941, the camp had been transformed into a self-contained facility capable of housing approximately 30,000 soldiers, including 1,945 officers and over 34,000 enlisted personnel, with 1,406 structures erected, such as 438 barracks and 184 mess halls.[4][3]The camp quickly became a primary training hub, forming the core of the Antiaircraft Artillery Training Center, one of seven such facilities nationwide, where crews practiced defending against aerial threats using live-fire exercises over Cape Cod Bay. Diverse units, including the 26th Infantry Division (Yankee Division), 68th Coastal Artillery, and elements of the Engineer Amphibian Command, underwent rigorous preparation for amphibious assaults and maneuvers simulating urban and coastal combat, incorporating a mock German village known as Deutschedorf for realistic scenario training. Artillery barrages, tank operations, and specialized programs for medical, signal, and nurse battalions—training over 2,500 nurses between 1942 and 1944—contributed to the camp's role in honing skills essential for Allied operations.[4][28][3]At its peak, Camp Edwards trained at least 200,000 personnel, facilitating the Army's swift deployment of combat-ready forces and demonstrating efficient large-scale mobilization that influenced wartime engineering standards. This intensive activity underscored the camp's strategic importance in bridging the gap between peacetime preparedness and full-scale global conflict, with construction and training efforts peaking simultaneously to meet urgent demands.[28][29]
Post-World War II Deactivation and Korean War Reactivation
Following the conclusion of World War II, Camp Edwards was deactivated by the U.S. Army as part of broader demobilization and surplus property disposal efforts, with the facility largely dormant from 1946 to 1950.[4][30] During this period, some buildings were sold as surplus to meet postwar needs, reflecting the military's contraction and transfer of resources to civilian or other uses.[30] The site's temporary infrastructure, originally built for rapid mobilization, facilitated this transition without permanent active-duty presence.[4]In response to the outbreak of the Korean War, Camp Edwards was reactivated in 1950 to support troop training, processing, and mobilization efforts, scaling operations to levels approaching those of World War II.[3][31] This reactivation, lasting through 1952, underscored the facility's role in leveraging reserve components for conventional threats, enabling rapid augmentation without establishing a full-time base.[31]Training activities focused on basic and advanced infantry skills, adapting the site's infrastructure to meet urgent deployment demands.[3]Unlike during World War II, Camp Edwards was not reactivated for the Vietnam War, as U.S. strategy shifted toward overseas bases and forward-deployed forces, reducing reliance on domestic training sites for sustained conflict.[31] This pattern highlighted the camp's intermittent utility tied to specific escalations in peer or near-peer threats, preserving its adaptability for National Guard and reserve mobilization.[1]
Cold War Expansion with Otis Air Force Base
During the Cold War, Otis Air Force Base underwent substantial expansion to bolster U.S. air defense capabilities amid escalating tensions with the Soviet Union. Between 1951 and 1956, the U.S. Air Force constructed numerous new hangars and support buildings on the south side of the Otis airfield, enabling the accommodation of advanced aircraft and personnel for continental defense missions.[3]In 1955, Air Defense Command assigned the 551st Airborne Early Warning and Control Wing to Otis AFB, equipping it with EC-121 aircraft for reconnaissance patrols that extended radarsurveillance over the Atlantic approaches, thereby widening the nation's early warning perimeter against bomber incursions.[3] This integration into the emerging Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) network by the late 1950s further centralized data from regional radars, including those feeding into Otis operations, to coordinate interceptor responses under NORAD oversight.[3]The adjacency of Otis AFB to Camp Edwards facilitated synergistic training environments, where air surveillance assets could support ground maneuver simulations, enhancing overall joint readiness for potential conflict scenarios. Concurrently, Camp Edwards sustained its function as the primary venue for Massachusetts Army National Guard units, hosting routine weekend drills and extended annual training to maintain proficiency in infantry tactics, armor operations, and artillery support amid the era's emphasis on nuclear-age deterrence.[3]Military expansions at the reservation generated local economic advantages through construction employment and ongoing base operations staffing, while nascent environmental apprehensions—such as aircraft noise and range impacts—were deemed secondary to imperatives of national security and deterrence stability.[3]
Post-Cold War Return to National Guard Oversight
Following the end of the Cold War in 1991, the Massachusetts Army National Guard underwent significant reorganizations that reduced its overall size, but Camp Edwards emerged as a central hub for reserve component training amid broader Department of Defense base realignments and force reductions.[1] The site's operational focus shifted decisively toward National Guard oversight, with diminished active-duty Air Force presence at adjacent Otis Air National Guard Base allowing for expanded Guard-led maneuvers and sustainment activities across its 15,000-acre training area.[21] By the mid-1990s, Camp Edwards hosted multi-echelon exercises for units from the Northeast region, serving soldiers from Massachusetts and neighboring states to enhance collective readiness without relying on larger active-component installations.[21]In the 1990s, training programs at Camp Edwards incorporated lessons from the 1991 Gulf War, such as emphasis on combined arms maneuver and rapid deployment simulations, while navigating emerging environmental restrictions. The Environmental Protection Agency's May 1997 administrative order suspended most live-fire activities, including explosives, propellants, flares, and lead bullets, on central impact areas due to groundwater contamination risks from prior ordnance use.[7] This prompted adaptations like expanded non-lethal training with blank ammunition, laser-based engagement systems (e.g., MILES), and vehicle maneuvers, enabling continued proficiency in tactical operations under constrained conditions without further compromising the site's sole-source aquifer.[7]The post-Cold War era reinforced Camp Edwards' dual role in fostering combat skills alongside domestic response capabilities for the National Guard. Training evolved to balance overseas deployment readiness—through regional live-fire alternatives on peripheral ranges and simulation-based scenarios—with preparations for state missions like disaster relief and civil support, reflecting the Guard's post-1991 emphasis on homeland security amid fiscal pressures on active forces.[24] This integration supported annual training for thousands of reservists, maintaining operational tempo despite regulatory limits on high-explosive use.[11]
Military Operations
Assigned Units and Deployments
During World War II, Camp Edwards hosted the mobilization and training of the 26th Infantry Division, federalized on January 16, 1941, which conducted maneuvers and coastal patrols from the site before overseas deployment.[3] The Second Battalion, 64th Coastal Artillery Regiment was stationed there from 1942 to 1944 as part of the Anti-Aircraft Artillery Training Center.[3] Additionally, the Engineer Amphibian Command activated in June 1942 and trained units including the 36th and 45th Infantry Divisions for amphibious assaults.[3]In support of the Korean War, Camp Edwards reactivated in 1950, accommodating troop training volumes approaching World War II peaks.[3]Currently, the facility primarily supports MassachusettsArmy National Guard units, including the 181st InfantryRegiment and 182nd CavalryRegiment, among the oldest continuous units in the U.S. Army.[1] It serves as the main training ground for National Guard and Army Reserve soldiers from New England, facilitating rotations for collective and individual readiness.[24]Post-9/11, Camp Edwards provided pre-mobilization training for MassachusettsArmy National Guard elements deploying to Iraq and Afghanistan, with virtually all such units utilizing the site since 2001.[1] For instance, soldiers from the 181st Engineer Company trained at Camp Edwards prior to their 2012-2013 deployment to Afghanistan.[32] These preparations emphasized urban and tactical simulations tailored to those theaters.[3]
Training Programs and Readiness Contributions
Camp Edwards facilitates collective training for infantry units through maneuver areas encompassing over 15,000 acres, enabling realistic field exercises that integrate weapons qualification, bivouacking, and tactical movements essential for unit-level proficiency.[33][34] These programs emphasize combined arms operations, incorporating infantry with supporting elements like artillery simulation and engineering tasks to simulate integrated battlefield scenarios.[33] While armor-specific heavy maneuver is limited by terrain constraints, lighter vehicular operations support infantry advances, enhancing overall force mobility in training rotations.[11]The site supports joint operations by hosting multi-branch exercises, including Army National Guard units alongside Air National Guard assets from adjacent Otis facilities, fostering interoperability for domestic response and overseas deployments.[34] Individual skill development occurs via live-fire ranges and simulation centers, providing foundational marksmanship and virtual warfighting rehearsals that feed into higher-echelon collective tasks.[22] Annually, these programs train over 36,000 soldiers, contributing to rapid force generation as demonstrated in historical mobilizations where Guard units achieved combat readiness within weeks.[5]In terms of national security, Camp Edwards has bolstered preparedness against evolving threats, shifting from counterinsurgency simulations post-2001 to peer-competitor scenarios emphasizing high-intensity conflict.[20] Training outcomes include documented improvements in unit cohesion through extended field exercises, where sustained immersion correlates with enhanced small-unit trust and decision-making under stress, countering underestimations of reserve component efficacy.[20] Lethality metrics from after-action reviews show elevated hit probabilities and tactical execution rates, with exercises like combined arms drills yielding proficiency gains that align Guard forces with active-duty standards for mission accomplishment.[33] These capabilities ensure the Northeast region's reserve forces maintain deployable lethality, supporting broader U.S. defense posture without reliance on distant continental bases.[35]
Environmental Management
Contamination Sources and Federal Interventions
Contamination at Camp Edwards primarily stems from decades of live-fire training in the 15,000-acre Impact Area, initiated in 1935 and continuing through the 1990s, involving artillery shells, rockets, and other ordnance that released perchlorate from solid rocket propellants and explosive residues such as RDX, HMX, TNT, and 2,4-DNT into the soil and underlying Cape Cod aquifer.[7][36]Unexploded ordnance (UXO) remains scattered across the Impact Area from these activities, posing ongoing risks during investigations, with initial clearance estimates exceeding $1 million per acre using conventional methods.[37] These sources are causally linked to military training designed to simulate real battlefield conditions, which inherently involves pyrotechnic and propellant materials necessary for unit readiness, though residues migrated via groundwater flow toward public supply wells downgradient.[38]In response, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued Administrative Order No. 1 on February 27, 1997, to the National Guard Bureau, mandating comprehensive investigations into groundwater and soil contamination at Camp Edwards and establishing the Impact Area Groundwater Study Program to characterize perchlorate plumes and other explosives.[39][38] This order effectively halted most live-fire training, including high-explosive artillery and rocket launches, due to risks to the sole-source aquifer serving Cape Cod's population, while permitting limited non-threatening activities like small-arms firing with nontoxic projectiles.[40] A follow-up order in April 1997 reinforced these restrictions, prioritizing empirical data collection over immediate precautionary shutdowns of all operations.[41]The Otis Air National Guard Base/Camp Edwards site, encompassing the Impact Area, was designated a SuperfundNational Priorities List site by the EPA, enabling federal funding for assessments and triggering long-term oversight of contaminants detected in monitoring and private wells.[7][42] Traces of perchlorate from training residues prompted the shutdown of at least one public well in 2002 after detections exceeded advisory levels, though military analyses have contested the health risks at such low concentrations, arguing EPA cleanup standards were set below demonstrated toxicity thresholds without sufficient causal evidence of widespread harm.[43][44] These interventions reflect a balance between environmental safeguards and the evidentiary basis for contamination impacts, with studies indicating perchlorate plumes largely confined but persistent due to the area's sandy hydrology.[45]
Remediation Efforts and Scientific Monitoring
Remediation efforts at Camp Edwards, part of Joint Base Cape Cod, have centered on pump-and-treat systems to address groundwater contamination from explosives like RDX and perchlorate originating in the Impact Area. The Impact Area Groundwater Study Program (IAGWSP), initiated in 1996 under oversight from the U.S. Army, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, has constructed multiple treatment facilities to extract and treat contaminated water, with investigations covering 15,000 acres across 14 operable units.[46][7]As of November 2024, four active groundwater plumes are undergoing extraction and treatment at a combined rate of 6.5 million gallons per day, building on prior systems that have operated for over two decades and demonstrated measurable reductions in contaminant concentrations. Earlier assessments identified 12 plumes requiring intervention, with 17 treatment systems deployed for seven of them by 2022, processing approximately 3.8 million gallons daily and achieving interim restoration goals through verified plume containment and mass removal.[7][47][48]Scientific monitoring under IAGWSP includes over 1,400 wells across 700 locations, yielding extensive groundwater data that has confirmed plume stabilization in treated areas, countering projections of indefinite migration by showing causal links between extraction volumes and declining contaminant levels. These efforts align with federal commitments, including Department of Defense investments exceeding $200 million by the late 1990s for site-wide cleanups, enabling ongoing military training resumption without compromising legal standards for aquifer protection.[49][50][51]In recognition of integrated environmental management, Camp Edwards received the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's 2024 Northeast Region Military Conservation Partner Award on November 25, 2024, for achievements in habitat restoration and pollution mitigation through collaborative monitoring and adaptive strategies that prioritize empirical outcomes over extended timelines.[52]
In the early 2020s, the Massachusetts Army National Guard proposed constructing a multi-purpose machine gun range (MPMG) at Camp Edwards to modernize weapons qualification training and enhance soldier readiness, arguing that existing facilities were outdated and required off-site travel for certain exercises.[53] The plan involved clearing approximately 170 acres of pine barrens forest and disturbing up to 199 acres total, including a 5,000-acre impact zone for safety, to accommodate initially eight firing lanes, later scaled to three 800-meter lanes with support structures.[54] Proponents emphasized that the range would enable live-fire training with crew-served weapons like machine guns and anti-tank systems, critical for combat proficiency amid rising global threats from adversaries such as China and Russia, thereby supporting national deterrence without relying on distant facilities.[53]Opposition from environmental groups, including the Association to Preserve Cape Cod, centered on risks to the Cape Codaquifer—a sole-source drinking water supply for over 200,000 residents—and loss of rare pitch pine and scrub oak habitat that supports endangered species.[55] Critics argued that lead and other munitions residues could migrate via groundwater, citing the base's history of perchlorate and munitions contamination requiring federal superfund remediation, and questioned the adequacy of proposed berms and backstops despite modeling.[56] Local stakeholders, including some lawmakers like Senator Edward Markey, called for a full environmental impact statement over the Guard's finding of no significant impact, highlighting procedural shortcuts in the environmental assessment.[57]The National Guard countered with hydrological modeling in their environmental assessment, projecting negligible contaminant transport due to site-specific soil adsorption, vegetative buffers, and runoff controls, projecting less than 0.1% of annual lead usage reaching the aquifer under worst-case scenarios.[58] They noted that expansions align with federal mandates under the National Defense Authorization Act prioritizing military readiness, and that historical remediation successes—such as treating over 1,000 acres of contaminated plumes—demonstrate effective risk management, outweighing localized ecological trade-offs for broader security imperatives.[59]A 2024 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) expert meeting scrutinized the proposal's aquifer impacts, revealing critiques of Guard modeling assumptions like rainfall intensity and soil variability, though participants acknowledged mitigations could limit risks if rigorously monitored.[60] By September 2024, Governor Maura Healey declined to approve the construction contract, effectively shelving the project amid unresolved concerns, despite Guard assertions that delayed training erodes unit preparedness against empirically observed threats like peer-state aggression.[61] Empirical data from similar ranges elsewhere, including low observed groundwater incursions post-mitigation, supports the feasibility of safe operations, underscoring tensions between verifiable national security needs and amplified local apprehensions often amplified by advocacy groups with environmental agendas.[62]
Recent Developments
Infrastructure Modernization Projects
The Training Support Center at Camp Edwards, established to support virtual and simulated training, equips units with tools such as the Call For Fire Trainer for joint fires observer practice and Virtual Battle Space III for mission rehearsal scenarios.[22] These systems enable institutional and unit-level training in dynamic battlefield environments, reducing dependency on live-fire iterations and associated logistical demands.[11] By integrating digital aides with live training enablers, the center sustains operational readiness for Massachusetts Army National Guard and regional forces amid post-2000 threat evolutions.[21]In June 2008, two advanced training facilities opened at the site, incorporating maneuver areas, rappel towers, and live-fire compatible infrastructure to facilitate dismounted and mounted exercises.[1] These upgrades addressed prior limitations in Northeast regional training capacity, enabling year-round, weather-resilient operations that minimized off-base deployments and associated costs estimated in millions annually for transport and sustainment.[63]The Environmental and Readiness Center coordinates resource management with training infrastructure, overseeing compliance for range sustainment and habitat integration to support expanded use without halting modernization.[64] Ongoing proposals for a Multi-Purpose Machine Gun Range, designed for automated eight-lane qualification up to 1,500 meters, aimed to modernize crew-served weapons training but remained pending as of September 2024 following state contract denial.[53][65] Such enhancements collectively boost simulation fidelity and efficiency, allowing units to achieve proficiency metrics comparable to larger installations while optimizing 15,000 acres of maneuver space.[24]
Base Realignment Proposals and Lease Extensions
In the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process, the Department of Defense recommended the closure of Otis Air National Guard Base, which encompassed Camp Edwards and posed risks to its continued operation as a primary training facility for the MassachusettsArmy National Guard.[66] The BRAC Commission's final recommendations realigned rather than fully closed the installation, citing the irreplaceable value of Camp Edwards' 14,000-acre impact area for live-fire maneuver training, which supports large-scale exercises unavailable at dispersed alternative sites and prevents readiness gaps in National Guard capabilities.[67] This decision underscored the site's strategic necessity for maintaining force preparedness amid post-Cold War force structure adjustments, rejecting full divestment despite economic redevelopment pressures from local stakeholders.[68]Subsequent pressures for converting portions of the Upper Cape Cod Water Supply Reserve—encompassing Camp Edwards—to civilian uses, including housing and conservation, emerged from environmental and development advocates, often aligned with progressive priorities emphasizing non-military land stewardship over defense needs.[69] These proposals faced resistance through congressional authorizations that prioritized military utility, as evidenced by the site's retention for training under federal oversight.[70] The rejection of broad civilian conversions preserved integrated training infrastructure, avoiding fragmentation that could increase costs and degrade unit cohesion compared to consolidated operations at Camp Edwards.[71]In July 2023, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers facilitated a lease extension for Camp Edwards from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to the Department of the Army through 2099, licensing the land to the Massachusetts Army National Guard for sustained military training.[16] This 76-year extension countered divestment risks by locking in federal control over core training areas, enabling planned enhancements like a multipurpose machine gun range while mitigating vulnerabilities to state-level repurposing initiatives.[72] By securing the lease amid ongoing debates over surplus land development, the action affirmed Camp Edwards' role in addressing national security imperatives, including avoidance of training shortfalls that alternative fragmented sites would exacerbate.[17]
Ongoing Training Exercises and International Cooperation
Camp Edwards hosts regular field training exercises for Massachusetts Army National Guard units and regional partners, featuring live-fire ranges and combat simulations to maintain operational readiness.[73] In 2019, the Patriot Crucible exercise evaluated combat support units over two weeks, incorporating live effects and complex enemy attack scenarios for the first time at the site, drawing participants from across the Northeast.[73][20]The installation functions as a primary Northeast hub for National Guard collective training, supporting interoperability among U.S. forces and allies through state-of-the-art facilities and ranges.[11] In June 2025, Camp Edwards at Joint Base Cape Cod hosted Regional Cooperation 2025 from June 16 to 27, a U.S. Central Command-sponsored multilateral exercise involving command post operations and field training with nearly 250 participants.[74][75] This event, the fourth such hosting at the site since 2013, focused on enhancing defensive peacekeeping and regional stability through multinational cooperation with partners from Central and South Asia.[76][77]These exercises demonstrate Camp Edwards' role in bolstering force projection capabilities amid persistent global security challenges, with training outcomes emphasizing coordinated responses and alliance interoperability over isolationist approaches.[78] The 2025 iteration marked the largest U.S. Central Command exercise in New England history, underscoring the site's strategic value for joint and combined operations.[78]
Notable Events and Personnel
Key Historical Incidents
In 1940, as part of U.S. mobilization efforts ahead of World War II entry, the Army leased Camp Edwards and rapidly constructed over 1,300 temporary structures using innovative 700-series prefabricated building plans, transforming the site from a small outpost into a self-contained facility capable of housing more than 30,000 troops for intensive training.[29][4] This expansion, completed under the command of Maj. Thomas Waters, included barracks, firing ranges, and support infrastructure, enabling the training of units like the 26th Yankee Division and amphibious forces, though it strained local resources and highlighted the trade-offs inherent in prioritizing national defense readiness over immediate environmental or infrastructural considerations.[1]During the Korean War, Camp Edwards was reactivated in 1950 to support troop training at near-World War II levels, processing surges of personnel for deployment and underscoring the site's recurring role in rapid military scaling amid geopolitical crises.[3] Such activations involved high-volume live-fire exercises and logistical buildups, which later contributed to unexploded ordnance (UXO) accumulations from wartime-era munitions like mortar shells and bazooka rounds that failed to detonate.[79]Postwar discoveries of UXO in former impact areas prompted extensive cleanups, including EPA-mandated removals starting in the late 1990s; for instance, in January 2002, contractors detonated three pieces of ordnance unearthed during range surveys, part of broader efforts to excavate and neutralize thousands of items to mitigate risks from decades of training essential for combat preparedness.[80][81]In May 1997, the EPA issued an administrative order suspending most live-fire training at Camp Edwards—the first such environmental halt on a U.S. military installation—due to lead contamination in groundwater from small-arms ranges, requiring cleanup and a shift to non-toxic alternatives like tungsten-nylon rounds to balance public health protections against the base's critical role in National Guard readiness.[7][82]In March 2002, the town of Bourne closed a public drinking water well indefinitely after detecting trace perchlorate—a rocketfuel component linked to Camp Edwards training activities and potential carcinogen—exemplifying heightened scrutiny over off-site migration of contaminants from historical munitions use, though subsequent monitoring and remediation efforts under the Safe Drinking Water Act aimed to restore supplies while sustaining base operations.[43][83]
Prominent Figures Trained or Associated
Major General Clarence Ransom Edwards (1859–1931), for whom the camp is named, commanded the 26th "Yankee" Infantry Division during World War I, leading it in campaigns including the Aisne-Marne offensive and the Meuse-Argonne offensive, where the division suffered over 10,000 casualties but advanced key positions contributing to the Allied victory.[3] The facility was dedicated in his honor on July 1938 by Massachusetts Governor Charles F. Hurley, recognizing Edwards' prior service as the state's Adjutant General from 1904 to 1907.[3]Technical Sergeant Charles H. Coolidge (1921–2021), a Medal of Honor recipient, completed advanced infantry training at Camp Edwards in 1942 after basic training at Fort McClellan, Alabama, and a stint at Camp Butner, North Carolina; there, he was assigned to Company M, 3rd Battalion, 141st Infantry Regiment, 36th Infantry Division, where he received instruction on .30-caliber machine guns.[84][85] Coolidge's Medal of Honor, awarded for repelling a German attack near Saint-Nabord, France, on October 24, 1944—killing over 25 enemy soldiers and destroying multiple vehicles—enabled his unit's continued advance in the Vosges Mountains campaign. He was the last surviving U.S. Army World War II Medal of Honor recipient at his death.[86]Corporal Eddie Waitkus (1919–1972), a professional baseball first baseman who played 11 Major League seasons batting .285 with 1,000 hits, was stationed at Camp Edwards during World War II with the Army Engineer Amphibian Command's 544th Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment, participating in unit training and playing on the base's baseball team.[87] His service supported amphibious operations critical to Pacific Theater logistics, though Waitkus did not deploy overseas from Edwards.[88]Brigadier General Charles Dudley Hartman (1886–1962) oversaw the Quartermaster Corps' Construction Division during World War II, directing the rapid cantonment program that expanded Camp Edwards from 1938 infrastructure to accommodate over 40,000 troops by 1941, including standardized 700-series building designs used there.[4][89] This enabled training for units like anti-aircraft artillery and infantry replacements, processing over 100,000 personnel for deployment, bolstering U.S. mobilization against Axis forces.[1]
