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Philippe Soupault
Philippe Soupault
Philippe Soupault
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Portrait of Philippe Soupault by Robert Delaunay (1922)
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Philippe Soupault (2 August 1897 – 12 March 1990) was a French writer and poet, novelist, critic, and political activist. He was active in Dadaism and later was instrumental in founding the Surrealist movement with André Breton.[1] Soupault initiated the periodical Littérature together with writers Breton and Louis Aragon in Paris in 1919, which, for many, marks the beginnings of Surrealism.[2] The first book of automatic writing, Les Champs magnétiques (1920), was co-authored by Soupault and Breton.

Biography

[edit]

In 1922 he was asked to reinvent the literary magazine Les Écrits nouveaux, for which he also created an editorial board.[3] In 1927 Soupault, with the help of his then wife Marie-Louise, translated William Blake's Songs of Innocence and of Experience into French. The next year, Soupault authored a monograph on Blake, arguing the poet was a "genius" whose work anticipated the Surrealist movement in literature.[4]

In 1933 at a reception at the Soviet Embassy in Paris, he met Ré Richter, and they decided to do some travel reportage together. Ré Richter's photographs, taken with her 6x6 Rolleiflex, were to be published alongside Philippe Soupault's literary texts. In the following years, the two of them continued in the same vein, travelling to Germany, Switzerland, England, Scandinavia and Tunisia. They married in 1937 and separated after the end of the war; he moved back to Europe, and she remained in New York for some time.[5]

Soupault directed Radio Tunis from 1937 until 1940, when he was arrested by the pro-Vichy regime. After imprisonment by the Nazis in Tunis during World War II, he and his wife fled to Algiers. From there, they traveled to the United States. He took a teaching position at Swarthmore College, but returned subsequently to France in October 1945.[6] His works include large volumes of poetry such as Aquarium (1917) and Rose des vents (Compass Card) (1919), and the novel Les Dernières Nuits de Paris (1928; translated as Last Nights of Paris, 1929).[6]

In 1957, he wrote the libretto for Germaine Tailleferre's opera La Petite Sirène, based on Hans Christian Andersen's tale "The Little Mermaid". The work was broadcast by French Radio National in 1959.

Legacy

[edit]

In 1990, the year Soupault died, Serbian rock band Bjesovi recorded their version of his poem Georgia in Serbian.[1]

Soupault's short story "Death of Nick Carter" was translated by Robin Walz in 2007, and published in issue 24 of the McSweeney's Quarterly. In 2016, City Lights Bookstore published a book of his essays entitled Lost Profiles: Memoirs of Cubism, Dada, and Surrealism as translated by Alan Bernheimer.

Selected bibliography

[edit]

References

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[edit]
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Philippe Soupault

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(2 August 1897 – 11 March 1990) was a French , , , and who participated in the movement and co-founded through experimental literary practices.
In collaboration with , Soupault authored () in 1919–1920, pioneering the technique of that became a hallmark of Surrealist literature.
Active in Dada circles after service, he co-initiated the review Littérature with Breton and , fostering avant-garde experimentation, though he later withdrew from Surrealism around 1926 due to conflicts over its increasing political orientation.
Soupault's notable works encompass early -influenced poetry like Aquarium (1917) and narrative explorations such as Les Dernières Nuits de Paris (1928), alongside translations of and journalistic endeavors in and .

Early Life and Formative Influences

Childhood and Family Background

Philippe Soupault was born on August 2, 1897, in Chaville, , a western suburb of , into an affluent bourgeois family. His father, Maurice Soupault (1864–1905), served as a gastroenterologist and physician at hospitals while maintaining substantial landholdings as a rich proprietor in the Beauce region. His mother, Cécile Dancongnée (1871–1964), hailed from a well-connected background; her father was a lawyer at the , and her sister wed , tying the family to influential industrial networks. As the third child in the family, Soupault grew up in a privileged setting amid the stability of pre-World War I , though his early years were overshadowed by his father's death in 1905, when he was seven years old. This loss, occurring during his childhood, left a formative mark, as noted in biographical accounts of his upbringing in grande bourgeoisie circles. Specific details of daily life or personal anecdotes from this period remain scarce in available records, reflecting the focus of later sources on his literary and pursuits rather than domestic matters.

Education and Initial Literary Exposure

Soupault, the son of a prominent Parisian doctor, received his secondary education at the in , an institution that had previously educated figures such as and . His formal schooling followed the conventional French lycée system, emphasizing classical studies amid the cultural ferment of pre-World War I . Born in Chaville on August 2, 1897, he transitioned to independent living in the capital around age 15, coinciding with the onset of adolescence and broader intellectual awakening. His initial literary exposure stemmed from a youth marked by extensive, self-directed reading during what he characterized as a monotonous early environment, fostering early encounters with transformative texts that ignited his poetic inclinations. By his late teens, amid service in , Soupault began contributing verse to minor periodicals in 1917 and 1918, gaining early recognition from established poet , who facilitated the publication of his debut collection, Aquarium, in 1918. These formative publications reflected influences from symbolist and emerging modernist strains, positioning him at the threshold of circles before his full immersion in Dadaism.

Avant-Garde Emergence

Participation in Dadaism

Soupault engaged with Dadaism following his service in the during , aligning with the movement's antirationalist ethos as a response to the war's devastation. In January 1919, he corresponded with , expressing admiration for and seeking dialogue, which reflected early French interest in the Zurich-originated movement before Tzara's arrival in . That same year, Soupault co-edited the inaugural issue of Littérature with and , establishing a Paris-based platform that introduced Dadaist principles to French audiences through experimental texts and manifestos. The journal's content emphasized Dada's rejection of logic and bourgeois conventions, featuring contributions that echoed Tzara's nonsense poetry and stance. Soupault actively participated in Dada events, including the Dada soirée at Salle Gaveau on May 26, 1920, where performances embodied the movement's chaotic, provocative spirit. On May 2, 1921, he appeared at the opening of Max Ernst's exhibition at Galerie Au Sans Pareil, climbing a ladder with a in a performative act typical of Dada's absurd interventions. These actions underscored his commitment to 's disruption of artistic norms, though his later reflections portrayed Tzara's "tipsy " as revealing latent nonsense in rational discourse. By 1922, Soupault featured in group photographs with core figures like Tzara, evidencing his integration into the Paris scene amid tensions that foreshadowed 's fragmentation. His involvement waned as he pivoted toward , but during 1919–1921, it positioned him as a key conduit for 's influence in France.

Founding Role in Littérature Journal

In 1919, Philippe Soupault co-founded the avant-garde literary journal Littérature in alongside and , marking a pivotal platform for ist and emerging Surrealist experimentation. The inaugural issue appeared on March 19, 1919, with the three serving as directors and editors, publishing provocative texts that challenged conventional literary norms. This venture reflected Soupault's early commitment to antirationalist aesthetics, influenced by his encounters with during I's aftermath. Soupault's contributions extended beyond initiation; he actively shaped Littérature's content by contributing poems, reviews, and manifestos that emphasized and subconscious exploration, techniques he later refined in collaborations like (1920), serialized in the journal. The publication ran for 20 issues in its first series (1919–1922), fostering debates on art's role in subverting bourgeois rationality and featuring works from international Dadaists such as . Soupault's editorial role helped transition the journal from Dada's toward Surrealism's psychic investigations, though tensions arose as ideological fractures emerged among the founders. Littérature ceased its original run amid evolving dynamics but resumed briefly in a new series (1922–1924), underscoring Soupault's enduring influence in sustaining a forum for radical literary discourse. His involvement solidified his reputation as a bridge between Dada's negation and Surrealism's affirmative reverie, with the journal's archives preserving key documents of early 20th-century .

Surrealist Period

Collaboration on Automatic Writing

In 1919, Philippe Soupault and André Breton experimented with écriture automatique, a method of writing without conscious intervention to tap into the subconscious and liberate expression from rational constraints. The two authors, working alternately at a café table, committed to transcribing thoughts as they emerged spontaneously, aiming to "blacken the paper with black ink" in uninterrupted sessions lasting up to a week. This collaboration yielded Les Champs magnétiques (The Magnetic Fields), composed primarily in May 1919 and published in 1920 by Éditions Au Sans Pareil. The resulting text consists of prose poems that eschew plot, logic, or deliberate imagery, instead presenting dream-like associations and verbal flows reflective of psychic automatism. Soupault contributed equally to the drafting, with sections attributed to their joint dictation rather than individual authorship, marking a deliberate rejection of traditional literary composition. is widely recognized as the first surrealist work, predating Breton's formal by five years and establishing as the movement's foundational practice. Soupault later reflected on the process as a liberating breakthrough, emphasizing its role in surrealism's pursuit of unmediated psychic reality over imposed ideologies. However, the collaboration highlighted tensions in surrealist methodology, as Soupault's emphasis on fluid, non-hierarchical creation contrasted with Breton's eventual doctrinal rigidity, foreshadowing Soupault's departure from the group in 1926. The work's influence extended beyond literature, inspiring visual artists to adapt automatism for and , though Soupault's direct involvement remained tied to this textual origin.

Contributions to Surrealist Manifestos and Activities

Soupault's practical experiments in with formed a foundational precedent for the surrealist doctrine articulated in 's Manifesto of Surrealism (1924), where explicitly referenced their joint efforts as a breakthrough in liberating thought from rational oversight. In the text, recounted how he and Soupault resolved to "blacken some paper, with a praiseworthy disdain for what might result," producing passages that demonstrated the viability of "pure psychic automatism" as a means to access the unconscious without interference from reason or aesthetics. This collaboration, predating the manifesto by several years, supplied empirical validation for 's core method, influencing its emphasis on spontaneity over premeditated composition. During the mid-1920s, Soupault actively participated in the nascent surrealist group's activities in , contributing to its literary output and ideological debates as one of its initial proponents alongside Breton and . His surrealist-aligned poetry and prose explored themes of urban disorientation and subconscious revelation, aligning with the movement's rejection of bourgeois norms and pursuit of revelatory disorder. These efforts helped consolidate the group's coherence before internal fractures emerged. By , however, Soupault was expelled from the circle amid disputes over its politicization and Breton's authoritarian control, which he later decried as deviations from surrealism's original liberating intent.

Broader Literary Career

Development of Poetry and Prose

Soupault's initial foray into poetry predated his avant-garde engagements, with Aquarium published in 1917 under the patronage of , marking his entry into modernist verse characterized by introspective imagery. This early work evolved amid influences into Rose des vents in 1919, a collection that bridged personal lyricism with emerging experimental tendencies. His pivotal collaboration with on (written 1919, published 1920) pioneered , fusing and to unleash subconscious flows without rational interference, fundamentally altering his compositional approach. By the early 1920s, Soupault began refining this automatism toward more intentional , evident in collections like Westwego (1922) and Le Bon Apôtre (1923), where structured verses emphasized emotional depth over pure spontaneity. Excluded from the Surrealist circle in 1926 for perceived literariness, he continued poetic production, as in Georgia (1926), while diversifying into novels that probed freedom and bourgeois critique, such as Les Frères Durandeau (1924). Though professing a preference for , Soupault's demonstrated vigor in evoking temporal passage and memory's erosion, particularly in later memoirs reflecting on epochs. Throughout his career, spanning over seven decades, Soupault maintained poetic output, culminating in compilations like Poèmes et poésies, 1917-1973, underscoring a persistent evolution from experimental rupture to reflective maturity in both genres.

Key Novels, Essays, and Autobiographical Works

Soupault's prose output included a series of novels in the that critiqued social conventions and explored individual liberty amid urban disorientation. Le Bon Apôtre (1923) portrays a protagonist's futile quest for authenticity in a conformist society. Les Frères Durandeau (1924) satirizes bourgeois family structures through the lens of fraternal discord and inherited stagnation. Voyage d'Horace Pirouelle (1925), a novella-length , follows its titular character's aimless travels as a for existential drift, later translated into English by Publishers. Dernières nuits de Paris (1928) evokes the shadowy underbelly of the city through fragmented episodes blending mystery and reverie, establishing Soupault's reputation for atmospheric prose. In essays and critical writings, Soupault reflected on literary movements and personal encounters, often blending analysis with anecdote. Profils perdus (1963, translated as Lost Profiles: Memoirs of Cubism, Dada, and Surrealism in 2016) compiles vignettes of figures like and René Crevel, assessing their roles in while underscoring Soupault's own detachment from dogmatic ideologies. These pieces prioritize observational acuity over theoretical imposition, drawing from direct experiences in Parisian circles. Autobiographical works span Soupault's later career, chronicling his evolution from youthful radicalism to reflective maturity. Key texts include Histoire d'un Blanc, Apprendre à vivre, Mémoires de l'oubli (1981), Vingt mille et un jours, and Journal d'un fantôme, which collectively trace personal upheavals, literary affiliations, and wartime dislocations without romanticizing excesses. These memoirs emphasize factual recollection over invention, providing unvarnished insights into the era's creative ferment.

Political Engagements and Views

Alignments with Leftist and Anti-Fascist Causes

In the 1920s, Soupault's participation in the Surrealist movement aligned him with leftist revolutionary ideals, as the group sought to subvert bourgeois society through artistic experimentation and drew inspiration from Marxist critiques of capitalism. Early collaborations, such as the 1920 publication of with , reflected this ethos of total liberation from rational constraints, paralleling broader sentiments shared with communist thinkers. Soupault formally affiliated with leftist causes by joining the (PCF) during the , though his membership was short-lived due to indiscipline. This step mirrored the Surrealists' flirtations with organized communism, including efforts to reconcile subversion with , as seen in group discussions and publications advocating against and . His most direct anti-fascist engagement occurred in , where from 1937 to 1940 he directed , a station broadcasting opposition to fascist ideologies amid rising European tensions. This role led to his imprisonment for six months in 1940 by pro-Vichy authorities in , who viewed his programming as treasonous against the fascist-aligned protectorate; he subsequently escaped to . These activities positioned Soupault as an active resistor to authoritarian regimes, distinct from but informed by his earlier leftist explorations.

Breaks with Ideologies and Personal Critiques

Soupault parted ways with the Surrealist movement in 1926, primarily due to its evolving dogmatism under André Breton's influence and the incipient push to align artistic practice with political ideologies, including Marxism. He later articulated that fellow members erred in attempting to "put Surrealism in service of politics," a subordination he saw as antithetical to the movement's original emphasis on unfettered psychic liberation and individual creativity. This break reflected his broader aversion to ideological conformity, even as he maintained sympathies for leftist anti-fascist causes without formal party affiliation. In retrospective writings and monographs, Soupault critiqued the Surrealist group's internal dynamics, highlighting Breton's authoritarian control, interpersonal rivalries, and drift toward academic rigidity, which stifled the spontaneous rebellion of Dadaist origins. He portrayed these elements as fostering a pseudo-revolutionary elitism rather than genuine disruption, underscoring his preference for personal autonomy over collective dogma. Despite such disengagements, Soupault's critiques did not extend to outright rejection of progressive politics; instead, he advocated for artistic independence from partisan strictures, as evidenced in his post-Surrealist journalistic and essayistic output on cultural freedoms amid rising in .

Later Years and World Events

World War II Exile and Journalism

From 1937 to 1940, Soupault directed Radio Tunis, an antifascist station in the , where he oversaw broadcasts opposing fascist ideologies amid rising European tensions. In , following the Axis occupation of , pro-Vichy forces arrested him for his anti-collaborationist stance, leading to a six-month imprisonment in . Released amid shifting wartime dynamics, Soupault and his wife Ré fled first to , then to the later that year, evading further persecution as Vichy-aligned authorities tightened control. In exile in New York starting in 1943, Soupault leveraged his journalistic experience by serving as the American press officer for the Free French forces led by , disseminating information to U.S. media and supporting efforts against the and Vichy regime. This role involved coordinating communications between the exiled French government and American outlets, aligning with his prior career as a for publications like L'Intransigeant and VU. His work contributed to bolstering Allied , though it marked a pragmatic shift from his earlier literary pursuits to wartime advocacy. Soupault remained in the U.S. until the in 1944–1945, returning to only after the war's conclusion in on May 8, 1945, resuming his literary and reporting activities amid the postwar reconstruction. His experiences in and American exile underscored his opposition to , informing later writings on political disillusionment without compromising his commitment to independent journalism.

Post-War Productivity and Longevity

Following , Soupault returned to and sustained a steady output of literary works, including and that reflected on his experiences and past. In 1945, he published Le Temps des assassins, a detailing his six-month imprisonment by authorities in during the war. He followed with collections such as Odes 1943-1946 in 1946 and Chansons du jour et de la nuit in 1949, maintaining his focus on verse amid political recovery. These publications demonstrated his resilience, as he balanced writing with brief academic engagements, including a short stint teaching at in the United States shortly after the war's end. Into the mid-20th century, Soupault continued producing reflective texts, notably Profils perdus (1963), a set of memoirs profiling figures from , , and , which offered candid reminiscences of his formative collaborations. He also pursued translations of English-language authors like and into French, extending his influence across literary traditions. While his prominence had faded after early breaks with Surrealist circles, this period marked a shift toward introspective and journalistic prose, with over a dozen works issued between 1945 and the 1970s, underscoring sustained productivity despite marginalization in postwar French literary scenes. Soupault's longevity exemplified endurance among early 20th-century modernists; born in 1897, he outlived most and Surrealist contemporaries and remained intellectually active until his death on March 12, 1990, at age 92 in . His postwar career, spanning four decades of output, highlighted a commitment to and that persisted without the ideological fervor of his youth, contributing to a body of work exceeding 50 volumes overall.

Reception and Legacy

Artistic Influences and Achievements

Soupault's early artistic development was shaped by the modernist literary currents of pre-World War I , particularly the introspective prose of , whose emphasis on psychological depth and resonated with Soupault's nascent poetic sensibilities. Travels to and further exposed him to diverse European ideas, fostering a rejection of rationalist traditions in favor of experimental forms. The poetry of , with its innovative blend of Cubist fragmentation and lyrical freedom, also exerted a formative influence, bridging Symbolism and the emerging Dadaist irreverence that Soupault encountered post-war. A pivotal achievement came in 1919 when Soupault co-founded the journal Littérature alongside and , which served as a platform for Dadaist provocations in and laid the groundwork for by publishing manifestos against bourgeois conventions. That same year, Soupault collaborated with Breton on (), a landmark text employing to bypass conscious control and access the unconscious, widely regarded as the inaugural work of literary . This experiment marked Soupault's key contribution to the movement's core technique, emphasizing psychic automatism over deliberate composition. Though Soupault parted ways with Breton's orthodox by 1926, citing ideological rigidities, his independent pursuits yielded further accomplishments, including the 1927 French translation of William Blake's Songs of Innocence and of Experience with his wife Marie-Louise, introducing Blake's visionary romanticism to French readers and influencing subsequent poetic explorations of the irrational. His oeuvre extended to monographs on avant-garde figures and autobiographical reflections on , , and , preserving firsthand accounts of interwar Paris's artistic ferment. These efforts underscored Soupault's enduring role in bridging Dada's with 's psychic liberation, even as he critiqued the latter's potential for dogmatic excess.

Criticisms of Irrationalism and Political Naivety

Soupault's pioneering role in , as co-author with of (1920), has been faulted for epitomizing Surrealism's wholesale rejection of rational processes in favor of unchecked expression. This method, intended to liberate thought from logical constraints, was critiqued by as a profound misstep in Surrealist practice, fostering an illusory faith in the "omnipotence of thought" and reducing exploration of the unconscious to passive surrender rather than rigorous analysis akin to Freud's scientific demystification. Debord argued that such unilateral confined the movement's revolutionary aspirations to ornamental , incapable of confronting material realities or effecting , a limitation traceable to foundational texts like Soupault's collaborative effort. Critics further contend that this emphasis on irrationality undermined the potential for coherent critique, as automatic techniques prioritized dream-like associations over empirical causality, rendering Soupault's early output—such as poetic fragments evoking disjointed urban decay—more evocative than substantive. In broader assessments of avant-garde literature, the anti-rational core of works like Les Champs magnétiques is seen as contributing to a cultural valorization of subjectivity that evaded accountability to verifiable facts, a flaw Soupault himself partially acknowledged by later deeming Dada's (and by extension early Surrealism's) negativity repetitive and directionless. On political naivety, Soupault's early flirtations with leftist and anti-fascist circles—evident in his contributions to Dadaist protests against bourgeois order—drew implicit rebuke for mirroring the avant-garde's tendency to romanticize radical upheaval without foresight into ideological rigidities. His 1926 expulsion from stemmed partly from resistance to the group's politicization under Breton, yet detractors viewed this as inconsistent engagement, naive in its optimism for art's autonomy amid rising totalitarian threats. Unlike peers who deepened communist ties in , Soupault's pivot to and during reflected disillusionment, but his initial endorsements of anti-establishment causes were later framed as emblematic of intellectuals' underestimation of communism's authoritarian drift, prioritizing symbolic revolt over pragmatic realism. This pattern, while not uniquely damning to Soupault, underscored a broader critique of his era's literary radicals for conflating aesthetic disruption with viable political strategy.

Selected Bibliography

Poetry Collections

Soupault's earliest poetry collection, Aquarium, appeared in September 1917, printed in a limited edition of 235 copies by P. Birault in Paris. This debut volume, aided by Guillaume Apollinaire's endorsement, featured experimental verse reflecting nascent avant-garde influences amid World War I. Subsequent collections included Rose des vents (1920), which explored directional and metaphorical winds as motifs in Dada-inflected poetry. That same year, Soupault co-authored Les Champs magnétiques with André Breton, a pioneering automatic writing experiment serialized in Littérature before book publication by Éditions au Sans Pareil; it comprised prose-poetic texts generated without conscious revision, foundational to Surrealism. Westwego followed in 1922, continuing Soupault's engagement with fragmented, nomadic imagery in verse. Later works encompassed Georgia (1926), evoking geographic and emotional expanses, and Il y a un océan (1936), shifting toward introspective oceanic themes amid interwar turmoil. Postwar output featured Odes (1947) and Chansons (1949), blending lyrical forms with matured reflections on exile and resilience. A comprehensive anthology, Poèmes et poésies 1917-1973, compiled by Grasset in 1973 (reissued 2013), gathered over four decades of output, underscoring Soupault's stylistic evolution from automatism to structured elegy. These volumes, often self-published or via small presses, prioritized innovation over commercial appeal, with limited editions preserving raw, unpolished expression.

Novels, Novellas, and Essays

Soupault's novels, primarily composed in the 1920s, often incorporated surrealist techniques to critique bourgeois society and explore themes of alienation and nocturnal mystery. Le Bon Apôtre (1923) draws on autobiographical elements to portray youthful rebellion and existential drift. Les Frères Durandeau (1924) offers a satirical depiction of familial and social conformity, earning a nomination for the Prix Goncourt. Le Nègre (1927) examines racial and colonial tensions through a lens of revolt against oppression. Les Dernières Nuits de Paris (1928) follows a narrator's obsessive pursuit of a enigmatic woman, unveiling the hidden, dreamlike underbelly of urban Paris. Shorter prose works, sometimes classified as novellas, include Voyage d'Horace Pirouelle (1925), which chronicles absurd wanderings and encounters reflective of dadaist absurdity. Later novels such as Le Grand Homme (1931) and Les Moribonds (1937) continued motifs of individual defiance amid societal decay. Soupault's essays encompassed , artistic movements, and cultural analysis, often bridging avant-garde experimentation with broader reflections. (1928) analyzes the English poet's visionary symbolism as a precursor to modern . Écrits de cinéma compiles his writings on as a medium, emphasizing its potential to disrupt rational narrative. These pieces, along with contributions to surrealist journals, privileged subjective insight over conventional critique.

Autobiographical and Translated Works

Soupault's autobiographical writings encompass memoirs that interweave personal experiences with reflections on the , often blending factual recounting with literary introspection. Key works include Histoire d'un Blanc, Apprendre à vivre, Mémoires de l'Oubli, Vingt mille et un jours, and Journal d'un fantôme, which collectively explore themes of memory, identity, and historical upheaval. Mémoires de l'oubli (1914–1923), published by Gallimard, details the author's early life amid World War I's devastation, the armistice's disillusionments, and the loss of comrades, capturing the rebellion of young poets against societal norms. A subsequent volume, Mémoires de l'oubli (1927–1933), extends these recollections into the , marking the final installment in what was anticipated as a comprehensive series. Profils perdus (Lost Profiles: Memoirs of , , and ), a collection of reminiscences profiling figures like Pierre Reverdy, , and René Crevel, was translated into English by Alan Bernheimer and published by in 2016, providing appreciative portraits of Soupault's contemporaries in the movements. This work highlights his role as both participant and observer in the , emphasizing personal bonds over ideological dogma. Soupault's autobiographical output also features Le Temps des assassins (1945), later translated as Age of Assassins: The Story of Prisoner No. 1234, which recounts his imprisonment experiences during . English translations of his broader oeuvre, including selected poetry in I'm Lying: Selected Translations of Philippe Soupault (1985), have facilitated wider access, though these often prioritize poetic rather than strictly autobiographical elements. His involvement in translating James Joyce's Ulysses into French, collaborating with Joyce, Eugène Jolas, and others on early fragments, underscores his contributions to literary exchange, though it remains peripheral to his primary authorial focus.

References

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  22. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philippe-Soupault
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  24. https://monoskop.org/images/2/2f/Breton_Andre_Manifestoes_of_Surrealism.pdf
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  33. https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/surrealism-global-politics-1234624356/
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  35. https://www.socialismtoday.org/archive/120/manifesto.html
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  37. https://www.leshommessansepaules.com/auteur-Philippe_SOUPAULT-707-1-1-0-1.html
  38. https://booknode.com/auteur/philippe-soupault
  39. https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/philippe-soupault/lost-profiles/
  40. https://thesinisterscience.com/2021/07/02/surrealism-an-irrational-revolution/
  41. https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/surrealism/philippe-soupault-author.html
  42. https://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/node/17020
  43. https://books.openedition.org/puc/10137
  44. https://www.andrebreton.fr/en/work/56600100772781
  45. https://www.poemes.co/philippe-soupault.html
  46. http://www.bnfa.fr/livre?biblionumber=33897
  47. https://mellenpress.com/book/Keith-Aspley/4686/
  48. https://www.academia.edu/40144136/Soupault_Les_Dernieres_nuits_de_Paris_et_les_intertextes20190821_102104_rdfq5c
  49. https://cerisy-colloques.fr/philippesoupault-pub1999/
  50. https://www.gallimard.fr/catalogue/memoires-de-l-oubli/9782904388453
  51. https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%257CA20417721&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=01963570&p=LitRC&sw=w
  52. https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/545429.I_m_Lying
  53. https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/532
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