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| Years |
|---|
| Millennium |
| 2nd millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| 1753 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Countries |
| Lists of leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1753 MDCCLIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2506 |
| Armenian calendar | 1202 ԹՎ ՌՄԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6503 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1674–1675 |
| Bengali calendar | 1159–1160 |
| Berber calendar | 2703 |
| British Regnal year | 26 Geo. 2 – 27 Geo. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2297 |
| Burmese calendar | 1115 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7261–7262 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬申年 (Water Monkey) 4450 or 4243 — to — 癸酉年 (Water Rooster) 4451 or 4244 |
| Coptic calendar | 1469–1470 |
| Discordian calendar | 2919 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1745–1746 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5513–5514 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1809–1810 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1674–1675 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4853–4854 |
| Holocene calendar | 11753 |
| Igbo calendar | 753–754 |
| Iranian calendar | 1131–1132 |
| Islamic calendar | 1166–1167 |
| Japanese calendar | Hōreki 3 (宝暦３年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1678–1679 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 11 days |
| Korean calendar | 4086 |
| Minguo calendar | 159 before ROC 民前159年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 285 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2295–2296 |
| Tibetan calendar | ཆུ་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་ (male Water-Monkey) 1879 or 1498 or 726 — to — ཆུ་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་ (female Water-Bird) 1880 or 1499 or 727 |
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1753 (MDCCLIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1753rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 753rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd year of the 18th century, and the 4th year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1753, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 3 – King Binnya Dala of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom orders the burning of Ava, the former capital of the Kingdom of Burma.
- January 29 – After a month's absence, Elizabeth Canning returns to her mother's home in London and claims that she was abducted; the following criminal trial causes an uproar.
- February 17 – The concept of electrical telegraphy is first published in the form of a letter to Scots' Magazine from a writer who identifies himself only as "C.M.". Titled "An Expeditious Method of Conveying Intelligence", C.M. suggests that static electricity (generated by 1753 from "frictional machines") could send electric signals across wires to a receiver. Rather than the dot and dash system later used by Samuel F.B. Morse, C.M. proposes that "a set of wires equal in number to the letters of the alphabet, be extended horizontally between two given places" and that on the receiving side, "Let a ball be suspended from every wire" and that a paper with a letter on it be underneath each wire.[1]
- March 1 – Sweden adopts the Gregorian calendar, by skipping the 11 days difference between it and the Julian calendar, and letting February 17 be followed directly by March 1.
April–June
[edit]- April 16 – The Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 is passed by Britain's House of Lords, permitting Jewish immigrants to England to become naturalized citizens "without receiving the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper".[2] The bill, introduced by George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, passes the House of Commons on May 22.
- May 1 – Species Plantarum is published by Linnaeus (adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as the formal start date of the scientific classification of plants).
- May 22 – The Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753 passes the House of Commons and later receives royal assent from King George II.[2]
- June 6 – The Parliament of Great Britain passes Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act "for the Better Preventing of Clandestine Marriage" in England and Wales.[3] King George II adjourns Parliament the next day; the act comes into effect on March 25, 1754.
- June 7 – The British Museum is established in London, by Act of Parliament.[4]
July–September
[edit]- July 7 – The Parliament of Great Britain's Jewish Naturalization Act receives royal assent, allowing naturalization to Jews; it is repealed in 1754.
- August 6 – Russian scientist Georg Richmann becomes the first person to be electrocuted by his own equipment after he uses an insulated, but improperly grounded, lightning rod in an attempt to gather data on a thunderstorm. Richmann also becomes the first victim of ball lightning during his scientific experiment, in an attempt to replicate the experiments of American Benjamin Franklin.[5]
- August 7 – The Unity of Brethren, a branch of the Moravian Church, receives a grant the Wachovia Tract, 99,985 acres (404.62 km2) of land (approximately 157 square miles), in western North Carolina, for the benefit of German-speaking immigrants to America. The area now includes Winston-Salem, North Carolina.[6]
- August 21 – After receiving a series of warnings about incursions into land claimed by the Crown Colony of Virginia (from the colony's Lieutenant Governor, Robert Dinwiddie), the cabinet of British Prime Minister Henry Pelham votes to send a warning to Britain's colonial governors "to prevent, by Force, These and any such attempts" to encroach on their lands "that may be made by the French, or by the Indians in the French interest."[7] Britain's Secretary of State for the Southern Department, the Earl of Holderness, sends the circular order on August 28.[8]
- September 3 – Tanacharison, a chief of the Oneida people tribe that is one of the "Six Nations" of the Iroquois Confederacy, meets with French officers who have come into the Ohio and Allegheny region and warns them not to advance further into the Iroquois territory.[9]
- September 18 – Britain's Board of Trade sends a directive to the colonial and provincial governors of Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania ordering them to send delegates to a summit meeting with the Iroquois Confederacy. The message instructs the governors that King George II has ordered "a Sum of Money to be issued for Presents to the Six Nations of Indians" and ordering New York's Governor George Clinton "to hold an Interview with them for delivering these Presents, for burying the Hatchet, and for renewing the Covenant Chain with them."[10]
October–December
[edit]- October 31 – Virginia Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie commissions 21-year-old militia Major George Washington to dissuade the French from occupying the Ohio Country.
- November 12 – Spain's King Fernando VI issues a set of 25 regulations and restrictions for theatrical performances, including a requirement that the directors of the acting troupes "take the greatest care that the necessary modesty is preserved" and that the actors should be reminded that chastity requires that "indecent and provocative" dances should be avoided.[11]
- November 12 – A fire destroys the Emperor's Palace in Moscow.[12]
- November 24 – José Alfonso Pizarro completes more than four years as the Spanish Viceroy of New Granada (which comprises modern-day Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador) and is succeeded by José Solís Folch de Cardona.[13]
- November 25 – The Russian Academy of Sciences announces a competition among chemists and physicists to provide "the best explanation of the true causes of electricity including their theory", with a deadline of June 1, 1755 (on the Julian calendar used in Russia, June 12 on the Gregorian calendar used in Western Europe and the New World).[14]
- December 11 – Major George Washington and British guide Christopher Gist arrive at Fort Le Boeuf (near modern-day Waterford, Pennsylvania and the city of Erie), a French fortress built in territory claimed by the British Crown Colony of Virginia. Washington presents the fort's commander, French Army Captain Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, a message from Virginia's Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie advising that "The lands upon the Ohio River are so notoriously known to be the property of the Crown of Great Britain that it is a matter of equal concern and surprise... to hear that a body of French fortresses and making settlements upon that river, within His Majesty's dominions," adding that "It becomes my duty to require your peaceable departure." Captain Legardeur provides a reply for Washington to take to Dinwiddie, declaring that the rights of France's King Louis XV to the land "are incontestable", and refuses to back down, leading to beginning of the French and Indian War in 1754.[15]
Date unknown
[edit]- James Lind writes A Treatise of the Scurvy.
- Robert Wood publishes The ruins of Palmyra; otherwise Tedmor in the desart in English and French, making the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra known to the West.
- The Cramer family starts a brewing operation at Warstein in North Rhine-Westphalia, originating the Warsteiner brand.
Births
[edit]- February 12 – François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, French admiral (d. 1798)
- March 8 – William Roscoe, English writer (d. 1831)
- March 9 – Jean-Baptiste Kléber, French general (d. 1800)
- March 26 – Benjamin Thompson, American physicist and inventor (d. 1814)
- April 3 – Simon Willard, American horologist (d. 1848)
- April 28– Franz Karl Achard, German chemist, physicist and biologist (d. 1821)
- May 13 – Lazare Carnot, French general, politician and mathematician (d. 1823)
- June 5 – Johann Friedrich August Göttling, German chemist (d. 1809)
- July 9 – William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock, British admiral, Governor of Newfoundland (d. 1825)
- c. August 11 – Thomas Bewick, English wood engraver (d. 1828)
- September 10 – John Soane, English architect (d. 1837)
- October 27 – Jean-Baptiste de Lavalette, French general (d. 1794)
- November 6 – Jean-Baptiste Breval, French composer (d. 1823)
- November 20 – Louis-Alexandre Berthier, French marshal (d. 1815)
- November 25 – Robert Townsend, member of the Culper Spy Ring (d. 1838)[16]
- December 3 – Samuel Crompton, English inventor (d. 1827)
- date unknown
- Francesc Antoni de la Dueña y Cisneros, Spanish bishop (d. 1821)
- John Haggin, "Indian fighter", one of the earliest settlers of Kentucky (d. 1825)
- Quang Trung, Vietnamese emperor (d. 1792)
- Phillis Wheatley, African-born American poet (d. 1784)
Deaths
[edit]
- January 11 – Sir Hans Sloane, Irish-born physician and collector (b. 1660)
- January 14 – George Berkeley, Irish-born philosopher and bishop (b. 1685)
- January 23 – Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon, French royal princess, saloniste (b. 1676)
- February 16 – Giacomo Facco, Italian composer (b. 1676)
- February 22 – Eleonore of Löwenstein-Wertheim, German countess (b. 1686)
- May 23 – Franciszka Urszula Radziwiłłowa, Polish dramatist (b. 1705)
- June 7 – Archibald Cameron of Locheil, last Scottish Jacobite to be executed for treason (b. 1707)
- June 10 – Joachim Ludwig Schultheiss von Unfriedt, German architect (b. 1678)
- August 5 – Charlotta Elisabeth van der Lith, politically active Governor's wife in Surinam (b. 1700)
- August 6 – Georg Wilhelm Richmann, Russian physicist (struck by lightning) (b. 1711)
- August 19 – Balthasar Neumann, German architect and military engineer (b. 1687)
- September 20 – Johann Georg Weishaupt, German lawyer (b. 1716)
- October 12 – Sir Danvers Osborn, 3rd Baronet, British politician and governor of the Province of New York (b. 1715)
- October 26 – Margareta von Ascheberg, Swedish land owner, countess and acting regimental colonel (b. 1671)
- November 9 – Charles August, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg (1719–1753) (b. 1685)
- November 10 – Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, French naval officer and governor of Isle de France (Mauritius) (b. 1699)
- November 22 – Samuel-Jacques Bernard, French nobility (b. 1686)
- December 4 – Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, English architect (b. 1694)
- December 25 – Godolphin Arabian, Yemeni-foaled English thoroughbred stallion (b. c. 1724)
SQL
[edit]Microsoft SQL Server (and Sybase) has a minimum date value of 1/1/1753.[17]
References
[edit]- ^ Anton A. Huurdeman, The Worldwide History of Telecommunications (John Wiley & Sons, 2003) p48
- ^ a b Dana Y. Rabin, Britain and its internal others, 1750-1800: Under rule of law (Oxford University Press, 2017)
- ^ Cobbett's Parliamentary History of England: From the Norman Conquest, in 1066, to the Year, 1803, Volume 15, p86
- ^ "British Museum, General History". Archived from the original on 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
- ^ "May 10, 1752: First Experiment to Draw Electricity from Lightning". APS News. Vol. 9, no. 5. American Physical Society. 2000. p. 6.
- ^ Johanna Miller Lewis, Artisans in the North Carolina Backcountry (University Press of Kentucky, 2015) p28
- ^ Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766 (Vintage Books, 2000) p37
- ^ "French and Indian War", by Matt Schumann, in The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History, ed. by Spencer Tucker, et al. (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p310
- ^ Darrell Fields and Lorrie Fields, The Seed of a Nation: Rediscovering America (Morgan James Publishing, 2007)
- ^ William R. Nester, The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607-1755 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p42
- ^ Maurice Esses, Dance and Instrumental Diferencias in Spain During the 17th and Early 18th Centuries: History and background, music and dance (Pendragon Press, 1992) pp535-536
- ^ "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p52
- ^ David Marley, Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present (ABC-CLIO, 2008) p389
- ^ "Hallerstein and Gruber's Scientific Heritage", by Stanislav Joze Juznic, in The Circulation of Science and Technology: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference of the European Society for the History of Science (Societat Catalana d'Història de la Ciència i de la Tècnica, 2012) p358
- ^ John Hrastar, Breaking the Appalachian Barrier: Maryland as the Gateway to Ohio and the West, 1750–1850 (McFarland, 2018) p96
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (14 September 2018). American Revolution: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 1482. ISBN 978-1-85109-744-9.
- ^ "tsql - What is the significance of 1/1/1753 in SQL Server?". Stack Overflow. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
from Grokipedia
1753 (MDCCLIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, notable for institutional advancements in knowledge preservation and systematic classification in natural history, as well as early perils in electrical experimentation.[1][2]
On 7 January, the British Museum was established by an Act of Parliament, creating the first national public institution dedicated to the collection and study of human history and culture, drawing from Sir Hans Sloane's extensive library and specimens.[1] In botany, Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus published Species Plantarum on 1 May, a comprehensive catalogue applying binomial nomenclature to over 7,700 plant species, establishing the modern framework for taxonomic description and serving as the nomenclatural starting point for botanical names.[2][3]
Scientific inquiry into electricity advanced amid risks, exemplified by the death of German-Russian physicist Georg Wilhelm Richmann on 6 August in Saint Petersburg, who was struck by lightning and killed instantaneously during an attempt to measure atmospheric electricity with an insulated rod connected to a sensitive electrometer, marking the first recorded fatality from such experiments.[4]
Legislatively, Britain passed the Jewish Naturalisation Act in July, permitting Jews to apply for naturalization without receiving Anglican sacraments, though public opposition led to its repeal later that year, highlighting tensions over religious integration.[5] Sweden transitioned to the Gregorian calendar on 17 February, omitting eleven days to align with the solar year, resolving prior discrepancies from an aborted reform.[6]
Notable births included Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla on 8 May, future instigator of the Mexican War of Independence, while deaths encompassed philosopher George Berkeley on 14 January, whose immaterialist ideas influenced empiricism.[7]
Events
January–March
On January 11, 1753, a concordat was signed in Rome's Quirinal Palace between representatives of King Ferdinand VI of Spain and Pope Benedict XIV, addressing long-standing jurisdictional conflicts over ecclesiastical appointments and royal patronage rights.[8] The agreement granted the Spanish Crown universal patronage over bishoprics and archbishoprics, subject to limited exceptions, in exchange for financial support to the Holy See amounting to 2.5 million ducats, thereby strengthening monarchical control over church affairs while averting broader diplomatic rupture.[9] On January 29, 1753, Elizabeth Canning, an 18-year-old maidservant from London, reappeared at her mother's residence in Aldermanbury after vanishing on January 1 while en route from a relative's home, presenting in a severely emaciated state with claims of robbery, abduction, and confinement without food beyond bread and water.[10] Her account implicated specific individuals in harboring her against her will, prompting investigations that exposed challenges in verifying personal testimony under English legal evidentiary norms of the period.[11] On March 26, 1753, the philosopher Voltaire departed Potsdam, concluding his three-year tenure as a guest at the court of Frederick the Great of Prussia amid escalating tensions from intellectual disagreements, personal slights, and disputes over literary works such as the unauthorized publication of La Méprise d'Ésope.[12] This exit highlighted the inherent fragilities in Enlightenment-era patronage arrangements, where royal favor proved contingent on alignment with absolutist court dynamics rather than unfettered philosophical exchange.[13]April–June
On May 1, 1753, Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus published Species Plantarum, a comprehensive catalog enumerating approximately 8,000 plant species using a binomial nomenclature system that assigned each a genus and species name based on morphological characteristics observable through empirical examination.[2] [14] This work established a standardized framework for biological classification, prioritizing descriptive accuracy over prior polynomial descriptions, and served as the starting point for modern botanical taxonomy under the International Code of Nomenclature.[2] In Britain, Parliament passed the Jewish Naturalisation Act in May 1753, which allowed Jews to apply for naturalization through a private parliamentary bill without requiring Anglican sacrament adherence, though the process remained costly and restrictive.[15] The measure received royal assent on July 7 but provoked immediate public opposition, manifesting in widespread pamphlets and petitions decrying it as a threat to national religious and economic cohesion, ultimately leading to its repeal in 1754 after electoral repercussions for supporters.[16] This episode highlighted tensions between legislative intent for pragmatic inclusion and grassroots resistance rooted in established societal norms.[17] Sweden's transition to the Gregorian calendar, initiated by omitting 11 days in February 1753 (with February 17 followed directly by March 1), entered its initial operational phase during this quarter, aligning national timekeeping with astronomical precision after decades of divergence from the Julian system.[18] While the reform succeeded without the reversals of prior attempts, it required ongoing administrative adjustments to synchronize legal, ecclesiastical, and commercial records, underscoring the practical challenges of imposing empirical standardization on entrenched customs.[19]July–September
On August 6, 1753, Georg Wilhelm Richmann, a Swedish-born physicist and professor at the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, died from electrocution while conducting an experiment to measure atmospheric electricity during a thunderstorm.[4] Richmann had erected a horizontal iron rod, insulated from the ground inside his residence, connected via a wire to the rooftop to capture electrical potential from lightning; this setup aimed to quantify variations in charge using an electroscope and other instruments.[20] As thunder approached, Richmann and an accompanying engraver observed the apparatus, but a sudden discharge—possibly ball lightning or a direct strike—traveled through the ungrounded conductor, striking Richmann's forehead and causing instantaneous death, marked by a red spot and singed hair at the entry point.[21] The experiment drew inspiration from Benjamin Franklin's 1752 kite trials and sentry-box demonstrations, which had established lightning's electrical nature but lacked systematic safety measures against high-voltage propagation.[4] Richmann's apparatus, involving conductive metals without deliberate grounding or protective barriers, exemplified the inherent risks of early electrical inquiry: atmospheric charges could induce lethal currents through bodily contact with live conductors, where the body's saline fluids facilitated unimpeded flow akin to any uninsulated path.[20] This event marked the first documented human death attributable to scientific equipment, prompting immediate abandonment of similar exposed-conductor protocols across Europe and highlighting the causal necessity for empirical methods to incorporate isolation from unintended discharge paths.[4] The engraver survived unscathed, positioned farther from the apparatus, underscoring how proximity amplified vulnerability in such setups.[21] Richmann's prior contributions, including inventions like an electrophore and electrometer for detecting subtle charges, reflected a commitment to precise measurement amid nascent understandings of electricity's particulate and fluid-like behaviors.[20] Yet the fatal mishap revealed gaps in causal foresight: without grounding to shunt excess potential safely to earth or insulated handling tools, investigators exposed themselves to full discharge equivalents, where voltage gradients exceeding thousands of volts per meter overwhelmed physiological tolerances.[4] Subsequent analyses, including eyewitness reports forwarded to Franklin, emphasized the explosion-like blast accompanying the strike, which shattered nearby devices and ignited papers, further evidencing the destructive energy release from capacitive buildup in unmitigated circuits.[21] This tragedy catalyzed refinements in experimental design, prioritizing empirical validation of safety conjectures over unchecked replication of hazardous demonstrations.October–December
On October 31, Virginia Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie commissioned 21-year-old Major George Washington to deliver an ultimatum to French forces encroaching on British-claimed territory in the Ohio Country, instructing them to withdraw or face consequences.[22] This diplomatic mission underscored colonial institutional efforts to assert sovereignty amid intensifying territorial rivalries, with Washington selected for his surveying experience and reliability in frontier conditions.[23] Washington departed Williamsburg on November 1, accompanied by a small party including interpreter Jacob Van Braam and guide Christopher Gist, navigating rugged terrain and hostile weather toward Fort Le Boeuf near present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania. The expedition reached the fort on December 11, where Washington presented the letter to French commander Captain Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, who courteously rejected the demands, citing prior French occupation and superior claims.[22] The return journey commenced on December 16 amid blizzards and ice, during which Washington documented French military preparations, providing Virginia authorities with intelligence that escalated colonial alarms over French expansion.[24] On November 17, fifteen Moravian Brethren from Pennsylvania established Bethabara as a communal settlement in the Yadkin Valley of North Carolina, initiating organized religious colonization by the Moravian Church and reinforcing patterns of European institutional migration into southern frontiers.[25] This founding reflected sustained Protestant efforts to build self-sustaining communities under colonial charters, integrating economic self-reliance with communal governance structures.[25]Date unknown
Benjamin Banneker, a free African American tobacco farmer and self-taught natural philosopher born in 1731 near Baltimore, Maryland, constructed a striking clock entirely from wood circa 1753.[26] Lacking formal education or access to clocks beyond a sundial and a borrowed pocket watch, Banneker disassembled the watch to study its mechanism, then hand-carved wooden gears, wheels, and components using rudimentary tools like a pocket knife and chisel.[27] The resulting timepiece, modeled after European designs but fabricated solely with local materials, accurately struck the hours and operated reliably for over 50 years until destroyed in a fire following Banneker's death in 1806.[28] This invention demonstrated Banneker's empirical ingenuity amid colonial America's limited technological infrastructure, where clockmaking typically required imported metal parts and specialized training unavailable to rural autodidacts.[26] While not the absolute first clock built in the colonies—earlier wooden-geared examples existed, such as David Rittenhouse's circa 1749 device—Banneker's was among the earliest fully indigenous striking clocks, underscoring his independent mastery of mechanical principles without institutional support.[28] The achievement drew local attention, attracting visitors to observe its precision and foreshadowing Banneker's later astronomical calculations.[27]People
Births
c. 1753 – Phillis Wheatley, African-born poet enslaved in Boston from age seven, whose published neoclassical verse, including elegies and odes, evidenced advanced literacy acquired under the Wheatley family, prompting examinations by Boston notables to affirm authorship amid skepticism of enslaved intellectual aptitude.[29][30] May 8 – Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, Creole priest in Guanajuato, whose 1810 call to arms against Spanish colonial extraction and caste restrictions initiated widespread rural uprisings, marking the onset of Mexico's independence struggle despite his execution the following year.[31][32] August 10 – Edmund Randolph, Virginia lawyer and statesman who presented the Virginia Plan at the 1787 Constitutional Convention, advocating proportional representation and executive veto, later serving as first U.S. Attorney General under Washington.[33][34] November 16 – James McHenry, Irish immigrant physician who aided Continental Army surgeons during the Revolutionary War, signed the U.S. Constitution as Maryland delegate, and as Secretary of War under Adams oversaw early naval expansion against French threats.[35]Deaths
January 11 – Sir Hans Sloane (b. 1660), Irish physician and naturalist, died in London from age-related paralysis at 92. His amassed collection of over 71,000 specimens in natural history, ethnography, and antiquities provided the empirical foundation for the British Museum upon his bequest to the nation.[36][37] January 14 – George Berkeley (b. 1685), Anglo-Irish philosopher and Bishop of Cloyne, died in Oxford from a heart attack at 67 while listening to readings with his family. His works, including critiques of Lockean materialism via A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710), prioritized sensory perception as evidence against unobservable causal mechanisms, shaping empiricist philosophy's focus on observable phenomena.[38][7] July 26 – Georg Wilhelm Richmann (b. 1711), German-born physicist in Russian service, died in St. Petersburg at 42 after being struck by ball lightning during an atmospheric electricity experiment with a grounded rod and electroscope. This incident marked the first documented human fatality from electrical experimentation, underscoring risks in empirical investigation of natural forces like lightning.[4] August 19 – Johann Balthasar Neumann (b. 1687), German Baroque and Rococo architect and military engineer, died in Würzburg at 66. His designs, such as the Würzburg Residence's grand staircase integrating structural vaults with decorative engineering, demonstrated patronage-driven advancements in load-bearing architecture using empirical geometric calculations.[39]Modern references
In computing
January 1, 1753, serves as the minimum value for thedatetime data type in Microsoft SQL Server, a design choice originating from its Sybase ASE predecessor.[40] This date marks the beginning of the first complete year following the British Empire's adoption of the Gregorian calendar via the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, which took effect in 1752 by omitting eleven days (September 3–13) to reconcile the Julian calendar's accumulated drift of approximately eleven days.[41][42]
The selection avoids computational ambiguities in pre-1753 dates, where Julian and Gregorian reckonings diverged, potentially leading to errors in leap year calculations—such as treating 1700 as a leap year under Julian rules but not Gregorian—or inconsistent interpretations across regions still using the old style.[40][43] Sybase engineers prioritized this cutoff for reliable date arithmetic and storage efficiency in enterprise systems, forgoing support for earlier eras despite rare needs for dates before 1753, which could arise from input errors like mistyping 2009 as 0009.[44][45] Microsoft retained this range upon adapting Sybase's engine in the late 1980s, extending it forward to December 31, 9999, while later introducing types like date and datetime2 with broader ranges for modern applications.[46]