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Zero-width joiner
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This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
ISO keyboard symbol for ZWJ

The zero-width joiner (ZWJ, /ˈzwɪdʒ/;[1] rendered: ‍; HTML entity: ‍ or ‍) is a non-printing character used in the computerized typesetting of writing systems in which the shape or positioning of a grapheme depends on its relation to other graphemes (complex scripts), such as the Arabic script or any Indic script. Sometimes the Roman script is to be counted as complex, e.g. when using a Fraktur typeface. When placed between two characters that would otherwise not be connected, a ZWJ causes them to be printed in their connected forms.

The exact behaviour of the ZWJ varies depending on whether the use of a conjunct consonant or ligature (where multiple characters are shown with a single glyph) is expected by default; for instance, it suppresses the use of conjuncts in Devanagari (whilst still allowing the use of the individual joining form of a dead consonant, as opposed to a halant form as would be required by the zero-width non-joiner), but induces the use of conjuncts in Sinhala (which does not use them by default).[2][3] Similarly to Sinhala, when a ZWJ is placed between two emoji characters (or interspersed between multiple), it can result in a single glyph being shown, such as the family emoji, made up of two adult emoji and one or two child emoji.[4]

In some cases, such as the second Devanagari example below, the ZWJ can be used to display a joining form in isolation, when included after the character and combining halant code.

The character's code point is U+200D ZERO WIDTH JOINER (‍). In the InScript keyboard layout for Indian languages, it is typed by the key combination Ctrl+⇧ Shift+1. However, many layouts use the position of QWERTY's ']' key for this character.[5]

Examples

[edit]
Use of ZWNJ and ZWJ to select alternative forms of Devanagari, Tamil, Kannada, Sinhala and emoji.
Bengali
Character sequence Appearance
[ra র] [virāma ্ ] [ya য] র্য
[ra র] [ZWJ] [virāma ্ ] [ya য] র‍্য
Devanagari
Character sequence Appearance
[ka क] [virāma ्] क्
[ka क] [virāma ्] [ZWJ] क्‍
[ka क] [virāma ्] [ṣa ष] क्ष
[ka क] [virāma ्] [ZWJ] [ṣa ष] क्‍ष
Kannada
Character sequence Appearance
[ra ರ‍] [virāma ್] [ka ಕ] ರ್ಕ
[ra ರ‍] [ZWJ] [virāma ್] [ka ಕ] ರ‍್ಕ
Sinhala
Character sequence Appearance
[śa ශ] [virāma ්] [ra ර] ශ්ර
[śa ශ] [virāma ්] [ZWJ] [ra ර] ශ්‍ර
Malayalam
(Until Unicode 5.0; in later editions, specific code points are allotted[6])
Character sequence Appearance
[Na ണ] [virāma ്] [ZWJ] ണ്‍
[na ന] [virāma ്] [ZWJ] ന്‍
[ra ര] [virāma ്] [ZWJ] ര്‍
[la ല] [virāma ്] [ZWJ] ല്‍
[La ള] [virāma ്] [ZWJ] ള്‍
Emoji
Character sequence Appearance Description
[Man] [ZWJ] [Woman] [ZWJ] [Boy] 👨‍👩‍👦 Family: Man, Woman, Boy
[Black flag] [ZWJ] [Skull and Crossbones] 🏴‍☠️ Pirate Flag
[Runner] [Emoji Modifier Fitzpatrick Type-1-2] [ZWJ] [Female Sign] 🏃🏻‍♀️ Woman Running: Light Skin Tone
[Runner] [Emoji Modifier Fitzpatrick Type-6] [ZWJ] [Female Sign] 🏃🏿‍♀️ Woman Running: Dark Skin Tone
[Man] [ZWJ] [Red hair] 👨‍🦰 Man: Red Hair
[Person] [ZWJ] [Sheaf of rice] 👨‍🌾 Farmer

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Zero-width joiner

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The zero-width joiner (ZWJ), encoded as U+200D in the Standard, is a non-printing format that requests a more connected rendering of adjacent characters without adding any visible width, enabling the formation of ligatures, connections, or composite glyphs where such joining would not occur by default. Introduced in Unicode 1.1, the ZWJ serves multiple key functions across writing systems and digital media. In scripts such as and Syriac, it enforces basic connected forms between characters that might otherwise be rendered separately, overriding default disconnection behaviors to support linguistic or typographic needs like clarity or teaching aids. In non-cursive scripts like those of Indic languages (e.g., ), it facilitates the creation of half-forms in consonant clusters with , allowing for proper conjunct rendering. Most prominently in modern usage, the ZWJ is integral to composition, where it joins base emoji characters—such as people, professions, or objects—into single, unified glyphs; for instance, the sequence U+1F9D4 (🧔) + U+200D + U+2642 U+FE0F (♂️) forms "man with beard" (🧔‍♂️), with fallback rendering as separate elements if unsupported. This character operates invisibly in , influencing font rendering engines while remaining compatible with the (ZWNJ, U+200C), which conversely prevents joining to maintain separation.

Fundamentals

Definition and Purpose

The zero-width joiner (ZWJ), encoded as U+200D in the Standard, is a non-printing format designed to influence the rendering of adjacent characters without introducing any visible space or width. As a zero-width , it has no inherent visual representation in fonts and does not contribute to the layout's horizontal extent, distinguishing it fundamentally from printable characters that occupy space and form visible elements. This invisibility ensures that the ZWJ integrates seamlessly into text streams, affecting only the interpretive behavior of rendering engines rather than altering the apparent content or structure. The primary purpose of the ZWJ is to request a more connected visual appearance between neighboring characters or graphemes, overriding the default rendering rules that might otherwise separate them or apply disconnected forms. It achieves this by signaling the formation of ligatures—where multiple characters combine into a single —or by promoting cursive joining in scripts that support such features, thereby controlling the shape, positioning, or overall combination of elements to prevent unintended breaks or isolations. In essence, the ZWJ serves as a precise tool for typographic control, ensuring that sequences maintain intended connectivity even when standard selection would not. Mechanically, when placed between two characters (for example, in a sequence such as <base character X, ZWJ, base character Y>), the ZWJ instructs the rendering engine to treat the pair as a unified unit for glyph selection and formation. This can elevate the connection level from unconnected to or ligated forms, with prioritization given to the highest available option based on the font's capabilities, while also acting as a extender to avoid segmenting the sequence into separate user-perceived units. Unlike visible modifiers or spacers, the ZWJ's lack of width prevents any disruption to line breaking, , or overall text flow, making it ideal for subtle adjustments in complex compositions. Beyond , it finds brief application in constructing multi-part sequences, though its core role remains in character joining. The zero-width joiner (ZWJ, U+200D) is closely related to several other zero-width Unicode format characters that influence text rendering without adding visible width, but each serves a distinct purpose in controlling joining, breaking, or spacing behaviors. The zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ, U+200C) functions oppositely to the ZWJ by preventing the joining of characters that would otherwise connect in scripts, such as or Persian, where it is used to break cursive forms in compound words or at boundaries to maintain readability and semantic clarity. The (WJ, U+2060) inhibits line breaks between adjacent characters or words without impacting character joining or visual rendering, serving as the preferred replacement for the function previously handled by U+FEFF (now primarily a ). The (ZWSP, U+200B) provides an opportunity for line breaks and can interrupt ligatures between characters, but it has no effect on joining behaviors and is often used for text justification or to indicate word boundaries in languages without spaces. Key functional differences among these characters lie in their effects on text layout: the ZWJ promotes connections such as ligatures or joining, the ZWNJ suppresses them, the ZWSP enables breaks while potentially disrupting ligatures, and the WJ prevents breaks without altering joining or segmentation.
CharacterCategoryPrimary Use Cases
Zero-width joiner (ZWJ)U+200DFormat (Cf)Promotes ligatures and connections in scripts like Indic or .
Zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ)U+200CFormat (Cf)Suppresses joining in scripts, e.g., breaking forms in or Persian compound words.
Word joiner (WJ)U+2060Format (Cf)Prevents line breaks between words without affecting joining.
Zero-width space (ZWSP)U+200BFormat (Cf)Allows line breaks and interrupts ligatures; used for justification or word boundaries.

Historical Development

Introduction in Unicode

The zero-width joiner (ZWJ), encoded as U+200D, was introduced in Unicode version 1.1 in June 1993 as a format to facilitate the rendering of complex scripts. Developed by the during the alignment of with the emerging ISO/IEC 10646 standard, the ZWJ addressed the need for precise control over character joining in and bidirectional writing systems, building on earlier ISO provisions for invisible control characters in the Universal Character Set. This integration clarified its semantics, distinguishing it from similar characters like the (U+200C) by specifying no impact on word boundaries while enabling optional ligature formation. Initially scoped for in non-Latin scripts, the ZWJ's primary role was to request cursive connections between characters that would not otherwise join, with early emphasis on for ligature control and Indic languages for handling consonant clusters and half-forms. The character supported the computerized of scripts requiring contextual shaping, allowing developers to override default rendering behaviors without visible spacing. Adoption of the ZWJ progressed alongside broader Unicode implementation in operating systems and fonts during the late 1990s and early 2000s. By the mid-2000s, major platforms had integrated support for complex script rendering that utilized the ZWJ, including Microsoft's Uniscribe engine in and subsequent versions, as well as Apple's text layout systems in macOS, enabling reliable display in applications handling and Indic text. This growing infrastructure in fonts like those from the and families ensured consistent handling across global software environments.

Key Proposals and Updates

In , the Technical Committee reviewed a proposal to clarify and consolidate the function of the zero-width joiner (ZWJ) in Indic scripts, addressing ambiguities in its application across scripts such as , Bengali, , Gujarati, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, , and . The proposal distinguished ZWJ's role in optional conjunct suppression—where it prevents the formation of ligatures in consonant clusters by inhibiting joining behaviors like half forms or subjoined forms—from its primary function in explicitly requesting joining, such as in sequences like <C1, VIRAMA, ZWJ, C2> for C1-conjoining or <C1, ZWJ, VIRAMA, C2> for C2-conjoining. This clarification resolved inconsistencies in rendering isolated or mixed conjoined forms, recommending consistent use of ZWJ and the (ZWNJ) to ensure predictable glyph formation without altering base script behaviors. Unicode 8.0, released in 2015, formalized the use of ZWJ to create composite emoji sequences, enabling platforms to render multiple emoji characters as a single glyph when supported. This update introduced recommended ZWJ sequences for combinations like men with bunny ears (👯‍♂️), marking the first official standardization of ZWJ beyond script joining to support diverse representations. Building on this, 9.0 in expanded ZWJ applications to include family and professional emoji combinations, such as family groups (👨‍👩‍👧‍👦) and gendered professions (👩‍⚕️), integrating ZWJ with symbols and base to generate over 100 new variants. From Unicode 10.0 (2018) through 17.0 (2025), ongoing updates have enhanced ZWJ support for variation selectors—particularly VS16 (U+FE0F) for emoji presentation—and skin tone modifiers (U+1F3FB–U+1F3FF), allowing more nuanced sequences in multi-person emojis. For instance, Unicode 13.1 (2020) added toned variants for couple representations with independent skin tones, such as diverse kissing or heart-holding pairs, while Unicode 15.1 (2023) introduced new gender-neutral family ZWJ sequences and Unicode 16.0 (2024) refined compatibility for mixed modifiers in professional and activity contexts; Unicode 17.0 (2025) further expanded support for toned multi-person groupings, including previously unsupported family and couple variations with independent skin tones (e.g., 👨🏻‍👩🏽‍👧‍👦). These evolutions prioritize interoperability across devices, with recommended sequences cataloged in official data files to guide implementation. These proposals and updates have significantly reduced rendering ambiguities in cross-platform text processing, particularly for complex Indic conjuncts and diverse emoji, by providing explicit guidelines that minimize fallback displays and enhance global consistency in digital typography.

Applications in Typography

Role in Complex Scripts

The zero-width joiner (ZWJ), encoded as U+200D in Unicode, plays a crucial role in complex scripts by facilitating precise control over character shaping and connections without introducing visible space or altering text length. In these writing systems, where glyph forms depend on contextual relationships, ZWJ acts as a format control character that requests enhanced joining between adjacent base characters, overriding default rendering behaviors to ensure typographic fidelity. This is particularly essential in digital environments where automated shaping engines must interpret invisible cues to produce accurate representations. In cursive scripts such as and Syriac, ZWJ enables the formation of continuous ligatures by joining letters that would otherwise remain isolated or adopt non-joining forms. For instance, it enforces cursive connections in scenarios like or compound words, where standard joining rules might not apply, thereby maintaining the script's fluid aesthetic and readability. This mechanism allows letters to assume initial, medial, or final forms as needed, even across potential visual separations. In syllabic scripts like those of the Indic family, ZWJ controls the formation of conjuncts by influencing how and vowel signs interact, such as requesting a half-form after a followed by a (halant) to suppress default vertical stacking and promote horizontal layouts. This provides typographers with tools to select alternative compositions, ensuring compatibility with diverse font designs and orthographic preferences—for example, in where it can force visible forms in isolation. Beyond script-specific shaping, ZWJ offers broader typographic control by preventing unwanted disconnections, such as at line breaks in joining sequences or in where visual reordering might disrupt cursive flow. By prohibiting breaks within its scope and preserving original adjacency for shaping purposes, ZWJ safeguards integrity across layout challenges, making it indispensable for robust digital in multilingual contexts. Its zero-width nature ensures seamless integration without impacting spacing or content analysis, except in targeted script processing.

Specific Script Implementations

In and Persian scripts, which share the same joining system, the zero-width joiner (ZWJ, U+200D) is employed to force a connection between adjacent letters that would otherwise adopt isolated or final forms without ligating, ensuring continuous rendering. For instance, the sequence ل (lam) + ZWJ + ا (alif) renders as the connected ligature لَا, overriding the default separation. This behavior aligns with the script's joining rules, where ZWJ acts as a virtual joining character to maintain medial or connected glyphs in non-standard positions. In Syriac, ZWJ requests joining between letters that would otherwise disconnect, such as in manuscript traditions or to support diacritic clarity, enforcing connected forms where default rendering might separate them. In , an Indic script, ZWJ follows a (halant, U+094D) after a to suppress the formation of a full subjoined , instead producing an explicit half-consonant form for clearer visibility in clusters. The sequence क (ka) + ् () + ZWJ + ष (ṣa) renders as क्श, displaying the half-form of ka alongside ṣa rather than the stacked क्ष. This mechanism prevents automatic ligature stacking, allowing precise control over composition in complex consonant sequences. For Tamil, ZWJ facilitates the creation of rare conjuncts by enforcing joining between a dead consonant (consonant + puḷḷi/virama, U+0BCD) and a following consonant, countering the script's default tendency toward separation with a visible puḷḷi mark. An example is ன (ṉa) + ் (virama) + ZWJ + ஷ (ṣa), which forms the conjunct ன்ஷ instead of separate glyphs. Similarly, in Kannada, ZWJ is inserted in vowel-consonant or consonant clusters to compel explicit ligation, avoiding default non-joining behaviors and enabling half-forms or connected glyphs where standard rendering might isolate components. For instance, ಕ (ka) + ್ (virama) + ZWJ + ಷ (ṣa) yields ಕ್ಷ as a joined form rather than separated elements. In Sinhala, ZWJ induces specialized modifier forms such as yansaya (for ya) or rakaaraansaya (repha-like for ra) after a virama, producing distinct glyphs for phonetic accuracy. The sequence ශ (śa) + ් () + ZWJ + ර () renders as ශ්‍ර with the rakaaraansaya form above the śa. Rendering variations exist across platforms for these Indic implementations; for example, and Android systems may differ in and Tamil visibility due to varying shaping engines, with Android sometimes favoring fuller ligatures while emphasizes half-forms.

Applications in Emoji and Symbols

ZWJ Sequences

ZWJ sequences enable the construction of composite by invisibly chaining individual characters using the zero-width joiner (U+200D), resulting in a unified when supported by the rendering system. This mechanism allows for the representation of complex concepts that cannot be conveyed by standalone characters, such as diverse social roles and relationships. Key types of ZWJ sequences include those for gendered professions, where a base emoji is combined with a gender marker, as in 👨‍⚕️ (man health worker, formed by man + ZWJ + symbol). Family groups use multiple person emojis linked via ZWJ to depict household compositions, for example 👨‍👩‍👦‍👦 (, , , ). Flag combinations leverage ZWJ to merge base flags with symbols, such as 🏳️‍🌈 (, + ZWJ + ). These sequences were first standardized in Unicode 9.0, released in 2016, to support emoji composition beyond basic characters. As of Unicode 17.0 (September 2025), over 800 recommended ZWJ sequences have been defined, covering a range of everyday and symbolic expressions, with recent updates in Unicode 16.0 (2024) introducing directional sequences (e.g., facing right variants) and Unicode 17.0 adding over 150 toned multi-person group sequences for enhanced inclusivity. Rendering of ZWJ sequences varies by platform: supported systems combine the elements into a single, cohesive image, while unsupported ones display the components as distinct, adjacent emojis without alteration. For instance, an unsupported sequence might appear as separate figures rather than an integrated group. Skin tone modifiers may apply to person components within these sequences for added diversity.

Modifier and Variation Usage

The zero-width joiner (ZWJ) plays a crucial role in applying skin tone modifiers to complex emoji sequences, particularly those involving gender or role specifications, by linking a base emoji to a skin tone selector and subsequent elements. For instance, the emoji for a woman running with medium skin tone (🏃🏽‍♀️) is composed as the runner base (U+1F3C3), followed by the medium skin tone modifier (U+1F3FD), ZWJ (U+200D), and the female sign with variation selector (U+2640 U+FE0F), ensuring the entire sequence renders as a unified glyph. This mechanism extends the Fitzpatrick scale-based modifiers (U+1F3FB through U+1F3FF), introduced in Unicode 8.0, to diverse representations beyond simple single-person emojis. In emoji variations, ZWJ combines with variation selectors to control presentation styles, distinguishing between text and emoji rendering within sequences. The emoji variation selector (U+FE0F, or VS16) is often appended to components in ZWJ chains to enforce emoji-style display, preventing fallback to monochrome text forms; for example, in the detective emoji (🕵️), U+1F575 U+FE0F specifies the colorful emoji variant, and this selector integrates into ZWJ sequences like the female detective (🕵️‍♀️) as U+1F575 U+FE0F U+200D U+2640 U+FE0F. Conversely, the text variation selector (U+FE0E, or VS15) disrupts ZWJ binding, causing elements to render separately. This interaction ensures consistent visual composition across platforms supporting qualified sequences. ZWJ also facilitates other modifiers, such as those for professional roles and , by composing human figures with symbolic elements into cohesive icons. The teacher emoji (🧑‍🏫), for example, joins an (U+1F9D1) via ZWJ to a chalkboard (U+1F4DA U+FE0F), and skin tones can be applied to the base for variants like 🧑🏽‍🏫. Similarly, accessibility-focused compositions include the person in manual (🧑‍🦽), formed as + ZWJ + manual (U+1F9BD), allowing inclusive representations with optional modifiers. These sequences are defined as recommended glyphs in data files, promoting standardized rendering. Compatibility for ZWJ-based modifiers varies across systems; while Unicode 8.0 (2015) fully introduced skin tone support, and ZWJ sequences for emoji were formalized starting in Unicode 9.0 (2016), older platforms or fonts may fail to join elements, displaying them as disjointed characters or defaulting to yellow tones without modification. Modern implementations, such as those in + and Android 6+, provide robust support, but fallback behaviors ensure basic readability.

Implementation Details

Unicode Properties

The zero-width joiner is encoded at U+200D in the Standard, corresponding to the decimal value 8205 and hexadecimal notation 200D. It belongs to the General Category Cf (Other, Format), classifying it as a non-printing formatting control that influences text layout without contributing visible content or width. Its bidirectional class is BN (Boundary Neutral), ensuring it acts as an invisible boundary in processing without altering the directionality of surrounding characters. The character has no or compatibility decomposition, remaining atomic in normalization processes. As a format control, the zero-width joiner is inherently invisible and possesses zero advance width, designed specifically to mediate connections between adjacent glyphs in rendering engines. Its joining type is designated as Join_Causing, which instructs shaping engines to enforce ligation or cursive joining between preceding and following characters in supported scripts. It also carries the binary property Join_Control with a value of true, underscoring its specialized function in join suppression or enforcement. In text segmentation, the zero-width joiner integrates with the grapheme cluster boundary rules outlined in Unicode Standard Annex #29, where it serves to extend base grapheme clusters into larger units, such as in emoji sequences or complex script combinations, thereby forming extended grapheme clusters that are treated as single units for editing and display purposes.

Input Methods and Rendering

Users input the zero-width joiner (ZWJ, U+200D) through various methods depending on the operating system and keyboard layout. On Windows, one common approach is using the combined with the to enter the decimal code 8205, producing the character directly in text editors and applications that support . In specialized Indic keyboard layouts, such as those for Indian languages, the InScript configuration often maps the ampersand (&) key to insert the ZWJ, facilitating its use in complex script composition. For macOS, applications like provide keyboard shortcuts such as Cmd+Opt+Shift+1 to insert the ZWJ, particularly useful for Indic language . Additionally, character pickers in operating systems—such as the Character Map utility on Windows or the Emoji & Symbols viewer on macOS—allow selection of the ZWJ from lists for insertion into documents. Rendering of the ZWJ relies on text shaping engines and font technologies that interpret its role in joining glyphs without adding visible width. The library, widely used in browsers like Chrome and as well as applications like , processes ZWJ during text shaping for complex scripts, applying rules to form conjuncts or ligatures in Indic and other scripts. Fonts supporting features, such as Noto Sans from , handle ZWJ through GSUB (Glyph Substitution) tables, including the 'rlig' feature for required ligatures, ensuring proper glyph joining in sequences like . This integration allows rendering engines to suppress the (halant) and display conjoined forms when ZWJ follows, as seen in HarfBuzz's handling of and similar scripts. Compatibility issues arise particularly with ZWJ in emoji sequences across older systems and platforms. Browsers prior to 2015, such as and early versions of Chrome, often ignored ZWJ in , displaying component characters separately rather than as unified glyphs, which fragmented representations like or professional emojis. Cross-platform variances persist; devices, leveraging Apple's unified font rendering, consistently display ZWJ-joined as single units, while Android implementations may show inconsistencies due to varying manufacturer customizations and font support. Best practices for incorporating ZWJ include using the HTML entity ‍ or ‍ in web content to ensure consistent insertion across environments. Developers and typographers should verify rendering with tools like the browser test page on fileformat.info, which displays ZWJ behavior in real-time across supported fonts and engines.

References

  1. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-23/
  2. http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.1.0/
  3. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02363-nelson-zwj-zwnj.pdf
  4. https://unicode.org/emoji/charts/emoji-zwj-sequences.html
  5. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode12.1.0/ch23.pdf
  6. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-3/
  7. https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr14/
  8. https://www.w3.org/International/alreq/
  9. https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/DerivedAge.txt
  10. http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.1.0/ch03.pdf
  11. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/intl/uniscribe
  12. https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/intl/complex-script-processing
  13. https://www.unicode.org/review/pr-37.pdf
  14. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode8.0.0/
  15. https://unicode.org/Public/emoji/8.0/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt
  16. http://blog.unicode.org/2016/11/113-new-unicode-emoji-plus-skin-tones.html
  17. https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr51/
  18. https://www.unicode.org/emoji/charts/emoji-zwj-sequences.html
  19. https://www.w3.org/TR/alreq/
  20. https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/
  21. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-9/
  22. https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/ch12.pdf
  23. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05185-kssa-zwj.pdf
  24. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-13/
  25. https://www.w3.org/TR/ilreq/
  26. https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/#Emoji_ZWJ_Sequences
  27. http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16181-gender-zwj-sequences.pdf
  28. https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/#family_groupings
  29. https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/#flag_emoji
  30. https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/
  31. https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24252-toned-multi-person-zwj-seq.pdf
  32. https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/#displaying_emoji_sequences
  33. https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/#emoji_modifiers
  34. https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/#Diversity
  35. https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/#Emoji_Variation_Selectors
  36. https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/#Emoji_Implementation_Notes
  37. https://unicode.org/versions/Unicode9.0.0/
  38. https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/UnicodeData.txt
  39. https://www.unicode.org/Public/16.0.0/ucd/extracted/DerivedJoiningType.txt
  40. https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/
  41. https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/200d/index.htm
  42. https://baraha.com/help/Keyboards/inscript-keyboard.htm
  43. https://quarksoftware.my.site.com/quarkknowledgebase/s/article/How-to-apply-Zero-Width-Joiner-and-Zero-Width-Non-Joiner-for-Indic-languages?language=en_US
  44. https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz/issues/341
  45. https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz/issues/435
  46. https://emojipedia.org/emoji-zwj-sequence
  47. https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3274393
  48. https://toolstud.io/web/charmap.php?encoded=zwj&sort=name
  49. https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/200d/browsertest.htm
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