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November 12
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November 12 is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 49 days remain until the end of the year.
Events
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 954 – The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom.[1]
- 1028 – Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros.[2]
- 1330 – Battle of Posada ends: Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army by ambush.[3]
- 1439 – Plymouth becomes the first town incorporated by the English Parliament.
1601–1900
[edit]- 1835 – Construction is completed on the Wilberforce Monument in Kingston Upon Hull.[4]
- 1892 – Pudge Heffelfinger becomes the first professional American football player on record, participating in his first paid game for the Allegheny Athletic Association.
- 1893 – Abdur Rahman Khan accepts the Durand Line as the border between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj.
1901–present
[edit]- 1905 – Norway holds a referendum resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country.[5]
- 1912 – First Balkan War: King George I of Greece makes a triumphal entry into Thessaloniki after its liberation from 482 years of Ottoman rule.
- 1912 – The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica.[6]
- 1918 – Dissolution of Austria-Hungary: Austria becomes a republic.[7] After the proclamation, a coup attempt by the communist Red Guard is defeated by the social-democratic Volkswehr.[8]
- 1920 – The 1920 Cork hunger strike by Irish republicans ends after three deaths.[9]
- 1920 – Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo.
- 1927 – Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin in undisputed control of the Soviet Union.
- 1928 – SS Vestris sinks approximately 200 miles (320 km) off Hampton Roads, Virginia, killing at least 110 passengers, mostly women and children who die after the vessel is abandoned.
- 1933 – Nazi Germany uses a referendum to ratify its withdrawal from the League of Nations.[10]
- 1936 – In California, the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opens to traffic.[11]
- 1938 – Nazi Germany issues the Decree on the Elimination of Jews from Economic Life prohibiting Jews from selling goods and services or working in a trade, totally segregating Jews from the German economy.[12]
- 1940 – World War II: The Battle of Gabon ends as Free French Forces take Libreville, Gabon, and all of French Equatorial Africa from Vichy French forces.
- 1940 – World War II: Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov arrives in Berlin to discuss the possibility of the Soviet Union joining the Axis Powers.
- 1941 – World War II: Temperatures around Moscow drop to −12 °C (10 °F) as the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city.
- 1941 – World War II: The Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina is destroyed during the Battle of Sevastopol.[13]
- 1942 – World War II: Naval Battle of Guadalcanal between Japanese and American forces begins near Guadalcanal. The battle lasts for three days and ends with an American victory.
- 1944 – World War II: The Royal Air Force sink the German battleship Tirpitz, moored off Tromsø, Norway.[14]
- 1948 – Aftermath of World War II: In Tokyo, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East sentences seven Japanese military and government officials, including General Hideki Tojo, to death for their roles in World War II.
- 1954 – Ellis Island ceases operations.[15]
- 1956 – Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia join the United Nations.
- 1956 – In the midst of the Suez Crisis, Palestinian refugees are shot dead in Rafah by Israel Defense Force soldiers following the invasion of the Gaza Strip.
- 1958 – A team of rock climbers led by Warren Harding completes the first ascent of The Nose on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley.
- 1961 – Terry Jo Duperrault is the sole survivor of a series of brutal murders aboard the ketch Bluebelle.[16]
- 1969 – Vietnam War: Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the story of the My Lai Massacre.
- 1970 – The Oregon Highway Division attempts to destroy a rotting beached sperm whale with explosives, leading to the now infamous "exploding whale" incident.
- 1970 – The 1970 Bhola cyclone makes landfall on the coast of East Pakistan, becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone in history.
- 1971 – Vietnam War: As part of Vietnamization, U.S. President Richard Nixon sets February 1, 1972 as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam.
- 1971 – Aeroflot Flight N-63 crashes on approach to Vinnytsia Airport, killing 48.[17]
- 1975 – The Comoros joins the United Nations.
- 1977 – France conducts the Oreste nuclear test as 14th in the group of 29, 1975–78 French nuclear tests series.
- 1979 – Iran hostage crisis: In response to the hostage situation in Tehran, U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders a halt to all petroleum imports into the United States from Iran.
- 1980 – The NASA space probe Voyager I makes its closest approach to Saturn and takes the first images of its rings.
- 1981 – Space Shuttle program: Mission STS-2, utilizing the Space Shuttle Columbia, marks the first time a crewed spacecraft is launched into space twice.
- 1982 – USSR: Yuri Andropov becomes the General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding Leonid I. Brezhnev.
- 1990 – Crown Prince Akihito is formally installed as Emperor Akihito of Japan, becoming the 125th Japanese monarch.
- 1990 – Tim Berners-Lee publishes a formal proposal for the World Wide Web.
- 1991 – Santa Cruz massacre: The Indonesian Army open fire on a crowd of student protesters in Dili, East Timor.
- 1995 – Erdut Agreement regarding the peaceful resolution to the Croatian War of Independence is reached.
- 1995 – Space Shuttle Atlantis launches on STS-74 to deliver the Mir Docking Module to the Russian space station Mir.[18]
- 1996 – A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747 and a Kazakh Ilyushin Il-76 cargo plane collide in mid-air near New Delhi, killing 349 in the deadliest mid-air collision to date.
- 1997 – Ramzi Yousef is found guilty of masterminding the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.
- 1999 – The 7.2 Mw Düzce earthquake shakes northwestern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 845 people are killed and almost 5,000 are injured.
- 2001 – In New York City, American Airlines Flight 587, an Airbus A300 en route to the Dominican Republic, crashes minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing all 260 on board and five on the ground.
- 2001 – War in Afghanistan: Taliban forces abandon Kabul, ahead of advancing Afghan Northern Alliance troops.
- 2003 – Iraq War: In Nasiriyah, Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, are killed in a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base.
- 2003 – Shanghai Transrapid sets a new world speed record of 501 kilometres per hour (311 mph) for commercial railway systems, which remains the fastest for unmodified commercial rail vehicles.
- 2011 – Silvio Berlusconi tenders his resignation as Prime Minister of Italy, effective November 16, due in large part to the European sovereign debt crisis.
- 2011 – A blast in Iran's Shahid Modarres missile base leads to the death of 17 of the Revolutionary Guards members, including Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, a key figure in Iran's missile program.
- 2014 – The Philae lander, deployed from the European Space Agency's Rosetta probe, reaches the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
- 2014 – An Armenian Mil Mi-24 attack helicopter is shot down by Azerbaijani forces, killing all three people on board.[19]
- 2015 – Two suicide bombers detonate explosives in Bourj el-Barajneh, Beirut, killing 43 people and injuring over 200 others.
- 2017 – The 7.3 Mw Kermanshah earthquake shakes the northern Iran–Iraq border with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). At least 410 people are killed and over 7,000 are injured.
- 2020 – The PlayStation 5 is released.[20]
- 2021 – The Los Angeles Superior Court formally ends the 14-year conservatorship to pop singer Britney Spears.[21]
- 2022 – A Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and a Bell P-63 Kingcobra collide in mid-air over Dallas Executive Airport during an airshow, killing six.[22]
Births
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 1450 – Jacques of Savoy, Count of Romont, Prince of Savoy (died 1486)
- 1492 – Johan Rantzau, German general (died 1565)
- 1494 – Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen, Princess of Anhalt by birth, by marriage Duchess of Saxony (died 1521)
- 1528 – Qi Jiguang, Chinese general (died 1588)
- 1547 – Claude of Valois, French princess (died 1575)[23]
- 1579 – Albrecht of Hanau-Münzenberg, German nobleman (died 1635)
1601–1900
[edit]- 1606 – Jeanne Mance, French-Canadian nurse, founded the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal (died 1673)
- 1615 – Richard Baxter, English minister, poet, and theologian (died 1691)
- 1627 – Diego Luis de San Vitores, Spanish Jesuit missionary (died 1672)
- 1651 – Juana Inés de la Cruz, Mexican nun, poet, and scholar (died 1695)[24]
- 1655 – Francis Nicholson, British Army general and colonial administrator (died 1727)
- 1684 – Edward Vernon, English admiral and politician (died 1757)
- 1729 – Louis Antoine de Bougainville, French admiral and explorer (died 1811)
- 1755 – Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Prussian general and politician, Prussian Minister of War (died 1813)
- 1774 – Charles Bell, Scottish surgeon and artist (died 1842)[25]
- 1780 – Piet Retief, South African ruler (died 1838)
- 1793 – Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz, Livonian physician and botanist (died 1831)
- 1795 – Thaddeus William Harris, American entomologist and botanist (died 1856)
- 1815 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American activist (died 1902)[26]
- 1817 – Bahá'u'lláh, Persian spiritual leader, founded the Baháʼí Faith (died 1892)[27]
- 1833 – Alexander Borodin, Russian composer and chemist (died 1887)
- 1840 – Auguste Rodin, French sculptor and illustrator, created The Thinker (died 1917)
- 1842 – John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1919)
- 1848 – Eduard Müller, Swiss lawyer and politician, 51st President of the Swiss Confederation (died 1919)
- 1850 – Mikhail Chigorin, Russian chess player and theoretician (died 1908)
- 1866 – Sun Yat-sen, Chinese physician and politician, 1st President of the Republic of China (died 1925)[28]
- 1872 – William Fay, Irish actor and producer (died 1947)
- 1881 – Olev Siinmaa, Estonian-Swedish architect (died 1948)
- 1881 – Maximilian von Weichs, German field marshal (died 1954)
- 1886 – Günther Dyhrenfurth, German geologist and mountaineer (died 1975)
- 1886 – Ben Travers, English author and playwright (died 1980)
- 1889 – DeWitt Wallace, American publisher and philanthropist, co-founded Reader's Digest (died 1981)
- 1890 – Lily Kronberger, Hungarian figure skater (died 1974)
- 1892 – Tudor Davies, Welsh tenor and actor (died 1958)
- 1894 – Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe, Norwegian zoologist and comparative psychologist (died 1976)
- 1895 – Manuel Alonso Areizaga, Spanish tennis player (died 1984)
- 1895 – Marguerite Henry, Australian zoologist (died 1982)[29]
- 1895 – Nima Yooshij, Iranian poet and academic (died 1960)
- 1896 – Salim Ali, Indian ornithologist and author (died 1987)
- 1897 – Karl Marx, German composer and conductor (died 1985)
- 1898 – Leon Štukelj, Slovenian gymnast (died 1999)
- 1900 – Stanley Graham, New Zealand mass murderer (died 1941)
1901–present
[edit]- 1901 – James Luther Adams, American minister and theologian (died 1994)
- 1903 – Jack Oakie, American actor (died 1978)
- 1904 – Max Hoffman, Austrian-born car importer and businessman (died 1981)
- 1905 – Louise Thaden, American pilot (died 1979)[30]
- 1906 – George Dillon, American soldier and poet (died 1968)
- 1908 – Harry Blackmun, American lawyer and judge (died 1999)[31]
- 1910 – Dudley Nourse, South African cricketer (died 1981)
- 1911 – Buck Clayton, American trumpet player and academic (died 1991)
- 1915 – Roland Barthes, French philosopher, theorist, and critic (died 1980)
- 1916 – Paul Emery, English racing driver (died 1993)
- 1916 – Jean Papineau-Couture, Canadian composer and academic (died 2000)
- 1917 – Jo Stafford, American singer (died 2008)[32]
- 1919 – France Štiglic, Slovenian film director and screenwriter (died 1993)
- 1920 – Richard Quine, American actor, director, and screenwriter (died 1989)
- 1922 – Tadeusz Borowski, Polish poet, author, and journalist (died 1951)
- 1922 – Kim Hunter, American actress (died 2002)
- 1923 – Ian Graham, English archaeologist and explorer (died 2017)
- 1923 – Loriot, German humorist, actor, and director (died 2011)[33]
- 1923 – Rubén Bonifaz Nuño, Mexican poet and scholar (died 2013)
- 1924 – Sam Jones, American bassist, cellist, and composer (died 1981)
- 1926 – Robert Goff, Baron Goff of Chieveley, English lawyer and judge (died 2016)
- 1927 – František Šťastný, Czech motorcycle racer and sportscaster (died 2000)
- 1927 – Yutaka Taniyama, Japanese mathematician and theorist (died 1958)
- 1929 – Michael Ende, German author and fiction writer (died 1995)
- 1929 – Grace Kelly, American actress, later Princess Grace of Monaco (died 1982)[34]
- 1930 – Bob Crewe, American singer-songwriter and producer (died 2014)
- 1934 – Charles Manson, American cult leader (died 2017)[31]
- 1934 – John McGahern, Irish author and educator (died 2006)
- 1934 – Vavá, Brazilian footballer and manager (died 2002)
- 1937 – Richard H. Truly, NASA astronaut (died 2024)[35]
- 1938 – Delano Lewis, American diplomat (died 2023)[36]
- 1938 – Benjamin Mkapa, Tanzanian journalist and politician, 3rd President of Tanzania (died 2020)
- 1938 – Mort Shuman, American singer-songwriter and pianist (died 1991)
- 1939 – Lucia Popp, Slovak soprano (died 1993)[37]
- 1940 – Michel Audet, Canadian economist and politician
- 1940 – Amjad Khan, Indian actor & director (died 1992)
- 1940 – Jürgen Todenhöfer, German judge and politician
- 1943 – Errol Brown, Jamaican-English singer-songwriter (died 2015)
- 1943 – Brian Hyland, American pop singer[38]
- 1943 – Wallace Shawn, American actor, comedian and playwright[38]
- 1943 – Björn Waldegård, Swedish racing driver (died 2014)
- 1943 – John Walker, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2011)
- 1944 – Ken Houston, American football player[39]
- 1944 – Booker T. Jones, American pianist, saxophonist, songwriter, and producer[38]
- 1944 – Al Michaels, American sportscaster[38]
- 1945 – Michael Bishop, American author and educator (died 2023)
- 1945 – Judith Roitman, American mathematician and academic
- 1945 – Neil Young, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer[38]
- 1946 – Alexandra Charles, Swedish businesswoman
- 1947 – Buck Dharma, American singer-songwriter and guitarist[38]
- 1947 – Patrice Leconte, French director and screenwriter
- 1948 – Hassan Rouhani, Iranian lawyer and politician; 7th President of Iran[31]
- 1949 – Ron Lapointe, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (died 1992)
- 1949 – Jack Reed, American soldier and politician
- 1950 – Barbara Fairchild, American country and gospel singer-songwriter[38]
- 1953 – Baaba Maal, Senegalese singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1954 – Paul McNamee, Australian tennis player
- 1955 – Les McKeown, Scottish pop singer (died 2021)
- 1957 – Tim Samaras, American engineer, storm chaser (died 2013)
- 1957 – Ivan Šuker, Croatian politician and economist (died 2023)[40]
- 1958 – Megan Mullally, American actress and singer[38]
- 1958 – Mykola Vynnychenko, Ukrainian race walker
- 1959 – Vincent Irizarry, American actor
- 1959 – Toshihiko Sahashi, Japanese composer
- 1960 – Maurane, Belgian singer and actress (died 2018)
- 1961 – Nadia Comăneci, Romanian gymnast and coach[41]
- 1961 – Enzo Francescoli, Uruguayan footballer
- 1962 – Mariella Frostrup, British journalist and actress
- 1962 – Mark Hunter, Canadian ice hockey player, coach, and manager
- 1962 – Neal Shusterman, American author and poet
- 1964 – Vic Chesnutt, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 2009)
- 1964 – David Ellefson, American bass player and songwriter[38]
- 1964 – Wang Kuang-hui, Taiwanese baseball player and coach
- 1964 – Barbara Stühlmeyer, German musicologist, church musician and writer
- 1965 – Lex Lang, American voice actor and producer
- 1967 – Bassim Al-Karbalaei, Iraqi Eulogy Reciter
- 1967 – Disco Inferno, American wrestler and manager
- 1967 – Iryna Khalip, Belarusian journalist
- 1967 – Michael Moorer, American boxer
- 1967 – Grant Nicholas, Welsh singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1968 – Kathleen Hanna, American singer-songwriter
- 1968 – Sammy Sosa, Dominican-American baseball player[31]
- 1969 – Ian Bremmer, American political scientist and author
- 1969 – Jason Cundy, English footballer and sportscaster
- 1969 – Rob Schrab, American writer and artist
- 1970 – Elektra, American wrestler, model, and dancer
- 1970 – Tonya Harding, American figure skater[31]
- 1970 – Oscar Strasnoy, French-Argentine composer
- 1971 – Chen Guangcheng, Chinese-American lawyer and activist
- 1971 – Rebecca Wisocky, American actress[38]
- 1972 – Vasilios Tsiartas, Greek footballer
- 1973 – Radha Mitchell, Australian actress[38]
- 1973 – Ethan Zohn, American pro soccer player and Survivor: Africa winner
- 1974 – Tamala Jones, American actress[38]
- 1975 – Kiara Bisaro, Canadian mountain biker[42]
- 1975 – Jason Lezak, American swimmer
- 1976 – Tevin Campbell, American R&B singer-songwriter and actor[38]
- 1976 – Judith Holofernes, German singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1976 – Richelle Mead, American author and educator
- 1977 – Benni McCarthy, South African footballer
- 1977 – Lee Murray, English mixed martial artist
- 1978 – Ashley Williams, American actress[38]
- 1979 – Cote de Pablo, Chilean actress[38]
- 1979 – Lucas Glover, American golfer
- 1980 – Nur Fettahoğlu, German-Turkish journalist and actress
- 1980 – Ryan Gosling, Canadian actor, producer and singer[43]
- 1980 – Charlie Hodgson, English rugby player
- 1981 – Annika Becker, German pole vaulter
- 1981 – DJ Campbell, English footballer
- 1982 – Anne Hathaway, American actress[44]
- 1983 – Charlie Morton, American baseball player
- 1984 – Jorge Masvidal, American Mixed Martial Artist[45]
- 1984 – Omarion, American singer, songwriter, actor and dancer[46]
- 1984 – Sandara Park, South Korean singer, dancer, and actress
- 1985 – Adlène Guedioura, French-Algerian footballer
- 1987 – Jason Day, Australian golfer
- 1987 – Kengo Kora, Japanese actor
- 1988 – Russell Westbrook, American basketball player
- 1990 – Florent Manaudou, French swimmer
- 1990 – Marcell Ozuna, Dominican baseball player[47]
- 1990 – Harmeet Singh, Norwegian footballer
- 1990 – Siim-Sander Vene, Estonian basketball player
- 1991 – Cairo Santos, Brazilian gridiron football player[48]
- 1991 – Gijs Van Hoecke, Belgian cyclist
- 1992 – Dāvis Bertāns, Latvian basketball player[49]
- 1992 – Trey Burke, American basketball player
- 1992 – Adam Larsson, Swedish ice hockey player[50]
- 1992 – Luguelín Santos, Dominican sprinter[51]
- 1993 – Tomáš Hertl, Czech ice hockey player[52]
- 1994 – Guillaume Cizeron, French ice dancer[53]
- 1994 – Kseniya Alexandrova, Russian model (died 2025)[54][55][56]
- 1995 – Thomas Lemar, French footballer[57]
- 1995 – xQc, Canadian online streamer[58]
- 1997 – Dexter Lawrence, American football player[59]
- 1998 – Jules Koundé, French footballer[60]
- 1998 – Elias Pettersson, Swedish ice hockey player[61]
- 1999 – Choi Yoo-jung, South Korean singer, dancer, rapper, and actress[62]
- 2001 – Raffey Cassidy, English actress[31]
- 2002 – Paolo Banchero, Italian-American basketball player[63]
- 2002 – Tino Livramento, English footballer[64]
Deaths
[edit]Pre-1600
[edit]- 607 – Pope Boniface III
- 657 – Livinus, Irish apostle (born c.580)
- 973 – Burchard III, Frankish nobleman (born c.915)
- 975 – Notker Physicus, Swiss painter
- 1035 – Cnut the Great, Danish-English king (born c.995)
- 1087 – William I, Count of Burgundy (born 1020)
- 1094 – Duncan II of Scotland (born 1060)
- 1202 – Canute VI of Denmark (born 1163)
- 1209 – Philippe du Plessis, Grand Master of the Knights Templar (born 1165)
- 1218 – Henry de Abergavenny, Prior of Abergavenny and Bishop of Llandaff
- 1347 – John of Viktring, Austrian chronicler and political advisor (born c.1270)
- 1375 – John Henry, Margrave of Moravia (born 1322)[65]
- 1434 – Louis III of Anjou (born 1403)
- 1555 – Stephen Gardiner, English bishop and politician, English Secretary of State (born 1497)
- 1555 – Yang Jisheng (born 1516), Ming dynasty official and Confucian martyr[66]
- 1555 – Zhang Jing, Ming Chinese general
- 1562 – Pietro Martire Vermigli, Italian theologian (born 1500)
- 1567 – Anne de Montmorency, French general and diplomat (born 1493)
- 1572 – Henry of Stolberg, German nobleman (born 1509)
- 1595 – John Hawkins, English admiral and shipbuilder (born 1532)
1601–1900
[edit]- 1623 – Josaphat Kuntsevych, Lithuanian archbishop (born c. 1582)
- 1667 – Hans Nansen, Danish politician (born 1598)
- 1671 – Thomas Fairfax, English general and politician (born 1612)
- 1742 – Friedrich Hoffmann, German physician and chemist (born 1660)
- 1793 – Jean Sylvain Bailly, French astronomer, mathematician, and politician, 1st Mayor of Paris (born 1736)
- 1793 – Lord George Gordon, English politician (born 1751)
- 1836 – Juan Ramón Balcarce, Argentinian general and politician, 6th Governor of Buenos Aires Province (born 1773)
- 1847 – William Christopher Zeise, Danish chemist who prepared Zeise's salt, one of the first organometallic compounds (born 1789)
- 1865 – Elizabeth Gaskell, English author (born 1810)[67]
- 1896 – Joseph James Cheeseman, Liberian politician, 12th President of Liberia (born 1843)
1901–present
[edit]- 1902 – William Henry Barlow, English engineer (born 1812)
- 1916 – Percival Lowell, American astronomer, mathematician, and author (born 1855)
- 1933 – John Cady, American golfer (born 1866)
- 1933 – F. Holland Day, American photographer and publisher (born 1864)
- 1939 – Norman Bethune, Canadian physician and humanitarian (born 1890)
- 1942 – Maurice O'Neill, executed Irish Republican[68]
- 1946 – Albert Bond Lambert, American golfer and pilot (born 1875)
- 1946 – Madan Mohan Malaviya, Indian academic and politician, President of the Indian National Congress (born 1861)
- 1948 – Umberto Giordano, Italian composer (born 1867)
- 1950 – Lesley Ashburner, American hurdler (born 1883)
- 1950 – Julia Marlowe, English-American actress (born 1865)
- 1955 – Alfréd Hajós, Hungarian swimmer and architect, designed the Grand Hotel Aranybika (born 1878)
- 1955 – Tin Ujević, Croatian poet and translator (born 1891)
- 1955 – Sarah Wambaugh, American political scientist, world authority on plebiscites (born 1882)
- 1958 – Gustaf Söderström, Swedish shot putter, discus thrower, and tug of war competitor (born 1865)
- 1962 – Roque González Garza, Mexican general and acting president (1915) (born 1885)[69]
- 1965 – Many Benner, French painter (born 1873)[70]
- 1965 – Taher Saifuddin, Indian spiritual leader, 51st Da'i al-Mutlaq (born 1888)
- 1969 – Liu Shaoqi, Chinese politician, 2nd Chairman of the People's Republic of China (born 1898)
- 1971 – Johanna von Caemmerer, German mathematician (born 1914)[71]
- 1972 – Rudolf Friml, Czech-American pianist and composer (born 1879)[72]
- 1972 – Tommy Wisdom, English racing driver and journalist (born 1906)
- 1976 – Mikhail Gurevich, Russian engineer, co-founded Mikoyan (born 1893)
- 1976 – Walter Piston, American composer and academic (born 1894)
- 1981 – William Holden, American actor (born 1918)
- 1986 – Minoru Yasui, American lawyer and activist (born 1916)
- 1990 – Eve Arden, American actress and comedian (born 1908)
- 1991 – Gabriele Tinti, Italian actor (born 1932)
- 1993 – H. R. Haldeman, American diplomat, 4th White House Chief of Staff (born 1926)
- 1994 – Wilma Rudolph, American sprinter and educator (born 1940)
- 1997 – Carlos Surinach, Spanish-American composer and conductor (born 1915)
- 1998 – Roy Hollis, English footballer (born 1925)
- 1998 – Sally Shlaer, American mathematician and engineer (born 1938)
- 2000 – Franck Pourcel, French conductor and composer (born 1913)
- 2001 – Albert Hague, German-American actor and composer (born 1920)
- 2001 – Tony Miles, English chess player and theoretician (born 1955)
- 2003 – Jonathan Brandis, American actor (born 1976)
- 2003 – Cameron Duncan, New Zealand director and screenwriter (born 1986)
- 2003 – Penny Singleton, American actress (born 1908)
- 2003 – Tony Thompson, American drummer (born 1954)
- 2007 – K. C. Ibrahim, Indian cricketer (born 1919)
- 2007 – Ira Levin, American novelist, playwright, and songwriter (born 1929)
- 2008 – Catherine Baker Knoll, American educator and politician, 30th Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania (born 1930)
- 2008 – Mitch Mitchell, English drummer (born 1947)
- 2010 – Henryk Górecki, Polish composer (born 1933)
- 2012 – Hans Hammarskiöld, Swedish photographer (born 1925)
- 2012 – Sergio Oliva, Cuban-American bodybuilder (born 1941)
- 2012 – Daniel Stern, American psychologist and theorist (born 1934)
- 2013 – Steve Rexe, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (born 1947)
- 2013 – Konrad Rudnicki, Polish astronomer and academic (born 1926)
- 2013 – Aleksandr Serebrov, Russian engineer and astronaut (born 1944)
- 2013 – John Tavener, English composer and educator (born 1944)
- 2013 – Kurt Trampedach, Danish painter and sculptor (born 1943)
- 2014 – Ravi Chopra, Indian director and producer (born 1946)
- 2014 – Warren Clarke, English actor, director, and producer (born 1947)
- 2014 – Marge Roukema, American educator and politician (born 1929)
- 2014 – Valery Senderov, Russian mathematician and academic (born 1945)
- 2015 – Márton Fülöp, Hungarian footballer (born 1983)
- 2015 – Jihadi John, terrorist (born 1988)
- 2016 – Lupita Tovar, Mexican-American actress (born 1910)
- 2016 – Mahmoud Abdel Aziz, Egyptian actor (born 1946)
- 2018 – Stan Lee, American comic book writer, editor, and publisher (born 1922)[73]
- 2021 – Chung-Yun Hse, wood scientist (born 1935)[74]
- 2023 – Don Walsh, American oceanographer (born 1931)[75]
- 2024 – Roy Haynes, American drummer and composer (born 1925)[76]
- 2024 – John Horgan, Canadian politician and diplomat, 36th Premier of British Columbia (born 1959)[77]
- 2024 – Song Jae-rim, South Korean actor and model (born 1985)[78]
- 2024 – Thomas E. Kurtz, American computer scientist and educator (born 1928)[79]
- 2024 – Timothy West, English actor (born 1934)[80]
Holidays and observances
[edit]- Birth of Sun Yat-Sen, also Doctors' Day and Cultural Renaissance Day. (Republic of China)
- Christian feast day:
- Arsatius
- Astrik (or Anastasius) of Pannonhalma
- Cumméne Fota
- Cunibert
- Emilian of Cogolla
- Imerius of Immertal
- Josaphat Kuntsevych (Roman Catholic Church, Greek Catholic Church)
- Lebuinus (Liafwine)
- Livinus of Ghent
- Machar
- Margarito Flores García
- Nilus of Sinai
- Patiens
- René d'Angers
- Theodore the Studite
- Ymar
- November 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Constitution Day (Azerbaijan)
- Father's Day (Indonesia)
- National Health Day (Indonesia)
- National Youth Day (East Timor)
- World Pneumonia Day
References
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- ^ Woodacre, E. (18 December 2013). Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-137-36283-4.
- ^ Mușat, Mircea; Ardeleanu, Ion (1985). From Ancient Dacia to Modern Romania. Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. p. 112.
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- ^ Richards, Jeffrey (2001). Imperialism and Music: Britain, 1876-1953. Manchester University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-7190-6143-1.
- ^ Daviau, Donald G. (1995). Major figures of Austrian literature: the interwar years 1918-1938. Ariadne Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-929497-60-0.
- ^ Blum, Mark E. (1985). The Austro-Marxists, 1890-1918: a psychobiographical study. University Press of Kentucky. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8131-1515-3.
- ^ Dwyer, Ryle (13 August 2019). "Death of MacSwiney had enormous significance as prisoners hunger strike drew global coverage". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ "All Germans rounded up to vote". The Guardian. 13 November 1933. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ Public Affairs Information Service Bulletin. Public Affairs Information Service. 1937. p. 124.
- ^ "1938: Key Dates". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 2022-01-17.
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- ^ "How Ellis Island shepherded millions of immigrants into America". History. 13 November 2019. Archived from the original on November 14, 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
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- ^ Melas, Chloe. "Britney Spears' conservatorship ends". CNN. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
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- ^ Kent, Deborah (2010). Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Woman Knows the Cost of Life. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Enslow Publishers. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7660-3357-3.
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010). Religions of the World : a Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 354. ISBN 978-1-5988-4203-6.
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- ^ Rose, Mike (November 12, 2024). "Famous birthdays list for today, November 12, 2024 includes celebrities Ryan Gosling, Ashley Williams". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
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External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to November 12.
- "On This Day". BBC.
- The New York Times: On This Day
- "Historical Events on November 12". OnThisDay.com.
November 12
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
November 12 is the 316th day of the year (317th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, leaving 49 days until year-end.[1] This date has witnessed pivotal historical occurrences, such as the 1954 closure of Ellis Island, the primary U.S. immigration station that processed over 12 million arrivals since 1892, symbolizing the end of an era in mass European migration.[2] In 1970, the Bhola cyclone struck East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), generating a massive storm surge that caused the deadliest recorded tropical cyclone disaster, with fatalities estimated between 300,000 and 500,000 due to inadequate warnings and dense coastal populations.[3] Other defining events include the November 12, 1969, exposé by journalist Seymour Hersh on the My Lai Massacre, revealing U.S. Army atrocities during the Vietnam War that killed hundreds of Vietnamese civilians, and the first documented Leonid meteor shower over North America on November 12–13, 1833, which produced thousands of visible meteors per hour.[4][4] Notable births encompass suffragist Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815), who spearheaded the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention advancing women's voting rights, and actress Grace Kelly (1929), whose Hollywood career culminated in her 1956 marriage to Monaco's Prince Rainier III.[4][4]
Events
Pre-1600
In 954, the 13-year-old Lothair (later known as Lothair III or IV), son of Louis IV, was crowned king of West Francia at the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims, following his father's death earlier that year; this event marked the continuation of Carolingian rule under the regency of Hugh the Great, amid ongoing feudal fragmentation in the region.[5] On November 12, 1035, Cnut (also known as Canute the Great), king of England from 1016, Denmark from around 1018, and Norway from 1028, died at Shaftesbury in Dorset, England, at approximately age 45, ending the short-lived North Sea Empire he had forged through conquest and diplomacy; his death precipitated a succession crisis, with his sons Harold Harefoot claiming England and Harthacnut inheriting Denmark, leading to the empire's rapid dissolution and renewed Viking infighting.[6][7] The Battle of Posada concluded on November 12, 1330, when forces led by Basarab I of Wallachia ambushed and decisively defeated a Hungarian army under King Charles I (Charles Robert) in a narrow mountain pass near modern-day Romania; the conflict, spanning November 9–12, involved Wallachian guerrilla tactics exploiting terrain against a larger invading force of about 30,000, forcing Charles to flee and affirming Wallachian independence from Hungarian suzerainty for decades.[8][9]1601–1900
Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron (1612–1671), commander-in-chief of the Parliamentarian New Model Army during the English Civil Wars, died on November 12, 1671, at Nun Appleton Hall, Yorkshire, England, at age 59 from natural causes related to old wounds and illness. Fairfax's military leadership secured key victories, including Naseby in 1645, contributing to Parliament's triumph over Royalists, yet his death had limited immediate political impact as he had retired after opposing Oliver Cromwell's 1650 invasion of Scotland, resigning command to avoid further conflict; post-Restoration in 1660, his influence waned amid the monarchy's return, though his restraint preserved his estates.[10] Peter Wessel Tordenskjold (1690–1720), Norwegian-Danish naval officer renowned for victories in the Great Northern War against Sweden, perished on November 12, 1720, aged 30, in a duel near Hamburg, Germany, shot by French officer Jean-Pierre de Ricouart over a point of honor following a tavern dispute. Tordenskjold's aggressive tactics, including the 1716 capture of Swedish galleys at Dynekilen, bolstered Denmark-Norway's naval position and delayed Swedish dominance; his untimely death deprived Scandinavia of a strategic commander during fragile post-war peace, exacerbating Denmark's naval vulnerabilities in subsequent conflicts and symbolizing the era's aristocratic code's fatal risks.[11] Tokugawa Ienobu (1662–1712), sixth shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate ruling Japan from 1709, died on November 12, 1712 (Julian calendar), at age 49 or 50 in Edo (modern Tokyo) from health complications, possibly kidney-related. As a reformist shōgun, Ienobu initiated policies easing sakoku isolation's rigidity and administrative burdens, influenced by Confucian advisor Arai Hakuseki; his sudden demise triggered a regency under uncle Tokugawa Yoshimune, shifting power dynamics and leading to the Kyōhō Reforms that stabilized finances but curtailed Ienobu's liberalization, marking a pivot in Tokugawa governance toward orthodoxy amid internal factionalism.[11] Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865), English novelist depicting Victorian social conditions in industrial Manchester, succumbed to a heart attack on November 12, 1865, aged 55, at her new home in Holybourne, Hampshire, while reading aloud. Author of Mary Barton (1848) and North and South (1855), which critiqued class divides and labor unrest based on empirical observations, Gaskell's abrupt death left Wives and Daughters (1865) unfinished, published posthumously; it underscored the fragility of literary output amid personal strains, with her Brontë biography (1857) influencing perceptions of that era's authorship despite familial opposition.[12]1901–present
- 1916 – Percival Lowell (aged 61), American astronomer and businessman who founded the Lowell Observatory and advanced planetary studies, particularly promoting the controversial theory of intelligent life on Mars via canal observations later debunked as perceptual errors due to telescope limitations and low-resolution imaging.[11]
- 1946 – Madan Mohan Malaviya (aged 85), Indian politician, scholar, and independence activist who founded Banaras Hindu University to promote Hindu education and served as Congress president multiple times, earning recognition for fostering national unity through cultural revival, though his orthodox stance reinforced caste hierarchies and resisted progressive reforms like untouchability abolition during his lifetime.[13]
- 1981 – William Holden (aged 63), American actor awarded the Academy Award for Best Actor for Stalag 17 (1953) and starring in classics like The Bridge on the River Kwai, contributing to post-war cinema's exploration of heroism and moral ambiguity, but whose career declined amid chronic alcoholism, which directly caused his fatal fall in his apartment.[11]
- 1994 – Wilma Rudolph (aged 54), American track and field athlete who overcame polio-induced paralysis to win three gold medals in the 1960 Olympics, setting records in the 100m, 200m, and 4x100m relay, inspiring civil rights-era triumphs over physical and racial barriers, though her later life involved health struggles culminating in brain cancer death.[14]
- 2003 – Jonathan Brandis (aged 27), American actor prominent in 1990s youth media through roles in seaQuest DSV and The NeverEnding Story II, representing the era's shift to family-oriented sci-fi entertainment, but whose suicide followed professional setbacks and personal depression, highlighting mental health vulnerabilities in child stardom.[15]
- 2018 – Stan Lee (aged 95), American comic book writer, editor, and publisher who co-created Marvel icons like Spider-Man, the X-Men, and Iron Man, transforming the industry by emphasizing flawed, relatable superheroes amid the 1960s counterculture, though criticized for exploitative freelance practices that underpaid artists and forgered creative credits in later corporate disputes.[16][11]
Births
Pre-1600
In 954, the 13-year-old Lothair (later known as Lothair III or IV), son of Louis IV, was crowned king of West Francia at the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims, following his father's death earlier that year; this event marked the continuation of Carolingian rule under the regency of Hugh the Great, amid ongoing feudal fragmentation in the region.[5] On November 12, 1035, Cnut (also known as Canute the Great), king of England from 1016, Denmark from around 1018, and Norway from 1028, died at Shaftesbury in Dorset, England, at approximately age 45, ending the short-lived North Sea Empire he had forged through conquest and diplomacy; his death precipitated a succession crisis, with his sons Harold Harefoot claiming England and Harthacnut inheriting Denmark, leading to the empire's rapid dissolution and renewed Viking infighting.[6][7] The Battle of Posada concluded on November 12, 1330, when forces led by Basarab I of Wallachia ambushed and decisively defeated a Hungarian army under King Charles I (Charles Robert) in a narrow mountain pass near modern-day Romania; the conflict, spanning November 9–12, involved Wallachian guerrilla tactics exploiting terrain against a larger invading force of about 30,000, forcing Charles to flee and affirming Wallachian independence from Hungarian suzerainty for decades.[8][9]1601–1900
Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron (1612–1671), commander-in-chief of the Parliamentarian New Model Army during the English Civil Wars, died on November 12, 1671, at Nun Appleton Hall, Yorkshire, England, at age 59 from natural causes related to old wounds and illness. Fairfax's military leadership secured key victories, including Naseby in 1645, contributing to Parliament's triumph over Royalists, yet his death had limited immediate political impact as he had retired after opposing Oliver Cromwell's 1650 invasion of Scotland, resigning command to avoid further conflict; post-Restoration in 1660, his influence waned amid the monarchy's return, though his restraint preserved his estates.[10] Peter Wessel Tordenskjold (1690–1720), Norwegian-Danish naval officer renowned for victories in the Great Northern War against Sweden, perished on November 12, 1720, aged 30, in a duel near Hamburg, Germany, shot by French officer Jean-Pierre de Ricouart over a point of honor following a tavern dispute. Tordenskjold's aggressive tactics, including the 1716 capture of Swedish galleys at Dynekilen, bolstered Denmark-Norway's naval position and delayed Swedish dominance; his untimely death deprived Scandinavia of a strategic commander during fragile post-war peace, exacerbating Denmark's naval vulnerabilities in subsequent conflicts and symbolizing the era's aristocratic code's fatal risks.[11] Tokugawa Ienobu (1662–1712), sixth shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate ruling Japan from 1709, died on November 12, 1712 (Julian calendar), at age 49 or 50 in Edo (modern Tokyo) from health complications, possibly kidney-related. As a reformist shōgun, Ienobu initiated policies easing sakoku isolation's rigidity and administrative burdens, influenced by Confucian advisor Arai Hakuseki; his sudden demise triggered a regency under uncle Tokugawa Yoshimune, shifting power dynamics and leading to the Kyōhō Reforms that stabilized finances but curtailed Ienobu's liberalization, marking a pivot in Tokugawa governance toward orthodoxy amid internal factionalism.[11] Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865), English novelist depicting Victorian social conditions in industrial Manchester, succumbed to a heart attack on November 12, 1865, aged 55, at her new home in Holybourne, Hampshire, while reading aloud. Author of Mary Barton (1848) and North and South (1855), which critiqued class divides and labor unrest based on empirical observations, Gaskell's abrupt death left Wives and Daughters (1865) unfinished, published posthumously; it underscored the fragility of literary output amid personal strains, with her Brontë biography (1857) influencing perceptions of that era's authorship despite familial opposition.[12]1901–present
- 1916 – Percival Lowell (aged 61), American astronomer and businessman who founded the Lowell Observatory and advanced planetary studies, particularly promoting the controversial theory of intelligent life on Mars via canal observations later debunked as perceptual errors due to telescope limitations and low-resolution imaging.[11]
- 1946 – Madan Mohan Malaviya (aged 85), Indian politician, scholar, and independence activist who founded Banaras Hindu University to promote Hindu education and served as Congress president multiple times, earning recognition for fostering national unity through cultural revival, though his orthodox stance reinforced caste hierarchies and resisted progressive reforms like untouchability abolition during his lifetime.[13]
- 1981 – William Holden (aged 63), American actor awarded the Academy Award for Best Actor for Stalag 17 (1953) and starring in classics like The Bridge on the River Kwai, contributing to post-war cinema's exploration of heroism and moral ambiguity, but whose career declined amid chronic alcoholism, which directly caused his fatal fall in his apartment.[11]
- 1994 – Wilma Rudolph (aged 54), American track and field athlete who overcame polio-induced paralysis to win three gold medals in the 1960 Olympics, setting records in the 100m, 200m, and 4x100m relay, inspiring civil rights-era triumphs over physical and racial barriers, though her later life involved health struggles culminating in brain cancer death.[14]
- 2003 – Jonathan Brandis (aged 27), American actor prominent in 1990s youth media through roles in seaQuest DSV and The NeverEnding Story II, representing the era's shift to family-oriented sci-fi entertainment, but whose suicide followed professional setbacks and personal depression, highlighting mental health vulnerabilities in child stardom.[15]
- 2018 – Stan Lee (aged 95), American comic book writer, editor, and publisher who co-created Marvel icons like Spider-Man, the X-Men, and Iron Man, transforming the industry by emphasizing flawed, relatable superheroes amid the 1960s counterculture, though criticized for exploitative freelance practices that underpaid artists and forgered creative credits in later corporate disputes.[16][11]
Deaths
Pre-1600
In 954, the 13-year-old Lothair (later known as Lothair III or IV), son of Louis IV, was crowned king of West Francia at the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims, following his father's death earlier that year; this event marked the continuation of Carolingian rule under the regency of Hugh the Great, amid ongoing feudal fragmentation in the region.[5] On November 12, 1035, Cnut (also known as Canute the Great), king of England from 1016, Denmark from around 1018, and Norway from 1028, died at Shaftesbury in Dorset, England, at approximately age 45, ending the short-lived North Sea Empire he had forged through conquest and diplomacy; his death precipitated a succession crisis, with his sons Harold Harefoot claiming England and Harthacnut inheriting Denmark, leading to the empire's rapid dissolution and renewed Viking infighting.[6][7] The Battle of Posada concluded on November 12, 1330, when forces led by Basarab I of Wallachia ambushed and decisively defeated a Hungarian army under King Charles I (Charles Robert) in a narrow mountain pass near modern-day Romania; the conflict, spanning November 9–12, involved Wallachian guerrilla tactics exploiting terrain against a larger invading force of about 30,000, forcing Charles to flee and affirming Wallachian independence from Hungarian suzerainty for decades.[8][9]1601–1900
Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron (1612–1671), commander-in-chief of the Parliamentarian New Model Army during the English Civil Wars, died on November 12, 1671, at Nun Appleton Hall, Yorkshire, England, at age 59 from natural causes related to old wounds and illness. Fairfax's military leadership secured key victories, including Naseby in 1645, contributing to Parliament's triumph over Royalists, yet his death had limited immediate political impact as he had retired after opposing Oliver Cromwell's 1650 invasion of Scotland, resigning command to avoid further conflict; post-Restoration in 1660, his influence waned amid the monarchy's return, though his restraint preserved his estates.[10] Peter Wessel Tordenskjold (1690–1720), Norwegian-Danish naval officer renowned for victories in the Great Northern War against Sweden, perished on November 12, 1720, aged 30, in a duel near Hamburg, Germany, shot by French officer Jean-Pierre de Ricouart over a point of honor following a tavern dispute. Tordenskjold's aggressive tactics, including the 1716 capture of Swedish galleys at Dynekilen, bolstered Denmark-Norway's naval position and delayed Swedish dominance; his untimely death deprived Scandinavia of a strategic commander during fragile post-war peace, exacerbating Denmark's naval vulnerabilities in subsequent conflicts and symbolizing the era's aristocratic code's fatal risks.[11] Tokugawa Ienobu (1662–1712), sixth shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate ruling Japan from 1709, died on November 12, 1712 (Julian calendar), at age 49 or 50 in Edo (modern Tokyo) from health complications, possibly kidney-related. As a reformist shōgun, Ienobu initiated policies easing sakoku isolation's rigidity and administrative burdens, influenced by Confucian advisor Arai Hakuseki; his sudden demise triggered a regency under uncle Tokugawa Yoshimune, shifting power dynamics and leading to the Kyōhō Reforms that stabilized finances but curtailed Ienobu's liberalization, marking a pivot in Tokugawa governance toward orthodoxy amid internal factionalism.[11] Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865), English novelist depicting Victorian social conditions in industrial Manchester, succumbed to a heart attack on November 12, 1865, aged 55, at her new home in Holybourne, Hampshire, while reading aloud. Author of Mary Barton (1848) and North and South (1855), which critiqued class divides and labor unrest based on empirical observations, Gaskell's abrupt death left Wives and Daughters (1865) unfinished, published posthumously; it underscored the fragility of literary output amid personal strains, with her Brontë biography (1857) influencing perceptions of that era's authorship despite familial opposition.[12]1901–present
- 1916 – Percival Lowell (aged 61), American astronomer and businessman who founded the Lowell Observatory and advanced planetary studies, particularly promoting the controversial theory of intelligent life on Mars via canal observations later debunked as perceptual errors due to telescope limitations and low-resolution imaging.[11]
- 1946 – Madan Mohan Malaviya (aged 85), Indian politician, scholar, and independence activist who founded Banaras Hindu University to promote Hindu education and served as Congress president multiple times, earning recognition for fostering national unity through cultural revival, though his orthodox stance reinforced caste hierarchies and resisted progressive reforms like untouchability abolition during his lifetime.[13]
- 1981 – William Holden (aged 63), American actor awarded the Academy Award for Best Actor for Stalag 17 (1953) and starring in classics like The Bridge on the River Kwai, contributing to post-war cinema's exploration of heroism and moral ambiguity, but whose career declined amid chronic alcoholism, which directly caused his fatal fall in his apartment.[11]
- 1994 – Wilma Rudolph (aged 54), American track and field athlete who overcame polio-induced paralysis to win three gold medals in the 1960 Olympics, setting records in the 100m, 200m, and 4x100m relay, inspiring civil rights-era triumphs over physical and racial barriers, though her later life involved health struggles culminating in brain cancer death.[14]
- 2003 – Jonathan Brandis (aged 27), American actor prominent in 1990s youth media through roles in seaQuest DSV and The NeverEnding Story II, representing the era's shift to family-oriented sci-fi entertainment, but whose suicide followed professional setbacks and personal depression, highlighting mental health vulnerabilities in child stardom.[15]
- 2018 – Stan Lee (aged 95), American comic book writer, editor, and publisher who co-created Marvel icons like Spider-Man, the X-Men, and Iron Man, transforming the industry by emphasizing flawed, relatable superheroes amid the 1960s counterculture, though criticized for exploitative freelance practices that underpaid artists and forgered creative credits in later corporate disputes.[16][11]