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Tondano language
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| Tondano | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Northeast Sulawesi |
Native speakers | (92,000 cited 1981)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tdn |
| Glottolog | tond1251 |
Tondano (also known as Tolou, Tolour, Tondanou, and Toulour) is an Austronesian language spoken in the Tondano area of northeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is most similar to Tombulu and to Tonsea.[1]
There is some lexical influence from European languages, such as Dutch, as well as Malay, Tombulu, and Ternate.[2][3][4]
Dialects
[edit]There are three main dialects of the Tondano language: Tondano proper, Kakas or Ka'kas, and Remboken.[5]
Phonology
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | ɛ | ə | o |
| Open | a |
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | (tʃ) | k | ʔ |
| voiced | b | d | (dʒ) | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | (f) | s | (h) | ||
| voiced | (v) | (ɣ) | ||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ɰ | |||
/ɰ/ may also have an allophone as a fricative [ɣ].[7]
Phonemes in parentheses typically occur from loan words.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Tondano at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Sneddon 1975, p. 32
- ^ Watuseke 1958
- ^ Watuseke 1985, p. 3
- ^ Sneddon 1975, p. 1
- ^ a b Brickell 2014, p. 26-27.
- ^ Sneddon (1975), p. 15-17.
- Bibliography
- Brickell, Timothy C. (2014). A Grammatical Description of the Tondano (Toundano) Language (PhD thesis). La Trobe University. hdl:1959.9/516057.
- Sneddon, James N. (1975). Tondano Phonology and Grammar. Pacific Linguistics Series B - No. 38. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-B38. hdl:1885/146483. ISBN 0-85883-125-2.
- Watuseke, F.S. (1958). "Tjatatan pada "Kamus Djolong (Sederhana) Bahasa Tondano-Indonesia"". Bahasa dan budaja (in Indonesian). VI (4): 19–24.
- Watuseke, F.S. (1985). Sketsa tatabahasa Tondano (in Indonesian). Jakarta.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Further reading
[edit]- Brickell, Timothy C., and Stefan Schnell (2017). "Do grammatical relations reflect information status? Reassessing preferred argument structure theory against discourse data from Tondano". In: Linguistic Typology 21: 177–208. DOI: 10.1515/lingty-2017-0005
- Brickell, Timothy C. (2018). "Reduplication in Tondano and Tonsawang". In: NUSA: Linguistic studies of languages in and around Indonesia 65: 81–107.
- Warouw, Maya Pinkan. "Leksikon Bahasa Daerah Tondano" In: Jurnal Duta Bahasa Vol 1, No 1 (2022): 1-8.
- WATUSEKE, F.S. (1972) "Kolano' in the Tondano Language". In: Papers in Borneo and Western Austronesian Linguistics, no. 2. Pacific Linguistics A-33: 123-129.
- WATUSEKE, F.S. “TONDANO AND NOT TOULOUR”. In: Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 143, no. 4 (1987): 552–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27863875.
External links
[edit]- Hertz, Regina & Lee, Sandra (2017). Assessment of the vitality of the Tondano Language (Sulawesi, Indonesia). SIL electronic survey report
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