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Horgen
Horgen (Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈhɔrɡn̩]) is a municipality in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.
It is one of the larger towns along the south bank of the Lake of Zurich.
On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Hirzel merged into the municipality of Horgen.
The oldest vestiges discovered to date come from the coastal station of Horgen-Dampfschiffsteg/Bootshabe. They were discovered during dredging of the channel in 1950, 1961 and 1973 (with additional surveys in 1973 and 1988). These excavations identified four levels of occupation, separated by lacustrine chalk sediments. The oldest level ends with a fire layer, while the next level contained a house dated by dendrochronology to 3713 BC. The ceramics of the oldest layer belong typologically to the middle Pfyn culture, while those of the upper layers belong to the late Pfyn period. Finds included clay crucibles for copper melting, weights, flint and stone tools (percussors, polishers, scrapers, millstones, axes), bone and antler tools, wooden objects (cups, axe handles, weaver's beaters), fragments of bark boxes, and red ochre. Dendrochronology attests to a distinct occupation phase between 2722 and 2695 BC (Corded Ware culture), from which some shards originate. A Bronze Age bronze hook and conical cup are also in the inventory.
Horgen is the type-site of the Horgen culture (a name created by Emil Vogt in 1934), specifically the station of Horgen-Scheller. First observations date from dredging for a shipyard in 1914, with further work in 1917, 1921, 1923 and 1972. Excavations took place between 1987 and 1990. The excavations distinguished four to seven levels of the Horgen culture, with lacustrine chalk sediments indicating periods of flooding. Dendrochronological analysis of the pile fields (felling in 3051–3049, 3045–3044, 3039 and 3037 BC) revealed that there were undoubtedly two neighboring settlements occupied likely in alternation. The upper layers were rich in varied remains, including ceramics, weights, stone axes, saw traces, wooden combs, a hatchet with a bent handle bound with twine, a human lower jaw, and remains of cereals and fruits.
A more recent occupation phase (piles felled between 2465 and 2459 BC) yielded Corded Ware ceramics. Isolated remains belong to the Pfyn culture and the Early Bronze Age. In 1987, a Late Bronze Age settlement (1087 to 1072 BC) was discovered about 100 m southeast of Horgen-Scheller. Two graves from the middle La Tène culture (second half of the 3rd century BC) were identified in 1840–1842 at Talacher. From the Roman period, only two coins and a tile fragment have been found. A necropolis from the Early Middle Ages was unearthed at Stockerstrasse in 1907.
In the Middle Ages, a colonization movement occurred from the lake shore towards the higher sites of the Albis forest, of which the Fraumünster Abbey in Zurich was the owner by virtue of an imperial privilege of 952. A case of clearing is attested there by a deed of 1153. The late occupation explains the dispersed habitat at Horgenberg and the distribution of forest use rights between various communes and domains. The mayorie (manorial administration) of the Fraumünster (mentioned in 1369) played a role in the cultivation of the highlands. The Fraumünster also possessed mills in Horgen-Dorf (mentioned in 1263, later called Obermühle) and Käpfnach (before 1319, likely the predecessor of the Untermühle of Horgen-Dorf).
The opening of the Gotthard Pass route made Horgen an important transshipment point on the north-south axis and on the link between Lake Walen and Central Switzerland. Goods were unloaded from boats to be loaded onto pack animals and vice versa. A mule track (drivable from the 17th century) led to Zug via Hirzel and Sihlbrugg. The oldest transport regulations date from 1452; a customs post was created in 1528. Zurich built a Sust (warehouse) around 1558. In the 14th century, the locality formed one of the centers of the bailiwick of Horgen-Maschwanden with Maschwanden, then in the hands of the Habsburgs; it housed the seat after its acquisition by the city of Zurich (1406–1798).
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Horgen
Horgen (Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈhɔrɡn̩]) is a municipality in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.
It is one of the larger towns along the south bank of the Lake of Zurich.
On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Hirzel merged into the municipality of Horgen.
The oldest vestiges discovered to date come from the coastal station of Horgen-Dampfschiffsteg/Bootshabe. They were discovered during dredging of the channel in 1950, 1961 and 1973 (with additional surveys in 1973 and 1988). These excavations identified four levels of occupation, separated by lacustrine chalk sediments. The oldest level ends with a fire layer, while the next level contained a house dated by dendrochronology to 3713 BC. The ceramics of the oldest layer belong typologically to the middle Pfyn culture, while those of the upper layers belong to the late Pfyn period. Finds included clay crucibles for copper melting, weights, flint and stone tools (percussors, polishers, scrapers, millstones, axes), bone and antler tools, wooden objects (cups, axe handles, weaver's beaters), fragments of bark boxes, and red ochre. Dendrochronology attests to a distinct occupation phase between 2722 and 2695 BC (Corded Ware culture), from which some shards originate. A Bronze Age bronze hook and conical cup are also in the inventory.
Horgen is the type-site of the Horgen culture (a name created by Emil Vogt in 1934), specifically the station of Horgen-Scheller. First observations date from dredging for a shipyard in 1914, with further work in 1917, 1921, 1923 and 1972. Excavations took place between 1987 and 1990. The excavations distinguished four to seven levels of the Horgen culture, with lacustrine chalk sediments indicating periods of flooding. Dendrochronological analysis of the pile fields (felling in 3051–3049, 3045–3044, 3039 and 3037 BC) revealed that there were undoubtedly two neighboring settlements occupied likely in alternation. The upper layers were rich in varied remains, including ceramics, weights, stone axes, saw traces, wooden combs, a hatchet with a bent handle bound with twine, a human lower jaw, and remains of cereals and fruits.
A more recent occupation phase (piles felled between 2465 and 2459 BC) yielded Corded Ware ceramics. Isolated remains belong to the Pfyn culture and the Early Bronze Age. In 1987, a Late Bronze Age settlement (1087 to 1072 BC) was discovered about 100 m southeast of Horgen-Scheller. Two graves from the middle La Tène culture (second half of the 3rd century BC) were identified in 1840–1842 at Talacher. From the Roman period, only two coins and a tile fragment have been found. A necropolis from the Early Middle Ages was unearthed at Stockerstrasse in 1907.
In the Middle Ages, a colonization movement occurred from the lake shore towards the higher sites of the Albis forest, of which the Fraumünster Abbey in Zurich was the owner by virtue of an imperial privilege of 952. A case of clearing is attested there by a deed of 1153. The late occupation explains the dispersed habitat at Horgenberg and the distribution of forest use rights between various communes and domains. The mayorie (manorial administration) of the Fraumünster (mentioned in 1369) played a role in the cultivation of the highlands. The Fraumünster also possessed mills in Horgen-Dorf (mentioned in 1263, later called Obermühle) and Käpfnach (before 1319, likely the predecessor of the Untermühle of Horgen-Dorf).
The opening of the Gotthard Pass route made Horgen an important transshipment point on the north-south axis and on the link between Lake Walen and Central Switzerland. Goods were unloaded from boats to be loaded onto pack animals and vice versa. A mule track (drivable from the 17th century) led to Zug via Hirzel and Sihlbrugg. The oldest transport regulations date from 1452; a customs post was created in 1528. Zurich built a Sust (warehouse) around 1558. In the 14th century, the locality formed one of the centers of the bailiwick of Horgen-Maschwanden with Maschwanden, then in the hands of the Habsburgs; it housed the seat after its acquisition by the city of Zurich (1406–1798).
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