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Ministry (band)
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Ministry is an American industrial metal band founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1981 by producer, singer, and instrumentalist Al Jourgensen. Originally a synth-pop outfit, Ministry evolved into one of the pioneers of industrial rock and industrial metal in the late 1980s. The band's lineup has changed frequently, leaving Jourgensen as the sole remaining original member.[1] Musicians who have contributed to the band's studio and/or live activities include vocalists Nivek Ogre, Chris Connelly, Gibby Haynes, Burton C. Bell and Jello Biafra, guitarists Mike Scaccia, Tommy Victor and Cesar Soto, bassists Paul Barker, Paul Raven, Jason Christopher, Tony Campos and Paul D'Amour, drummers Jimmy DeGrasso, Bill Rieflin, Martin Atkins, Rey Washam, Max Brody, Joey Jordison, Roy Mayorga and Aaron Rossi, keyboardist John Bechdel, and rappers and producers DJ Swamp and Arabian Prince.
Key Information
Ministry attained commercial success during the late 1980s and early 1990s with three of their studio albums: The Land of Rape and Honey (1988), The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste (1989) and Psalm 69 (1992). The first two were certified gold while Psalm 69 was certified platinum by the RIAA.[2] Psalm 69 was followed by Filth Pig (1996), which was a stylistic departure for the band, and earned Ministry its highest chart position on the Billboard 200 at number nineteen, although it was met with mixed reception by critics and marked the beginning of the band's commercial decline.[3] The lackluster response to their next album, Dark Side of the Spoon (1999), resulted in Warner Bros. dropping Ministry from the label and the group entered an extended hiatus in early 2000s, when Jourgensen entered rehab after years of substance abuse.[4]
Following Jourgensen's recovery, Ministry resurfaced in 2003 with Animositisomina, which turned out to be their last album with Paul Barker, who would leave the band the same year after nearly two decades as an official member.[5] Ministry returned to the thrash/industrial style of Psalm 69 and released three albums critical of then-President of the United States, George W. Bush, dubbed the "Bush Trilogy": Houses of the Molé (2004), Rio Grande Blood (2006) and The Last Sucker (2007); these albums effectively revitalized the band's commercial viability. Although The Last Sucker was initially intended to be the band's final album, Ministry reformed in 2011 and released Relapse in the following year. On December 23, 2012, longtime guitar contributor Mike Scaccia died of a heart attack, and he was posthumously featured in the next Ministry album, From Beer to Eternity (2013), which was again supposed to be their last album, as Jourgensen thought his death was the end of the band.[6] However, Ministry has since released three more albums, AmeriKKKant (2018), Moral Hygiene (2021) and Hopiumforthemasses (2024), while tentative talks of a second breakup of the band, after at least one more album, have ensued since 2022.[7][8][9]
Ministry has been nominated for six Grammy Awards and has performed at several music festivals, including the second annual Lollapalooza tour in 1992, co-headlining Big Day Out in 1995 and performing at Wacken Open Air thrice (in 2006, 2012 and 2016).
History
[edit]Formation and early days (1981–1982)
[edit]Ministry's origins date to 1978, when Jourgensen moved from Denver to Chicago to attend the University of Illinois. He was introduced to the local underground scene by his then-girlfriend, and in 1979 he replaced Tom Hoffmann on guitars in Special Affect, a post-punk group which featured vocalist Frank Nardiello (Groovie Mann of My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult), drummer Harry Rushakoff (Concrete Blonde) and bassist Marty Sorenson.[10][11][12] Following Special Affect's split in 1980, Jourgensen formed a short-lived band called the Silly Carmichaels, which featured members of the Imports and played two shows.[13][14][15][16]
In 1981, Jourgensen met Jim Nash and Danny Flesher, co-founders and co-owners of the indie record label and shop Wax Trax! Records who recommended him as a touring guitarist for Divine.[17] After playing a few concerts with the latter, Jourgensen began to write and record songs in his apartment, using a newly bought ARP Omni synthesizer, a drum machine, and a reel-to-reel tape recorder.[18] He presented a demo to Jim Nash, who suggested Jourgensen record a single and form a touring band, which Jourgensen decided to call Ministry.[a][18][23][24]
The first line-up of Ministry consisted of keyboardists Robert Roberts and John Davis, bassist Sorenson, and drummer Stephen George; Jourgensen auditioned several singers, all of whom were unsatisfactory, so he decided to perform vocals himself.[25][23] Nash purchased recording sessions at Hedden West studios which resulted in a twelve-inch single featuring "I'm Falling" and instrumental track "Primental" on the A-side, with the song "Cold Life" on the B-side.[b] The record was co-produced by Jay O'Roarke and Iain Burgess and released in late 1981 on Wax Trax! in the US.[18][27] In March 1982, the single was licensed by British label Situation Two, with "Cold Life" as the A-side.[28][29]
Ministry performed their debut concert on January 1, 1982 in the Chicago club Misfits,[18] and, in the spring, commenced a tour of the Northeast and the Midwest, supporting Medium Medium, A Flock of Seagulls, Culture Club, and Depeche Mode.[25] Meanwhile, the "I'm Falling / Cold Life" single reached No. 45 in the Billboard Hot Dance/Disco chart with approximately 10,000 copies as of September 1982,[18][30]: 54 [31] and thus scoring Wax Trax!' first hit.[24] The songwriter Aimee Mann played with Ministry in the early 80s.[32]
With Sympathy and later Wax Trax! singles (1983–1985)
[edit]
The band's initial success drew the attention of Arista Records founder and chief executive Clive Davis, who offered them a deal, promising to make them "the next Joy Division"—a promise that Jourgensen later considered to be misleading.[18][33][34] Signing a six-figure, two-album deal, the band—with Jourgensen and George comprising the official line-up[35][36][37]—moved to record at the Syncro Sound studios in Boston, with producers Vince Ely (former drummer of the Psychedelic Furs) and Ian Taylor (former assistant of Roy Thomas Baker), as well as keyboardists Roberts and Davis as session musicians.[38][18][39][40][25]
Once Jourgensen signed with them, Arista allegedly pressured him to change his image and sound to match that of popular synth-pop acts of the day such as The Human League, Duran Duran, and Depeche Mode.[41] According to Jourgensen, "[t]he label took me to a stylist, cut my hair, picked out my producer. They even wrote lyrics. We opened for Culture Club and the Police. I did it to the best of my ability, but kicking and screaming."[41]
A 12-inch single containing the song "Same Old Madness" was recorded and planned for release, along with its accompanying music video.[38][25] However, "Same Old Madness"—both the song and video—did not surface until 2014;[42][34] instead, "Work for Love" was released in January 1983[43] and peaked No. 20 on the Hot Dance/Disco chart. Ministry's debut album, entitled With Sympathy (also known as Work for Love in Europe), was finished around this time[39] and issued in May, reaching No. 94 in the Billboard 200. On release, the album was supported by two more singles—"Revenge" (with a music video partially reworked from "Same Old Madness") and "I Wanted to Tell Her" (a reworked version of "Primental"), and a supporting concert tour with the Police during the North American leg of their Synchronicity tour.[25][44] During this time, Jourgensen met the members of Seattle-based band the Blackouts—namely bassist Paul Barker and drummer Bill Rieflin, as well their then-manager Patty Marsh, who later became Jourgensen's wife from 1984 to 1995.[43][25][45][46]
In spite of With Sympathy's success, Jourgensen's relations with Arista were acrimonious. Eventually, Jourgensen sent a demo tape featuring a cover version of Roxy Music's song "Same Old Scene" before parting ways with Arista, suing them for violating contractual obligations.[47]: 78 [48] Since then, Jourgensen has expressed dislike for the With Sympathy-era,[49] providing various explanations for his antipathy. In a 2004 interview, Jourgensen said that after signing with Arista, all artistic control of Ministry was "handed over" to other writers and producers.[50] In his 2013 autobiography, Jourgensen said that he was pressured by Arista management into producing his existing songs in the then-popular synthpop style, as a means of making them more commercially palatable.[51] Jourgensen attributed the stylistic change in 2012 to his "development as an artist" and said he was influenced by his time in Europe and collaborations with Wax Trax! artists.[52] He reiterated that his style changed in 2018.[53][full citation needed] In 2019, he stated that the record was "fine", only that it could have been a lot better without interference from the record company.[54] In 2021, Jourgensen repeated his criticism that Arista took full control of the production and songwriting process, changed his wardrobe, and forced him to perform in the style of popular synth pop bands.[55] Jourgensen assumes a false English accent for all of the album's songs, for which he also later expressed great dislike,[56] though Patty Marsh stated in a 2013 interview "...the English accent thing was more an homage to the bands he loved than anything else. He was not trying to come off as British. The Stones used a southern accent and no one crawled up their ass for it.",[57] an explanation Jourgensen himself had also given in a prior, 1983 interview with Richard Skinner.[58]
Departed from Arista, Jourgensen returned with Ministry on Wax Trax! in mid-1984.[34] While working as a cashier in the Wax Trax! store, he continued to record new material.[59] In autumn 1984, Ministry embarked on a new tour with a renewed line-up, supported by Belgian industrial dance act Front 242.[60] During this tour, Sire Records co-owner Seymour Stein attended several gigs, offering the band a new deal; Jourgensen, recalling his negative experience with Arista, repeatedly declined, but eventually agreed to sign on the condition that Sire would provide resources to support the Wax Trax! imprint; as Jourgensen put it, "it was kind of a personal sacrifice to keep that company rolling and allow them to keep signing bands."[61] George left Ministry soon after this tour, disagreeing with Jourgensen over increased use of drum machines,[62][37] and went on to form the short-lived band Colortone,[62] and, much later, to pursue a record engineering career.[63] Ministry released several singles throughout the summer of 1985—"All Day", "(Every Day Is) Halloween" and "The Nature of Love", as well as a reissue of "Cold Life"—which were cited as marking Jourgensen's first attempt at injecting industrial elements into Ministry's sound.[36][24][64][11] Initially the B-side on "All Day" single, "... Halloween" became viewed as a goth anthem similar to Bauhaus (band)' "Bela Lugosi's Dead";[47][65] "The Nature of Love", which came out in June 1985, became Ministry's final single on Wax Trax!;[24] in July 1985, the band was shown as signed to Sire Records.[66][67]
Twitch (1985–1987)
[edit]Ministry's first release with Sire/Warner Bros. was the single "Over the Shoulder" in 1985,[68][67] preceding the release of the band's second studio album, Twitch, in March 1986.[67] Twitch was recorded and mixed largely at Southern Studios in London and Hansa Tonstudio in West Berlin during 1985, with the On-U Sound Records owner Adrian Sherwood and Jourgensen sharing co-production duties.[69][70] Despite the contribution of several others (namely Belgian singer Luc van Acker and Sherwood's Tackhead bandmate Keith LeBlanc), the album material was mainly performed by Jourgensen, listed as the band's sole member.[11] Some material, recorded during the Twitch sessions, was later used for LeBlanc's and Sherwood's other projects, most prominently LeBlanc's solo album Major Malfunction.[71]: 20 [72]
On release, Twitch hit No. 194 in Billboard 200, and was supported by a US and Canadian tour. Jourgensen assembled a new touring line-up, featuring Roland Barker on keyboards, Paul Barker on bass and Bill Rieflin on drums.[73][74] Twitch received mixed reviews, with a music critic Robert Christgau stating, "Chicago's Anglodisco clones meet Anglodisco renegade Adrian Sherwood and promptly improve themselves by trading in wimpy on arty"; nevertheless, the album came to be viewed as a pivotal point in the band's discography, as it signaled ongoing changes in Ministry's sound.[75][36] In later publications, Jourgensen credited Sherwood with giving his music an aggressive edge and providing production advice, but considered the record "so Adrian Sherwood-influenced."[76][70]
Breakthrough success (1988–1993)
[edit]After Twitch, Paul Barker became Jourgensen's primary collaborator in Ministry;[77] until his departure, he was the only person credited as a member of the band other than Jourgensen.[78] Jourgensen then made another significant change to Ministry's sound when he resumed playing electric guitar.[11] With Rieflin on drums, Ministry recorded The Land of Rape and Honey (1988). The album continued their success in the underground music scene. The Land of Rape and Honey made use of synthesizers, keyboards, tape loops, jackhammering drum machines, dialogue excerpted from movies, unconventional electronic processing, and, in parts, heavy distorted electric guitar and bass. The album was supported by a tour in 1988 and the singles and music videos for "Stigmata" and "Flashback". "Stigmata" was also used in a key scene in Richard Stanley's 1990 film Hardware, although the band shown performing the song was Gwar.[79]
The follow-up album, The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste, was released in 1989. Due to the complex nature of the album's drumming, a second drummer, Martin Atkins (formerly of Public Image Ltd. and Killing Joke), was hired. In addition to Atkins, a ten-piece touring line-up was formed, consisting of Chris Connelly (keyboards and vocals), Skinny Puppy vocalist Nivek Ogre (vocals and keyboards), Joe Kelly (vocals and backing vocals) and guitarists Mike Scaccia, Terry Roberts, and William Tucker, with Jourgensen, Paul Barker and Rieflin serving as the group's core members. This tour was documented on In Case You Didn't Feel Like Showing Up.[67] Two opening tracks, "Burning Inside" and "Thieves", were released as a commercial single; "Burning Inside" was accompanied by a music video.
After completing the Revolting Cocks tour in early 1991, Jourgensen and his bandmates began work on a follow-up to The Mind ... at Chicago Trax! studios, amidst problems brought on by growing substance abuse.[80][81] During these initial sessions, Gibby Haynes of the Butthole Surfers recorded vocals for what became "Jesus Built My Hotrod", which hit No. 19 in the Modern Rock Tracks chart with approximately 128,000 copies as of mid-July 1992; considered Ministry's first and biggest commercial hit, it built significant anticipation for their upcoming album, then titled The Tapes of Wrath.[82][83][80][84][85] In an attempt to distance themselves from drugs and find fresh perspective, the band relocated from Chicago to Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, to record at Royal Recorders studios for ten weeks.[86][84] After considering the Wisconsin sessions a "washout", they returned to Chicago to complete the album – now entitled Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs, after a chapter from Aleister Crowley's The Book of Lies – by early May 1992, with only nine of about thirty songs written being chosen to feature.[82][84] The album was influenced by speed and thrash metal, often being described as their fastest record by fans and critics. It was released on July 14, 1992 and peaked at No. 27 on the Billboard 200 chart. Soon after, Ministry was invited to headline the second Lollapalooza tour with Pearl Jam, Red Hot Chili Peppers and Soundgarden, among others,[87][88] before commencing a tour of Europe and the US, with Helmet and Sepultura as supporting acts.[89][90]
Middle years, turmoil and Jourgensen's drug addiction (1994–2001)
[edit]In October 1994, Ministry performed at the eighth Bridge School Benefit charity concert, with sets of cover songs (most prominently Bob Dylan's "Lay Lady Lay") and one original song, "Paisley", which was intended to be on their next album.[91] After constructing a studio in Austin, Texas in 1993,[20] the band proceeded to record a new album in July 1994.[92] After refusing to perform drums on "Lay Lady Lay", Rieflin parted ways with Jourgensen midway through the recording process.[93] Along with newly recruited Rey Washam (formerly of Scratch Acid, Didjits, and Rapeman) who performed the rest of the album's drum work,[94] Ministry performed as one of the headliners for Australia and New Zealand's Big Day Out touring festival in January 1995. In spite of their growing success, Ministry was nearly derailed by drug problems and a series of arrests followed in August 1995.[20][95] Completed at Chicago Trax Studios, Filth Pig was released in 1996.[96] Musically, Filth Pig was more heavy metal than industrial, with synthesizers and samples mostly stripped from a mix that focused on conventional hard rock instrumentation.[97][98][99]
The album's songs were played mostly at slower tempos than those on their previous three LPs, giving it an almost doom metal feel. Filth Pig was supported with the singles/videos "Reload", "The Fall", "Lay Lady Lay" and "Brick Windows" and with a tour in 1996 (the live performances were later anthologized on the Sphinctour album and DVD in 2002). Jourgensen has subsequently said that he was severely depressed during this period, that Filth Pig reflects this, and that he dislikes performing music from Filth Pig.[100]
Ministry recorded their final studio album for Warner Bros. Records, Dark Side of the Spoon (1999), which they dedicated to William Tucker, who committed suicide earlier that year. For Dark Side of the Spoon, Ministry tried to diversify their sound by adding some melodic and synthetic touches to their usual electro-metal sound, along with some jazz influences,[96] but the album was not well received, critically or commercially. However, the single "Bad Blood" appeared on the soundtrack album of The Matrix and was nominated for a 2000 Grammy award.[101]: 72 [102] During this period, Jourgensen had an infected toe amputated after accidentally stepping on a discarded hypodermic needle.[103]
In the summer of 2000, Ministry was invited to that year's Ozzfest;[104] amidst a management changeover, they were dropped from the bill and replaced by Soulfly.[105][36]
After Ministry were dropped from Warner Bros. in 2000, the label issued the 2001 collection Greatest Fits, which featured a new song, "What About Us?". Ministry would later perform the song in a cameo appearance in the Steven Spielberg film AI: Artificial Intelligence.[106] In 2000–2002, disputes with Warner Bros. Records resulted in the planned live albums Live Psalm 69, Sphinctour and ClittourUS on Ipecac Recordings being canceled.[104] Sphinctour was released on Sanctuary Records.[36]
Jourgensen's recovery from drug addiction and comeback (2001–2007)
[edit]Around 2001, Jourgensen almost lost his arm when he was bitten by a venomous spider.[107] By his own admission, Jourgensen was suicidal during this period and decided to call an acquaintance he had met years earlier; the acquaintance, Angelina Lukacin, helped Jourgensen give up his massive substance habit, which included heroin and cocaine "speedballs", crack, LSD, various pharmaceuticals and as many as two full bottles of Bushmills whiskey per day (Lukacin and Jourgensen married soon after).[108] Jourgensen and Barker, along with Max Brody who had joined as a saxophone player for the 1999 tour, focused on developing songs for a new record during 2001 and 2002, with the band issuing Animositisomina on Sanctuary Records in 2003. The sound was strongly heavy metal with voice effects, though it featured an almost-pop cover of Magazine's "The Light Pours Out Of Me". Animositisomina, compared to previous releases, sold poorly and singles for "Animosity" and "Piss" were canceled before they could be released.
Barker announced his departure from Ministry in January 2004. He stated that the trigger was his father dying while the band was wrapping up a summer tour in Europe, and also stated that his family life was his main focus at that particular time.[109] Lukacin stated in 2013 that Jourgensen fell out with Barker over the band's finances.[110] Jourgensen continued Ministry with Mike Scaccia and various other musicians.
For Ministry's next album, Jourgensen released the song "No W", a song critical of then-U.S. President George W. Bush; an alternate version of the track was placed on the multi-performer compilation Rock Against Bush, Vol. 1. The follow-up LP, Houses of the Molé (2004), contained the most explicitly political lyrics Jourgensen had yet written, with songs played more crudely than on previous recordings, giving the album the most metal-oriented sound of their career. In 2006, the band released Rio Grande Blood, an LP on Jourgensen's own 13th Planet Records. With Prong's Tommy Victor and Killing Joke's Paul Raven, the album featured an even heavier thrash metal sound drawing comparison to Slayer. The single "Lieslieslies" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 49th annual Grammy Awards. It, along with another song on the album, "The Great Satan", is also available as a downloadable content song for the 2008 video game Rock Band 2. In July 2007, the band released Rio Grande Dub, an album featuring remixes from the band's 2006 Rio Grande Blood album.
What Jourgensen expected to be Ministry's "final" album,[111] The Last Sucker was released on September 18, 2007.
Paul Raven died on October 20, 2007, a month and two-days after the release of The Last Sucker, suffering an apparent heart attack shortly after arriving in Europe to commence recording for the French industrial band Treponem Pal near the Swiss border.[112][113]
Breakup and posthumous releases (2008–2011)
[edit]Jourgensen remixed and co-produced Spyder Baby's "Bitter", which was released by Blind Prophecy Records in early 2008.
A song titled "Keys to the City", which became the theme song for the Chicago Blackhawks, was released on March 5, 2008. In addition to this single, two albums of covers/remixes, Cover Up (April 1, 2008) and Undercover (December 6, 2010) were released. All of these releases are credited to Ministry and Co-Conspirators, since they feature collaborations between Jourgensen and other musicians.
Ministry's "farewell" tour, the "C-U-LaTour", started its North American leg on March 26, 2008 with Meshuggah performing as special guests and Hemlock as an opening act. They played their final North American shows in Chicago on May 10 and 12, 2008.[114][115] The final date on the international leg of the tour was at the Tripod in Dublin, Ireland on July 18, 2008. During the performance, Jourgensen repeatedly reaffirmed it would indeed be the last Ministry show. Due to a large demand for tickets, an extra gig was added at the Tripod on July 19, 2008. The band again played to a full house. Ministry's final song at this show (and ostensibly their last live performance) was a rendition of their cover version of "What a Wonderful World".[116]
Adios ... Puta Madres, a live album featuring material culled from the tour, was released in 2009 on CD and DVD.[117]
A documentary film called Fix: The Ministry Movie was planned for release sometime in 2010. However, the release date was pushed back to early 2011. Eventually, it premiered at the Chicago International Movies & Music Festival. Jourgensen sued the filmmaker, Doug Freel, for failing to fulfill a portion of the contract giving Jourgensen approval over the final cut, along with "thousands of dollars".[118] The lawsuit was dropped in July 2011. On July 21, the film was screened privately at the Music Box Theater in Los Angeles.
Reunion, Relapse, death of Mike Scaccia and From Beer to Eternity (2011–2015)
[edit]On August 7, 2011, Ministry announced they would reform and would play at Germany's Wacken Open Air festival, set to take place on August 2–4, 2012.[119] The reunion lineup featured Al Jourgensen on vocals, Mike Scaccia and Tommy Victor on guitars, Aaron Rossi on drums, John Bechdel on keyboards, and Tony Campos on bass.[120][121]
Jourgensen told Metal Hammer in August 2011 that Ministry was working on a new album called Relapse, which they hoped to release by Christmas. Regarding the sound of the new material, he explained, "We've only got five songs to go. I've been listening to it the last couple of weeks and I wasn't really in the mood, I was just taking it as a joke. Just to pass the time at first but [Mikey's] raving about it. It's like, dude c'mon, this is not about Bush, so ... that part's over. The ulcers are gone and Bush is gone so it's time for something new. I think this is actually gonna wind up being the fastest and heaviest record I've ever done. Just because we did it as anti-therapy therapy against the country music we would just take days off and thrash faster than I've done in a long time, faster than Mikey's done in a long time. He just did a Rigor Mortis tour and said it was easy compared to this Ministry stuff so it's gonna be brutal and it's gonna freak a lot of people out."[120][121]
Ministry announced on their website that they entered the studio on September 1, 2011 with engineer Sammy D'Ambruoso to begin recording their new album.[119] During the third webisode featuring behind-the-scenes footage from the making of Relapse, a release date of March 23, 2012 was announced.[122]
On December 23, 2011, Ministry released "99 Percenters", the first single from Relapse, and began streaming it on their Facebook page two days later. On February 24, 2012, Ministry released a second single, "Double Tap", which was included in the April 2012 issue of the Metal Hammer magazine. On March 23, 2012, Relapse was released;[123] it was supported with "Defibrillatour", a concert tour which lasted from that year's June to August.
On December 23, 2012, guitarist Mike Scaccia died[124] following an on-stage heart attack, while playing with his other band, Rigor Mortis.[125] In an interview with Noisey in March 2013, Jourgensen announced that Ministry would break up again, explaining that he did not want to carry on without Scaccia. He explained, "Mikey was my best friend in the world and there's no Ministry without him. But I know the music we recorded together during the last weeks of his life had to be released to honor him. So after his funeral, I locked myself in my studio and turned the songs we had recorded into the best and last Ministry record anyone will ever hear. I can't do it without Mikey and I don't want to. So yes, this will be Ministry's last album."[126] The album, titled From Beer to Eternity, was released on September 6, 2013. Jourgensen stated that Ministry would tour in support of From Beer to Eternity, but would not record any more albums.[127][128]
AmeriKKKant and Moral Hygiene (2016–2022)
[edit]
In an April 2016 interview with Loudwire, Jourgensen stated that Ministry would make a follow-up to From Beer to Eternity "if the circumstances are right."[129] When asked in July about the possibility of a new album, Jourgensen stated, "When I was asked [before], it was after Mikey passed and the entire media immediately starts asking me what is going to happen to Ministry. He wasn't even buried yet. I thought, 'Fuck you.' I was really pissed and really angry. I said, 'Fuck Ministry and fuck you for asking.' They want to comment on Ministry when my best friend had died. It's been more than two years now, and I got more ideas and I have done albums with Mikey and have done them without him. It's time to get another record out. I have a bunch of songs written in my head. I wanted to have time to mourn before people start asking me about touring dates. It was sick. I was bombarded and email boxes were overloaded with 'what are you going to do now?' It was kind of creepy."[130]
By February 2017, Ministry had begun working on their fourteenth studio album,[131] titled AmeriKKKant.[132] The album, released on March 9, 2018,[133] includes guest appearances from Burton C. Bell of Fear Factory, former N.W.A member Arabian Prince, DJ Swamp and Lord of the Cello.[132][134] During their performance at the Blackest of the Black Fest in Silverado, California in May 2017, Ministry debuted their first song in four years, "Antifa", which, at the time, was expected to appear on AmeriKKKant.[135]
In an October 2018 interview with Billboard magazine, Jourgensen revealed that he had begun working on new material for Ministry's fifteenth studio album. He explained, "I have to get as many albums as I can done while Trump is still president, and then what am I going to do: write those crappy albums that I write while Democrats are president?"[136][137] A month later, media reports noted that Jourgensen had reconnected with former member Paul Barker after 15 years, hinting that the two might collaborate once again on the upcoming Ministry album.[138]
In a 2019 interview with Revolver magazine, Jourgensen reaffirmed that he had been working on new material since 2018, and revealed that he had hired Paul D'Amour (formerly of Tool) as the new bassist of Ministry.[139] The band – alongside Primus and Philip H. Anselmo & The Illegals – opened for Slayer on the final North American leg of their farewell tour, which took place in November 2019.[140]
In December 2019, the band released a visual history coffee table book, Ministry: Prescripture, with author Aaron Tanner.[141]
In January 2020, Ministry announced the "Industrial Strength Tour" would start in 2020, with drummer London May of Samhain, which would feature both KMFDM and Front Line Assembly as guests. The tour was to begin on 1 July and extend until August.[142] In May 2020, the band announced that they postponed all dates on the Industrial Strength Tour until 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 25–date tour, with KMFDM and Front Line Assembly, was scheduled to take place in March and April 2021;[143] the trek was once again postponed to the fall of 2021, this time with Helmet replacing KMFDM, who were unable to partake in the tour because of restrictions caused by the COVID in their native Germany.[144] On September 24, 2021, Ministry announced that The Industrial Strength tour had been postponed once more because of the pandemic, with the tour now scheduled to take place in March and April 2022, and the Melvins and Corrosion of Conformity replacing Front Line Assembly and Helmet as special guests.[145]
On January 17, 2020, Billboard released an exposé on guitar player Sin Quirin, detailing accounts of Quirin's alleged behavior including sexual relationships with underage females while touring in San Antonio, TX, Portland, OR, and Tacoma, WA, in the early 2000s.[146] In May 2021, Quirin announced via Facebook that he was leaving Ministry.[147]
On March 24, 2020, longtime drummer Bill Rieflin died of cancer, which had been kept private. Rieflin had joined King Crimson in 2013, and his death was announced March 25 by Robert Fripp via Facebook.[148]
On April 24, 2020, one month after Rieflin's passing, Ministry released their first song in two-and-a-half years, "Alert Level", which was expected to appear on the band's then-upcoming fifteenth studio album.[149][150]
In May 2021, the band announced that drummer Roy Mayorga has rejoined the band.[147]
On July 8, 2021, Ministry released "Good Trouble" as the first single from their fifteenth studio album Moral Hygiene, which was released on October 1.[151][152]
Hopiumforthemasses and upcoming final album (2022–present)
[edit]About two weeks after the release of Moral Hygiene, Jourgensen revealed that another Ministry album would "be out in 6-8 months."[153] In a March 2022 interview with Metal Edge, Jourgensen said that the album would feature an arena rock-styled sound, and he also hinted at one final Ministry album.[7] He reiterated his idea of disbanding Ministry in 2023, expecting the last Ministry material to be a re-recording of their first album With Sympathy.[8]
In early 2023, Ministry announced a tour with Gary Numan and Front Line Assembly, which lasted from April 20 to May 13, 2023.[154] The band performed a cover of Ricky's Hand by Fad Gadget with Numan, on two nights.[155][156]
In April 2023, the band played a new song live titled "Goddamn White Trash" from their then-upcoming album Hopium for the Masses, which was planned to be released on August 4.[157] However, it was announced that the album (with the new title Hopiumforthemasses) would be released on March 1, 2024.[158]
In the fall of 2023, Ministry, along with Filter, opened the Freaks on Parade tour, headlined by Alice Cooper and Rob Zombie.[159] The tour spanned one month, lasting from August 24, 2023 until September 24, 2023, visiting 19 venues across the United States and Canada. After the Freaks on Parade tour ended, Ministry announced that they would be touring with Gary Numan and Front Line Assembly again for the Hopiumforthemasses Tour, which began on February 27 and ended on April 5, 2024.[160]
In February 2024, Jourgensen confirmed in an interview with Loudwire that Ministry intended to release one final album and then disband, declaring, "I think it's a good time to stop."[9] The band entered the studio in June 2024 to begin work on their seventeenth studio album, and confirmed that same month they were reuniting with multi-instrumentalist Paul Barker 21 years after the latter's departure.[161][162] On October 7, 2024, Ministry announced that they were signed to Cleopatra Records for the release of their final studio album.[163]
The band released a collection of re-recorded material from its early days (including re-recorded songs off their first two albums With Sympathy and Twitch), The Squirrely Years Revisited, and "comes ahead of the final new studio album from Ministry in 2026, a record that has Jourgensen teaming up with Paul Barker once again;" on March 28, 2025.[164]
Artistry
[edit]Ministry's experimentation, stylistic variation and changes during its career cross several genres of popular music. The band is most commonly categorized as industrial metal and industrial rock.[c] Other genres include alternative metal,[174] EBM,[175][176] electro-industrial[177] and thrash metal.[178][179] Their early output has been variously described as new wave,[180] synth-pop,[36][37] dance-pop[181] and dark wave.[182] In the April 1989 issue of Spin magazine, an author Michael Corcoran labelled the band as "industrial disco";[183] in 1994, writer Simon Glickman used this term as well.[184] AllMusic's Steve Huey states that, previous to Nine Inch Nails' rise to mainstream popularity, "Ministry did more than any other band to popularize industrial dance music, injecting large doses of punky, over-the-top aggression and roaring heavy metal guitar riffs that helped their music find favor with metal and alternative audiences outside of industrial's cult fan base." Despite frequent descriptions of the band's music as industrial,[185][186][182] Jourgensen disputed the use of this tag in several publications since the early 1990s, preferring instead to identify his style as "aggro",[187][188][189][96] and, much later "industrious".[190][191][192]
Despite Jourgensen's dislike of touring, Ministry is noted for their live performances, featuring extended versions of songs (as evidenced on In Case You Didn't Feel Like Showing Up)[193] and disturbing visual imagery.[194] MTV also recognized the band as an influential heavy metal act, highlighting the use of sampling during their heyday.[195] Alternative Press included Ministry in their 1996 list of 100 underground inspirations of the past 20 years, stating that they merged "metal, samples, synths, and the 100-mph sound of urban paranoia, they pretty much created industrial music as we know it."[196] Jourgensen revealed in 2008 that Ministry music is mostly on drop D and standard E tuning.[197]
Related projects
[edit]Jourgensen, with former and current bandmates, has been active in a number of musical projects besides Ministry. Foremost of these was the Revolting Cocks, founded by Jourgensen, Richard 23 and Luc van Acker during Ministry and Front 242's tour in 1984.[22][198] Since its formation, the band has released a number of records, and has gone through several line-up changes. 1000 Homo DJs, a project purposed for outtakes from The Land of Rape and Honey and The Mind ... , has recorded a cover of Black Sabbath's "Supernaut", featuring Nine Inch Nails frontman and one-time Revolting Cocks touring member Trent Reznor. PTP, a project led by Jourgensen and Barker, included the assistance from Nivek Ogre on one occasion, and Connelly on another, and notably provided the song "Show Me Your Spine" featured in Paul Verhoeven's 1987 film RoboCop.[199] Other notable projects include Pailhead with Ian MacKaye of Minor Threat and Fugazi, Lard with former Dead Kennedys lead singer Jello Biafra, and Acid Horse with Cabaret Voltaire members Richard H. Kirk and Stephen Mallinder.[200][11] Buck Satan and the 666 Shooters, a country project led by Jourgensen, released the sole album, Bikers Welcome Ladies Drink Free, in 2012 through 13th Planet Records.[96][201][202] Jourgensen also released a self-titled album under the name Surgical Meth Machine, a speed metal project originally tributed to guitarist Mike Scaccia, in 2016.[203]
Barker has released several solo recordings under various monikers, including Age of Reason and Chicks & Speed: Futurism as Lead into Gold in 1990,[204][67][205] The Perfect Pair as Flowering Blight in 2008,[206] and Fix This!!!, an accompanying soundtrack of Fix: The Ministry Movie, under his own name in 2012.[207] Through the 2000s, Barker formed Pink Anvil with Max Brody[208] and U.S.S.A. with the Jesus Lizard guitarist Duane Denison.[209] Brody and Scaccia have also released materials as Goobersmoochers via Brody's Bandcamp site.
Members
[edit]Current members
[edit]| Image | Name | Years active | Instruments | Release contributions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al Jourgensen |
|
|
all releases | |
| Paul Barker |
|
|
| |
| John Bechdel |
|
keyboards |
| |
| Cesar Soto | 2015–present |
|
| |
| Roy Mayorga |
|
drums |
| |
| Paul D'Amour | 2019–present | bass |
| |
| Monte Pittman | 2021–present[f] |
|
|
Former members
[edit]| Image | Name | Years active | Instruments | Release contributions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stephen George | 1981–1985 |
|
| |
| Robert Roberts | 1981–1983 |
|
| |
| John Davis | 1981–1982 (died 2005) | |||
| Martin Sorenson | 1981–1982 | bass | ||
| Brad Hallen | 1983–1984 | |||
| William "Bill" Rieflin | 1986–1994 (died 2020) |
|
| |
| Mike Scaccia |
|
|
| |
| Louis Svitek |
|
guitars |
| |
| Duane Buford | 1994–1999 |
|
| |
| Rey Washam |
|
drums |
| |
| Zlatko Hukic | 1996–1999 | guitars |
| |
| Max Brody | 1999–2004 |
|
| |
| John Monte | 2004 |
|
| |
| Mark Baker | 2004–2005 |
|
| |
| Tommy Victor |
|
|
| |
| Paul Raven | 2005–2007 (until his death) |
|
| |
| Sin Quirin |
|
|
| |
| Tony Campos |
|
|
| |
| Aaron Rossi |
|
drums | From Beer to Eternity (2013) | |
| Jason Christopher | 2016–2017 |
|
AmeriKKKant (2018) | |
| Derek Abrams | 2017–2019 | drums | ||
| DJ Swamp | 2017–2018 | turntables | AmeriKKKant (2018) |
Additional/touring musicians
[edit]| Image | Name | Years active | Instruments | Release contributions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paul Taylor | 1981 | keyboards | I'm Falling/Cold Life single (1981) | |
| Audrey Stanzler | 1981–1982 | vocals | ||
| Shay Jones | 1982–1983 | With Sympathy (1983) | ||
| Yvonne Gage | 1983–1984 | Dark Side of the Spoon (1999) (guest vocals) | ||
| Mark Pothier | 1983 |
|
none | |
| Doug Chamberlin | 1984 | |||
| Patty Jourgensen |
| |||
| John Soroka |
|
none | ||
| Sarolta DeFaltay | 1986 |
| ||
| Roland Barker |
|
| ||
| Marston Daley | 1987 | keyboards | ||
| Luc Van Acker | vocals | Twitch (1986) (guest vocals) | ||
| Jeff Ward | 1988 (died 1993) |
|
| |
| Nivek Ogre | 1988–1990 |
|
In Case You Didn't Feel Like Showing Up (1990) | |
| William Tucker | 1989–1990 (died 1999) | guitar | ||
| Terry Roberts | 1989–1990 |
| ||
| Martin Atkins | drums | |||
| Joe Kelly | vocals | |||
| Chris Connelly |
|
|
| |
| Michael Balch | 1991–1992 |
|
| |
| Marco Neves | 1992 | vocals | none | |
| Michel Bassin | guitar | |||
| Sam Ladwig | guitar | |||
| Casey Orr |
|
|
Relapse (2012) | |
| Barry Kooda | 1994 (Bridge School Benefit) | guitar | none | |
| Richie Vasquez | drums | |||
| Darrell James | 2003–2004 | keyboards | ||
| Tia Sprocket | 2003 (died 2017) | drums | ||
| Eddy Garcia | 2004 | bass | ||
| Rick Valles | guitar | |||
| Joey Jordison | 2006 (died 2021) | drums | ||
| Burton C. Bell |
|
vocals |
| |
| Thomas Holtgreve | 2017 | drums | none | |
| London May | 2020–2021[g] | drums | ||
| Tina Guo | 2024 (Cruel World Festival) | electric cello | ||
| Mia Asano | electric violin | |||
| Charlie Clouser | keyboards |
| ||
| Dez Cuchiara | 2024, 2025 | backing vocals/Squirrelette | ||
| Leni Von Eckardt | The Squirrely Years Revisited (2025) | |||
| Gilden Tunador | ||||
| Pepe Clarke Magaña | 2024-present | drums |
Timeline
[edit]
Discography
[edit]Studio albums
[edit]- With Sympathy (1983)
- Twitch (1986)
- The Land of Rape and Honey (1988)
- The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste (1989)
- ΚΕΦΑΛΗΞΘ (1992)
- Filth Pig (1996)
- Dark Side of the Spoon (1999)
- Animositisomina (2003)
- Houses of the Molé (2004)
- Rio Grande Blood (2006)
- The Last Sucker (2007)
- Relapse (2012)
- From Beer to Eternity (2013)
- AmeriKKKant (2018)
- Moral Hygiene (2021)
- Hopiumforthemasses (2024)
Tours
[edit]- With Sympathy Tour, 1983
- Wax Trax! Singles Tour, 1984
- Twitch Tour, 1986–1987
- The Land of Rape and Honey Tour, 1988
- The Mind Tour, 1989–1990
- Lollapalooza 1992
- Psalm 69 Tour, 1992–1994
- Big Day Out, 1995
- Sphinctour, 1996
- ClitourUS, 1999
- Fornicatour, 2003
- Evil Doer Tour, 2004–2005
- MasterBaTour, 2006
- C-U-LaTour, 2008
- DeFiBriLaTouR / Relapse Tour, 2012
- From Beer to EternaTour, 2015
- Death Grips and Ministry US Tour 2017[210]
- The AmeriKKKant Tour, 2018
- EU/UK Summer Tour, 2019
- Slayer's Final Campaign Tour with Primus and Phillip H. Anselmo & The Illegals, 2019
- Industrial Strength Tour, 2022 (initially scheduled to take place in summer 2020, later rescheduled to fall 2021 and then spring 2022 due to COVID-19)[211][212][213][214]
- Moral Hygiene Tour, 2022
- Ministry, Gary Numan and Front Line Assembly Tour 2023[215]
- Freaks on Parade Tour 2024 with Rob Zombie, Alice Cooper, & Filter.
- The Squirrely Years Tour, 2025
- Europe Tour, 2025
Notes
[edit]- ^ In an article published in the September 1982 issue of Illinois Entertainer, Jourgensen was said to discuss several possible names for the band (including "Fallen Pillar", "Ministry of Fear" and "Ministry of Funk"), before settling on Ministry as it combined "the doom / gloom chromosomes of Fear and the dance feel of Funk."[18] Much later publications has Jourgensen giving a credit to Fritz Lang's 1944 movie Ministry of Fear for inspiring the band's name;[19][20] AllMusic editor Greg Prato reiterated this point in Jourgensen's profile.[21] In the November 1988 interview for Rockpool, Jourgensen said the name could be interpreted as a reference to government, religion, or other power brokers, and it does not matter which.[22]
- ^ According to Jello Biafra, it was intended to be a seven-inch single featuring the song "Overkill" with the B-side "I'm Falling".[26]
- ^ [165][166][167][115][168][169][170][171][172][173]
- ^ Barker's return is only for the upcoming Ministry album and not for the current live band.
- ^ On leave as of 2024, Pepe Clarke Magaña filling in for the time being.
- ^ Pittman had been announced as Ministry's new guitarist in 2014 but did not appear with the band when they resumed touring in 2015.
- ^ May was announced as Ministry's new drummer for the Industrial Strength Tour in 2020, but the tour was delayed until 2022 due to COVID, by which time Roy Mayorga had returned. May never performed live with the band.
References
[edit]- ^ Brooks 2017, p. 49.
- ^ "Gold & Platinum – RIAA". RIAA.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- ^ "Ministry – Chart history". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
- ^ "Ministry | Biography & History". AllMusic. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
- ^ Archive-Jon-Wiederhorn. "Founding Bassist Paul Barker Leaves Ministry". MTV News. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
- ^ "Al Jourgensen Announces the End of Ministry". www.ultimate-guitar.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
- ^ a b "Al Jourgensen talks Ministry, Mötley, Madonna and his upcoming 'arena rock' album". Metal Edge. March 7, 2022. Archived from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
- ^ a b "Ministry's Al Jourgensen exclusively reveals plans to re-record long-disavowed 'With Sympathy' songs: 'F*** it. Instead of being owned, let's own it.'". Yahoo!. June 16, 2023. Archived from the original on June 18, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
- ^ a b Blabbermouth (February 21, 2024). "AL JOURGENSEN Says MINISTRY's Next Album Will Be Band's Last: 'I Think It's A Good Time To Stop'". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
- ^ Thompson 2000, p. 497; Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, pp. 45–46
- ^ a b c d e Wolanski, Coreen (March 1, 2003). "Ministry – Nothing Exceeds Like Excess". Exclaim!. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
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- ^ "Interview with Ben Krug regarding the Silly Charmichaels". Prongs.org. March 18, 2006. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
- ^ Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 47.
- ^ Krakow, Steve (December 11, 2016). "Hyde Park postpunks the Imports could've been America's Joy Division | Bleader". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
- ^ Alamo-Costello, Chester (August 7, 2016). "ONO – An Unabridged History In Conversation". The COMP Magazine. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
- ^ Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, pp. 47–48.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Baker, Cary (September 1982). "Ministry: Ordained by Dance" (transcription). Illinois Entertainer. Vol. 2, no. 103. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2018 – via Prongs.org archive. See also Reed 2013, p. 236.
- ^ Dolgins, Adam (1998). Rock Names: From ABBA to ZZ Top: How Rock Bands Got Their Names (3rd ed.). Secaucus, N.J: Carol Pub. Group. pp. 176. ISBN 978-0-8065-2046-9 – via the Internet Archive.
- ^ a b c Swanson, Sandra (1999). "Ministry". In Hochman, Steve (ed.). Popular Musicians (loan required). Vol. 3. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press. pp. 731–732. ISBN 0893569860 – via the Internet Archive.
- ^ Prato, Greg. "Al Jourgensen – Biography". AllMusic. All Media Network. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
- ^ a b Dunkley, Andy (November 15, 1988). "Ministry of Mayhem" (scan). Rockpool. Vol. 9, no. 20 (206). pp. 14–15. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2018 – via Prongs.org archive.
- ^ a b Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 49.
- ^ a b c d Smith, Rod (March 27, 2014). "Wax Trax: An Introduction". Red Bull Music Academy Daily. Red Bull Music Academy. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f "Interview with Robert Roberts". Prongs.org. n.d. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
- ^ Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 104.
- ^ Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 50.
- ^ Gimarc, George (1997). Post Punk Diary, 1980–1982. New York: St.Martin's Griffin. p. 250. ISBN 031216968X. OCLC 1036803142 – via the Internet Archive.
- ^ Greene 1993, p. 26; Fontenoy 2003, p. 645.
- ^ McCormick, Moira (September 11, 1982). "Indie New Music Labes Proliferating In Chicago". Billboard Magazine. Vol. 94, no. 36. pp. 9, 54. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved January 26, 2018. See also Reed 2013, p. 236.
{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Greene 1993, p. 26; Reed 2013, p. 236; Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, pp. 50–51
- ^ Snapes, Laura (November 4, 2021). "Aimee Mann: 'Any woman my age is traumatised by growing up in the 60s and 70s'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
- ^ Glickman 1994, p. 164; Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 51.
- ^ a b c Zaleski, Annie (May 10, 2018). "35 Year Ago: Ministry Release Disavowed Debut, 'With Sympathy'". Ultimate Classic Rock. Townsquare Media. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
- ^ Coupe, Stuart; Baker, Glenn A. (1983). The New Rock'N'Roll. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 103–104. ISBN 0312572107 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b c d e f Huey, Steve. "Ministry". AllMusic. All Media Network. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
- ^ a b c Brooks 2017, p. 48.
- ^ a b Sweeting, Adam (July 10, 1982). "Ministry of Offence" (scan). Melody Maker. ISSN 0025-9012. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2018 – via Prongs.org archive. See also Reed 2013, p. 236.
{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b
- McCormick, Moira (October 23, 1982). "A Chicago Venue Is Reborn". Heartland Beat. Billboard. Vol. 94, no. 42. pp. 10, 68. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2018 – via Google Books.
- Morris, Erin (December 11, 1982). "Studio Track". Billboard. Vol. 94, no. 49. p. 42. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2018 – via Google Books.
- McCormick, Moira (January 15, 1983). "Genesis Center In Gary Making Steady Progress". Heartland Beat. Billboard. Vol. 95, no. 2. pp. 24, 53. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved February 10, 2018 – via Google Books.
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- ^ Greene 1993, p. 26; Reed 2013, p. 236.
- ^ a b Simpson, Dave (March 24, 2016). "'People started punching the air': how Primal Scream, Ministry, the Cult and Misty Miller reinvented their sound". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 28, 2024. Retrieved January 26, 2025.
- ^ Kretsch, Ron (September 16, 2014). "Ministry's first video was for a song that has never been released. Until today. Sort of". Dangerous Mind. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
- ^ a b Greene 1993, p. 28.
- ^ Greene 1993, p. 28; Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 54.
- ^ "Session with Patty Jourgensen". Prongs.org. 2013. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
- ^ Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 54.
- ^ a b Blush, Steven (October 1991). "Cult of Personality". Spin Magazine. Vol. 7, no. 7. pp. 77–78. ISSN 0886-3032. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved February 23, 2018 – via Google Books. See also Greene 1993, p. 28; Masuo 1996, p. 70.
{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, pp. 52, 54.
- ^ Greene 1993, p. 28; Glickman 1994, p. 164; Masuo 1996, p. 70; Larkin 1998, p. 3692.
- ^ "Alain Jourgensen interview". Markprindle.com. 2004. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
- ^ Glickman 1994, p. 164; Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 52.
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- ^ Nash, Julia (2018), Industrial Accident: The Story of Wax Trax! Records
- ^ Bennett, J. (July 2019). "Ministry's Al Jourgensen on How Playing in a Band Is Like 'Naked and Afraid'". www.revolvermag.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
- ^ Hammer, Metal (September 13, 2021). "Our record label wanted Ministry to be Wham!' says Al Jourgensen". loudersound.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
- ^ Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, pp. 49–50.
- ^ "Session with Patty Jourgensen". prongs.org. 2013. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
- ^ Skinner, Richard (1983). "Al Jourgensen In Conversation With Richard Skinner - Inc. Excerpts From The Forthcoming Album "Work For Love"". Minic 1. Arista.
- ^ Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 56.
- ^ Fontenoy 2003, p. 645; Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 58.
- ^ Greene 1993, p. 28; Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 58.
- ^ a b Van Matre, Lynn (March 31, 1988). "Future Looks Bright For Colortone Crew". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 1, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ^ Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, pp. 49–50, 68.
- ^ Greene 1993, p. 28; Masuo 1996, p. 71; Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, pp. 56–57; Reed 2013, p. 236.
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With its bouncy synthpop rhythms and lyrics all about woe-begotten Goth life, it's up there to 'Bela Lugosi's Dead' on the short list of universal Goth anthems ...
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- ^ a b c d e Glickman 1994, p. 165.
- ^
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- ^ Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 64; Reed 2013, p. 237.
- ^ a b Acharya, Kiran (April 27, 2016). "Revolting Lots: Al Jourgensen's Favourite Ministry Albums". The Quietus. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
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- ^ Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, pp. 64–65.
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- ^ Greene 1993, p. 32; Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 68.
- ^ Greene 1993, p. 28; Glickman 1994, p. 165; Brooks 2017, p. 48.
- ^ Jourgensen & Wiederhorn 2013, p. 64.
- ^ Larkin 1998, p. 3692; Reed 2013, p. 239; Brooks 2017, p. 48.
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Multi-instrumentalist also performed with Nine Inch Nails, KMFDM, Swans, and many others
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nine inch nails might sell more records, but the Al Jourgensen-led Ministry is the most influential American industrial-rock band.
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Industrial metal veterans MINISTRY debuted a new song called "Antifa" during their May 27 appearance at this year's edition of the "Blackest Of The Black" festival, which took place May 26–27 at Oak Canyon Park in Silverado, California.
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... one of Jourgensen's latter-day descriptions is more accurate: The music he prefers to call 'aggro' is 'erotic, neurotic, psychotic, cyberaggresive, new-beat dance, country new wave punk with a metal edge ... and just a touch of insanity.'
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Everyone puts us in this 'We're an industrial band' [stuff]. I don't know about industrial because I never worked in a construction site or an industrial site. What is industrial? ZZ Top uses drum programming and samples and stuff. Is ZZ Top industrial? I don't think so. So I've never considered us an industrial band. We're an industrious band. How about that? We're still around after 35 years. That makes us industrious. But I don't know about industrial.
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External links
[edit]- Official website

- Ministry at AllMusic
- Ministry at Encyclopaedia Metallum
- Ministry discography at Discogs
- Ministry at prongs.org
- Ministry at IMDb
Ministry (band)
View on GrokipediaMinistry is an American industrial metal band founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1981 by vocalist, multi-instrumentalist, and producer Al Jourgensen, who has remained its sole constant member across 15 studio albums.[1][2] Initially emerging as a synth-pop act with the debut album With Sympathy (1983), which Jourgensen later disavowed due to label-imposed creative constraints, the band pivoted to a heavier, abrasive sound fusing metal, noise, and electronic elements, establishing itself as a pioneer of industrial metal.[1][3]
Key releases such as Twitch (1986), The Land of Rape and Honey (1988), The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste (1989), and Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs (1992) defined the genre through relentless rhythms, distorted guitars, sampled audio clips, and lyrics decrying corruption, war, and authoritarianism.[1][4] Psalm 69 achieved platinum certification from the RIAA and garnered a Grammy nomination for Best Metal Performance for the track "N.W.O.", marking the band's commercial peak alongside tours with Lollapalooza.[5][6]
Revolving lineups featuring collaborators like Paul Barker, Chris Connelly, and later members such as Sin Quirin and John Bechdel supported Jourgensen's vision amid periods of hiatus, including a 2013 retirement announcement reversed by subsequent albums on independent labels like 13th Planet and Nuclear Blast.[1] The band's legacy includes influencing acts in industrial, metal, and electronic music, though marked by Jourgensen's well-documented struggles with heroin addiction and erratic onstage behavior, contributing to its raw, confrontational ethos.[3][7] As of 2024, Ministry persists with releases like HOPIUMFORTHEMASSES and tours, though Jourgensen has signaled an impending conclusion to the project after decades of prolific output.[1][8]
History
Formation and synth-pop origins (1981–1984)
Ministry was formed in 1981 in Chicago by Alain "Al" Jourgensen, who served as the band's primary songwriter, vocalist, guitarist, programmer, and producer during its inception.[1] The project emerged from the local post-punk scene, with Jourgensen drawing on emerging synthesizer technologies to craft a synth-pop sound aligned with early 1980s electronic trends.[1] Initial releases came via the independent Wax Trax! Records label, starting with the 12-inch single "I'm Falling" backed with "Cold Life" and "Primental" in 1981, which showcased coldwave-inflected synth-pop elements typical of the era's underground electronic music.[9] [10] These tracks, recorded in Jourgensen's home studio, marked Ministry's entry into Chicago's burgeoning industrial and alternative scene, though the band's live performances at the time opened for punk acts like the Cramps and Dead Kennedys, blending electronic textures with raw energy.[1] In 1982, Ministry signed with major label Arista Records, leading to the production and release of their debut album With Sympathy on May 10, 1983.[11] The album featured polished synth-pop tracks such as "Everyday Is Halloween" and "Work for Love," produced by Jourgensen with assistance from Wax Trax! co-founder Jim Nash, emphasizing melodic hooks and danceable rhythms over aggression.[1] [11] The recording involved drummer Stephen George and keyboardists Robert Roberts and John Davis, though Jourgensen dominated the creative process.[12] Despite achieving some radio play and music video exposure for singles like "All Day," the album's commercial orientation stemmed from Arista's insistence on emulating acts like Depeche Mode and Duran Duran, which Jourgensen later described as manipulative pressure that stifled his artistic intent.[13] [14] By 1984, dissatisfaction with Arista's control prompted Jourgensen to seek release from the contract, culminating in legal action to exit the label, as he viewed the synth-pop phase as a forced detour from his evolving vision toward harsher, guitar-driven sounds.[14] This period laid the groundwork for Ministry's shift, with early indie singles preserving a rawer edge compared to the major-label polish of With Sympathy, highlighting the tension between underground roots and commercial demands.[15]Transition to industrial sound and Twitch era (1985–1987)
In 1985, following dissatisfaction with the label-imposed synth-pop direction of their debut album With Sympathy, Ministry frontman Al Jourgensen asserted greater creative control, initiating a shift toward experimental and aggressive sounds influenced by dub, sampling, and emerging industrial aesthetics.[16] This transition was previewed with the release of the single "Over the Shoulder," which incorporated heavier distortion and rhythmic complexity compared to prior work.[17] Jourgensen collaborated with producers Adrian Sherwood, known for dub-reggae experimentation via his On-U Sound label, and Keith LeBlanc, a drummer and programmer recognized for pioneering hip-hop sampling techniques, to redefine the band's approach.[18] The resulting album, Twitch, was recorded primarily in London at Southern Studios and in West Berlin at Hansa Studios during 1985, with Jourgensen and Sherwood handling production duties across tracks that blended pulsating electronics, sampled percussion, and abrasive textures.[17] Released on March 12, 1986, by Sire Records, the album marked Ministry's first substantive incorporation of proto-industrial elements, such as layered noise, repetitive grooves, and vocal aggression, diverging sharply from synth-pop conventions while retaining some electronic foundations.[19] Jourgensen later described this period as the onset of the band's "real drastic change," emphasizing the album's role in establishing a foundation for future heaviness through unpolished experimentation rather than commercial polish.[18] Twitch peaked at number 194 on the Billboard 200 chart, reflecting limited mainstream traction but gaining cult appeal among underground audiences for its raw energy.[17] Supporting the Twitch tour from 1986 onward, Ministry adopted a revamped live lineup featuring Jourgensen alongside Paul Barker on bass, Roland Barker on guitar and saxophone (both from the Chicago post-punk band The Blackouts), and drummer Bill Rieflin, shifting toward a more rock-infused performance style that amplified the album's intensity on stage.[17] This configuration facilitated aggressive renditions of tracks like "Just Like You" and "We Believe," which highlighted distorted guitars and pounding rhythms, foreshadowing the full industrial metal pivot in subsequent releases.[19] The era solidified Jourgensen's vision of Ministry as an evolving entity unbound by pop constraints, prioritizing sonic extremity over accessibility despite ongoing label tensions.[16]Mainstream breakthrough and peak industrial metal years (1988–1993)
Ministry's third studio album, The Land of Rape and Honey, released on October 11, 1988, by Sire Records, represented a decisive pivot from synth-driven sounds to abrasive industrial metal, incorporating distorted guitars, heavy sampling, and aggressive rhythms.[20] Produced primarily by frontman Al Jourgensen and bassist Paul Barker, the record featured key tracks such as "Stigmata" and "Thieves," which showcased the band's evolving emphasis on mechanical percussion and anti-establishment lyrics.[21] It peaked at number 164 on the Billboard 200 chart, signaling initial commercial traction within alternative and metal circuits.[22] The band's live performances during this era amplified their growing reputation, culminating in the live album In Case You Didn't Feel Like Showing Up, recorded on February 22, 1990, at the Metro in Chicago and released on September 4, 1990, by Sire.[23] Documenting raw, high-energy sets with support from drummer Bill Rieflin, vocalist/keyboardist Chris Connelly, and guitarist Mike Scaccia, it captured Ministry's intense stage presence and further solidified their underground following.[24] Their fourth studio album, The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste, followed on November 14, 1989, intensifying the metal elements with tracks like "Burning Inside" and guest contributions from members of Skinny Puppy and Front Line Assembly, though it did not achieve significant mainstream chart placement.[25] The period peaked commercially with Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs, released on July 14, 1992, which reached number 27 on the Billboard 200.[5] Featuring hit singles "Jesus Built My Hotrod" (with vocals by Ministry ally Gibby Haynes of Butthole Surfers), "N.W.O.," and "Just One Fix," the album blended thrash-influenced riffs, electronic noise, and satirical themes, produced by Jourgensen and Barker with engineering from Hypo Luxa.[5] Extensive touring, including a prominent slot on the inaugural Lollapalooza festival circuit starting July 18, 1992, exposed Ministry to broader audiences alongside acts like Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, enhancing their visibility in the alternative rock scene.[26] The core recording lineup remained Jourgensen and Barker, augmented live by Rieflin, Scaccia, and Connelly through 1993.[27]Decline, internal chaos, and drug-related turmoil (1994–2001)
Following the commercial and critical peak of Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs in 1992, Ministry experienced a marked decline in output and coherence, exacerbated by frontman Al Jourgensen's deepening heroin addiction, which he later described as consuming two decades of his life and influencing the band's creative direction toward experimental sludge rather than structured industrial metal.[28] The group's next album, Filth Pig, released on January 30, 1996, by Warner Bros. Records, deviated sharply with its slower tempos, distorted guitars, and noise-heavy soundscapes, peaking at number 19 on the Billboard 200 but selling far fewer copies than its predecessor and drawing mixed reviews for lacking the riff-driven energy of prior works.[29] Jourgensen attributed the album's murky aesthetic to his substance abuse, noting in interviews that recording sessions were hampered by constant drug use, including heroin and other narcotics, which led to erratic production and personal health crises.[30] Drug-related legal troubles compounded the instability, with Jourgensen facing multiple arrests for narcotics possession in the mid-1990s, including incidents tied to heroin that disrupted band activities and contributed to a lack of touring support for Filth Pig, despite videos for tracks like "Reload."[31] Internal dynamics strained under these pressures, as co-producer and longtime collaborator Paul Barker navigated Jourgensen's increasingly chaotic lifestyle, though Barker remained involved in songwriting and production; tensions over creative control and reliability foreshadowed later splits, with Barker's more sober approach clashing against the frontman's addictions.[32] The band's inability to capitalize on prior momentum resulted in stalled momentum, with no full tours until years later and a perception among fans and critics of creative burnout fueled by self-destructive habits. By 1999, these issues culminated in Dark Side of the Spoon, released on June 8 by Warner Bros., an eclectic collection featuring original tracks, covers like ZZ Top's "Just Got Paid," and abrasive experiments that peaked at number 92 on the Billboard 200, signaling further commercial retreat and internal disarray.[33] Jourgensen's heroin dependency, which included near-fatal overdoses and infections requiring medical intervention, dominated the recording process, leading to fragmented sessions and a lack of cohesion that Barker co-produced amid growing frustration.[34] The album's poor reception and minimal promotion reflected the band's turmoil, with lineup flux—including session players like guitarist Zia Geelani—and Jourgensen's legal entanglements halting momentum; a 2001 compilation, Greatest Fits, served as a contractual stopgap rather than a creative resurgence, underscoring the period's stagnation.[35] This era effectively paused Ministry's viability until Jourgensen began addressing his addictions post-2001.Recovery, resurgence, and shifting lineups (2001–2011)
Following the underwhelming reception of Dark Side of the Spoon in 1999 and subsequent hiatus amid personal challenges, Ministry returned with Animositisomina, released on February 18, 2003, by Sanctuary Records. This eighth studio album featured Al Jourgensen alongside longtime bassist Paul Barker, marking Barker's final contribution to a Ministry studio recording.[36][37] The release signaled a partial resurgence, with the album peaking at number 157 on the Billboard 200 chart, though it received mixed reviews for its aggressive industrial metal sound.[36] Barker departed the band in January 2004, citing personal reasons, prompting Jourgensen to restructure the lineup for subsequent projects.[38] Houses of the Molé, the ninth studio album, followed on June 21, 2004, also via Sanctuary Records, recorded at Sonic Ranch studios in Tornillo, Texas. The new configuration included guitarist Tommy Victor of Prong and drummer Max Brody, shifting toward a more streamlined industrial assault with politically charged lyrics targeting the George W. Bush administration.[39][40] The band supported the album with the Evil Doer Tour in 2004, emphasizing live performances that revitalized their fanbase.[38] Jourgensen founded his own label, 13th Planet Records, which issued Rio Grande Blood on May 2, 2006, in collaboration with Megaforce Records. This tenth album continued the anti-establishment theme, featuring contributions from guitarist Sin Quirin and guest vocals by figures like Jello Biafra and Sgt. Major on tracks such as "Gangreen."[41] The lineup further evolved with keyboardist John Bechdel joining for touring. The Last Sucker, released September 18, 2007, completed a trilogy of Bush-era critiques, maintaining the core of Jourgensen, Victor, Quirin, and Brody.[42][43] Through 2011, Ministry sustained activity via tours and side projects, with original guitarist Mike Scaccia rejoining sporadically for live dates, underscoring ongoing lineup flux while preserving Jourgensen's vision of raw, confrontational industrial metal.[44]Reformation, deaths, and later albums (2011–2015)
In August 2011, Ministry reformed after disbanding in 2008, with frontman Al Jourgensen announcing the band's return on August 7 to perform at Germany's Wacken Open Air festival on August 2–4, 2012.[45] The reunion lineup included Jourgensen on vocals, guitar, and production; longtime guitarist Mike Scaccia; bassist Tony Campos; drummer Aaron Rossi; and guitarist Sin Quirin.[46] This marked a continuation of the band's industrial metal sound amid Jourgensen's recovery from prior health issues and substance abuse struggles. The reformed band released their twelfth studio album, Relapse, on March 23, 2012, through 13th Planet Records, with distribution by AFM Records.[47] Produced by Jourgensen at his El Paso, Texas, studio, the 13-track album addressed themes of economic inequality and political corruption, featuring singles "99 Percenters" and "Double Tap."[47] Critics noted its aggressive riffs and electronic elements as a return to form, though reception was mixed due to the band's evolving production style.[48] On December 23, 2012, during a Ministry performance at the Rail Club in Fort Worth, Texas, Scaccia suffered a fatal heart attack onstage at age 47, collapsing after a guitar solo.[49][50] Scaccia, a key collaborator since the late 1980s on albums like Psalm 69, had rejoined for the reformation and contributed significantly to Relapse. Despite the loss, Ministry proceeded with their thirteenth studio album, From Beer to Eternity, released on September 6, 2013, via 13th Planet and AFM Records.[51] Recorded primarily in El Paso with Jourgensen handling production and multi-instrumental duties, the album incorporated Scaccia's pre-recorded guitar parts and maintained the band's signature abrasive industrial metal, with tracks critiquing societal decay.[52] No further studio albums emerged by 2015, as the band focused on touring and lineup adjustments in Scaccia's absence.Political-focused releases amid controversies (2016–2022)
Following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Ministry's frontman Al Jourgensen channeled intense opposition to President Donald Trump into the band's output, marking a phase of overtly partisan industrial metal. The 2018 album AmeriKKKant, released on March 9 via Nuclear Blast Records, served as a direct protest against the Trump administration, with its title and tracks like "Antifa" and "Punk Shock" decrying perceived fascism, racism, and political division.[53][54] Jourgensen described the record as holding "a mirror up" to American society's ills, drawing from his Cuban-American heritage and long-standing anti-establishment ethos to critique Trump-era policies and cultural shifts.[55][56] The album's aggressive sampling, heavy riffs, and lyrical vitriol extended Ministry's tradition of political aggression but amplified focus on contemporary right-wing figures, prompting Jourgensen to predict Trump's impeachment and resignation in interviews.[57] This political intensity continued with Moral Hygiene, released on October 1, 2021, which Jourgensen framed as a response to the "total chaos" of 2020, including the COVID-19 pandemic, social unrest, and lingering Trump influence.[58] Tracks such as "Disinformation" and "Believe It" targeted misinformation, religious hypocrisy, and moral erosion in politics, with Jourgensen asserting that humans possess an innate "moral compass" undermined by contemporary events.[59] Recorded under pandemic protocols at Jourgensen's El Paso studio, the album featured collaborations with guest vocalists like Jello Biafra and William Shatner, reinforcing its thematic urgency through industrial metal's abrasive sound.[60] Amid these releases, controversies arose primarily from the band's unapologetic partisanship, alienating some fans who viewed the anti-Trump rhetoric as an escalation into overt left-wing advocacy, despite Ministry's decades-long history of left-leaning critiques from Reagan to Bush.[61] Online discussions highlighted accusations of the band "going woke," with detractors arguing the focus on Trump and social justice themes deviated from earlier, more anarchic industrial roots, though supporters noted consistency in Jourgensen's outrage-driven songwriting.[62] No major internal lineup upheavals tied directly to politics occurred during this period, but the era saw ongoing rotations, including guitarist Sin Quirin's contributions to AmeriKKKant before his 2021 departure, amid Jourgensen's emphasis on thematic purity over commercial appeal.[7] These albums solidified Ministry's role as industrial provocateurs but intensified divides, with Jourgensen expressing disgust toward Trump supporters in public statements.[56]Recent releases, re-recordings, and announced dissolution (2023–present)
In 2024, Ministry released their sixteenth studio album, Hopiumforthemasses, on March 1 through Nuclear Blast Records, featuring tracks such as "B.D.E." and "Goddamn White Trash," which continued the band's aggressive industrial metal sound with politically charged lyrics targeting contemporary American society.[63] The album was supported by a spring tour alongside Gary Numan and Front Line Assembly, commencing in early 2024.[64] Shifting focus to their origins, Ministry issued The Squirrely Years Revisited on March 28, 2025, via Cleopatra Records, comprising re-recorded versions of nine early synth-pop tracks from albums like With Sympathy (1983) and Twitch (1986), infused with the band's later industrial metal production aesthetics, including heavier guitars and electronics.[65][66] Three bonus tracks exclusive to the CD edition rounded out the release, which Al Jourgensen described as a deliberate revisit to material he had previously disowned, now reframed through decades of stylistic evolution.[67] The album coincided with a North American tour in spring 2025, emphasizing live performances of these updated classics.[68] On May 28, 2025, the band released their first official music video for the re-recorded "I'll Do Anything for You," a track originally from the synth-pop era.[69] Amid these projects, frontman Al Jourgensen announced Ministry's impending dissolution in multiple interviews, stating the band would conclude after one final original studio album and accompanying world tour, with no plans for a farewell spectacle akin to KISS's extended retirements.[8][70] In February 2024, following Hopiumforthemasses, Jourgensen specified this would be the last new material, a position reiterated in April 2025 when he cited auditory fatigue—"my ears are tired from music"—as the primary reason, independent of health crises or interpersonal conflicts.[71][8] On October 7, 2024, Jourgensen and longtime collaborator Paul Barker signed with Cleopatra Records to record this concluding album, marking Barker's return to the fold for Ministry's swan song.[72] By June 2025, Jourgensen confirmed the effort would yield Ministry's seventeenth studio album, targeted for release in 2026 ahead of the tour, after which the band would disband permanently.[73] This follows prior breakup declarations, such as in 2013 after guitarist Mike Scaccia's death, underscoring Jourgensen's repeated but resolute intentions to retire the project after over four decades.[74]Musical style and artistry
Evolution from synth-pop to industrial metal
Ministry's early musical output was characterized by synth-pop and new wave influences, prominently featured on their debut album With Sympathy, released on May 10, 1983, by Arista Records.[75] The album emphasized dance-oriented tracks driven by keyboards and synthesizers, with limited guitar usage on select songs, reflecting commercial pressures from the label to align with post-new wave market trends.[76] Founder Al Jourgensen later described the record as a "sonic abortion," attributing its direction to Arista's insistence on a pop aesthetic that conflicted with his vision, culminating in his destruction of the master tapes during a barbecue.[75] Following the release, Jourgensen's dissatisfaction prompted a departure from Arista and a pivot toward more experimental territory, evident in the 1986 album Twitch, produced in collaboration with Adrian Sherwood.[76] This record introduced harsher, noisier elements, blending electronic body music (EBM) influences with distorted guitars, heavy sampling, tape effects, and abrasive rhythms, while retaining traces of pop structures but amplifying underground intensity.[62][77] The shift was driven by Jourgensen's rejection of electronic music's saturation and embrace of aggressive production techniques, informed by contemporaries like Front 242 and Big Black.[76] By 1988's The Land of Rape and Honey, Ministry fully embraced industrial metal, incorporating thrash-inspired guitar riffs, relentless noise, and sampled aggression, which propelled tracks like "Stigmata" into genre-defining status.[62] This evolution solidified with Paul Barker's involvement and influences from metal acts like S.O.D., marking a departure from synth-driven compositions toward a hybrid of industrial electronics and heavy metal distortion.[76][77] The transformation reflected Jourgensen's pursuit of sonic extremity, catalyzed by personal frustrations and collaborative experimentation, establishing Ministry as pioneers in fusing electronic abrasion with metal ferocity.[62]Key influences and production techniques
Ministry's sound drew from pioneering industrial acts, with frontman Al Jourgensen citing albums such as Throbbing Gristle's 2 Jazz 2 Funk Greats (1979), Foetus's Hole (1984), Coil's Scatology (1985), The Young Gods' self-titled debut (1987), and Laibach's Opus Dei (1987) as pivotal in shaping the band's trajectory toward aggressive, experimental industrial aesthetics.[78] These works influenced Ministry's adoption of abrasive noise, tape manipulation, and confrontational structures, diverging from the band's initial synth-pop roots. The 1986 album Twitch specifically reflected electronic body music and early industrial dance elements from Cabaret Voltaire and Front 242, incorporating rhythmic sequencing and stark synth textures to bridge club-oriented electronics with emerging harshness.[79] Production techniques evolved from analog synthesis and drum programming in early releases to layered sampling and extreme distortion by the late 1980s. On Twitch, Jourgensen collaborated with producer Adrian Sherwood, employing dub-inspired delay, reverb, and tape looping recorded at Southern Studios in London and Hansa Studios in West Berlin, which imparted a gritty, echoing depth to tracks like "Over the Shoulder."[80] This period marked Jourgensen's foundational learning in hands-on engineering, emphasizing raw signal processing over polished mixes. Subsequent albums like The Land of Rape and Honey (1988) integrated industrial metal by combining programmed percussion with heavily distorted guitars—often processed through pedals and amps for feedback-heavy riffs—and media samples from films, newsreels, and pornography to evoke societal decay, self-produced at Chicago's Trax Studios with minimal overdubs for immediacy.[81] Vocals, a hallmark of Ministry's output, underwent rigorous effects chains including distortion, phasing, chorus, and delay to achieve Jourgensen's signature guttural, machine-like delivery, varying per track but consistently prioritizing aggression over clarity; for instance, chains on Psalm 69 (1992) layered multiple takes with pitch-shifting and compression for anthemic intensity.[82] By the 1990s peak, techniques shifted toward live instrumentation—downtuned guitars via drop tunings and high-gain amps—blended with Fairlight CMI sampling for emulated riffs and percussion, fostering a hybrid of mechanical precision and organic chaos that defined the band's influence on genre fusion.[83] Jourgensen's aversion to digital tabs and preference for intuitive, analog-heavy workflows underscored a rejection of conventional polish in favor of visceral sonics.[84]Lyrical themes and songwriting approach
Ministry's lyrics center on themes of political dissent, institutional corruption, and societal malaise, often targeting government overreach, religious dogma, and cultural hypocrisies such as racism and misogyny. Al Jourgensen, the band's primary lyricist, has described his approach as capturing "snapshots" of contemporary dysfunction, evolving from raw anger to analytical provocation laced with sarcasm, as evident in albums like AmeriKKKant (2018), which critiqued the societal values enabling electoral outcomes driven by financial interests rather than moral reckoning.[85][86] Personal struggles with addiction feature prominently, exemplified by "Just One Fix" from Psalm 69 (1992), drawn from Jourgensen's heroin experiences and interactions with William Burroughs, portraying dependency as both visceral temptation and existential trap.[87] Jourgensen integrates self-examination with broader reform, asserting that individual growth precedes systemic change—"politics isn’t going to change until we change"—a motif threading through works like Moral Hygiene (2021), which addresses climate urgency alongside introspection.[88] Political intensity fluctuates with administrations, intensifying under Republican presidencies to assail figures like Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump, shifting from ad hominem barbs to indictments of economic inequities and media complicity.[88][87] Songwriting begins organically from current events and personal mindset, with Jourgensen improvising vocals—often in "method acting" style adapted to substances like marijuana for pain management or sobriety for clarity—then layering them over riff-driven structures and manipulated samples to evade legal hurdles by using his own recordings.[87] Early collaborations with Paul Barker fused spontaneous breakbeats and "psychotic" sampling into malevolent tracks, fueled initially by amphetamines and heroin that accelerated output but devolved into stagnation by the mid-1990s.[89] Post-2006 recovery, the process sharpened, prioritizing deliberate socio-political dissection, as in AmeriKKKant's post-election genesis on November 9, 2016, blending live-oriented riffs with thematic urgency.[86][87]Political engagement and controversies
Anti-establishment roots and evolution of views
Ministry's anti-establishment orientation traces to its formation amid Chicago's punk and industrial underground in the early 1980s, where Al Jourgensen, influenced by raw, anti-commercial ethos, abandoned the synth-pop dictated by major label Arista for the independent Wax Trax! imprint. This pivot, realized in the harder-edged Twitch (1984), rejected corporate gloss in favor of abrasive sonics critiquing societal decay, aligning with punk's broader revolt against authority and conformity.[55][85] Initial lyrics emphasized personal torment, addiction, and nihilism rather than direct politics, yet anti-authoritarian undercurrents surfaced via sampled news clips and rants, as in The Land of Rape and Honey (1988)'s assaults on religion and media manipulation. By Psalm 69 (1989), tracks like "N.W.O." incorporated explicit barbs at government overreach and surveillance, drawing on conspiracy-laden samples of political rhetoric to evoke distrust of elite power structures. Jourgensen later voiced retrospective ire at Ronald Reagan's era for eroding working-class livelihoods through deregulation and militarism.[55][90] The 1990s deepened this trajectory amid Jourgensen's substance struggles, yielding Filth Pig (1996)'s raw fury against institutional hypocrisy, though politics remained secondary to visceral outrage. Post-9/11, however, Ministry sharpened into overt protest, with Houses of the Mole (2004) and Rio Grande Blood (2006) lambasting George W. Bush's Iraq War policies, corporate cronyism, and surveillance state expansion—Jourgensen immersing in conspiracy analyses and CNN fixation as a newfound "addiction" replacing drugs. These releases marked a peak in targeted presidential critique, blending industrial metal with agitprop samples of Bush speeches and war footage.[30][55] Into the 2010s and beyond, Jourgensen's views evolved from reactive fury to sardonic dissection of systemic ills, fueled by sobriety and marijuana's calming influence, while sustaining anti-elite skepticism across parties—he once equated Democrats and Republicans as minimally distinct. AmeriKKKant (2018) zeroed on Donald Trump as a divisive "fucking moron" amplifying racism and fascism, yet later albums like Moral Hygiene (2020) and Hopiumforthemasses (2024) pivoted to root causes such as misogyny, religious extremism, and bipartisan "hopium" delusions propping failed leadership. This maturation reflects recognition of cyclical threats like populism and authoritarianism, prioritizing education over mere venting to foster societal resilience.[55][85][91]Specific album-related political statements
Ministry's album Rio Grande Blood (released March 14, 2006) explicitly critiques the Iraq War and President George W. Bush's administration, with frontman Al Jourgensen asserting in interviews that the conflict was motivated by oil interests rather than combating terrorism, and accusing corporate America of profiting from it.[92] Tracks like "Lieslieslies" incorporate manipulated samples of political speeches, including Bush's declarations, to highlight perceived government deception and warmongering, while "The Great American Desert" samples Hermann Göring's statements on manipulating public fear to justify war.[93] Jourgensen's lyrics rant against Bush personally, labeling him a "dangerous man" in sampled audio overlays, framing the album as a broader indictment of post-9/11 U.S. foreign policy.[94] The 2018 release AmeriKKKant (March 9, 2018) targets Donald Trump's presidency and associated societal issues, with its title deliberately evoking "America" and the Ku Klux Klan to decry racism, gun worship, and the rise of the alt-right.[95] Jourgensen described the record as a reflection on how American society enabled Trump's election through its own flaws, rather than a direct personal attack, though songs like "Antifa" endorse anti-fascist activism and critique far-right influences.[54] [96] He incorporated samples of Trump speeches and rallies to underscore themes of division and authoritarianism, positioning the album as a protest against cultural decay under the administration.[97] Moral Hygiene (October 1, 2021) extends these critiques to contemporary issues like disinformation and institutional power, with the track "Disinformation" addressing the rapid spread of fake news via the internet and its erosion of shared reality, using lyrics to warn of manipulated perceptions.[98] "Good Trouble" draws on John Lewis's civil rights slogan to condemn fascism, police violence, and systemic injustice, with Jourgensen explicitly aiming the song at authoritarian tendencies and law enforcement overreach in lyrics that urge resistance.[99] Other cuts, such as "Alert Level," incorporate religious and political satire, reflecting Jourgensen's ongoing disdain for organized religion's role in conservative politics.[100]Backlash from fans and critics
Some fans criticized Ministry's 2018 album AmeriKKKant for its explicit anti-Donald Trump themes, with online discussions highlighting rejection from Trump supporters who felt the lyrics alienated them despite enjoying the band's earlier work.[101] Al Jourgensen acknowledged this divide, noting that while some Trump-aligned attendees disagreed with the messaging, they continued attending concerts.[102] Similarly, the 2021 album Moral Hygiene, addressing fascism and social issues, prompted accusations from portions of the fanbase of the band "going woke," though defenders pointed out Ministry's longstanding left-leaning politics dating back decades.[61] Critics occasionally faulted the execution of these political elements, describing AmeriKKKant's rage against Trump and related issues as resembling a "violent tantrum" rather than nuanced protest, potentially diminishing artistic impact.[103] Reviews on platforms like Encyclopaedia Metallum echoed this, arguing Jourgensen's extended anti-Trump tirades lacked the potency of past critiques, signaling a decline in effective preaching.[104][105] Earlier political efforts, such as anti-George W. Bush content, also drew internal band pushback, with members urging Jourgensen to moderate his approach amid perceived overreach.[106] Despite these reactions, no widespread boycotts materialized, and Ministry maintained touring success, suggesting the backlash remained confined to vocal minorities rather than broadly eroding support.[56]Band members
Core and current lineup
Ministry's core has centered on Al Jourgensen as the sole constant member since founding the band in Chicago in 1981, serving as lead vocalist, guitarist, programmer, and primary creative force across all eras.[107] Paul Barker co-founded the band's industrial metal direction upon joining in 1986 as bassist, programmer, and co-songwriter, contributing to landmark albums including The Land of Rape and Honey (1988), The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste (1989), and Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs (1992) until his exit in 2003 amid personal and creative differences.[107][108] The band's lineup has remained fluid post-Barker, relying on rotating touring and recording personnel under Jourgensen's direction, with no other member exceeding a decade-long continuous tenure. As of the 2025 "The Squirrely Years Tour"—the band's announced final outing—the performing lineup comprises Jourgensen (vocals, guitar), John Bechdel (keyboards), Monte Pittman (guitar), Cesar Soto (guitar), Paul D'Amour (bass), and Pepe Clarke Magaña (drums).[109][110]| Member | Instrument(s) | Notable Tenure with Ministry |
|---|---|---|
| Al Jourgensen | Vocals, guitar | 1981–present |
| John Bechdel | Keyboards | 2006–2008, 2012–present |
| Monte Pittman | Guitar | 2014–2015, 2021–present |
| Cesar Soto | Guitar | 2015–present |
| Paul D'Amour | Bass | 2019–present |
| Pepe Clarke Magaña | Drums | 2024–present |
Key former members and contributions
Paul Barker joined Ministry in 1986 as bassist and rapidly became integral to the band's creative core, remaining until 2003.[111] He handled bass, production, programming, and co-wrote most songs during this period, significantly influencing the shift to industrial metal on albums like The Land of Rape and Honey (1988).[112] Barker's engineering and songwriting extended to landmark releases such as Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs (1992), where his contributions shaped the aggressive, sample-heavy sound.[111] His departure marked the end of Ministry's most commercially successful era. Mike Scaccia served as lead guitarist from 1989 to 1995 and rejoined periodically until his death in 2012, delivering high-speed, thrash-influenced riffs central to the band's live intensity and studio output.[113] He featured prominently on Psalm 69 (1992), contributing guitar tracks that propelled hits like "Jesus Built My Hotrod," and on Filth Pig (1996).[114] Scaccia's final work included guitar on Relapse (2012), underscoring his enduring role in Ministry's heavier direction.[115] Chris Connelly provided additional vocals and keyboards from the late 1980s to early 1990s, enhancing the band's layered, chaotic aesthetic.[116] His lead vocal performance on "So What" from The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste (1989) added a distinctive snarling edge to the track's industrial aggression.[116] Bill Rieflin drummed for Ministry from 1986 to 1994, supplying precise, machine-like rhythms that anchored the band's early industrial metal albums.[117] He also contributed guitar and keyboards on releases like The Land of Rape and Honey (1988) and The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste (1989), bolstering the multi-textural production.[118]Touring and session personnel
Ministry's touring and session personnel have frequently rotated, supporting Al Jourgensen's vision across decades of live performances and recordings.[107] Early session drummers included Stephen George from 1981 to 1984.[107] Martin Atkins handled drums for mid-1980s tours.[107] In the 1990s, touring lineups featured guitarists like Louis Svitek and keyboardists such as Duane Buford.[107] Rey Washam contributed drums from the late 1980s to early 1990s tours.[107] Later additions included Monte Pittman and Paul D'Amour on bass for select tours.[107] Since 2005, guitarist Tommy Victor has been a staple on tours.[107] Keyboardist John Bechdel joined touring efforts in 2006 and continues in that capacity.[107] Guitarist Sin Quirin and drummers Roy Mayorga and Aaron Rossi have also served in touring roles during various periods.[107] Session contributors have included guest vocalists such as Gibby Haynes, Burton C. Bell, and Jello Biafra on specific album tracks.[119] Additional live support has come from musicians like Michael Balch on keyboards (1991–1992) and Casey Orr on bass (1992).[108] These personnel changes have allowed Ministry to adapt its industrial sound for both studio and stage demands.[107]Timeline of lineup changes
Ministry was founded in November 1981 by Al Jourgensen in Chicago, Illinois, with an initial lineup consisting of Jourgensen on vocals and guitar, Marty Sorenson on bass (1981–1983), Stephen George on drums (1981–1984), and keyboardists John Davis (1981–1983) and Robert Roberts (1981–1983).[27][120] By 1986, following the release of Twitch, the band shifted toward a core configuration with Paul Barker joining on bass, keyboards, programming, and backing vocals (1986–2003), and Bill Rieflin on drums, keyboards, and guitar (1986–1995); Chris Connelly also contributed vocals and keyboards during this transitional period (circa 1986–1993).[27][45] In 1989, guitarist Mike Scaccia joined for touring and recording (1989–1996), bolstering the industrial metal sound on albums like The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste (1989) and Psalm 69 (1992); he briefly played bass in 2004 before departing, then rejoined in 2002–2007 and 2011 until his death from a heart attack on December 23, 2012.[27][50] The mid-1990s saw further flux, with Rieflin departing after 1995 and Rey Washam taking over drums (1994–1999, plus 2003); Connelly's involvement ended around 1993 amid Jourgensen's evolving creative direction.[27][121][45] Paul Barker's tenure ended in January 2004, following personal and professional strains after the Animositisomina tour, leaving Jourgensen as the sole constant; the band entered a hiatus in 2008 after brief involvement from drummer Aaron Rossi (2008).[122][27] Ministry reformed in 2011 for the Relapse album and tour, incorporating returning members like Scaccia and newcomers such as John Bechdel on keyboards (2007–2008, 2011–2013, 2014–present); another hiatus followed Scaccia's death until 2014, when the lineup stabilized around Jourgensen, Bechdel, guitarist Cesar Soto (2015–present), bassist Paul D'Amour (2019–present), drummer Roy Mayorga (2016–2017, 2021–present), and guitarist Monte Pittman (2014–2015, 2021–present).[27][45] In 2024, Paul Barker rejoined Ministry for its final studio album under Cleopatra Records, reuniting the classic Jourgensen-Barker partnership after two decades.[27]Discography
Studio albums
Ministry's studio discography spans over four decades, beginning with synth-pop roots and evolving into pioneering industrial metal characterized by aggressive guitars, sampling, and electronic elements. The band's founder, Al Jourgensen, has been the sole constant member across all releases, with early albums reflecting label-imposed commercial directions before a shift to harder, self-directed sounds on Wax Trax! and Sire Records. Commercial peaks occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with albums like Psalm 69 achieving platinum certification in the United States. Later works incorporated political themes and lineup changes, maintaining a core of abrasive production amid Jourgensen's personal struggles with addiction, which influenced sludgier textures in mid-1990s output. Recent albums under Nuclear Blast and other indies continue the industrial assault, targeting contemporary political figures.[1][38]| Title | Release Date | Label |
|---|---|---|
| With Sympathy | May 10, 1983 | Arista |
| Twitch | March 12, 1986 | Sire/Warner Bros. |
| The Land of Rape and Honey | October 11, 1988 | Sire/Warner Bros. |
| The Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Taste | November 14, 1989 | Sire/Warner Bros. |
| Psalm 69: The Way to Succeed and the Way to Suck Eggs | July 14, 1992 | Sire/Warner Bros. |
| Filth Pig | February 27, 1996 | Warner Bros. |
| Dark Side of the Spoon | June 8, 1999 | Warner Bros. |
| Animositisomina | September 16, 2003 | Sanctuary |
| Houses of the Molé | May 25, 2004 | Sanctuary |
| Rio Grande Blood | May 30, 2006 | Sanctuary |
| The Last Sucker | July 10, 2007 | Sanctuary |
| Relapse | September 25, 2012 | 13th Planet |
| From Beer to Eternity | September 10, 2013 | 13th Planet |
| AmeriKKKant | September 22, 2017 | Nuclear Blast |
| Moral Hygiene | October 1, 2021 | Nuclear Blast |
| HOPIUMFORTHEMASSES | March 1, 2024 | Nuclear Blast |

