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1664
1664
1664
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September 8: The Dutch city of New Amsterdam, capital of the colony of New Netherland, is surrendered to invading English Army troops, who rename the city and the colony "New York" for The Duke of York.
1664 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1664
MDCLXIV
Ab urbe condita2417
Armenian calendar1113
ԹՎ ՌՃԺԳ
Assyrian calendar6414
Balinese saka calendar1585–1586
Bengali calendar1070–1071
Berber calendar2614
English Regnal year15 Cha. 2 – 16 Cha. 2
Buddhist calendar2208
Burmese calendar1026
Byzantine calendar7172–7173
Chinese calendar癸卯年 (Water Rabbit)
4361 or 4154
    — to —
甲辰年 (Wood Dragon)
4362 or 4155
Coptic calendar1380–1381
Discordian calendar2830
Ethiopian calendar1656–1657
Hebrew calendar5424–5425
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1720–1721
 - Shaka Samvat1585–1586
 - Kali Yuga4764–4765
Holocene calendar11664
Igbo calendar664–665
Iranian calendar1042–1043
Islamic calendar1074–1075
Japanese calendarKanbun 4
(寛文４年)
Javanese calendar1586–1587
Julian calendarGregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar3997
Minguo calendar248 before ROC
民前248年
Nanakshahi calendar196
Thai solar calendar2206–2207
Tibetan calendarཆུ་མོ་ཡོས་ལོ་
(female Water-Hare)
1790 or 1409 or 637
    — to —
ཤིང་ཕོ་འབྲུག་ལོ་
(male Wood-Dragon)
1791 or 1410 or 638
August 1: Battle of Saint Gotthard

1664 (MDCLXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1664th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 664th year of the 2nd millennium, the 64th year of the 17th century, and the 5th year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1664, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

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January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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October–December

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Date unknown

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Births

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John Vanbrugh
Nicolas Fatio de Duillier

Deaths

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Adam Willaerts
Katherine Philips

References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

1664

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
1664 marked pivotal military and colonial developments, including the bloodless English conquest of the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and the resounding Christian coalition victory over Ottoman invaders at the Battle of Saint Gotthard. On September 8, after an English squadron under Colonel Richard Nicolls arrived in late August, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant capitulated New Netherland's capital without firing a shot, owing to inadequate defenses and settler reluctance to fight; the territory was promptly renamed New York after James, Duke of York. Earlier that summer, on August 1, Habsburg-led forces commanded by Raimondo Montecuccoli, bolstered by German, Swedish, French, and Croatian troops, repelled a larger Ottoman army under Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha near the Rába River, inflicting heavy casualties and staving off further incursions into Austrian lands, though the subsequent Peace of Vasvár conceded some gains to the Turks. Additional events encompassed the enactment of the American colonies' inaugural naturalization law in March, facilitating foreign Protestant settlement in New Netherland, and the resolution of the Second Esopus War through Dutch treaties with indigenous Munsee-Delaware groups amid ongoing frontier skirmishes. The year witnessed births of architect and dramatist John Vanbrugh and physicist Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, alongside the death of poet Katherine Philips, whose works exemplified emerging English literary currents.

Events

January–March

On January 5, Maratha leader conducted a raid on the prosperous Mughal port city of , overcoming the defenses commanded by with approximately 4,000 cavalry in a swift operation that lasted three days, yielding plunder valued at over 100 rupees from merchants and warehouses. This action exploited the city's role as a Mughal customs hub handling European trade, where the governor's forces, numbering around 6,000 but disorganized, failed to mount an effective resistance, underscoring the vulnerabilities of centralized imperial outposts to decentralized guerrilla incursions aimed at disrupting revenue flows. On January 21, Croatian-Hungarian commander initiated a winter offensive against Ottoman-held territories along the River as part of the Austro-Turkish War, leading Habsburg-aligned forces in surprise attacks that destroyed bridges and supplies, thereby impeding Turkish advances into Hungarian lands. These maneuvers, conducted amid harsh weather to exploit Ottoman logistical weaknesses, reflected broader patterns of frontier warfare where local noble-led initiatives countered the empire's numerical superiority through mobility and terrain knowledge, contributing to a temporary stabilization of Christian defenses in the region. On March 12, King Charles II of granted a to his brother James, , conveying proprietary rights over territories between the and , encompassing the Dutch-controlled colony and facilitating its subsequent English seizure later that year. This document empowered the duke to establish governance structures, including oaths of allegiance that served as precursors to naturalization processes encouraging integration and loyalty amid colonial expansion, thereby laying legal foundations for English demographic and administrative dominance in the mid-Atlantic region.

April–June

On April 5, the English passed the Triennial Parliaments Act (16 Cha. 2. c. 1), which mandated that Parliament convene at least once every three years and sit for a minimum of 50 days per session, while repealing the stricter Triennial Act of 1641. This legislation aimed to prevent prolonged royal prorogations that could undermine legislative checks, reflecting ongoing tensions between the restored monarchy of Charles II and parliamentary authority following the English , though it permitted the king greater flexibility in summoning sessions compared to prior laws. In May, Parliament enacted the Conventicle Act (16 Cha. 2. c. 4) on the 17th, criminalizing religious assemblies of more than five persons outside the , with penalties including fines, imprisonment, and transportation for repeat offenders. As part of the Clarendon Code, this measure targeted nonconformist groups such as Presbyterians and , whom authorities viewed as threats to due to their potential for political agitation, thereby reinforcing Anglican dominance and state control over religious practice amid fears of renewed factionalism. On June 24, James, Duke of York, granted lands between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, establishing the as an English to incentivize settlement and economic exploitation through generous land patents and religious toleration policies. This division of former territories extended English imperial claims, fostering colonial expansion by attracting migrants with promises of self-governance and agricultural opportunities, though proprietary rule later led to administrative disputes.

July–September

On July 23, 1664, four English warships carrying approximately 300 soldiers under Colonel Richard Nicolls arrived in Boston Harbor, initiating a coordinated effort between English naval forces and colonial authorities to dislodge Dutch control from New Netherland. The expedition, authorized by James, Duke of York, sought to enforce English territorial claims rooted in Stuart royal grants that overlapped with Dutch holdings, prioritizing naval projection to secure North American trade routes amid escalating Anglo-Dutch commercial rivalries. The fleet proceeded southward, arriving in on August 27, where Nicolls established a of and issued a demand for surrender to Director-General , capitalizing on the overwhelming English naval superiority—four frigates against limited Dutch defenses—to pressure capitulation without resorting to large-scale combat. Stuyvesant's garrison, numbering fewer than 150 effective troops and facing internal dissent from English settlers in outlying areas, could not withstand the threat, leading to negotiations that preserved lives and property under terms allowing Dutch residents to retain religious freedoms and property rights. Formal surrender occurred on September 8, when Stuyvesant yielded to English forces, resulting in its renaming as New York in honor of the ; this bloodless acquisition underscored the efficacy of naval coercion in colonial expansion, facilitating English consolidation of Atlantic trade lanes and the gradual supplantation of Dutch proprietary trading practices with systems aligned to English maritime interests. The transfer averted prolonged conflict, enabling a smoother integration that bolstered regional stability under English governance.

October–December

On October 4, 1664 (), English forces under Colonel George Cartwright completed the by securing the surrender of the Dutch outpost at Fort Orange, located upriver from (renamed New York). This followed the earlier capitulation of the colonial capital on September 8 (Julian), with Dutch vice-director Johannes de Montagne yielding the fort without resistance after negotiations emphasizing the overwhelming English naval presence. The acquisition of Fort Orange, soon renamed Albany, solidified English control over the Valley, a critical for the dominated by beaver pelts. English superiority stemmed from coordinated maritime logistics, including the rapid deployment of warships and troops from , which outmatched the isolated Dutch garrisons reliant on distant reinforcements from . Additionally, pragmatic alliances with confederacy members, who viewed Dutch traders as competitors encroaching on their territories, facilitated peaceful transitions and deterred potential native uprisings, ensuring trade continuity under English patents granted by King Charles II to the . On October 28, 1664, King Charles II formally sanctioned the creation of the and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot, an unit trained specifically for naval service and amphibious assaults. Comprising approximately 1,200 men recruited from existing regiments, the force was placed under the Duke's (James Stuart's) patronage to bolster England's maritime striking power amid escalating tensions with the . This formation marked a strategic evolution in , prioritizing soldiers adept at shipboard combat and beachhead operations, which proved instrumental in subsequent engagements of the Second Anglo-Dutch War declared in March 1665.

Date unknown

The Second Esopus War, pitting Dutch settlers in against Esopus tribesmen, concluded in 1664 when surviving sachems signed a ceding all claims to lands east of the , returning hostages, and pledging perpetual peace, thereby enabling Dutch forces to decisively suppress ongoing raids and fortify frontier settlements against native incursions. This outcome stemmed from sustained Dutch military campaigns that reduced Esopus numbers and capacity for violence, prioritizing colonial security over prior uneasy truces. In the , Maratha commander initiated construction of during 1664, erecting a robust island bastion off the coast to consolidate defenses, project naval power, and counter Mughal efforts at territorial centralization through fortified outposts resistant to siege. These maneuvers exemplified calculated expansion beyond plunder, leveraging geography for sustained autonomy amid imperial pressures.

Vital Events

Births

Deaths

  • 18 November: Miklós Zrínyi (born 1620), Croatian-Hungarian nobleman, poet, and Ban of Croatia, died from wounds sustained in a hunting accident near Čakovec, officially caused by a wild boar but widely suspected as assassination orchestrated by Habsburg agents due to his vocal opposition to Emperor Leopold I's policies; his removal from the political stage facilitated the Habsburgs' negotiation of the Treaty of Vasvár with the Ottomans in August 1664, despite Zrínyi's recent unauthorized victories that had strengthened anti-Ottoman momentum, thereby preserving Habsburg resources amid internal divisions but alienating Hungarian and Croatian elites.
  • 22 June: Katherine Philips (born c. 1632), English poet dubbed "The Matchless Orinda" for her verse celebrating female friendship and royalist themes, succumbed to smallpox at age 31 in London; her early death prevented further contributions to Restoration literature, though unauthorized posthumous publications of her works, including Poems (1664), popularized neoclassical forms and provided a model for subsequent women writers like Anne Finch, filling a void in contemporary poetic networks.
  • 4 April: Adam Willaerts (born c. 1577), Dutch Golden Age painter specializing in maritime scenes depicting naval battles and trade, died in Utrecht; his passing diminished the Utrecht school of seascape artists, prompting successors like his sons to inherit and adapt his detailed, historical style amid the ongoing Anglo-Dutch War, which influenced demand for such patriotic imagery.

Scientific and Intellectual Developments

Key Appointments and Discoveries

In 1664, was appointed the inaugural Cutlerian Lecturer in Mechanical Problems by the Royal Society, funded by an annual stipend of £50 from merchant Sir John Cutler; this role required him to present weekly demonstrations on mechanics and , solidifying his institutional contributions to experimental science. The appointment built on his prior unpaid position as Curator of Experiments since 1662, enabling systematic empirical investigations into elasticity, planetary motion, and through direct and . Hooke's microscopic work that year yielded foundational observations of cork's porous structure under compound magnification, revealing box-like compartments he named "cells"—a term derived from their resemblance to monastic cells—providing early evidence of organized microstructures in and advancing causal understanding of biological composition via unmediated sensory extension. These findings, achieved through handmade lenses amplifying resolution beyond prior limits, underscored the utility of in dissecting natural forms empirically rather than speculatively. Astronomically, Hooke constructed one of the earliest Gregorian reflecting telescopes, with which he resolved a fifth magnitude-8 star in Orion's Trapezium asterism, expanding knowledge of stellar clustering through refined optical mechanics that minimized chromatic aberration. He also documented axial rotations of Jupiter and Mars, inferring planetary dynamics from sustained telescopic tracking, and on May 9 observed an oval blemish in Jupiter's southern equatorial belt—persisting over multiple nights—which represented an early record of atmospheric features potentially identifiable with the Great Red Spot, prioritizing positional and temporal data over interpretive conjecture. These advancements emphasized instrumental precision in resolving causal mechanisms of celestial phenomena.

Publications and Innovations


In 1664, the unauthorized posthumous edition of Poems by the Incomparable Mrs. K.P. by Katherine Philips appeared, compiling her verses on themes of platonic friendship, love, and political loyalty, which circulated widely despite her wishes for privacy and advanced the visibility of female-authored intellectual work in England.
The third folio edition of William Shakespeare's works was published in London, offering corrected texts of his plays and poems that preserved and refined the corpus of English dramatic literature for broader dissemination.
François de La Rochefoucauld's Mémoires were printed, providing detailed accounts of French aristocratic intrigue and psychological insights into ambition and self-deception as drivers of human action. Intellectually, commenced his "Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae" notebook in 1664 while isolated from amid plague concerns, laying foundational inquiries into motion, , and that initiated his transformative innovations in causal .
compiled initial starting December 10, 1664, aggregating empirical demographic data on births, deaths, and diseases in , which supported quantitative analysis of population trends and causation.
Astronomical observations advanced, with noting planetary rotations of Mars and Jupiter, enhancing models of amid competing claims over Jupiter's features. | | 1664 | |

References

  1. https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/surrender-new-netherland-1664
  2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369412003_THE_BATTLE_OF_ST_GOTTHARD_-_MOGERSDORFMODINCI_1_AUGUST_1664
  3. https://www.history.com/a-year-in-history/1664
  4. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/new-amsterdam-surrendered-english
  5. https://greekcitytimes.com/2025/08/02/on-this-day-august-1-1664-battle-of-saint-gotthard-united-europeans-stop-the-ottomans/
  6. https://www.onthisday.com/events/date/1664
  7. https://you.stonybrook.edu/undergraduatehistoryjournal/2021/04/09/history-of-the-esopus-wars-part-ii-1663-1664/
  8. https://testbook.com/ias-preparation/battle-of-surat
  9. https://indianexpress.com/article/research/a-strategic-strike-on-the-mughal-empire-why-shivaji-maharaj-attacked-surat-9565554/
  10. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10761-022-00677-0
  11. https://www.nj.gov/state/archives/eventadventurersdocs.html
  12. https://iarchives.nysed.gov/xtf/view?docId=ead/findingaids/B1371.xml
  13. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/the-frequency-and-duration-of-parliaments/53F42ED0F6A48F368F31FE2BAD006637
  14. https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/key-dates1/1604-to-1689/
  15. https://nj.gov/state/historical/assets/pdf/it-happened-here/ihhnj-er-founding-nj.pdf
  16. https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/new-jersey-colony/
  17. https://www.onthisday.com/date/1664/july/23
  18. https://www.brainyhistory.com/years/1664.html
  19. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/september-8/new-amsterdam-becomes-new-york
  20. https://www.archives.nyc/blog/2017/5/4/the-dutch-the-english-part-4-invasion
  21. https://www.nyhistory.org/blogs/new-amsterdam-become-new-york-peter-stuyvesant-gets-350-years
  22. https://nativeheritageproject.com/2013/03/17/treaty-with-the-indians-at-albany-ny-1664/
  23. https://www.facebook.com/hudsonrivervalleyinstitute/posts/on-september-24-1664-fort-orange-modern-albany-surrendered-to-the-english-under-/1246696080819784/
  24. https://www.47commando.org.uk/pages/birth.htm
  25. https://www.royalmarineshistory.com/dits-royal-marines-history-blog/categories/corps-memorable-date
  26. https://www.newyorkalmanack.com/2013/12/forgotton-history-the-esopus-wars/
  27. https://www.philipsemanorhall.com/explore3/munsee-colonist-conflict
  28. https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/shivaji-two-surat-raids-challenged-mughal-empire-european-powers-2605631-2024-09-24
  29. https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Vanbrugh
  30. https://www.onthisday.com/birthdays/date/1664
  31. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Strick/fatio.pdf
  32. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Arvid-Bernhard-Greve-Horn-af-Ekebyholm
  33. https://musopen.org/music/composer/nicolas-bernier/
  34. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Miklos-Zrinyi
  35. https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/culture_society/the-wild-boar-hungarys-historical-villain/
  36. https://en.uni-nke.hu/hirek/2017/11/17/remembering-miklos-zrinyi
  37. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hooke/
  38. https://www.iwhistory.org.uk/RM/hooke/roberthooke.htm
  39. https://www.famousscientists.org/timeline-scientific-revolution/
  40. https://www.livescience.com/robert-hooke-english-polymath
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  42. https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/202005/history.cfm
  43. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/editing-early-modern-women/singleauthor-manuscripts-poems-1664-and-the-editing-of-katherine-philips/BB58B2651AD66BAF7A4DD656846C6047
  44. https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/fine-printed-books-manuscripts/poems-incomparable-mrs-k-p-42/169574
  45. https://www.baumanrarebooks.com/rare-books/literature/early-english-literature/
  46. https://www.thebuddingburrow.com/products/1664-memoirs-of-francois-de-la-rochefoucauld-or-prince-de-marcillac
  47. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/isaac-newton/prime-of-my-age-for-invention-16641667/6998078731EC0B670EB51249CB6857D5
  48. https://www.cnet.com/pictures/isaac-newtons-scientific-discoveries-go-online-photos/
  49. https://lib.msu.edu/exhibits/defoe
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