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July 2: Dutch Republic defeats Kingdom of Spain in the Battle of Nieuwpoort.
1600 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1600
MDC
Ab urbe condita2353
Armenian calendar1049
ԹՎ ՌԽԹ
Assyrian calendar6350
Balinese saka calendar1521–1522
Bengali calendar1006–1007
Berber calendar2550
English Regnal year42 Eliz. 1 – 43 Eliz. 1
Buddhist calendar2144
Burmese calendar962
Byzantine calendar7108–7109
Chinese calendar己亥年 (Earth Pig)
4297 or 4090
    — to —
庚子年 (Metal Rat)
4298 or 4091
Coptic calendar1316–1317
Discordian calendar2766
Ethiopian calendar1592–1593
Hebrew calendar5360–5361
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1656–1657
 - Shaka Samvat1521–1522
 - Kali Yuga4700–4701
Holocene calendar11600
Igbo calendar600–601
Iranian calendar978–979
Islamic calendar1008–1009
Japanese calendarKeichō 5
(慶長５年)
Javanese calendar1520–1521
Julian calendarGregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar3933
Minguo calendar312 before ROC
民前312年
Nanakshahi calendar132
Thai solar calendar2142–2143
Tibetan calendarས་མོ་ཕག་ལོ་
(female Earth-Boar)
1726 or 1345 or 573
    — to —
ལྕགས་ཕོ་བྱི་བ་ལོ་
(male Iron-Rat)
1727 or 1346 or 574

1600 (MDC) was a century leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1600th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 600th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 16th century, and the 1st year of the 1600s decade. As of the start of 1600, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

The year 1600 was the end of the 16th century and the start of the 17th century. In the Gregorian calendar, it was the first century leap year and the last until the year 2000.

Events

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January–March

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April–June

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July–September

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  • July 2 – Eighty Years' War (Dutch War of Independence) – Battle of Nieuwpoort: The Dutch Republic gains a tactical victory over the Spanish Empire.[6]
  • August 5 – The brothers Alexander Ruthven and John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, are killed during a failed attempt to kidnap or murder King James VI of Scotland at their home.
  • September 18 – The Battle of Mirăslău takes place within Transylvania as Hungarian troops, backed by the Holy Roman Empire, triumph over the Principality of Wallachia, backed by Poland. Hungarian General Giorgio Basta brings 30,000 men against the 22,000 commanded by Wallachia's ruler Michael the Brave. The Wallachians sustain more than 5,000 dead and wounded.
  • September 24 – All 130 crew of the Dutch Republic ship Hoop die when the merchantman sinks in a storm while traveling in the Pacific Ocean between the Hawaiian Islands and Japan.[7] The Liefde, a ship accompanying Hoop, is badly damaged but survives; all but 24 of its crew of more than 100 die from starvation and thirst after drifting more than six months before arriving in Japan on April 19, 1601.

October–December

[edit]

Date unknown

[edit]

World population

[edit]
Main article: List of countries by population in 1600

Births

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John Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Weimar
Charles I of England

January–March

[edit]

April–June

[edit]

July–September

[edit]
Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg

October–December

[edit]

Date unknown

[edit]

Probable

[edit]

Deaths

[edit]
Sebastian de Aparicio
Shima Sakon
Richard Hooker
Margrave Andrew of Burgau

January–March

[edit]

April–June

[edit]

July–September

[edit]

October–December

[edit]

Full date missing

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

1600

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The year 1600 witnessed pivotal developments in warfare, philosophy, commerce, and science that reshaped political landscapes and intellectual pursuits across and Asia. In , the executed the philosopher on February 17 for persistent heresy, including denial of core Christian doctrines such as and the divinity of Christ, amid his advocacy for an infinite universe and pantheistic views. On July 2, Dutch forces under Maurice of Nassau achieved a hard-fought victory over Spanish troops at the during the , demonstrating innovative infantry tactics and temporarily shifting momentum toward the United Provinces in their revolt against Habsburg rule. In , physician William Gilbert published De Magnete, a groundbreaking treatise establishing the Earth's magnetic nature through systematic experiments with lodestones, distinguishing from mere attraction and laying empirical groundwork for later geophysical and navigational insights. The English received its on December 31, granting a monopoly on trade with the and initiating sustained British mercantile ventures; it would grow into history's most powerful corporation, ruling millions, commanding private armies larger than Britain's, and dominating global trade for over 250 years. Farther east, the on October 21 proved decisive in Japan's , where Tokugawa Ieyasu's Eastern Army defeated the Western coalition led by , enabling Ieyasu to consolidate power and establish the that enforced over two centuries of relative stability and isolationism. These events underscored a era of consolidation amid religious strife, military innovation, and exploratory enterprise, with lasting causal impacts on and global interconnections.

Events

January–March

On , 1600, the Kingdom of Scotland officially adopted as the start of the civil year, shifting from the previous practice of beginning the year on , in alignment with practices in and much of . February 1600 featured several notable deaths among intellectuals and artists. On February 13, Gian Paolo Lomazzo, an Italian Mannerist painter and art theorist renowned for his treatise Idea del tempio della pittura (1590), which analyzed artistic techniques and proportions, died in at age 61, likely from natural causes associated with advanced age and prior blindness. On February 15, José de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit priest, missionary, and natural historian who chronicled indigenous cultures and natural phenomena in his Historia natural y moral de las Indias (1590), based on his fieldwork in and , died around age 59, with no specific cause documented beyond natural decline. The most prominent execution of the quarter occurred on , when Italian philosopher, mathematician, poet, and former Dominican friar was burned at the stake in Rome's by order of the , following an eight-year trial convicting him of multiple heresies, including denial of Christ's divinity, rejection of , and advocacy for an infinite, heliocentric universe without a fixed center, as detailed in works like De l'infinito, universo e mondi (1584). Bruno's cosmological views, influenced by Copernicus and , posited countless worlds and rejected Aristotelian geocentrism, positioning him as a key figure in the transition toward modern science, though his pantheistic theology contributed to the Inquisition's verdict. His final words to the judges reportedly were: 'You fear passing that sentence more than I fear receiving it.' No major recorded deaths of comparable historical figures occurred in January or March 1600, reflecting a relatively quiet period for such losses amid ongoing European conflicts and explorations.

April–June

On April 3, was proclaimed for the second time by an assembly of nobles at Kolozsvár (modern Cluj-Napoca, ), amid ongoing power struggles in the region following his abdication the previous year. The Ottoman poet Mahmud Abdülbâkî, renowned for his mastery of divan poetry and close ties to the imperial court under Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, died on April 7 in at age 74. On April 19, the Dutch ship Liefde (Love), under navigator Jacob Quaekernaeck and English pilot William Adams, became the first European vessel to reach , arriving at Usuki Bay after surviving a Spanish-Portuguese ; Adams later advised , influencing early Dutch-Japanese relations. In the , a Dutch fleet of 22 warships under Admiral Jacob van Heemskerck launched a surprise attack on April 25 at , destroying or capturing 23 Spanish and Portuguese galleons anchored there, including several treasure ships, and killing over 2,000 enemy sailors while suffering minimal losses. This raid disrupted Spanish silver shipments from the and boosted Dutch naval confidence.

July–September

On 2 July, Dutch and English forces under the command of , engaged and defeated a led by Archduke Albert at the in the dunes along the Flemish coast during the . The Dutch army, numbering approximately 7,000-8,000 infantry and 1,200 cavalry, repelled multiple Spanish assaults despite being outnumbered and caught in a vulnerable position after landing from the sea. Spanish losses exceeded 2,500 killed or wounded, including many tercios veterans, while allied casualties totaled around 1,000 dead and 1,500 wounded. On 5 August, the Gowrie Conspiracy occurred in , involving brothers John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, and Alexander Ruthven, who lured King James VI to Ruthven Castle under false pretenses of capturing a supposed Moorish agent with hidden treasure; the plot was thwarted when royal attendants intervened, resulting in the deaths of both brothers and several accomplices. James VI declared the event a treasonous assassination attempt, leading to the execution of associates and the forfeiture of the Gowrie titles. In , amid the , the Battle of Mirăslău on 18 saw Hungarian and Transylvanian forces under Prince defeat the Wallachian army led by , inflicting heavy losses and weakening Michael's position in his campaigns for regional unification. Michael escaped but lost control over key territories, highlighting the fragile alliances among Christian states against Ottoman expansion. Notable natural deaths included that of Arent van Dorp, Dutch governor of East , on 2 at approximately age 70, and Czech astronomer and physician Tadeáš Hájek on 1 at age 74, whose works on comets and contributed to early scientific observation amid ongoing religious and political strife.

October–December

On October 6, Jacopo Peri's Euridice, with libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini, premiered at the Pitti Palace in during wedding celebrations for and , representing the earliest known still in existence and a milestone in the transition from to . On October 8, the Republic of adopted its first written , the "Ordinationes Regiminis Reipublicae Sancti Marini," which established a system of two elected every six months by the Grand and General Council, a framework that has endured with minimal changes. On October 16, Dutch navigator Olivier van Noort's expedition reached the , continuing the first Dutch of the globe, which involved conflicts with Spanish forces and marked an early assertion of Dutch maritime ambitions against Iberian dominance in the . , the English theologian whose Of the Laws of systematically defended the Church of England's moderate position—upholding scripture as primary authority while integrating reason, tradition, and against Puritan demands for presbyterian restructuring and Roman Catholic claims of absolute —died on November 2 after contracting a severe cold during a river journey from to ; he had completed only eight books of his planned multi-volume work, with the final posthumously edited. Hooker's arguments emphasized the church's autonomy from civil magistrate overreach and rejected radical , influencing subsequent Anglican thought by prioritizing ordered liberty over sectarian extremes.

Date unknown

Two English gentlewomen surnamed Wells, adherents to Catholicism amid ongoing , died in prison during 1600, with exact dates unrecorded. They were among recusants who faced confinement and hardship for refusing Anglican conformity under Queen Elizabeth I, contributing to the tally of lay confessors who perished from imprisonment rather than formal execution. Such cases highlight the systemic pressures on Catholic , where records and prison logs often omitted precise timings due to administrative neglect or deliberate opacity in handling nonconformists.

Scientific and Intellectual Developments

Astronomical and Mathematical Advances

In 1600, Danish astronomer possessed the most accurate dataset of planetary positions obtained through naked-eye observations, including detailed measurements of Mars' spanning 1582 to 1600, with angular precision approaching 1 arcminute due to custom-built instruments like mural quadrants and sextants. These data rejected prior assumptions of perfect by revealing residual deviations that demanded non-circular explanations, prioritizing empirical discrepancies over geometric ideals. Johannes Kepler, upon gaining access to Brahe's Mars observations in 1600 while assisting in , initiated systematic analysis using geometric triangulation to plot the planet's heliocentric positions relative to Earth-based sightings, marking an early application of data-driven orbital determination independent of telescopic aid. This work exposed inconsistencies in Copernican circular orbits, as Mars' path required adjustments exceeding allowable epicyclic tolerances, compelling Kepler toward empirical curve-fitting methods that foreshadowed elliptical solutions derived solely from observational residuals. The collaboration's emphasis on raw positional data over theoretical preconceptions provided a causal foundation for challenging geocentric orthodoxy, as Brahe's records quantified and opposition angles with fidelity unattainable by earlier catalogs like Ptolemy's . No major independent mathematical innovations emerged in 1600, but Kepler's preliminary computations integrated proportional reasoning and iterative approximation to reconcile observations, advancing quantitative astronomy's methodological rigor.

Magnetic and Physical Discoveries

In 1600, English physician William Gilbert published , Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure (On the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies, and on That Great Magnet the ), a treatise establishing as a fundamental physical property of the through systematic experimentation. Gilbert, who served as physician to Queen Elizabeth I, drew on over 18 years of observations to argue that the functions as a spherical , with its directing needles toward the poles. This work marked a shift from qualitative speculation to quantitative empirical methods, prioritizing verifiable demonstrations over inherited philosophical doctrines. Central to Gilbert's findings were his terrella experiments, in which he fashioned small spheres from lodestone—a naturally magnetic iron ore—and magnetized them to replicate the Earth's form. By placing versoria (pivot-mounted magnetic needles) near these e, Gilbert measured variations in and , observing how needles aligned parallel to the sphere's surface rather than radially, thus mirroring behavior at different latitudes. These tests, conducted with precise including dip circles and inclination compasses, demonstrated that the Earth's magnetic poles coincide with its geographic poles and that terrestrial alone accounts for navigational phenomena, without invoking external forces. Gilbert's approach yielded specific data, such as the near-vertical dip of needles at the terrella's poles (approaching 90 degrees) and horizontal alignment at the , providing causal evidence for the planet's uniform magnetic polarity. Gilbert explicitly rejected prevailing theories attributing compass orientation to celestial influences, such as attraction to stellar poles or the rotation of a cosmic , arguing that the vast distances involved rendered such effects negligible. Instead, he posited as an intrinsic, co-extensive property of ferruginous matter within the , akin to but capable of both attraction and repulsion, thereby grounding explanations in observable terrestrial . This dismissal of Aristotelian elemental sympathies and astrological agencies laid empirical foundations for subsequent advancements in physics, influencing figures like Kepler and Newton by validating experimentation as the arbiter of natural causes. Gilbert's insistence on direct testing over authority-based conjecture anticipated the mechanistic worldview, treating the not as animated by qualities but as a body governed by discoverable laws.

Philosophical and Theological Controversies

In 1600, the executed on February 17 for persistent , as documented in the trial , which enumerated eight specific charges including denial of the Trinity's distinct persons, rejection of , opposition to the of Mary in , and denial of hell's eternal punishments. These doctrinal deviations stemmed from Bruno's pantheistic philosophy, which equated the divine essence with the universe, thereby collapsing the Creator-creation distinction central to Catholic orthodoxy and implying an infinite, self-sustaining cosmos without need for divine transcendence. Bruno's cosmological speculations, such as an infinite universe with myriad worlds, were not formally charged as heretical— itself remained uncondemned until 1616—but served as philosophical corollaries to his theological errors, underscoring the Inquisition's prioritization of safeguarding revealed truths over speculative . This enforcement exemplified the causal imperative of ecclesiastical authorities to excise views eroding foundational creeds, as Bruno's refusal to recant despite opportunities for mercy affirmed his obstinacy under , leading to the penalty of after garroting to mitigate suffering. Contemporary narratives often misattribute the execution to proto-scientific opposition, yet primary inquisitorial documents reveal the core conflict as metaphysical: Bruno's hermetic and magical influences blurred with natural emanations, threatening the finite, contingent creation affirmed in Scripture and patristic . Catholic apologists, drawing from trial summaries preserved in Vatican archives, emphasize that such actions preserved communal fidelity to empirical scriptural witness against syncretic esotericism, countering modern secular interpretations that project anachronistic "science versus " binaries unsupported by the charges. Amid Catholic doctrinal rigor, Lutheran confessions continued to reinforce orthodoxy against internal syncretism and external pressures from Catholic and Reformed theologians. The Book of Concord (1580), compiling key documents like the Augsburg Confession and Formula of Concord, maintained emphasis on sola scriptura as the sole infallible rule, rejecting traditionary accretions and cryptographic kenoticism that diluted Christ's two natures. In the late sixteenth century, including 1600, these texts countered adiaphoristic compromises—indifferent practices that risked conceding scriptural essentials—and upheld predestination's scriptural basis against emerging Arminian divergences, prioritizing textual literalism over philosophical rationalizations. Lutheran theologians, building on Martin Chemnitz's examinations, critiqued Reformed eucharistic symbolism as undermining the real presence's empirical assurance in the words of institution, fostering confessional unity amid Holy Roman Empire politics that tempted ecumenical dilution. This fidelity to propositional revelation, evidenced in unaltered scriptural exegesis, illustrated a parallel commitment to doctrinal boundaries, where deviations invited causal fragmentation of ecclesial witness akin to Bruno's cosmological-pantheist fusion.

Demography

Global Population Estimates

Estimates of the global population around 1600, compiled by historical demographers using regional es, tax records, and settlement data, place the total at approximately 545 million. Alternative reconstructions, accounting for variances in archival coverage, suggest a range of 500 to 600 million, reflecting the challenges of pre-modern data scarcity and the absence of comprehensive global es. These figures indicate slow growth from earlier centuries, constrained by pre-industrial agricultural yields, periodic famines, and high mortality from disease, with annual rates below 0.1 percent. Asia accounted for the largest share, exceeding 60 percent of the world total, due to advanced and cultivation enabling higher densities in fertile river valleys. In Ming , population neared 150 million by the late , supported by double-cropping techniques and bureaucratic household registrations that facilitated grain taxation and distribution. The , under Mughal administration, sustained around 145 million, bolstered by monsoon-dependent and extensive networks documented in imperial revenue surveys. , by comparison, held about 80 to 100 million, with denser clusters in the and derived from parish and manorial records. The exhibited stark sparsity, with populations estimated at 5 to 10 million, a fraction of pre-Columbian levels following catastrophic declines from epidemics introduced via Spanish and Portuguese contact since 1492. African figures hovered around 50 to 100 million, inferred from slave trade manifests and kingdom tributes, while remained under 2 million amid isolated island ecologies. Such distributions underscore agrarian productivity as the primary driver of demographic concentration, with trade records from ports like and providing cross-verification for interregional flows.

Regional Demographic Notes

Europe's population reached approximately 90 million by 1600, reflecting a recovery to and slightly beyond pre-Black Death levels after recurrent plague epidemics that had previously halved continental numbers in the fourteenth century. This rebound was tempered in regions scarred by Reformation-era conflicts, such as the (1562–1598) and the ongoing Dutch Revolt (1568–1648), which caused excess mortality through combat, famine, and displacement, particularly in France and the . Urbanization rates exceeded rural norms in the , where dense networks of trading cities like and supported 20–30% of the regional population in non-agricultural pursuits, far above the European average. Italy exhibited similar concentrations, with its 11–13 million inhabitants clustered in prosperous centers such as (around 150,000 residents) and , sustaining higher densities amid post-plague agricultural intensification. Asia's regional demographics contrasted with Europe's volatility, maintaining relative stability under imperial structures; the in oversaw 125–160 million people, leveraging extensive canal irrigation and granary systems to buffer against localized scarcities. The commanded a comparable scale, governing roughly 100–150 million across the through efficient land revenue collection that funded infrastructure and minimized widespread disruptions. These centralized mechanisms enabled denser rural settlements and steady urban growth in cores like the Yangzi Delta and Gangetic Plain, diverging from Europe's war-induced fluctuations.

Births

January–March

On January 1, 1600, the Kingdom of Scotland officially adopted January 1 as the start of the civil year, shifting from the previous practice of beginning the year on , in alignment with practices in and much of . February 1600 featured several notable deaths among intellectuals and artists. On February 13, Gian Paolo Lomazzo, an Italian Mannerist painter and art theorist renowned for his treatise Idea del tempio della pittura (1590), which analyzed artistic techniques and proportions, died in at age 61, likely from natural causes associated with advanced age and prior blindness. On February 15, José de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit priest, missionary, and natural historian who chronicled indigenous cultures and natural phenomena in his Historia natural y moral de las Indias (1590), based on his fieldwork in and , died around age 59, with no specific cause documented beyond natural decline. The most prominent execution of the quarter occurred on , when Italian philosopher, mathematician, poet, and former Dominican friar was burned at the stake in Rome's by order of the , following an eight-year trial convicting him of multiple heresies, including denial of Christ's divinity, rejection of , and advocacy for an infinite, heliocentric universe without a fixed center, as detailed in works like De l'infinito, universo e mondi (1584). 's cosmological views, influenced by Copernicus and , posited countless worlds and rejected Aristotelian geocentrism, positioning him as a key figure in the transition toward modern science, though his pantheistic theology contributed to the Inquisition's verdict. No major recorded deaths of comparable historical figures occurred in January or March 1600, reflecting a relatively quiet period for such losses amid ongoing European conflicts and explorations.

April–June

On April 3, was proclaimed for the second time by an assembly of nobles at Kolozsvár (modern Cluj-Napoca, Romania), amid ongoing power struggles in the region following his abdication the previous year. The Ottoman poet Mahmud Abdülbâkî, renowned for his mastery of divan poetry and close ties to the imperial court under Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, died on April 7 in at age 74. On April 19, the Dutch ship Liefde (Love), under navigator Jacob Quaekernaeck and English pilot William Adams, became the first European vessel to reach , arriving at Usuki Bay after surviving a Spanish-Portuguese ; Adams later advised , influencing early Dutch-Japanese relations. In the , a Dutch fleet of 22 warships under Admiral Jacob van Heemskerck launched a surprise attack on April 25 at , destroying or capturing 23 Spanish and Portuguese galleons anchored there, including several treasure ships, and killing over 2,000 enemy sailors while suffering minimal losses. This raid disrupted Spanish silver shipments from the and boosted Dutch naval confidence.

July–September

On 2 July, Dutch and English forces under the command of , engaged and defeated a led by Archduke Albert at the in the dunes along the Flemish coast during the . The Dutch army, numbering approximately 7,000-8,000 infantry and 1,200 cavalry, repelled multiple Spanish assaults despite being outnumbered and caught in a vulnerable position after landing from the sea. Spanish losses exceeded 2,500 killed or wounded, including many tercios veterans, while allied casualties totaled around 1,000 dead and 1,500 wounded. On 5 August, the Gowrie Conspiracy occurred in , involving brothers John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, and Alexander Ruthven, who lured King James VI to Ruthven Castle under false pretenses of capturing a supposed Moorish agent with hidden treasure; the plot was thwarted when royal attendants intervened, resulting in the deaths of both brothers and several accomplices. James VI declared the event a treasonous assassination attempt, leading to the execution of associates and the forfeiture of the Gowrie titles. In , amid the , the Battle of Mirăslău on 18 September saw Hungarian and Transylvanian forces under Prince defeat the Wallachian army led by , inflicting heavy losses and weakening Michael's position in his campaigns for regional unification. Michael escaped but lost control over key territories, highlighting the fragile alliances among Christian states against Ottoman expansion. Notable natural deaths included that of Arent van Dorp, Dutch governor of East Zeeland, on 2 August at approximately age 70, and Czech astronomer and physician Tadeáš Hájek on 1 September at age 74, whose works on comets and contributed to early scientific observation amid ongoing religious and political strife.

October–December

On October 6, Jacopo Peri's Euridice, with libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini, premiered at the Pitti Palace in during wedding celebrations for and , representing the earliest known still in existence and a milestone in the transition from to . On October 8, the Republic of adopted its first written , the "Ordinationes Regiminis Reipublicae Sancti Marini," which established a system of two elected every six months by the Grand and General Council, a framework that has endured with minimal changes. On October 16, Dutch navigator Olivier van Noort's expedition reached the , continuing the first Dutch of the globe, which involved conflicts with Spanish forces and marked an early assertion of Dutch maritime ambitions against Iberian dominance in the . , the English theologian whose Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity systematically defended the Church of England's moderate position—upholding scripture as primary authority while integrating reason, tradition, and against Puritan demands for presbyterian restructuring and Roman Catholic claims of absolute —died on November 2 after contracting a severe cold during a river journey from to ; he had completed only eight books of his planned multi-volume work, with the final posthumously edited. Hooker's arguments emphasized the church's autonomy from civil magistrate overreach and rejected radical , influencing subsequent Anglican thought by prioritizing ordered liberty over sectarian extremes.

Date unknown

Two English gentlewomen surnamed Wells, adherents to Catholicism amid ongoing , died in prison during 1600, with exact dates unrecorded. They were among recusants who faced confinement and hardship for refusing Anglican conformity under Queen Elizabeth I, contributing to the tally of lay confessors who perished from imprisonment rather than formal execution. Such cases highlight the systemic pressures on Catholic , where records and prison logs often omitted precise timings due to administrative neglect or deliberate opacity in handling nonconformists.

Deaths

January–March

On January 1, 1600, the Kingdom of officially adopted January 1 as the start of the civil year, shifting from the previous practice of beginning the year on , in alignment with practices in and much of . February 1600 featured several notable deaths among intellectuals and artists. On February 13, Gian Paolo Lomazzo, an Italian Mannerist painter and art theorist renowned for his treatise Idea del tempio della pittura (1590), which analyzed artistic techniques and proportions, died in at age 61, likely from natural causes associated with advanced age and prior blindness. On February 15, José de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit priest, missionary, and natural historian who chronicled indigenous cultures and natural phenomena in his Historia natural y moral de las Indias (1590), based on his fieldwork in and , died around age 59, with no specific cause documented beyond natural decline. The most prominent execution of the quarter occurred on , when Italian philosopher, mathematician, poet, and former Dominican friar was burned at the stake in Rome's by order of the , following an eight-year trial convicting him of multiple heresies, including denial of Christ's divinity, rejection of , and advocacy for an infinite, heliocentric universe without a fixed center, as detailed in works like De l'infinito, universo e mondi (1584). 's cosmological views, influenced by Copernicus and , posited countless worlds and rejected Aristotelian geocentrism, positioning him as a key figure in the transition toward modern science, though his pantheistic theology contributed to the Inquisition's verdict. No major recorded deaths of comparable historical figures occurred in January or March 1600, reflecting a relatively quiet period for such losses amid ongoing European conflicts and explorations.

April–June

On April 3, was proclaimed for the second time by an assembly of nobles at Kolozsvár (modern Cluj-Napoca, Romania), amid ongoing power struggles in the region following his the previous year. The Ottoman poet Mahmud Abdülbâkî, renowned for his mastery of divan poetry and close ties to the imperial court under Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, died on April 7 in at age 74. On April 19, the Dutch ship Liefde (Love), under navigator Jacob Quaekernaeck and English pilot William Adams, became the first European vessel to reach , arriving at Usuki Bay after surviving a Spanish-Portuguese ; Adams later advised , influencing early Dutch-Japanese relations. In the , a Dutch fleet of 22 warships under Admiral Jacob van Heemskerck launched a surprise attack on April 25 at , destroying or capturing 23 Spanish and Portuguese galleons anchored there, including several treasure ships, and killing over 2,000 enemy sailors while suffering minimal losses. This raid disrupted Spanish silver shipments from the and boosted Dutch naval confidence.

July–September

On 2 July, Dutch and English forces under the command of , engaged and defeated a led by Archduke Albert at the in the dunes along the Flemish coast during the . The Dutch army, numbering approximately 7,000-8,000 infantry and 1,200 cavalry, repelled multiple Spanish assaults despite being outnumbered and caught in a vulnerable position after landing from the sea. Spanish losses exceeded 2,500 killed or wounded, including many tercios veterans, while allied casualties totaled around 1,000 dead and 1,500 wounded. On 5 August, the Gowrie Conspiracy occurred in , involving brothers John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, and Alexander Ruthven, who lured King James VI to Ruthven Castle under false pretenses of capturing a supposed Moorish agent with hidden treasure; the plot was thwarted when royal attendants intervened, resulting in the deaths of both brothers and several accomplices. James VI declared the event a treasonous attempt, leading to the execution of associates and the forfeiture of the Gowrie titles. In , amid the , the Battle of Mirăslău on 18 September saw Hungarian and Transylvanian forces under Prince defeat the Wallachian army led by , inflicting heavy losses and weakening Michael's position in his campaigns for regional unification. Michael escaped but lost control over key territories, highlighting the fragile alliances among Christian states against Ottoman expansion. Notable natural deaths included that of Arent van Dorp, Dutch governor of East Zeeland, on 2 August at approximately age 70, and Czech astronomer and physician Tadeáš Hájek on 1 September at age 74, whose works on comets and contributed to early scientific observation amid ongoing religious and political strife.

October–December

On October 6, Jacopo Peri's Euridice, with libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini, premiered at the Pitti Palace in during wedding celebrations for and , representing the earliest known still in existence and a milestone in the transition from to . On October 8, the Republic of adopted its first written , the "Ordinationes Regiminis Reipublicae Sancti Marini," which established a system of two elected every six months by the Grand and General Council, a framework that has endured with minimal changes. On October 16, Dutch navigator Olivier van Noort's expedition reached the , continuing the first Dutch of the globe, which involved conflicts with Spanish forces and marked an early assertion of Dutch maritime ambitions against Iberian dominance in the . , the English theologian whose Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity systematically defended the Church of England's moderate position—upholding scripture as primary authority while integrating reason, tradition, and against Puritan demands for presbyterian restructuring and Roman Catholic claims of absolute —died on November 2 after contracting a severe cold during a river journey from to ; he had completed only eight books of his planned multi-volume work, with the final posthumously edited. Hooker's arguments emphasized the church's autonomy from civil magistrate overreach and rejected radical , influencing subsequent Anglican thought by prioritizing ordered liberty over sectarian extremes.

Date unknown

Two English gentlewomen surnamed Wells, adherents to Catholicism amid ongoing , died in during 1600, with exact dates unrecorded. They were among recusants who faced confinement and hardship for refusing Anglican under Queen Elizabeth I, contributing to the tally of lay confessors who perished from imprisonment rather than formal execution. Such cases highlight the systemic pressures on Catholic , where records and logs often omitted precise timings due to administrative neglect or deliberate opacity in handling nonconformists.

References

  1. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/giordano-bruno-executed
  2. https://www.famous-trials.com/bruno/261-home
  3. https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/shifting-sands-of-nieuwpoort/
  4. https://www.ospreypublishing.com/ca/osprey-blog/2019/nieuwpoort-1600/
  5. https://nationalmaglab.org/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/pioneers/william-gilbert/
  6. https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/projects/gilbert/works/demagnete.htm
  7. http://www.thebritisheastindiacompany.com/history1600.html
  8. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/british-east-india-company
  9. https://www.history.com/articles/east-india-company-england-trade
  10. https://www.rmg.co.uk/national-maritime-museum/attractions/traders-east-india-company-asia
  11. https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/b06916/
  12. https://visitgifu.com/sekigahara/sekigahara-01/
  13. https://www.onthisday.com/events/date/1600
  14. https://www.onthisday.com/deaths/date/1600
  15. https://historyforatheists.com/2017/05/giordano-bruno-gaspar-schoppes-account-of-his-condemnation/
  16. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Baki
  17. https://www.britannica.com/event/Eighty-Years-War
  18. https://balagan.info/battle-of-nieuport-2-july-1600
  19. https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usfeatures/timeline/to1640.html
  20. https://www.onthisday.com/date/1600/september
  21. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/richard-hooker
  22. https://www.booksataglance.com/author-interviews/interview-bradford-littlejohn-richard-hooker/
  23. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05474a.htm
  24. https://observablehq.com/%40christophe-yamahata/visualizing-tycho-brahe-s-astronomical-observations-mars
  25. https://w3.lnf.infn.it/tychos-data/?lang=en
  26. https://faculty.uca.edu/saustin/3110/mars.pdf
  27. https://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/weinberg.21/A161/lecture6.html
  28. https://philpapers.org/rec/CARWGM
  29. https://snews.bnl.gov/popsci/tycho-kepler.html
  30. https://www.qeios.com/read/0EEG86.2
  31. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/seg/books/edited-volume/980/chapter/106863448/De-Magnete
  32. https://www.theiet.org/membership/library-and-archives/the-iet-archives/archives-highlights/earth-the-magnet-william-gilberts-terrella
  33. https://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/earthmag/NSTA1B.htm
  34. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/literature-and-writing/de-magnete
  35. https://www.catholic.com/magazine/print-edition/how-fact-becomes-anti-catholic-fiction
  36. https://www.ncregister.com/blog/the-truth-about-giordano-bruno
  37. https://thebookofconcord.org/introductory-materials/historical-introductions/controversies-following-the-interim-and-settled-by-the-formula-of-concord/
  38. https://www.britannica.com/topic/adiaphorism
  39. https://lutheranreformation.org/history/how-formula-concord-came-to-be/
  40. https://witness.lcms.org/2024/martin-chemnitz/
  41. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/international-programs/historical-est-worldpop.html
  42. https://www.prb.org/articles/how-many-people-have-ever-lived-on-earth/
  43. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/chinas-population-boom
  44. https://www.medievalists.net/2022/11/what-was-the-population-of-medieval-south-asia-new-study-gives-estimates/
  45. https://www.tomrichey.net/uploads/3/2/1/0/32100773/achiever_ap_euro_2e_chapter_5.pdf
  46. https://marroninstitute.nyu.edu/uploads/content/BBB_May2020.pdf
  47. https://colorado.pressbooks.pub/europesince1600concise/chapter/chapter-1-religious-wars/
  48. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/city-and-society-in-the-low-countries-11001600/economic-vitality-urbanisation-regional-complementarity-and-european-interaction/E91E21BC0ED6C06E7D13A4C9DB93BDA3
  49. https://www.ifo.de/sites/default/files/docbase/docs/cesifo1_wp1893.pdf
  50. https://louis.pressbooks.pub/worldciv2/chapter/chapter-1-the-world-at-1500/
  51. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/how-the-east-was-won/rise-of-asias-terrestrial-empires/67667B584C532F0E74B420625A0080AF
  52. https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-344
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