Swing (Java)

The Internet Foundation Classes (IFC) were a graphics library for Java originally developed by Netscape Communications Corporation and first released on December 16, 1996. On April 2, 1997, Sun Microsystems and Netscape Communications Corporation announced their intention to incorporate IFC with other technologies to form the Java Foundation Classes.^[4] The "Java Foundation Classes" were later renamed "Swing."^{[clarification needed]}

Swing introduced a mechanism that allowed the look and feel of every component in an application to be altered without making substantial changes to the application code. The introduction of support for a pluggable look and feel allows Swing components to emulate the appearance of native components while still retaining the benefits of platform independence. Originally distributed as a separately downloadable library, Swing has been included as part of the Java Standard Edition since release 1.2.^[5] The Swing classes and components are contained in the javax.swing package hierarchy.

Development of Swing's successor, JavaFX, started in 2005, and it was officially introduced two years later at JavaOne 2007.^[6] JavaFX was open-sourced in 2011 and, in 2012, it became part of the Oracle JDK download. JavaFX is replacing Swing owing to several advantages, including being more lightweight, having CSS styling, sleek design controls, and the use of FXML and Scene Builder.^[3] In 2018, JavaFX was made a part of the OpenJDK under the OpenJFX project to increase the pace of its development.^[7]

Members of the Java Client team that was responsible for Swing included James Gosling (Architect), Rick Levenson (manager), Amy Fowler & Hans Muller (co-technical leads), Tom Ball, Jeff Dinkins, Georges Saab,^[8] Tim Prinzing, Jonni Kanerva, and Jeannette Hung & Jim Graham (2D Graphics).^[9]

Swing is a platform-independent, "model–view–controller" GUI framework for Java, which follows a single-threaded programming model.^[10] Additionally, this framework provides a layer of abstraction between the code structure and graphic presentation of a Swing-based GUI.

Swing is platform-independent because it is completely written in Java. Complete documentation for all Swing classes can be found in the Java API Guide for Version 6 or the Java Platform Standard Edition 8 API Specification for Version 8.

Swing is a highly modular-based architecture, which allows for the "plugging" of various custom implementations of specified framework interfaces: Users can provide their own custom implementation(s) of these components to override the default implementations using Java's inheritance mechanism via LookAndFeel.

Swing is a component-based framework, whose components are all ultimately derived from the JComponent class. Swing objects asynchronously fire events, have bound properties, and respond to a documented set of methods specific to the component. Swing components are JavaBeans components, compliant with the JavaBeans specification.

Swing's heavy reliance on runtime mechanisms and indirect composition patterns allows it to respond at run time to fundamental changes in its settings. For example, a Swing-based application is capable of hot swapping its user-interface during runtime. Furthermore, users can provide their own look and feel implementation, which allows for uniform changes in the look and feel of existing Swing applications without any programmatic change to the application code.

Swing's high level of flexibility is reflected in its inherent ability to override the native host operating system (OS)'s GUI controls for displaying itself. Swing "paints" its controls using the Java 2D APIs, rather than calling a native user interface toolkit. Thus, a Swing component does not have a corresponding native OS GUI component, and is free to render itself in any way that is possible with the underlying graphics GUIs.

However, at its core, every Swing component relies on an AWT container, since (Swing's) JComponent extends (AWT's) Container. This allows Swing to plug into the host OS's GUI management framework, including the crucial device/screen mappings and user interactions, such as key presses or mouse movements. Swing simply "transposes" its own (OS-agnostic) semantics over the underlying (OS-specific) components. So, for example, every Swing component paints its rendition on the graphic device in response to a call to component.paint(), which is defined in (AWT) Container. But unlike AWT components, which delegated the painting to their OS-native "heavyweight" widget, Swing components are responsible for their own rendering.

This transposition and decoupling is not merely visual, and extends to Swing's management and application of its own OS-independent semantics for events fired within its component containment hierarchies. Generally speaking, the Swing architecture delegates the task of mapping the various flavors of OS GUI semantics onto a simple, but generalized, pattern to the AWT container. Building on that generalized platform, it establishes its own rich and complex GUI semantics in the form of the JComponent model.

The Swing library makes heavy use of the model–view–controller software design pattern,^[11] which conceptually decouples the data being viewed from the user interface controls through which it is viewed. Because of this, most Swing components have associated models (which are specified in terms of Java interfaces), and the programmers can use various default implementations or provide their own. The framework provides default implementations of model interfaces for all of its concrete components. The typical use of the Swing framework does not require the creation of custom models, as the framework provides a set of default implementations that are transparently, by default, associated with the corresponding JComponent child class in the Swing library. In general, only complex components, such as tables, trees and sometimes lists, may require the custom model implementations around the application-specific data structures. To get a good sense of the potential that the Swing architecture makes possible, consider the hypothetical situation where custom models for tables and lists are wrappers over DAO and/or EJB services.

Typically, Swing component model objects are responsible for providing a concise interface defining events fired, and accessible properties for the (conceptual) data model for use by the associated JComponent. Given that the overall MVC pattern is a loosely coupled collaborative object relationship pattern, the model provides the programmatic means for attaching event listeners to the data model object.wat these events are model centric (ex: a "row inserted" event in a table model) and are mapped by the JComponent specialization into a meaningful event for the GUI component.

For example, the JTable has a model called TableModel that describes an interface for how a table would access tabular data. A default implementation of this operates on a two-dimensional array.

The view component of a Swing JComponent is the object used to graphically represent the conceptual GUI control. A distinction of Swing, as a GUI framework, is in its reliance on programmatically rendered GUI controls (as opposed to the use of the native host OS's GUI controls). Prior to Java 6 Update 10, this distinction was a source of complications when mixing AWT controls, which use native controls, with Swing controls in a GUI (see Mixing AWT and Swing components).

Finally, in terms of visual composition and management, Swing favors relative layouts (which specify the positional relationships between components) as opposed to absolute layouts (which specify the exact location and size of components). This bias towards "fluid"' visual ordering is due to its origins in the applet operating environment that framed the design and development of the original Java GUI toolkit. (Conceptually, this view of the layout management is quite similar to that which informs the rendering of HTML content in browsers, and addresses the same set of concerns that motivated the former.)

Since early versions of Java, a portion of the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) has provided platform-independent APIs for user interface components. In AWT, each component is rendered and controlled by a native peer component specific to the underlying windowing system.

By contrast, Swing components are often described as lightweight because they do not require allocation of native resources in the operating system's windowing toolkit. The AWT components are referred to as heavyweight components.^[12]

Much of the Swing API is generally a complementary extension of the AWT rather than a direct replacement. In fact, every Swing lightweight interface ultimately exists within an AWT heavyweight component because all of the top-level components in Swing (JApplet, JDialog, JFrame, and JWindow) extend an AWT top-level container. Prior to Java 6 Update 10, the use of both lightweight and heavyweight components within the same window was generally discouraged due to Z-order incompatibilities. However, later versions of Java have fixed these issues, and both Swing and AWT components can now be used in one GUI without Z-order issues.

The core rendering functionality used by Swing to draw its lightweight components is provided by Java 2D, another part of JFC.

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The Standard Widget Toolkit (SWT) is a competing toolkit originally developed by IBM and now maintained by the Eclipse community. SWT's implementation has more in common with the heavyweight components of AWT. This confers benefits such as more accurate fidelity with the underlying native windowing toolkit, at the cost of an increased exposure to the native platform in the programming model.

There has been significant debate and speculation about the performance of SWT versus Swing; some hinted that SWT's heavy dependence on JNI would make it slower when the GUI component and Java need to communicate data, but faster at rendering when the data model has been loaded into the GUI, but this has not been confirmed either way.^[13] A fairly thorough set of benchmarks in 2005 concluded that neither Swing nor SWT clearly outperformed the other in the general case.^[14]

This example Swing application creates a single window with "Hello, world!" inside:

// Hello.java (Java SE 8)
import javax.swing.*;

public class Hello extends JFrame {
    public Hello() {
        super("Hello World");
        setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        add(new JLabel("Hello, world!"));
        pack();
        setVisible(true);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(Hello::new);
    }
}

The first import includes all the public classes and interfaces from the javax.swing package.

The Hello class extends the JFrame class; the JFrame class implements a window with a title bar and a close control.

The Hello() constructor initializes the frame by first calling the superclass constructor, passing the parameter "Hello World", which is used as the window's title. It then calls the setDefaultCloseOperation(int) method inherited from JFrame to set the default operation when the close control on the title bar is selected to WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE – this causes the JFrame to be disposed of when the frame is closed (as opposed to merely hidden), which allows the Java virtual machine to exit and the program to terminate. Next, a JLabel is created for the string "Hello, world!" and the add(Component) method inherited from the Container superclass is called to add the label to the frame. The pack() method inherited from the Window superclass is called to size the window and lay out its contents. The setVisible(boolean) method inherited from the Component superclass is called with the Boolean parameter true, which causes the frame to be displayed.

The main() method is called by the Java virtual machine when the program starts. It instantiates a new Hello frame. The code uses the invokeLater(Runnable) method to invoke the constructor from the AWT event dispatching thread in order to ensure the code is executed in a thread-safe manner. Once the frame is displayed, exiting the main method does not cause the program to terminate because the event dispatching thread remains active until all of the Swing top-level windows have been disposed.

The following is a rather simple Swing-based program. It displays a window (a JFrame) containing a label and a button.

import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JLabel;
import javax.swing.WindowConstants;
import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;
 
public class SwingExample implements Runnable {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        // Create the window
        JFrame f = new JFrame("Hello World!");
        // Sets the behavior for when the window is closed
        f.setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
        // Add a layout manager so that the button is not placed on top of the label
        f.setLayout(new FlowLayout());
        // Add a label and a button
        f.add(new JLabel("Hello, world!"));
        f.add(new JButton("Press me!"));
        // Arrange the components inside the window
        f.pack();
        // By default, the window is not visible. Make it visible.
        f.setVisible(true);
    }
 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // Schedules the application to be run at the correct time in the event queue.
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new SwingExample());
    }

}

Notice how all instantiation and handling of Swing components are done by implementing the Runnable interface. This is then run on the Event Dispatch Thread by use of the method SwingUtilities.invokeLater(Runnable)), created in the main method (see Swing and thread safety). Although Swing code can be run without using this technique (for instance, by not implementing Runnable and moving all commands from the run method to the main method), it is considered to be good form, as Swing is not thread-safe, meaning that invoking resources from multiple threads can result in thread interference and memory consistency errors.^[15]

Text fields enable users to input text or data into your application. Creating a text field in Swing is straightforward – instantiate a JTextField object and add it to a container.

import javax.swing.*;

public class TextFieldExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SwingUtilities.invokeLater(() -> {
            // Create a JFrame
            JFrame frame = new JFrame("Text Field Example");

            // Create a JTextField
            JTextField textField = new JTextField(20);

            // Add the text field to the JFrame
            frame.add(textField);

            // Set the size of the JFrame and make it visible
            frame.setSize(300, 200);
            frame.setVisible(true);
        });
    }
}

Enhancing functionality in text fields improves user interaction. By attaching DocumentListener interfaces, you can dynamically monitor changes in the text content, enabling real-time validation, formatting, or auto-completion of input data.

Validating text field input is crucial for ensuring data integrity and preventing errors. Swing provides multiple validation techniques, including regular expressions, input masks, or custom validation logic. By implementing InputVerifier interfaces, you can define specific validation rules and offer immediate feedback to users when input is invalid.^[16]

In this example let javax.swing.JFrame be super class and add our own widget(s) to it (in this case, a JButton).

import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;

import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;

public class Sample extends JFrame {
	public Sample() {
		super();
		this.setTitle("HelloApp");
		this.getContentPane().setLayout(null);
		this.setBounds(100, 100, 180, 140);
		this.add(makeButton());
		this.setVisible(true);
		this.setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
	}

	private JButton makeButton() {
        final JButton b = new JButton();
		b.setText("Click me!");
		b.setBounds(40, 40, 100, 30);
		b.addActionListener((ActionEvent e) -> JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(b, "Hello World!"));
		return b;
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) throws InvocationTargetException, InterruptedException {
		// Swing calls must be run by the event dispatching thread.
		SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait(() -> new Sample());
	}
}

The layout is set to null using the Container.setLayout(LayoutManager) method since JFrame uses java.awt.BorderLayout as its default layout-manager. With BorderLayout anything which is added to the container is placed in the center and stretched to accommodate any other widgets. Most real world GUI applications would prefer to use a layout-manager instead of placing everything on absolute co-ordinates.^[17]

• swingLabs – Extensions to Swing
• Standard Widget Toolkit – A third party widget toolkit maintained by the Eclipse Foundation.
• JavaFX – A software platform for creating and delivering desktop applications as well as rich internet applications that can run across a wide variety of devices, which is intended to be the successor to Swing. JavaFX is under the OpenJFX project.^[18]