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Wiley (publisher)
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John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley (/ˈwaɪli/), is an American multinational publishing company which focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials. The company was founded in 1807 and produces books, journals,[2] and encyclopedias, in print and electronically, as well as online products and services,[3] training materials, and educational materials for undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education students.[4]

Key Information

History

[edit]
The Hoboken, New Jersey, headquarters of Wiley

The company was established in 1807 when Charles Wiley opened a print shop in Manhattan. The company was the publisher of 19th century American literary figures like James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, and Edgar Allan Poe, as well as of legal, religious, and other non-fiction titles. The firm took its current name in 1865. Wiley later shifted its focus to scientific, technical, and engineering subject areas, abandoning its literary interests.[5]

Wiley's son John (born in Flatbush in Brooklyn, New York on October 4, 1808; died in East Orange, New Jersey on February 21, 1891) took over the business when Charles Wiley died in 1826. The firm was successively named Wiley, Lane & Co., next Wiley & Putnam, and then John Wiley. The company acquired its present name in 1876, when John's second son William H. Wiley joined his brother Charles in the business.[5][6] Through the 20th century, the company expanded its publishing activities, the sciences, and higher education.[5]

In 1960 Wiley set up a European branch in London, which later moved to Chichester, England.[7] In 1982, Wiley acquired the publishing operations of the British firm Heyden & Son.[8] In 1989, Wiley acquired the life science publisher Liss.[9] In 1996, Wiley acquired the German technical publisher VCH.[10][11]

In 1997, Wiley acquired the professional publisher Van Nostrand Reinhold (the successor to the company started by David Van Nostrand) from Thomson Learning.[12] In 1999, Wiley acquired the professional publisher Jossey-Bass from Pearson.[13]

In 2001, Wiley acquired the publisher Hungry Minds (formerly IDG Books, including most titles formerly published by Macmillan General Reference) from International Data Group.[14][15] In 2005, Wiley acquired the British medical publisher Whurr.[16]

Wiley marked its bicentennial in 2007.[17] In conjunction with the anniversary, the company published Knowledge for Generations: Wiley and the Global Publishing Industry, 1807–2007, depicting Wiley's role in the evolution of publishing against a social, cultural, and economic backdrop. Wiley has also created an online community called Wiley Living History, offering excerpts from Knowledge for Generations and a forum for visitors and Wiley employees to post their comments and anecdotes. In 2021, Wiley acquired Hindawi[18] and J&J Editorial.[19]

In 2023, Academic Partnerships acquired Wiley's online education business for $150 million.[20]

Emerging markets

[edit]

In December 2010, Wiley opened an office in Dubai.[21] Wiley established publishing operations in India in 2006 (though it has had a sales presence since 1966), and has established a presence in North Africa through sales contracts with academic institutions in Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt.[22] Wiley Brasil Editora LTDA in São Paulo, Brazil, was established in 2012.[23]

Acquisitions

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Wiley acquired Blackwell Publishing in February 2007 for US$1.12 billion.[24][25][self-published source?] The combined business, named Scientific, Technical, Medical, and Scholarly (also known as Wiley-Blackwell), publishes, in print and online, 1,600 scholarly peer-reviewed journals and an extensive collection of books, reference works, databases, and laboratory manuals in the life and physical sciences, medicine and allied health, engineering, the humanities, and the social sciences.[26]

Through a backfile initiative completed in 2007, 8.2 million pages of journal content have been made available online, a collection dating back to 1799. Wiley-Blackwell also publishes on behalf of about 700 professional and scholarly societies; among them are the American Cancer Society (ACS), for which it publishes Cancer, the flagship ACS journal; the Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing; and the American Anthropological Association. Other journals published include Angewandte Chemie, Advanced Materials, Hepatology, International Finance and Liver Transplantation.[27]

Wiley Interscience is launched in 1997. It provided online access to Wiley journals, reference works, and books, including backfile content.[28] Journals previously from Blackwell Publishing were available online from Blackwell Synergy until they were integrated into Wiley Interscience on June 30, 2008. In December 2007, Wiley also began distributing its technical titles through the Safari Books Online e-reference service. Interscience was supplanted by Wiley Online Library in 2010.[29]

Wiley acquired Inscape Holdings Inc. in 2012, to provide DISC assessments and training for interpersonal business skills.[30] A month later, Wiley announced its intention to divest assets in the areas of travel (including the Frommer's brand), culinary, general interest, nautical, pets, and crafts, as well as the Webster's New World and CliffsNotes brands. The planned divestiture was aligned with Wiley's "increased strategic focus on content and services for research, learning, and professional practices, and on lifelong learning through digital technology".[31] In May 2012, the company acquired publishing company Harlan Davidson, Inc., which is a family-owned business based in Illinois.[32] On August 13 of the same year, Wiley announced it entered into a definitive agreement to sell all of its travel assets, including all of its interests in the Frommer's brand, to Google Inc.[33] On November 6, 2012, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt acquired Wiley's cookbooks, dictionaries and study guides.[34] In 2013, Wiley sold its pets, crafts and general interest lines to Turner Publishing Company and its nautical line to Fernhurst Books.[35] HarperCollins acquired parts of Wiley Canada's trade operations in 2013; the remaining Canadian trade operations were merged into Wiley U.S.[36] In 2021, Wiley acquired eJournalPress (EJP), a company developing web-based applications for scholarly publishing.[37]

In 2021, Wiley acquired Hindawi, an open access journals publishing firm, for $298 million in cash.[18][38] Wiley kept Hindawi's journals under their original brand name.[39] In 2023, over 8000 articles from paper mills are retracted in numerous Hindawi journals.[40] Wiley ceased using the Hindawi brand that same year, with the brand's 200 remaining journals marketed with the Wiley brand.[41][42] The Wiley CEO who initiated the Hindawi acquisition stepped down thereafter. As of April 2024, Wiley's journals receive about 10,000 monthly manuscript submissions, and 10-13% of those are flagged as fictitious (e.g., from a paper mill).[43]

Products

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Brands and partnerships

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The old logo of Sybex, a Wiley brand of computer books

Wiley's Professional Development brands include For Dummies, Jossey-Bass, Pfeiffer, Wrox Press, J.K. Lasser, Sybex, Fisher Investments Press, and Bloomberg Press. The STMS business is also known as Wiley-Blackwell, formed following the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing in February 2007. Brands include The Cochrane Library and more than 1,500 journals.[citation needed]

Wiley-Blackwell offers journal publishing services for other organizations, some of them are American Cancer Society and The Physiological Society.[44] Wiley, along with other publishers, created CourseSmart as an online retailer selling college textbooks as eBooks.[45]

In 2016, Wiley launched a worldwide partnership with Christian H. Cooper to create a program for candidates taking the Financial Risk Manager exam offered by the Global Association of Risk Professionals. The program will be built on the existing Wiley efficient learning platform and Christian's legacy Financial Risk Manager[46] product. The partnership is built on the view the FRM designation will rapidly grow to be one of the premier financial designations for practitioners that will track the growth of the Chartered Financial Analyst designation. The program will serve tens of thousands of FRM candidates worldwide and is based on the adaptive learning technology of Wiley's efficient learning platform and Christian's unique writing style and legacy book series.[47]

With the integration of digital technology and the traditional print medium, Wiley has stated that in the near future its customers will be able to search across all its content regardless of original medium and assemble a custom product in the format of choice.[48] Web resources are also enabling new types of publisher-customer interactions within the company's various businesses.[citation needed]

Open access

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In 2016, Wiley began a collaboration with the open access publisher Hindawi to help convert nine Wiley journals to full open access. In 2018 a further announcement was made indicating that the Wiley-Hindawi collaboration would launch an additional four new fully open access journals.[49] In 2023, over 8000 fictitious academic papers were retracted from Hindawi journals.[40] As of April 2024, about 10% of all manuscript submissions Wiley received are flagged as fictitious.[43]

On January 18, 2019, Wiley signed a contract with Project DEAL to begin open access to its academic journals for more than 700 academic institutions.[50] It is the first contract between a publisher and a leading research nation (Germany) toward open access to scientific research.[citation needed]

Higher education

[edit]

Higher Education's "WileyPLUS" is an online product that combines electronic versions of texts with media resources and tools for instructors and students. It is intended to provide a single source from which instructors can manage their courses, create presentations, and assign and grade homework and tests; students can receive hints and explanations as they work on homework, and link back to relevant sections of the text.[citation needed]

"Wiley Custom Select" launched in February 2009 as a custom textbook system allowing instructors to combine content from different Wiley textbooks and lab manuals and add in their own material. The company has begun to make content from its STMS business available to instructors through the system, with content from its Professional/Trade business to follow.[51]

In September 2019, Wiley entered into a collaboration with IIM Lucknow to offer analytics courses for finance executives.[52][53]

Online program management

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In November 2011, Wiley Education Services announced the purchase Deltak for $220 million.[54][55] Wiley later acquired The Learning House in 2018.[56] This made Wiley one of the largest online program manager (OPM) providers at the time, with 60 university partners and more than 700 online programs.[20]

In June 2023, Wiley announced that they would divest several business units, including Wiley University Services.[57] Wiley's 2023 full year revenue was $208 million, an 8% reduction from the prior year.[58] In 2020, Wiley reported $232 million in OPM revenue with organic growth of 11% compared to prior year.[59] In November 2023, Academic Partnerships announced they would purchase Wiley's OPM business for $110 million.[60]

Medicine

[edit]

In January 2008, Wiley launched a new version of its evidence-based medicine (EBM) product, InfoPOEMs with InfoRetriever, under the name Essential Evidence Plus, providing primary-care clinicians with point-of-care access to the most extensive source of EBM information[61] via their PDAs/handheld devices and desktop computers. Essential Evidence Plus includes the InfoPOEMs daily EBM content alerting service and two new content resources—EBM Guidelines, a collection of practice guidelines, evidence summaries, and images, and e-Essential Evidence, a reference for general practitioners, nurses, and physician assistants providing first-contact care.[62]

Architecture and design

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In October 2008, Wiley launched a new online service providing continuing education units (CEU) and professional development hour (PDH) credits to architects and designers. The initial courses are adapted from Wiley books, extending their reach into the digital space. Wiley is an accredited AIA continuing education provider.[citation needed]

Wiley Online Library

[edit]

Wiley Online Library is a subscription-based library of John Wiley & Sons that launched on August 7, 2010, replacing Wiley Interscience.[29] It is a collection of online resources covering life, health, and physical sciences as well as social science and the humanities. To its members, Wiley Online Library delivers access to over 4 million articles from 1,600 journals, more than 22,000 books, and hundreds of reference works, laboratory protocols, and databases from John Wiley & Sons and its imprints, including Wiley-Blackwell, Wiley-VCH, and Jossey-Bass. The online library is implemented on top of the Literatum platform, developed by Atypon which Wiley acquired in 2016.[citation needed]

Corporate structure

[edit]

Governance and operations

[edit]

While the company is led by an independent management team and Board of Directors, the involvement of the Wiley family is ongoing, with sixth-generation members (and siblings) Peter Booth Wiley as the non-executive chairman of the board and Bradford Wiley II as a Director and past chairman of the board. Seventh-generation members Jesse and Nate Wiley work in the company's Professional/Trade and Scientific, Technical, Medical, and Scholarly businesses, respectively.[citation needed]

Wiley has been publicly owned since 1962, and listed on the New York Stock Exchange since 1995; its stock is traded under the symbols NYSE: WLY (for its Class A stock) and NYSE: WLYB (for its class B stock).

Wiley's operations are organized into three business divisions:

  • Scientific, Technical, Medical, and Scholarly (STMS), also known as Wiley-Blackwell
  • Professional Development
  • Global Education

The company has approximately 10,000 employees worldwide, with headquarters in Hoboken, New Jersey, since 2002.

Corporate culture

[edit]

In 2008, Wiley was named for the second consecutive year to Forbes magazine's annual list of the "400 Best Big Companies in America". In 2007, Book Business magazine cited Wiley as "One of the 20 Best Book Publishing Companies to Work For". For two consecutive years, 2006 and 2005, Fortune magazine named Wiley one of the "100 Best Companies to Work For". Wiley Canada was named to Canadian Business magazine's 2006 list of "Best Workplaces in Canada", and Wiley Australia has received the Australian government's "Employer of Choice for Women" citation every year since its inception in 2001. In 2004, Wiley was named to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Best Workplaces for Commuters" list. Working Mother magazine in 2003 listed Wiley as one of the "100 Best Companies for Working Mothers", and that same year, the company received the Enterprise Award from the New Jersey Business & Industry Association in recognition of its contribution to the state's economic growth. In 1998, Financial Times selected Wiley as one of the "most respected companies" with a "strong and well thought out strategy" in its global survey of CEOs.[citation needed]

In August 2009, the company announced a proposed reduction of Wiley-Blackwell staff in content management operations in the UK and Australia by approximately 60, in conjunction with an increase of staff in Asia.[63] In March 2010, it announced a similar reorganization of its Wiley-Blackwell central marketing operations that would lay off approximately 40 employees. The company's position was that the primary goal of this restructuring was to increase workflow efficiency. In June 2012, it announced the proposed closing of its Edinburgh facility in June 2013 with the intention of relocating journal content management activities currently performed there to Oxford and Asia. The move would lay off approximately 50 employees.[64]

Wiley is a signatory of the SDG Publishers Compact,[65][66] and has taken steps to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the publishing industry.[67] These include becoming carbon neutral and supporting reforestation.[68][69] Wiley's Natural Resources Forum was one of six out of 100 journals to receive the highest possible "Five Wheel" impact rating[70] from an SDG Impact Intensity journal rating system analyzing data from 2016 to 2020.[71][72]

Gender pay gap

[edit]

Wiley reported a mean 2017 gender pay gap of 21.1% for its UK workforce, while the median was 21.5%. The gender bonus gaps are far higher, at 50.7% for the median measure and 42.3% for the mean. Wiley said: "Our mean and median bonus gaps are driven by our highest earners, who are predominantly male."[73]

Controversies

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Forced inclusion of content in AI LLM training

[edit]

In August 2024, it was reported that Wiley was projected to earn $44 million (£33 million) by providing Artificial Intelligence (AI) firms access to Wiley-published content for the purpose of training Large Language Models (LLMs) and that authors would not have the option to "opt out" of including their work in these training data sets. Groups representing authors, including the Society of Authors and the Creators' Rights Alliance, have expressed ethical concerns about these deals, citing a lack of transparency from publishers and affirmative consent from authors.[74]

Journal protests

[edit]

In 2020, the entire editorial board of the European Law Journal  [d] resigned over a dispute about contract terms and the behavior of its publisher, Wiley. The staff alleged that Wiley did not allow the editorial board members to decide editorial appointments and decisions.[75]

A majority of the editorial board of the journal Diversity & Distributions resigned in 2018 after Wiley allegedly blocked the publication of a letter protesting the publisher's decision to make the journal entirely open access.[76]

Publication practices

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According to Retraction Watch, Wiley makes some articles disappear from their journals without any explanation.[77]

Manipulation of bibliometrics

[edit]

According to Goodhart's law and concerned academics like the signatories of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment, commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of bibliometrics and scientometrics like the journal impact factor, which is often used as proxy of prestige and can influence revenues, including public subsidies in the form of subscriptions and free work from academics.[78]

Five Wiley journals, which exhibited unusual levels of self-citation, had their journal impact factor of 2019 suspended from Journal Citation Reports in 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total.[79]

Publication of "Paper Mill" generated papers

[edit]

In April 2022, the journal Science revealed that a Ukrainian company, International Publisher Ltd., run by Ksenia Badziun, operates a Russian website where academics can purchase authorships in soon-to-be-published academic papers.[80] Over a two-year period, researchers found that at least 419 articles "appeared to match manuscripts that later appeared in dozens of different journals" and that "more than 100 of these identified papers were published in 68 journals run by established publishers, including Elsevier, Oxford University Press, Springer Nature, Taylor & Francis, Wolters Kluwer, and Wiley-Blackwell."[80] Wiley-Blackwell claimed that they were examining the specific papers that were identified and brought to their attention.[80]

In 2024, Wiley closed down 19 of the about 250 journals it had acquired in the Hindawi deal, after retracting "more than 11,300 'compromised' studies over the past two years"; Wiley had earlier shuttered four journals for publishing fake articles coming from paper mills.[81]

COI between climate research and fossil fuel industry

[edit]

Wiley is a publisher of climate change research, but also publishes a journal dedicated to fossil fuel exploration. Climate scientists are concerned that this conflict of interest could undermine the credibility of climate science because they believe that fossil fuel extraction and climate action are incompatible.[82][83]

[edit]

Hindawi case

[edit]

In 2021, Wiley purchased another Open Access company named Hindawi.[84] Shortly after, many articles published by Hindawi were retracted and Scopus disconnected all of them from their database.

Photographer copyrights

[edit]

A 2013 lawsuit brought by a stock photo agency for alleged violation of a 1997 license was dismissed for procedural reasons.[85]

A 2014 ruling by the District Court for the Southern District of New York,[86] later affirmed by the Second Circuit,[87] says that Wiley infringed on the copyright of photographer Tom Bean by using his photos beyond the scope of the license it had purchased. The case was connected to a larger set of copyright infringement cases brought by photo agency DRK against various publishers.[88]

A 2015 9th Circuit Court of Appeals opinion established that another photo agency had standing to sue Wiley for its usage of photos beyond the scope of the license acquired.[89]

Used books

[edit]

In 2018, a Southern District of New York court upheld the award of over $39 million to Wiley and other textbook publishers in a vast litigation against Book Dog Books, a re-seller of used books which was found to hold and distribute counterfeit copies. The Court found that circumstantial evidence was sufficient to establish distribution of 116 titles for which counterfeit copies had been presented and of other 5 titles. It also found that unchallenged testimony on how the publishers usually acquired licenses from authors was sufficient to establish the publishers' copyright on the books in question.[90][91]

Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons

[edit]
Main article: Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

In 2008, John Wiley & Sons filed suit against Thailand native Supap Kirtsaeng over the sale of textbooks made outside of the United States and then imported into the country.[92] In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court held 6–3 that the first-sale doctrine applied to copies of copyrighted works made and sold abroad at lower prices, reversing the Second Circuit decision which had favored Wiley.[93]

Internet Archive lawsuit

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In June 2020, Wiley was one of a group of publishers who sued the Internet Archive, arguing that its collection of e-books was denying authors and publishers revenue and accusing the library of "willful mass copyright infringement".[94][95]

Antitrust cases

[edit]

In September 2024, Lucina Uddin, a neuroscience professor at UCLA, sued John Wiley & Sons along with five other academic journal publishers in a proposed class-action lawsuit, alleging that the publishers violated antitrust law by agreeing not to compete against each other for manuscripts and by denying scholars payment for peer review services.[96][97]

References

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Further reading

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Wiley (publisher)

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly referred to as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company founded in 1807 by Charles Wiley as a print shop in Manhattan, New York, which has grown into a leading provider of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly content through books, journals, and digital platforms.
The company, headquartered in Hoboken, New Jersey, operates in research publishing, academic solutions, and professional development, producing over 1,600 journals and thousands of books annually while adapting to digital transformation, including AI licensing deals that contributed to recent revenue streams.
Wiley's longevity spans major historical events, from the War of 1812 to modern disruptions, enabling it to maintain a central role in the scholarly ecosystem with fiscal 2025 revenue of $1.68 billion amid strategic shifts toward high-margin research services.
Notable legal engagements, such as the U.S. Supreme Court case Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons affirming the first-sale doctrine for international editions, underscore its influence on copyright practices in global textbook distribution.

History

Founding and early years (1807–1940s)

John Wiley & Sons originated as a printing operation established by Charles Wiley in 1807, when he opened a small shop at 6 Reade Street in , , at the age of 25. Initially focused on job printing for other publishers to build clientele, the business catered to the nascent American publishing scene amid limited domestic infrastructure for book production. In 1811, Wiley formed a partnership with printer Cornelius S. Van Winkle, relocating to 2 and establishing a literary gathering spot known as "," which attracted writers including . The partnership dissolved by 1820, prompting Wiley to pivot toward independent publishing and bookselling, emphasizing original titles over mere reproduction. Following Charles Wiley's death in 1826, his son John Wiley assumed control of the firm at a young age and steered it toward broader literary output. In 1836, John partnered with George Palmer Putnam, expanding the catalog to include notable fiction by authors such as and , reflecting the era's demand for imported European literature in the U.S. market. The partnership ended in 1848, after which John Wiley shifted emphasis to , incorporating works on , , , , and emerging technical subjects. By 1850, John's eldest son Charles joined the business, renaming it John Wiley and Son; this familial succession continued in 1875 when William Halsted Wiley entered, formalizing the name as John Wiley & Sons and accelerating a focus on scientific, technical, and engineering textbooks aligned with industrial advancements. The late 19th and early 20th centuries marked Wiley's maturation into a specialized publisher of scholarly and professional materials. In 1899, the firm released Charles B. Davenport's Statistical Methods, an early contribution to quantitative analysis in and social sciences. Incorporation as John Wiley & Sons, Inc., occurred in 1904, coinciding with an agency agreement to distribute publications across , , and , enhancing international reach. Sales surpassed $300,000 by 1914, driven by engineering texts amid rapid technological growth, and reached $1 million by 1929. Into the 1940s, Wiley's textbooks gained prominence in military training programs during , supporting Allied forces' technical education needs and foreshadowing postwar demand from expanding higher education.

Postwar expansion and diversification (1950s–1990s)

In the postwar era, John Wiley & Sons experienced significant growth fueled by the expansion of scientific research, higher education, and technical demands in the United States and abroad. Under W. Bradford Wiley II, who assumed the presidency in 1956, the company broadened its scientific, technical, and medical (STM) portfolio, capitalizing on federal funding for research following . By 1959, Wiley established its first overseas subsidiary in , marking the beginning of international expansion to serve growing European markets. This period saw a shift toward diversified revenue streams beyond textbooks, including reference works and periodicals, as the company adapted to the postwar boom in academic and professional . A pivotal acquisition occurred in 1961 when Wiley purchased Interscience Publishers, a specialist in chemistry, physics, and related fields, which added prestigious journals and encyclopedias to its catalog and strengthened its position in high-impact STM content. The following year, 1962, Wiley went public through an initial stock offering, providing capital for further investments and signaling confidence in its growth trajectory. Leadership transitioned in 1971 with Andrew H. Neilly Jr. becoming the first non-family president and , while W. Bradford Wiley moved to chairman; Neilly later ascended to CEO in 1979, ushering in professional management to drive diversification. In 1973, Wiley launched a dedicated medical division, which by 1983 was producing approximately 60 titles annually, reflecting entry into clinical and health sciences publishing amid rising needs. By the late , Wiley restructured into four core groups—professional, educational, international, and —to streamline operations and target specialized markets. Key to this diversification was the 1977 acquisition of Ronald Press Company, which bolstered Wiley's holdings in , , and titles, enhancing non-STM segments. The and continued this trend with strategic buys, including the 1996 purchase of 90% of VCH Group in for $99 million, adding about 100 journals and 500 books yearly in chemistry and , and the 1997 acquisition of Van Nostrand Reinhold for approximately $28 million, expanding professional imprints in , , and . These moves diversified Wiley's portfolio across disciplines, reduced reliance on any single market, and positioned it as a global leader in scholarly publishing by the decade's end, with journals comprising a growing share of .

21st-century transformations: Acquisitions, digital pivot, and AI integration (2000s–present)

In the early 2000s, John Wiley & Sons expanded through targeted acquisitions to strengthen its position in scientific, technical, and medical (STM) publishing as well as complementary fields. In 2002, the company acquired , a German publisher specializing in chemistry, , and journals, adding approximately $10 million in annual revenue. The most transformative deal occurred in 2007, when Wiley completed the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing for £572 million (about $1.14 billion), merging operations to create ; this added over 350 journals and 800 books annually, enhancing Wiley's portfolio in humanities, social sciences, and STM while increasing its total peer-reviewed journals to around 1,250. Later acquisitions, such as Learning House in 2018 for $200 million to bolster online education services and Hindawi in 2021 to advance capabilities, further diversified revenue streams amid shifting market dynamics. Parallel to these expansions, Wiley pivoted toward digital infrastructure to address declining print sales and rising demand for electronic access. The company consolidated its online offerings with the launch of Wiley Online Library on July 24, 2010, providing centralized access to over 1,400 journals, 19 million article pages, and extensive book content, which facilitated subscription bundling and usage analytics. This platform supported hybrid models blending subscription and , with investments in XML-based workflows enabling scalable digital delivery; by the , digital revenue surpassed print, reflecting broader industry trends where electronic journals accounted for the majority of STM publisher income. The pivot included partnerships for e-book distribution and data analytics tools, allowing Wiley to adapt to researcher preferences for remote, searchable content over physical formats. Since the mid-2020s, Wiley has integrated through content licensing and platform enhancements, positioning its scholarly corpus as a resource for AI training and applications. In fiscal Q1 2026 (ending June 2025), AI licensing generated $29 million in revenue, up from $17 million the prior year, including multi-publisher deals totaling $20 million. On October 14, 2025, Wiley launched the AI Gateway, an interoperable platform delivering verified content to models like Anthropic's Claude, Mistral AI's , and , emphasizing ethical use with protections and attribution requirements. This initiative, supported by the AI Knowledge Nexus for partner licensing, aims to monetize archives while mitigating risks like unauthorized scraping, though it coincides with challenges in core publishing margins.

Business Operations

Core publishing divisions and product lines

Wiley's core publishing operations are structured around two primary segments: and Learning, following the divestiture of non-core assets in 2024, including the sale of Wiley Edge on May 31, 2024. The Research segment specializes in scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly (STMS) content, delivering subscription-based journals, publications, books, and reference works to academic, corporate, and government audiences. This segment operates through imprints like and platforms such as Wiley Online Library, which hosts peer-reviewed articles and supports workflows for researchers, with revenue driven by institutional subscriptions and article processing charges for . In 2025, Research generated $1.07 billion in , including $922.5 million from journal publishing, reflecting 3% growth amid rising demand for high-quality scientific output. The Learning segment emphasizes academic and professional education products, encompassing digital courseware, platforms, textbooks, and test preparation materials across disciplines like , , and sciences. Key offerings include WileyPLUS, an integrated online platform providing interactive textbooks, auto-graded assessments, and analytics for personalized student engagement in higher education and K-12 settings. This segment also produces professional development resources, such as imprints including series for practical guides and Jossey-Bass for leadership and organizational learning, targeting lifelong learners and corporate training needs. Revenue streams incorporate sales of print and digital textbooks, subscription models for courseware, and licensing for educational content, with a focus on technology-enhanced solutions to address evolving pedagogical demands. Product lines within these segments prioritize hybrid models blending traditional publishing with digital innovation, such as gold journals in and subscription-based adaptive platforms in Learning. Wiley maintains over 20 specialized subject areas in Learning, including STEM fields, while covers life sciences, physical sciences, and social sciences, ensuring comprehensive coverage of empirical and applied knowledge dissemination. These divisions underscore Wiley's pivot toward content-enabled services, with benefiting from AI licensing agreements for training large models on journal archives, contributing to margin expansion.

Digital infrastructure and platforms

Wiley's primary digital platform for content delivery is the Wiley Online Library, which hosts over 2,000 journals, more than 27,000 books, and 260 reference works, enabling across approximately 4 million articles from 1,500 journals and thousands of online books. Launched in as a replacement for Wiley InterScience, it integrates features such as enhanced article enhancements via ReadCube Connect for interactive reading experiences beyond standard PDFs. The platform supports seamless access for academic and professional users, with tools for discovery, including multimedia e-textbooks and integrations for institutional subscriptions. In publishing workflows, Wiley employs the Research Exchange platform, an end-to-end system for handling preprints, submissions, automated screening, and processes. Updated in September 2025 with AI-driven to reduce submission , it incorporates tools for journal scope checks and efficiency in editorial handling across Wiley's Screening and Review sites. This infrastructure supports Wiley's shift toward digital-first publishing, emphasizing streamlined operations for authors and editors. For educational applications, WileyPLUS serves as a platform offering auto-graded assignments, ORION adaptive practice, (LMS) integrations, and tagged learning objects for customizable course content. Complementing this, Wiley Digital Archives provides a specialized platform for archival collections, optimized for , , and with advanced search and capabilities. Wiley has expanded into AI-enabled infrastructure through the Wiley AI Gateway, launched on October 14, 2025, which facilitates direct integration of Wiley's scholarly content into leading AI models such as Anthropic's Claude, AWS Marketplace, Mistral AI's Le Chat, and , aiming to enhance scientific discovery via interoperable access. Underlying these platforms, Wiley utilizes collaborative development tools like Enterprise for code management, pull requests, and team workflows in building and maintaining its digital ecosystem. These components collectively form Wiley's digital backbone, prioritizing , user-centric design, and integration with .

Strategic initiatives: Open access, emerging markets, and partnerships

Wiley has prioritized through transformative "read and publish" agreements that bundle subscription access with fee-waived article processing charges for affiliated authors. In 2023, the company secured 22 such deals across , encompassing individual universities, research labs, and consortia in 18 U.S. states and , all commencing that year to facilitate hybrid and publishing. An extension with the , announced in February 2023 and effective January 1, provided read-and-publish access for 14 flagship universities and 17 affiliated campuses, emphasizing a transition to models. These agreements, part of a broader portfolio including multi-year pacts with systems like the (extended through 2026), aim to accelerate the shift from subscriptions to author- or funder-paid , which Wiley projected to sustain around 20% annual growth in fiscal 2024 discussions. The strategy includes modernizing payment infrastructure to handle rising volumes, as outlined in the fiscal 2024 10-K filing. In emerging markets, Wiley targets growth via enhanced digital access and localized research support, capitalizing on expanding R&D investments in regions like . A key initiative is participation in India's One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) program, joined in February 2025, which provides nationwide digital access to Wiley's scholarly content, prioritizes dissemination, and extends resources to researchers in tier 2 and tier 3 cities to bridge urban-rural gaps. This aligns with Wiley's recognition of rising demand for educational and research materials in high-growth economies such as , , and , where institutional spending on global content is increasing amid economic shifts. Such efforts complement Wiley's global footprint, including offices in and , to support content localization and without direct evidence of disproportionate revenue allocation to these areas in recent filings. Partnerships form a core pillar, with Wiley collaborating with over 1,000 learned societies worldwide to co-publish journals and amplify disciplinary impact across fields like healthcare, , and social sciences. In June 2025, Wiley entered a agreement with New Zealand's to broaden global readership for its journals through Wiley's distribution platforms. Launched in October 2022, Wiley Partner Solutions provides tailored services to societies, including technology, guidance, and business transformation support, enabling adaptations like hybrid models amid funding pressures. Additional alliances, such as a 2023 tie-up with Aries Systems for editorial workflow enhancements, extend these capabilities to non-traditional partners, fostering efficiency in publishing operations. These collaborations leverage Wiley's to sustain society revenues while pursuing shared goals in research dissemination, though they have drawn scrutiny in cases where society dependencies influence pricing dynamics.

Corporate Governance and Financial Performance

Leadership, ownership, and operational structure

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is a publicly traded company listed on the under the tickers WLY (Class A ) and WLYB (Class B ), with a dual-class share structure that grants Class B shares enhanced voting rights. As of recent filings, institutional investors hold approximately 80.68% of the outstanding shares, insiders own about 5.89%, and the remainder is held by public companies and individual investors. Major institutional shareholders include E.P. Hamilton Trusts, LLC with 16.1% , , Inc. with 11.3%, and , Inc. with 9.25%. The Wiley family maintains influence through board representation, including Jesse Wiley as Non-Executive Chairman since 2019. Matthew S. Kissner serves as President and , having been appointed to the permanent role on July 10, 2024, following an interim tenure starting December 2023. Kissner, Wiley's 15th CEO in its 217-year history, previously held roles as Group Executive and Board Chair. The consists of ten members as of 2025, including independent directors such as William Pesce and Raymond McDaniel, with recent additions like Katya D. Andresen (effective June 27, 2025) and Karen N. Madden, Ph.D. (appointed March 5, 2025). The board oversees strategic direction, with three directors elected by Class A shareholders voting as a class and seven by all common stockholders. Operationally, Wiley is headquartered in Hoboken, New Jersey, and structured around two primary segments: Research Publishing, focused on academic journals and scholarly content, and Learning, encompassing educational materials and digital platforms. The company maintains a global footprint through numerous subsidiaries, including Wiley Periodicals LLC in the U.S., John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. in the (headquarters of Wiley Europe), and entities in , , and . Key operational subsidiaries handle specialized functions, such as Wiley edu, LLC for educational initiatives, with overall governance emphasizing execution in core research and learning areas under CEO Kissner's leadership.

Revenue streams, profitability, and market adaptations (including AI licensing)

John Wiley & Sons derives the majority of its revenue from its Research Publishing & Platforms segment, which accounted for approximately 80% of total adjusted revenue in fiscal year 2025 (ended April 30, 2025), encompassing subscription-based access to journals and online content, article processing charges (APCs) for open access publications, and ancillary services such as licensing and data analytics. Traditional book sales and educational resources contribute a smaller portion, while emerging streams like content licensing to third parties, including AI developers, have gained prominence, generating $40 million in fiscal 2025 alone from deals permitting use of journal content for model training. Overall adjusted revenue reached $1.66 billion in fiscal 2025, reflecting a 3% increase year-over-year after divestitures of non-core assets like university printing services, with recurring revenue comprising 48% from subscriptions and APCs. Profitability improved markedly in fiscal 2025, with operating income rising to $221 million from $52 million in the prior year, driven by cost reductions including workforce streamlining and operational efficiencies that lowered expenses by over $100 million. Net income attributable to common shareholders stood at $68 million, or 15.4% of revenue, while adjusted earnings per share surged 318% year-over-year to reflect the impact of restructuring and new revenue diversification. Free cash flow increased 10% to $126 million, supporting debt reduction and investments in digital infrastructure, though total reported revenue declined 10.4% to $1.68 billion due to the exit from lower-margin segments. To adapt to market pressures such as declining library budgets and the rise of mandates, Wiley has accelerated its , investing in platforms like Wiley Online Library for seamless content delivery and expanding APC-based hybrid and fully models, which now represent a growing share of revenue amid institutional shifts toward transformative agreements. In emerging markets, particularly , the company has pursued localized digital partnerships and content localization to capture demand from rising output, contributing to 3% in the segment. Regarding AI, Wiley has licensed portions of its corpus—spanning over 1,600 journals—for training large language models, securing deals totaling over $53 million by mid-2025 with undisclosed partners, emphasizing principles of attribution, transparency, and compensation while opting authors into these arrangements without individual consent provisions. This strategy positions AI licensing as a high-margin to generative technologies, with fiscal 2026 projections incorporating further uptake, though it has drawn over author rights and potential content dilution.

Employee dynamics, diversity metrics, and compensation practices

John Wiley & Sons maintains a workforce of approximately 6,400 employees globally, with dynamics characterized by frequent organizational restructurings and mixed employee sentiment. Anonymous reviews on Glassdoor indicate an overall company rating of 3.6 out of 5, with 66% of respondents recommending the employer to a friend as of recent data; common praises include work-life balance and collaborative teams in scholarly publishing, while criticisms highlight ineffective leadership, constant reorgs disrupting stability, and unaddressed low scores from biannual satisfaction surveys. Turnover appears elevated in some departments due to these issues, though no official company-wide rate is publicly disclosed; user-submitted feedback on platforms like Indeed echoes high attrition linked to poor management responsiveness. Diversity metrics at Wiley emphasize pay reporting in regulated regions but lack comprehensive global demographic breakdowns. In the UK , women's hourly pay was 18.1% lower than men's in 2023-24, equating to 82 pence per pound earned by men, with women comprising about 47% of the based on prior-year . The company's board reflects 20% female representation and 40% female or ethnically diverse directors, with 40% of committees chaired by women; broader employee diversity initiatives focus on employee resource groups and inclusive authorship policies, but workforce composition by race, , or other categories remains unreported in public disclosures. reports track pay gaps in the UK and as key inclusion indicators, underscoring a commitment to equitable pay without detailing progress metrics. Compensation practices prioritize performance alignment, with base salaries, annual incentives, and long-term equity awards calibrated to financial targets like adjusted (40% weight), operating (40%), and transformation objectives (20%). The total annual compensation for non-CEO employees was $55,823 in fiscal year 2024, contrasting with CEO pay of $4.25 million and a resulting of 76:1; incentives fund at levels like 107% of target based on results. The Committee oversees pay equity monitoring as part of strategies, emphasizing retention without excessive risk, though independent salary surveys suggest an average employee pay of around $71,000, varying by role and location. In 2008, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. initiated litigation against Supap Kirtsaeng, a Thai national studying in the United States, for importing and reselling lower-priced international editions of Wiley textbooks on platforms like . Wiley argued that Kirtsaeng's actions violated its exclusive distribution rights under 17 U.S.C. § 106(3), as the foreign-manufactured copies were not subject to the codified in 17 U.S.C. § 109(a). A awarded Wiley $600,000 in for willful infringement of eight titles, a upheld by the Second Circuit, which ruled the doctrine inapplicable to copies made abroad. The U.S. reversed in 2013, holding that the exhausts copyright upon lawful sale regardless of manufacturing location, allowing resale of genuine copies without territorial restrictions. The Kirtsaeng dispute extended to a 2016 ruling on attorney's fees under 17 U.S.C. § 505, where Wiley, as the losing party, contested Kirtsaeng's fee request despite prevailing below. The vacated the denial of fees, clarifying that awards turn on objective reasonableness of the parties' positions rather than exceptional circumstances, and remanded for consideration of factors like litigation conduct and settlement efforts. This outcome underscored Wiley's aggressive enforcement of pricing models for international editions but highlighted limits on extraterritorial control, prompting publishers including Wiley to adjust strategies such as higher pricing for gray-market-vulnerable titles. Wiley participated in the 2005 copyright infringement lawsuit filed by the Association of American Publishers against over its Book Search project, which scanned millions of copyrighted books, including Wiley titles, for digital indexing and snippet previews without explicit permission. Representing five major publishers, the suit alleged systematic violation of reproduction and distribution under the Act. In 2012, Wiley and other publishers settled confidentially with , resolving claims while allowing continued partnerships for licensed digitization, distinct from the ongoing Authors Guild class action that affirmed in 2015. This action reflected collective industry efforts to curb unauthorized mass reproduction amid . Wiley has defended against multiple infringement claims from photographers and stock agencies alleging unauthorized use of images in textbooks. In Psihoyos v. John Wiley & Sons (2014), a sued over eight photographs cropped and published without , but the Second Circuit affirmed for Wiley, finding the uses transformative and minimal under doctrine (17 U.S.C. § 107). Similarly, in Minden Pictures v. John Wiley & Sons (2015), a stock agency sought statutory damages for image reproductions; the Ninth Circuit ruled against Minden's standing as assignee of bare to sue, barring recovery absent transferred infringement claims. In John Wiley & Sons v. DRK Photo (2018), the Ninth Circuit upheld Wiley's position that a photo library's post-infringement assignment of accrued claims lacked validity for standing, preventing suits by non-owners. These defenses emphasized procedural barriers and analyses to mitigate liability in educational publishing contexts.

Antitrust challenges and regulatory scrutiny

In September 2024, John Wiley & Sons was named as a in a federal class-action antitrust filed in the U.S. for the Eastern of New York, alongside five other major academic publishers: , , Sage Publications, , and . The suit, brought by UCLA professor Lucina Uddin on behalf of scholars who conducted unpaid peer reviews, alleges that the publishers engaged in horizontal to suppress in the market for peer-reviewed journals. Specifically, plaintiffs claim the defendants agreed not to compensate peer reviewers—despite the publishers collectively generating over $10 billion in revenue from such journals in 2023—and imposed non-compete restrictions preventing scholars from submitting manuscripts to multiple publishers simultaneously, thereby limiting authors' bargaining power and inflating subscription and publication fees. The complaint argues that this coordinated conduct violates Section 1 of the by artificially depressing reviewer compensation to zero and maintaining high for rival publishers, perpetuating an oligopolistic market where the six defendants control approximately 50% of global peer-reviewed journal output. Wiley has publicly described the allegations as "meritless," asserting that the company's practices align with standard industry norms and do not constitute unlawful . The publishers, represented by Am Law 100 firms including and , have moved to dismiss the case, arguing a lack of for any explicit agreement among competitors. As of March 2025, the litigation remains ongoing, with potential implications for economics and journal pricing if successful, though no settlements or rulings have been issued. Beyond this private action, Wiley has not faced formal government antitrust investigations specific to its publishing operations, though sector broadly endures scrutiny from bodies like the U.S. Department of Justice and over merger approvals and pricing bundling practices that could enable . Wiley's 2021 acquisition of Hindawi, an open-access publisher, cleared regulatory review without noted antitrust blocks, despite subsequent concerns over infiltration in acquired titles.

Controversies

Integrity of scientific publishing: Retractions, paper mills, and bibliometric manipulations

In 2023, Wiley's subsidiary Hindawi retracted over 8,000 articles, the largest single-year retraction event in publishing history, primarily due to infiltration by paper mills producing fabricated or manipulated manuscripts through compromised peer-review processes. These retractions accounted for the majority of the more than 10,000 total retractions across all publishers that year, highlighting vulnerabilities in high-volume open-access models where special issues were exploited for rapid publication of low-quality or fraudulent content. Paper mills, organized operations selling ghostwritten papers with fabricated data, targeted Hindawi's journals, often involving anomalous patterns such as implausible author affiliations, recycled text, and image manipulations. Wiley's response included delisting special issues and initiating mass retractions, with an initial batch of over 1,200 papers flagged in September 2022 expanding significantly by April 2023. By mid-2023, investigations revealed systemic issues in , where guest editors or fabricated reviewers enabled papermill outputs, prompting Wiley to phase out the Hindawi brand and implement new detection tools, including AI-assisted screening for papermill signatures like unnatural language patterns and citation anomalies. Despite these measures, integrity challenges persisted; in March 2025, Wiley's International Wound Journal retracted over 200 additional papers linked to papermill activity, underscoring ongoing risks in specialized fields. Bibliometric manipulations exacerbated these issues, as papermill papers often featured coordinated citation practices, such as excessive self-citations or cross-citations within clustered author groups, inflating journal impact factors and author metrics. In Hindawi's case, retracted articles showed patterns of anomalous collaboration networks and citation stacking, where papers mutually referenced each other to game bibliometric indicators, contributing to misleading assessments of journal quality. Wiley's broader portfolio faced scrutiny, with over 11,000 total retractions by 2025, prompting the closure of 19 journals in June 2024 due to persistent papermill infiltration and delisting from major indexes. These events reflect structural pressures in subscription-to-open-access transitions, where volume-driven revenue models can prioritize quantity over rigorous vetting, though Wiley has since emphasized enhanced editorial controls and third-party audits.

Alleged conflicts of interest in research funding and industry ties

Wiley, as a prominent academic publisher, facilitates the publication of industry-sponsored journal supplements, which are special issues often funded by pharmaceutical companies to cover topics like specific diseases or treatments. These supplements undergo and are required to comply with established ethical standards, including the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors ( for supplements and Good Publication Practice 3 (GPP3) principles emphasizing transparency, , and rigorous oversight. Despite these safeguards, sponsored supplements have drawn allegations of inherent conflicts of interest due to the financial dependence on industry funders, who may commission content or select topics aligned with their commercial interests. Critics contend that such arrangements can subtly results toward favorable portrayals of sponsors' products, even with disclosures, as evidenced by broader analyses showing industry-funded studies are 4 times more likely to report positive outcomes compared to non-industry-funded equivalents. Wiley itself recognizes the that sponsored content may lack full transparency or undergo less stringent scrutiny, potentially eroding trust in the scientific record. Specific examinations of supplement publications have highlighted disclosure gaps; for example, a 2007 analysis of meta-analyses in industry-sponsored supplements found that only 18% explicitly disclosed sponsor funding within the meta-analysis itself, with some relying on prior author publications for details, raising questions about adequate transparency in Wiley-hosted journals. While no large-scale retractions tied directly to Wiley's handling of supplement biases have emerged, the systemic reliance on industry revenue streams—estimated to contribute significantly to publisher profits through such partnerships—fuels ongoing debates about whether editorial processes sufficiently mitigate . These concerns align with meta-research demonstrating persistent sponsorship effects across reporting, underscoring the challenges in fully insulating peer-reviewed content from funder incentives.

Responses to external pressures: AI training data, journal protests, and publication ethics reforms

In response to unauthorized scraping of academic content for artificial intelligence () model training, Wiley issued a statement on April 28, 2025, asserting that AI developers must obtain licenses to use its content ethically and legally, emphasizing protection against infringement. The publisher has pursued revenue-generating licensing agreements with AI firms, securing $23 million in fiscal year 2025 from such deals, with projections for an additional $21 million, totaling $44 million, while confirming no opt-out option for authors whose works are included. These arrangements prioritize licensed access over litigation, contrasting with lawsuits by other publishers, and include principles for attribution, transparency, and controlled use in segments like training and retrieval-augmented generation. On October 14, 2025, Wiley launched the Wiley AI Gateway, an interoperable platform enabling publishers to connect content to AI technologies while enforcing usage controls and protections. Facing protests over and profit-driven decisions, Wiley has maintained its operational model amid resignations and s. In July 2023, the of Neurobiology of Aging resigned, citing Wiley's emphasis on cost-cutting over editorial practices, with most associate editors initiating a work stoppage; Wiley's response involved direct engagement with the board but did not alter the underlying business approach. Similarly, in April 2023, Wiley removed Robert Goodin as editor of the Journal of amid disputes, attributing the decision to communication breakdowns rather than conceding to board protests. A March 2024 of Gender, Work & Organization followed Wiley's replacement of editors and policy shifts perceived by critics as steering the journal from critical feminist scholarship toward mainstream approaches; the publisher defended the changes as aligning with broader academic standards without reversing them. Under external scrutiny from retractions, papermill manipulations, and calls for , Wiley has enacted targeted reforms, including closing 19 journals in May 2024 overwhelmed by fabricated submissions. The company issued 27 retractions in International Wound Journal in February 2025 after external alerts revealed manipulated peer reviews, with more anticipated, and applied mass corrections to nearly 100 papers in another geology journal in June 2025 for undisclosed conflicts of interest tied to image agencies. To address AI's role in violations, Wiley mandates disclosure of AI tool use in submissions since 2023, alongside updated best practice guidelines drawing from global standards like COPE, though these emphasize publisher-led enforcement without yielding to demands for systemic overhauls like open-access mandates. These measures reflect Wiley's strategy of reactive remediation over proactive structural shifts, prioritizing retention of revenue streams amid ongoing pressures from watchdogs and academics.

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  112. https://dailynous.com/2023/04/27/wiley-removes-goodin-as-editor-of-the-journal-of-political-philosophy/
  113. https://www.ft.com/content/60370640-f464-4330-8579-a9de637a6228
  114. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/quick-takes/2024/05/15/wiley-shutter-19-journals
  115. https://www.africanresearchers.org/wileys-international-wound-journal-retracts-27-papers-over-manipulated-peer-review-more-expected/
  116. https://retractionwatch.com/2025/06/17/geological-journal-wiley-correction-authors-fail-to-disclose-conflict-of-interest/
  117. https://authorservices.wiley.com/ethics-guidelines/index.html
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