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Jinju
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Jinju (Korean: 진주; Korean pronunciation: [tɕin.dʑu]) is a city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It was the location of the first (1592) and second (1593) Sieges of Jinju by Japanese forces during the Imjin War. The Republic of Korea Air Force Education and Training Command is located in the eastern part of the city. There are cultural-historical tourist attractions in Jinju such as Jinju Fortress, the Jinju National Museum, and the Nam-gang Prehistoric Site Museum.

Key Information

History

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Jinju was an ancient city of Goryeonggaya in the Gaya Era. This city was called 'Geoyeolseong' of Baekje during the Three Kingdom Era, and was called 'Geoyeolju', 'Cheongju', and 'Gangju' during the Unified Silla Era. Name of this city was changed into 'Jinju' for the first time in 940, the 23rd year of King Taejo of the Goryeo Dynasty. It became 'Jinju-mok', one of 12 moks (local administrative units in Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty) in the 2nd year of King Seongjong (983).

The second siege of Jinju during the Japanese invasion of Korea ended in the massacre of the entire garrison and a substantial portion of the population. Korean accounts mention that the death toll at Jinju was 60,000. According to Japanese accounts, they had sent 20,000 heads back to Japan after their victory.[2]

In the 33rd year of King Gojong of the Joseon Dynasty (1896), administrative district of the nation was reorganized with 13 provinces. At that time Jinju began to belong to Gyeongsangnam-do, and became capital town of Gyeongsangnam-do. And provincial governor started to reside in Jinju. On April 1, 1925, Busan replaced Jinju as provincial capital.

On August 15, 1948, the government of the Republic of Korea was established and 'the local self-government system' was started. At that time, Jinju-bu was raised to Jinju-si (city) and started to have mayor of the city. On January 1, 1995, in accordance with 'the Law pertaining to the establishment of Urban-Rural Integrated City', Jinju-si and Jinyang-gun became extinct and were merged into one integrated Jinju-si (city).

Culture and festivals

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There are cultural events held in Jinju every year. Among these are the Jinju Namgang Lantern Festival which is held in October for approximately ten days. This nationally designated cultural tourism festival, found only in Jinju, features a spectacle of lanterns floating on the Nam River to commemorate the patriotic spirit of the 70,000 militia corps and government troops who died for their country defending Jinju from the Japanese forces during the Imjin War (1592–1598). Other major festivals include: the Nongae Festival, the Korea Drama Festival, the Gaecheon Arts Festival and the Jinju National Bullfighting Contest.

The Nongae Festival,[3][unreliable source?] held in May each year commemorates and celebrates the sacrifice of the patriotic gisaeng (professional Korean entertainer) Nongae's suicide-assassination of a Japanese general together with the 70,000 Koreans who lost their lives in the battle of Jinju Castle during the Imjin War. The festival features an emotional reenactment of Nongae's suicidal drowning of a Japanese general from uiam bawi (righteous rock) below Chokseongnu (Jinju castle pavilion) on the banks of the Nam River.

Gaecheon Arts Festival is annually held from October 3 to 10 and the entire city turns to the streets for celebration at Korea's first provincial culture art festival, which awakens the artistic spirit of the Korean people. The festival falls around Gaecheonjeol (National Foundation Day) and is widely regarded as one of Korea's finest.

The Jinju National Bullfighting Contest is recognized as Korea's oldest bullfighting event and spectators can witness a test of strength at this bullfighting contest held at a purpose-built traditional Korean sports arena near Jinyang lake.

The 2023 Asian Weightlifting Championships was held in Jinju.

Population

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At just over a third of a million, Jinju is a relatively small city by Korean standards. The annual growth of the population is 0.4% since 1995. People between the ages of 20 and 29 represent 17.5% of the city's total population, and justify the city's long-standing reputation as an educational city. The senior population (65 years or older), representing 7.6% of the city's total population, is higher than the provincial average (6.8%).[4]

Local personality

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Gang Se-hwang (son of Kang Hyeon), a high ranking government official and representative painter, calligrapher and art critic, was born here in 1713.

Jinju cuisine

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Jinju bibimbap

Jinju has a number of distinctive local delicacies which reflect the tastes of Jinju people. Perhaps most celebrated is Jinju bibimbap, which distinguishes itself from the common Korean rice and vegetable dish by its use of yukhoe, made with raw beef and generous amounts of sesame oil. Also famous is Namgang (Nam River) grilled eel (minmul jangeo), which is caught locally and served in any one of the numerous restaurants overlooking the Nam River. Enjoying their food spicy, Jinjuites have also perfected a spicey pepper (ttaengcho) version of the popular Korean side dish pajeon (scallion pancake) known by its colloquial name jijimi. This is best enjoyed with a bowl of local rice wine makkeolli.[5]

Cheonhwang Sikdang, founded here in 1927, is among the oldest active restaurants in South Korea.[6][7]

Silk industry

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Since ancient days, silk processed in Jinju has been known for its superior quality, which is a result of the combination of natural resources (such as clean water of Mt. Jirisan and so on) and human resources. Silk factories in Jinju annually produce around 70% of the nation's production[citation needed]. Jinju silk has a soft, refined feeling and elegant colors because of superior dyeing techniques.

Education

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Jinju is an educational city and home to Gyeongsang National University and Chinju National University of Education, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology. It is also home to International University of Korea, catering mostly to foreign students. It also has a number of community colleges that serve the local area. Jinju's high schools offer high quality education and have a wide catchment area, reaching beyond the city limits to attract students from surrounding towns such as Sacheon, Hadong, and Sancheong.[citation needed]

Universities

Public Private
Gyeongsang National University International University of Korea
Chinju National University of Education Yonam Institute of Technology
Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology Jinju Health College
Korea Polytechnic VII—Jinju Campus

Economy and business

[edit]

Jinju was named as one of several 'enterprise cities' by the South Korean government which had supported Jinju as a hub of bio-industrial technological innovation since December 2000. The government provided 5 billion won in support from 2000 to 2004 for biological and chemical material industries. There are 618 manufacturing companies (11,806 employees), 1 local industrial complex and 4 rural industrial complexes as part of an integrated urban and rural city. Jinju Hyeoksin Dosi (New Innovation City) established by President Roh Moo-hyun with headquarters of vast LH Corporation (State-run Land & Housing corp Toji Jutaek gongsa) and Namdong Thermal Power. Namdong Thermal Power is one of 5 thermal power subsidiaries: Nambu (Southern) Thermal in Busan, Dongseo Thermal in Ulsan, Seobu (Western) in Taean, Jungbu (Central) in Boryeong, Chungnam of Korea Monopoly Utility Co. of the giant Kepco in Naju of Gwangju metro head office.[citation needed]

Transportation

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The main highway in Jinju is National Highway 10 or Namhae Expressway.

The closest airports to Jinju are Sacheon Airport (domestic) and Gimhae International Airport.

Jinju is served by passenger rail service at Jinju Station along the Gyeongjeon Line.

Climate

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Climate data for Jinju (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1969–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.5
(63.5) 		23.3
(73.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		29.0
(84.2) 		37.0
(98.6) 		35.1
(95.2) 		38.9
(102.0) 		37.5
(99.5) 		35.8
(96.4) 		30.2
(86.4) 		27.0
(80.6) 		19.6
(67.3) 		38.9
(102.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		9.6
(49.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		19.9
(67.8) 		24.6
(76.3) 		27.4
(81.3) 		29.6
(85.3) 		30.6
(87.1) 		26.9
(80.4) 		22.3
(72.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		9.2
(48.6) 		19.8
(67.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.3
(32.5) 		2.6
(36.7) 		7.3
(45.1) 		12.9
(55.2) 		18.0
(64.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		25.3
(77.5) 		25.9
(78.6) 		21.4
(70.5) 		15.0
(59.0) 		8.2
(46.8) 		2.1
(35.8) 		13.4
(56.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.5
(22.1) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		0.6
(33.1) 		6.0
(42.8) 		11.6
(52.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		7.8
(46.0)
Record low °C (°F) −15.9
(3.4) 		−14.3
(6.3) 		−10.4
(13.3) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		1.6
(34.9) 		8.0
(46.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		12.1
(53.8) 		5.9
(42.6) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−8.0
(17.6) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−15.9
(3.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.0
(1.10) 		45.6
(1.80) 		77.6
(3.06) 		126.4
(4.98) 		137.3
(5.41) 		174.3
(6.86) 		312.2
(12.29) 		296.8
(11.69) 		180.7
(7.11) 		68.3
(2.69) 		44.7
(1.76) 		26.1
(1.03) 		1,518
(59.76)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 4.5 5.1 7.3 8.9 9.2 10.5 14.2 14.2 9.8 5.0 5.7 4.3 98.7
Average snowy days 2.8 2.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.1 7.2
Average relative humidity (%) 58.1 56.5 58.9 61.5 66.5 73.4 80.1 78.4 75.6 71.1 67.9 61.4 67.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 194.6 191.0 210.5 215.0 225.8 169.4 155.0 173.7 167.3 210.7 184.6 194.9 2,292.5
Percentage possible sunshine 61.3 59.3 52.9 52.7 48.0 36.7 34.1 39.9 42.8 56.8 56.2 62.4 49.1
Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (snow and percent sunshine 1981–2010)[8][9][10]

Twin towns – sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea

Jinju is twinned with:[11]

Friendship cities

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[edit]

Notable people

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See also

[edit]

References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Jinju

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Jinju is a mid-sized city in , southeastern , located in the western center of the province along the Nam River, with a population of approximately 338,000 (as of 2025) and an area of 712.96 square kilometers. Renowned for its deep historical roots spanning over 1,300 years and its designation as a Creative City of Crafts and in 2019, Jinju is celebrated as a hub of traditional Korean culture, featuring iconic landmarks like Jinjuseong Fortress and hosting vibrant festivals such as the Jinju Namgang Yudeung Festival. The city's economy and identity are intertwined with its ancient silk industry and artisanal crafts, including wooden furniture, ornamental knives, and metalwork, while its educational institutions, including , contribute to its role as a regional center for learning and innovation. Historically, Jinju served as a vital military outpost during the late Goryeo Dynasty to defend against invasions, but it gained enduring fame for its resistance during the Imjin War (1592–1598), when Jinjuseong Fortress withstood the first and second Battles of Jinju against Japanese forces, preventing advances into Jeolla Province despite heavy losses. The fortress, originally expanded in 1379 to counter pirate threats and officially designated Historic Site No. 118 in 1963, symbolizes the city's resilient spirit and now offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. Complementing this heritage, the Jinju National Museum, established in 1984, houses artifacts from the Neolithic Age through the Joseon Dynasty, with a special emphasis on Imjin War relics and documents that illuminate the region's pivotal role in Korean history. In contemporary times, Jinju's cultural landscape thrives through its UNESCO recognition, which highlights over 185 craft manufacturers and 54 silk enterprises contributing significantly to the local economy—generating around US$76 million annually from crafts, silk, and festivals (as of 2019). The city allocated 7% of its municipal budget to culture and arts (as of 2018), supporting initiatives like the Creative City Jinju Promotion Plan aligned with the UN's 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. Key events include the annual Jinju Namgang Yudeung Festival, originating from Imjin War commemorations and featuring thousands of lanterns along the river; the Jinju Mask Dance and Drama Festival, showcasing traditional performances like Jinju Ogwangdae; and the biennial World Crafts and Folk Arts event launched in 2019. These elements, combined with sites like the Gyeongnam Culture and Arts Center and intangible heritage such as Geommu sword dance, position Jinju as a dynamic destination blending tradition with modern creativity. In recent years, the city has focused on revitalizing its local cultural ecosystem through 2024–2027 goals as part of UNESCO monitoring.

Geography and Climate

Location and Administrative Divisions

Jinju is situated in the western part of Gyeongsangnam-do Province in southern South Korea, positioned along the Nam River, a major tributary of the Nakdong River. Its geographic coordinates are approximately 35°11′N 128°05′E. The city encompasses an area of 712.9 km² and was officially designated as a city (si) in 1949, transitioning from its prior status as a bu (urban administrative unit). Administratively, Jinju is structured as a municipal without districts (gu), divided into 1 eup (town), 15 myeon (townships), and 14 dong (neighborhoods), reflecting a blend of urban and rural governance. The eup and myeon primarily cover rural areas focused on and local administration, while the dong form the urban core, handling residential, commercial, and public services. For instance, the city's total stands at approximately 340,000 as of 2023, with urban dong areas like those in the concentrating over half the residents, serving as hubs for education, trade, and transportation. Jinju lies about 110 km south of and 90 km northwest of , facilitating connectivity via highways and rail lines to these major metropolitan centers. This strategic positioning enhances its role as a regional gateway in the area.

Topography and Natural Features

Jinju's is dominated by the Nam River (Namgang), a key tributary of the that flows through the city, shaping its hydrological framework and serving as a vital waterway for the region. Stretching approximately 186 km from its source in the Sobaek Mountains to its confluence with the Nakdong, the river's meandering path deposits nutrient-rich alluvium, fostering a network of wetlands and influencing local water cycles through seasonal flows and dam-regulated releases from the Namgang Dam upstream. Historically, the Nam River has contributed to recurrent flooding in Jinju, with major inundation events documented since the early , often exacerbated by heavy monsoon rains and upstream runoff, leading to significant infrastructure and agricultural disruptions despite mitigation efforts like the 1968 Namgang Dam construction. The surrounding landscape features undulating hills and low mountains that frame the river valley, creating a basin-like conducive to settlement and farming. To the northwest, Mountain rises prominently at 1,915 meters within , its rugged slopes and ridges forming a natural barrier and contributing to the area's varied elevations, with local hills like Worasan reaching heights around 500-600 meters. These elevations transition into the fertile plains of the Nam River valley, where alluvial soils support intensive agriculture, including rice paddies and orchards, sustained by the river's irrigation potential and the valley's gentle gradients. Biodiversity in Jinju's natural features is highlighted by the riverine ecosystems and adjacent protected areas, such as the Gyeongsangnam-do Arboretum and riverside green spaces that harbor diverse and , including migratory birds and native wetland adapted to the Nam River's riparian zones. , encompassing much of the upstream watershed, preserves rich habitats with over 1,800 plant and endangered wildlife like the Asiatic black bear, underscoring the region's ecological value. However, environmental challenges persist, particularly in the hilly terrains and riverbanks, accelerated by heavy rainfall and pressures, resulting in annual soil losses that threaten agricultural productivity and river stability.

Climate

Jinju features a (Köppen Cwa), characterized by distinct seasonal variations influenced by the East Asian monsoon. The average annual is approximately 13.5°C, with annual totaling around 1,307 mm, predominantly occurring during the summer months due to rains. Summers from June to August are hot and humid, with July recording an average of about 25°C and high humidity levels often exceeding 80%, contributing to muggy conditions. Winters, spanning to , are cold and relatively dry, with averaging around 1°C and occasional snowfall. Spring and autumn serve as transitional periods, with mild temperatures and moderate rainfall. The region faces risks from typhoons during the late summer, which can bring intense winds and heavy downpours. Historical extremes include the 2018 heatwave, when temperatures in southern , including Jinju, frequently surpassed 35°C for extended periods, and the 2020 floods triggered by record rainfall that inundated low-lying areas. Climate change trends indicate a warming pattern, with temperatures in rising by about 1.2°C since 1980, a shift that has been more pronounced in southern regions like Gyeongsangnam-do. This increase has led to longer heat periods and altered precipitation patterns, posing challenges for local , such as extended growing seasons for some crops but heightened risks of droughts, pests, and reduced yields for traditional varieties like and silk mulberry.

History

Ancient and Goryeo Periods

The region encompassing modern Jinju exhibits evidence of dating back to the period, with key archaeological sites along the Namgang River, such as Pyeonggeo-dong, revealing comb-pattern and raised-design featuring motifs like saw-tooth patterns and parallel diagonal lines. These artifacts, characteristic of the Chulmun , indicate semi-sedentary communities reliant on , , and early , with shell middens on nearby coastal areas underscoring a seafood-based economy. During the Bronze Age, the Daepyeong archaeological site in Jinju emerged as a central hub, yielding notched raised-band , eggplant-design , and red burnished from locations including Daepyeong-ri, Sangchon-ri, and Pyeonggeo-dong. This period also saw the construction of dolmens as megalithic , reflecting social hierarchies and practices widespread in the Mumun across southern Korea. By the protohistoric era, the area formed part of the Gaya confederacy, specifically the Sogaya polity centered around Jinju and Goseong, which facilitated maritime trade networks; excavations at sites like Jungcheon-ri and Jungan-dong have uncovered human head-shaped , gold earrings, jade necklaces, and cylinder-shaped vessel stands, highlighting Gaya's metallurgical and artistic sophistication. As expanded in the sixth century, annexing Gaya by 562 CE, Jinju transitioned into a strategic outpost under Silla influence, with the establishment of Geoyeolseong fortress during the period serving as a defensive bulwark. Following unification in 668 CE, the site was redesignated Geoyeolju in 663 under King Munmu, later in 685 under King Sinmun, and Gangju in 757 under King Gyeongdeok, underscoring its growing administrative role in the southeastern region. With the founding of in 918, Jinju was fully integrated into the new dynasty, renamed Jinju in 940 by King Taejo to consolidate local governance, and elevated to Jinju-mok status in 983 under King Seongjong as one of twelve major districts. The fortress, originally an earthen structure from the era, was reinforced with stone walls and renamed Chokseokseong, functioning as a key , particularly in the late period to counter Japanese incursions and protect routes into .

Joseon Dynasty and Imjin War

During the establishment of the Dynasty in 1392, Jinju solidified its position as a vital fortress city in the southern , serving as a strategic bulwark against maritime threats and internal unrest. The Jinju Castle (Jinjuseong Fortress), originally erected during the Dynasty and reconstructed in stone in 1379 to counter pirate incursions, was maintained and expanded under rule to enhance its defensive capabilities, encompassing a perimeter of approximately 1,760 meters with administrative offices and command centers integrated within its walls. Jinju's military significance peaked during the Imjin War (1592–1598), when it hosted two pivotal battles that exemplified Joseon resilience against Japanese invasion. In the first Siege of Jinju in October 1592, General Kim Si-min commanded a garrison of about 3,800 soldiers and civilians, who repelled an assault by roughly 30,000 Japanese troops under commanders like Hosokawa Tadaoki and Torii Mototada, utilizing the castle's elevated position along the Nam River, hwacha rocket launchers, and guerrilla tactics to inflict heavy losses and secure one of the war's major victories. The second Siege of Jinju, from July 20 to 27, 1593, involved a massive Japanese force of around 90,000 led by Katō Kiyomasa, , and others, targeting the fortress to control southern supply routes. Local commander Kim Ch'on-il oversaw the defense with approximately 6,000 troops and extensive civilian militias, including women and righteous armies, who mounted fierce resistance through archery, boiling oil, and river barriers; despite initial successes, the defenders were overrun after eight days, leading to of the garrison and much of the population, with Korean accounts estimating 60,000 deaths that turned the Nam River red with blood. General Gwon Yul, commanding nearby forces, was dispatched for relief but arrived too late to intervene effectively. In the war's aftermath, the Battles of Jinju profoundly shaped Joseon cultural narratives, with the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (Sillok) documenting the sieges in detail to emphasize themes of unyielding loyalty, , and communal sacrifice, influencing subsequent , poetry, and historical commemorations that reinforced and moral .

Modern and Contemporary Era

During the Japanese colonial period from to 1945, Jinju underwent profound socioeconomic transformations driven by imperial policies. The Japanese administration conducted a comprehensive land survey between and , registering ownership to facilitate taxation and control, which disproportionately disadvantaged Korean farmers by enabling land seizures and transfers to Japanese interests. In Jinju, a key agricultural region, these reforms exacerbated and fueled resentment. The industry, central to the local economy, saw aggressive promotion through mandatory quotas imposed on farmers, diverting grain fields to mulberry cultivation and sparking widespread backlash among residents. Forced labor practices extended to mills, where Korean workers, including women and children, endured exploitative conditions under Japanese management, contributing to the broader pattern of colonial extraction. Resistance movements emerged prominently, with Jinju hosting one of the largest demonstrations of the March 1 Movement, noted as the second-largest in the nation after , with significant participation from locals. Following liberation in 1945, Jinju transitioned toward autonomy, achieving official city status on January 1, 1949, as "Jinju-si," marking its elevation from a county-level entity. The (1950–1953) brought severe devastation, with North Korean forces occupying the city from late July to early September 1950, leading to intense fighting along the defense line. Jinju served as a critical hub, sheltering thousands fleeing northern advances, though it also witnessed tragic civilian massacres, including the execution of over 400 suspected leftists (with at least 77 identified) by retreating South Korean forces in the National Guidance League incident. Post-armistice recovery spurred rapid from the to 1980s, aligned with national industrialization drives; infrastructure expanded with new roads, schools, and the establishment of industrial complexes in the 1980s, transforming Jinju from a rural outpost into a mid-sized urban center. In the , Jinju benefited from Korea's broader and market-oriented reforms, which encouraged local investment and diversification beyond . A pivotal administrative merger on January 1, 1995, combined Jinju-si with Jinyang-gun under Act No. 4774, expanding the city's territory to 712.86 km² and solidifying its regional role. Entering the , population growth stabilized after decades of influx; the resident count hovered around 350,000 in the early , reaching 352,403 in 2020 and 352,011 in 2022; as of September 2025, it stands at 337,529, reflecting ongoing demographic shifts. Recent developments in the emphasize , with Jinju adopting the National Plan (2019–2023) to integrate digital technologies for urban management, including smart mobility and energy systems under the Act on Smart Cities Creation and Industry Promotion. In the mid-, Jinju continued to advance its innovative profile through international partnerships, including collaborations with the and to promote global K-entrepreneurship (2024–2025), and securing hosting rights for the National Heritage Media Art at Jinjuseong for 2026. The city also participated in CES 2025 to showcase local technologies.

Demographics and Society

Population Statistics

As of September 2025, Jinju-si had a resident population of 337,529, reflecting a continued decline from previous years due to low birth rates and an aging demographic structure. This marks a decrease from approximately 341,100 at the end of 2023, 343,800 in 2022, and 347,100 in 2021, with annual reductions of 1,000 to 3,000 people. Historical data from Statistics Korea indicate significant growth from around 100,000 residents in the city proper during the 1960s to a peak exceeding 330,000 in the 1990s following administrative mergers, such as the 1995 integration with Jinyang County that boosted the total to 334,252. The population has since stabilized and begun declining amid broader national trends of demographic aging. Jinju-si's population density stands at approximately 473 people per km², calculated over its land area of 712.86 km², which underscores its role as a mid-sized urban center in . Age distribution data from the 2020 census, updated with recent trends, show about 20% of the aged 65 or older as of 2023 (69,880 out of 339,052 residents), higher than the national average of 18.6% at that time and indicative of accelerated aging in regional cities. The elderly proportion has continued to rise, aligning with national trends reaching 20.3% in 2025. Migration patterns feature net inflows from surrounding rural areas in Gyeongsangnam-do, driven by employment and education opportunities, while outflows occur primarily to nearby for higher-wage jobs and urban amenities. Jinju's low fertility rate of around 0.94 contributes to the ongoing demographic challenges, with continued expected in line with national projections for non-metropolitan areas. These figures are derived from the 2020 and Census and ongoing resident registration data maintained by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety. Overall, Jinju's demographics highlight challenges common to non-metropolitan Korean cities, including super-aging and youth exodus, which influence local planning for services and infrastructure.

Ethnic Composition and Local Characteristics

Jinju's population is overwhelmingly ethnic Korean, accounting for 98.2% of residents as per the 2020 census data from Statistics Korea. The remaining 1.8%, or approximately 6,426 individuals, consists of foreign residents, primarily from neighboring countries such as , which forms the largest expatriate group nationally. There are no significant indigenous groups in the city, reflecting South Korea's overall ethnic homogeneity. Local residents exhibit a cultural identity shaped by the Gyeongsang region's traits of frankness, fidelity, and strong nerves, often symbolized by the enduring pine tree and straight bamboo. This personality is particularly marked by resilience, stemming from Jinju's pivotal role as a defensive stronghold during the Imjin War sieges of 1592 and 1593, where the city's defenders exemplified bravery against invasion. Hospitality remains a core value, fostering welcoming community interactions that align with broader Korean social norms. The Gyeongsang dialect, prevalent in Jinju, features a robust intonation, pitch accent variations, and a lively, sometimes noisy conversational style that conveys directness and energy. Community values emphasize strong family ties and intergenerational support, reinforcing social cohesion amid regional challenges. Socially, Jinju grapples with a high elderly , with Gyeongsangnam-do reporting around 20.5% of its aged 65 and older in 2024, contributing to nationwide aging trends. This demographic shift has spurred volunteer programs, such as those by the Jinju Volunteer Group Council, which provide assistance to seniors including vaccination support and community outreach. The gender slightly favors females at 50.2%, consistent with patterns in smaller Korean cities where women outnumber men marginally due to longer life expectancies.

Economy

Overview and Key Sectors

Jinju's economy is supported by , services, and . The city has transitioned toward high-tech industries since the early to diversify its base. Agriculture forms a foundational element, particularly in the fertile river valleys along the Nam River, where and production dominate output. Key developments include the establishment of the Jinju Silk Valley in the 2000s, emphasizing traditional and innovative industries, alongside specialized complexes such as the National Industrial Complex of Aviation and the Fusion Material·Ceramic Industrial Complex. These initiatives leverage the city's educational resources, including seven universities (four universities and three colleges) and 43 research institutes, to foster innovation and job creation. Silk production remains a traditional pillar supporting the manufacturing sector.

Silk Industry

Jinju's silk industry has roots tracing back over 1,000 years within the broader tradition of Korean , though organized production in the city began around 1910 with the opening of its first mechanized silk factory during the Japanese colonial . The region's mild climate, fertile soil for mulberry cultivation, and access to clean water sources created ideal conditions for silkworm rearing, positioning Jinju as a hub for high-quality . By the mid-20th century, the industry expanded through post-war reconstruction efforts, including the formation of like the Gyeongnam Weaving Jinju Industry , which supported local farmers and in rebuilding production capacity. The core processes of Jinju's silk production encompass —nurturing silkworms on mulberry leaves—followed by cocoon harvesting, boiling to loosen the silk filaments, reeling into threads, and on traditional or modern looms to create fabrics known for their luster, durability, and subtle sheen. During the Joseon Dynasty, silk from southern regions like , including areas now part of Jinju, served as royal tributes, highlighting its early economic and cultural value, though large-scale industrialization occurred later. Today, Jinju produces approximately 70% of South Korea's silk output, with 54 enterprises generating annual sales of about US$42 million as of 2024 assessments. In the , the industry experienced a revival after the 1950s through cooperative models that integrated with weaving and distribution, peaking in the and when over 160 factories operated, contributing significantly to local and exports. However, the led to widespread closures, reducing the number of active firms and prompting a shift toward ; in 2004, Jinju's silk sector was designated a Regional project, fostering technological upgrades and diversification into apparel and home goods. Exports primarily target markets in and , where Jinju 's premium quality commands value in luxury textiles, alongside shipments to . Contemporary challenges include competition from synthetic fibers and fluctuating global demand, which have pressured traditional methods, but innovations such as the Silk Industry Innovation Center—established to promote R&D—and a move toward sustainable practices, including reduced chemical use in , aim to ensure viability. Since the , efforts have emphasized eco-friendly farming to meet international standards, enhancing appeal in export markets. Cultural preservation plays a key role, exemplified by the Jinju Silk Museum, which opened on November 6, 2025, to educate on production techniques and history, alongside events like the annual Jinju Silk Fair that blend economic promotion with . In 2023–2024, 17 revitalization projects, including digital infrastructure for , were implemented to boost output and innovation.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Jinju's transportation infrastructure centers on an integrated network of roads, rail, and air links that enhance connectivity within and beyond. The city's road system is supported by 3 and 20, which serve as primary arterials linking Jinju to neighboring regions like Sancheong, , and Namhae, facilitating both local and long-distance travel. Local roads span approximately 500 km, providing essential access for urban and rural areas. Public bus services form a vital component of intra-city mobility, with over 95 general trunk routes operating daily to cover key districts and outskirts. Intercity buses depart from Jinju Intercity Bus Terminal, offering direct links to major cities; for instance, express buses to Seoul take about 4 hours via the Namhae Expressway. These services, including routes from Incheon International Airport, underscore Jinju's role as a regional transport hub. Rail connectivity is provided through Jinju Station on the Gyeongjeon Line, a traditional railway spanning South Gyeongsang and South Jeolla Provinces since the early 20th century. High-speed rail access arrived with the extension of KTX services to Jinju in December 2012, reducing travel time to Seoul to approximately 3 hours and 20 minutes via the Gyeongbu and Honam lines. This development has significantly boosted passenger traffic and economic ties. An upcoming project, the Southern Inland high-speed railway from Kimcheon to Jinju and Geoje, with construction scheduled to begin around late 2025, is slated for completion in 2030, promising further enhancements to regional rail networks. Air travel is accommodated via Sacheon Airport, located about 25 km from central Jinju, which handles domestic flights primarily to Seoul's and . The airport supports regional accessibility with multiple daily flights, though international connections require travel to nearby in .

Education and Healthcare

Jinju maintains a robust aligned with 's national standards, boasting near-universal and a focus on both academic and vocational training. The adult rate in stands at 98.8%, reflecting high across regions including Jinju. The city supports approximately 100,000 students across its primary, secondary, and higher education levels, with public schools tracing their origins to modern primary establishments in 1895. Higher education in Jinju is anchored by prominent institutions such as , established in 1948 and enrolling around 28,000 students in programs spanning sciences, , and . Complementing this is Chinju National University of Education, founded in 1923 as one of South Korea's dedicated to training elementary school teachers, serving as the sole such institution in Gyeongsangnam-do Province. The city hosts six universities in total, contributing to a diverse academic landscape that emphasizes research and . Vocational training programs, particularly in silk weaving and , draw on Jinju's historical strengths; silk technicians acquire skills through models at local facilities, preserving over a century of expertise tied to the city's silk production hub. At the primary level, student-teacher ratios average around 16:1, supporting individualized instruction in line with national averages. Healthcare in Jinju benefits from South Korea's advanced national system, where reached 83.5 years in 2023, driven by comprehensive measures. Key facilities include Hospital, a tertiary care center with specialized departments in , , and emergency services, serving as a regional referral hub. The city features several s, including public and private institutions that provide inpatient and outpatient care; for instance, the historic Jinju Medical Center, once operating 470 beds as a public , underscores efforts to maintain accessible services despite past challenges like its 2013 closure amid financial restructuring. Recent developments include plans for a new Gyeongnam Medical Center Jinju (also known as Gyeongnam Seobu Medical Center) with 170 initial beds, set to open in the second half of 2029 to address local needs. initiatives, such as nationwide vaccination campaigns in 2022, have been effectively implemented in Jinju, reducing symptom severity and viral loads among residents, particularly those under 40. These efforts align with broader trends in Gyeongsangnam-do, where preventive care supports extended healthy lifespans.

Culture and Tourism

Festivals and Traditions

Jinju's cultural landscape is vividly illuminated by its annual festivals, which blend historical commemoration with vibrant artistic expressions. The Jinju Namgang Yudeung Festival, held every October along the Namgang River and around Jinjuseong Fortress, commemorates the 1592 Siege of Jinju during the Imjin War, when lanterns were used for signaling and to honor the fallen. This event features approximately 70,000 colorful lanterns of various shapes floating on the river, forming tunnels of light, and incorporating modern elements like 3D holograms, attracting over one million visitors annually from Korea and abroad. The festival includes lantern-making workshops, parades, and fireworks, fostering a sense of communal remembrance tied to the city's defensive role in the Imjin War. Complementing this are other key events that highlight Jinju's artisanal and performative traditions. The Jinju Silk Fair, organized annually from 2004 to 2018, showcased the city's renowned silk weaving heritage through demonstrations, exhibitions, and sales of handcrafted textiles, promoting local craftsmanship to national and international audiences. Similarly, the Jinju Dance and Festival celebrates traditional folk performances, featuring masked dances, satirical skits, and live music that draw on regional intangible heritage, held periodically to preserve and evolve these dynamic art forms. Jinju's commitment to heritage preservation is evident in its efforts to safeguard traditions linked to the Imjin War and local folklore. Reenactments of historical battles, such as the Susungjung Military Camp ceremony at Jinjuseong Fortress, are integrated into festivals to vividly recall the 1592 and 1593 sieges. Several elements have received formal recognition: Jinju Samcheonpo Nongak, a farmers' music and dance performance, is listed on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity register since 2014, while Jinju Geommu (Sword Dance) holds national intangible heritage status. Ongoing initiatives, including biennales and educational programs, support bids and protections for Imjin War-related rituals and folktales, ensuring their transmission amid modern cultural promotion.

Cuisine and Local Arts

Jinju's culinary landscape highlights regional specialties that draw on local ingredients and traditions. A prominent dish is ggotbap, a variant of featuring a vibrant assortment of seasoned arranged atop to resemble a flower, often served in traditional restaurants throughout the city. Another iconic offering is minmul jangeo, or grilled freshwater eel sourced from the Nam River, typically marinated, charcoal-grilled, and accompanied by side dishes like sesame-seasoned greens and sauces; numerous eateries line the riverbanks, offering views of the water while preparing this nutrient-rich meal believed to boost stamina. The city's artistic heritage is deeply intertwined with its silk production legacy, where traditional embroidery techniques adorn fabrics with intricate patterns inspired by nature and folklore, showcasing the precision of local artisans in a region that produces over 70% of South Korea's silk. As a UNESCO Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art, Jinju preserves these practices through workshops and exhibitions that highlight embroidered textiles as cultural artifacts. Pansori, the narrative singing style with drum accompaniment, has historical roots in nearby southwestern Korea. Contemporary expressions are housed in institutions like the Jinju Art Museum, which displays modern interpretations of regional motifs alongside temporary exhibits of local talent. Jinju's food sector supports a vibrant , with more than 200 restaurants specializing in these dishes and contributing to through visitor spending. Annual events, such as elements of the Namgang Yudeung , integrate culinary experiences with cultural displays, promoting signature foods like grilled to attract crowds and enhance regional pride.

International Relations

Twin Towns

Jinju maintains formal sister city relationships with several international cities to promote cultural, educational, and economic exchanges. These partnerships are governed by memorandums of understanding (MoUs) that emphasize reciprocal benefits, including promotion and youth programs. The city's longest-standing is , , established in 1961 as the first agreement for a Korean city. The relationship focuses on educational and cultural ties, with regular student exchanges that have hosted hundreds of high school participants over the decades to foster mutual understanding and language skills. In 1985, Jinju signed a sister city pact with , , , aimed at cultural and trade cooperation. This agreement includes annual exchanges of local specialties and joint cultural events to strengthen community bonds. Jinju's partnership with , , , dates to 1992 and centers on economic and educational collaboration. MoUs under this relationship support initiatives, such as promotional campaigns highlighting shared agricultural heritage, and have facilitated delegations. More recently, in 2016, Jinju established ties with , Province, , emphasizing tourism and economic development along historical silk routes. The agreement includes provisions for joint cultural festivals and has led to collaborative projects, such as heritage preservation workshops involving experts from both cities. Jinju also has an academic partner city relationship with , , established in 1999, focusing on scholarly exchanges.
Twin TownCountryEstablishment YearPrimary Focus
EugeneUSA1961Education and culture
KitamiJapan1985Culture and trade
WinnipegCanada1992Economy and education
Xi'anChina2016Tourism and economy

Friendship Cities

Jinju has established informal friendship city partnerships with several locations, emphasizing collaborative initiatives in regional development and industry without the binding obligations of formal twin town agreements. These partnerships, often initiated at the provincial level, facilitate non-reciprocal exchanges aimed at mutual growth in specific sectors. Jinju maintains several active friendship cities. Known international friendship cities include , (established 2007), focusing on general cooperative exchanges, and , , with recent activities including economic and cultural delegations in 2024 to promote agricultural exports and collaboration. Recent inter-city collaborations within include benchmarking visits, such as Jinju City Council's 2025 trip to for sustainable models like waste recycling. Activities under these friendships include non-binding exchanges, exemplified by the 2022 art exhibitions showcasing joint crafts from partner cities and ongoing business forums focused on . These efforts promote cultural understanding and practical cooperation, such as youth homestays and environmental workshops, while avoiding the comprehensive reciprocity required in pacts.

Notable People

Historical Figures

Kim Si-min (1554–1592) was a key Joseon Dynasty general renowned for his leadership in the first Battle of Jinju during the Imjin War, embodying fierce resistance against the Japanese invasion. Born in Mokcheon, present-day Cheonan in South Chungcheong Province, he passed the civil service examination at age 23 and rose through administrative ranks before his appointment as magistrate of Jinju in 1592, coinciding with the onset of the war. Commanding just 3,800 troops, including local militias and righteous armies, he faced approximately 20,000 Japanese forces led by Hosokawa Tadaoki from October 8 to 13, 1592. His tactical ingenuity proved decisive: Si-min organized the production of gunpowder and matchlock firearms modeled on captured Japanese designs, trained his forces in their use, stationed women and elderly disguised as soldiers on the walls to exaggerate numbers, and deployed over 200 scarecrows armed with bows to further deceive the enemy. When the attackers grew exhausted after repeated assaults, he launched a coordinated counteroffensive with reinforcements from General Gwak Jae-u, inflicting heavy casualties and securing victory, which halted Japanese advances into the Jeolla region. Severely wounded by an arrow to the eye during the fighting, Si-min succumbed three days later on October 16, 1592, at age 39. His sacrifice elevated him to a national symbol of unyielding defense, inspiring later generations through memorials and folklore. In recognition of his merits, King Sukjong posthumously awarded him the title Chungmugong (Duke of Loyalty and Martial Prowess) in 1711, alongside royal certificates and shrine dedications that endure as tributes to his legacy. Gwon Yul (1537–1599) was a formidable Joseon military commander whose efforts in the Imjin War, including defensive operations around Jinju, underscored his strategic acumen and rise within the bureaucracy. Hailing from the prestigious Andong Kwon clan—a lineage prominent in Joseon governance, with his grandfather serving as Ganghwa Island administrator and his father, Kwon Cheol, ascending to Prime Minister—Yul himself entered government service later in life, passing the civil service exam at age 46 in 1582 and initially holding civil posts. As the war escalated, he transitioned to military command, achieving early successes such as victories at Ichi and Dokseongpo in 1593, which earned him promotion to governor of Jeolla Province. In July 1593, amid the second Battle of Jinju, the royal court dispatched Yul with reinforcements to bolster the fortress's defense against a renewed Japanese offensive, though logistical delays prevented his timely arrival before the castle's fall on July 27. Undeterred, Yul continued to lead major campaigns, most notably the Battle of Haengju in 1593, where his 3,000–13,000 troops repelled over 30,000 Japanese attackers through fortified positions and hwacha rocket launchers, marking a turning point that boosted Korean morale. This triumph led to his elevation to commander-in-chief (Do Wonsu) of all Joseon forces, overseeing operations until the war's end in 1598. Yul's family ties further embedded his legacy in Joseon's elite circles; posthumously titled Prime Minister upon his death from illness on July 6, 1599, at age 62, he exemplified the intertwined military and bureaucratic traditions of the era.

Modern Notables

Kim Young-sam (1927–2015), the 14th president of South Korea serving from 1993 to 1998, was born in Geoje Island in South Gyeongsang Province, adjacent to Jinju, and maintained strong regional ties through his early political career representing districts in Gyeongsangnam-do, including areas around Jinju. As a long-time opposition leader, he played a pivotal role in South Korea's democratization efforts during the 1980s, challenging military dictatorships under Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan by leading protests, forming alliances with figures like Kim Dae-jung, and advocating for constitutional reforms that culminated in direct presidential elections in 1987. His presidency marked the first civilian-led government in over three decades, emphasizing anti-corruption measures and civilian control over the military to consolidate democratic institutions. Prominent industrial figures from Jinju include local leaders in the city's historic sector, one of the world's production hubs responsible for over 80% of Korea's output as of 2024; for example, second-generation CEOs like Mr. of a major have led efforts in modernizing production techniques and sustaining the industry amid global challenges. Jinju's magnates have driven by innovating in and , contributing to the region's identity as a and center. Other modern notables from Jinju include actress (b. 1990), known for her roles in popular dramas such as (2013) and (2016), which showcased her versatility and helped popularize Korean entertainment internationally. Singer (b. 1984), a Jinju native, rose to fame with his debut album Singing, Painting (2001), earning awards for hits like "That Woman" and later transitioning into acting in series such as Temptation of Wife (2008).

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