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Surah 1 of the Quran
ٱلۡفَاتِحَةِ‎
Al-Fātiḥah
The Opening
ClassificationMeccan
PositionJuzʼ 1, Hizb 1
No. of verses7
No. of words25 or 29[a]
No. of letters113 or 139[a]
Al-Fatiḥa
Recitation of Al-Fatiḥa in mujawwad.
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Headings for Al-Fatiḥa, and for Chapter 2, Al-Baqara. From the Qur'an of Ibn al-Bawwab. Baghdad, 1000/1001. Chester Beatty Library

Al-Fatiḥa (Arabic: ٱلۡفَاتِحَةِ, romanized: al-Fātiḥa, lit. 'the Opening') is the first chapter (sura) of the Quran. It consists of seven verses (ayat) which consist of a prayer for guidance and mercy.[1]

Al-Fatiḥa is recited in Muslim obligatory and voluntary prayers, known as ṣalah. The primary literal meaning of the expression "Al-Fatiḥa" is "The Opener/The Key".

Background

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The most commonly accepted view about the origins of the surah is the view of Ibn Abbas, among others, that Al-Fatiha is a Meccan surah, although some believe that it is either a Medinan surah or was revealed in both Mecca and Medina.[2] Most narrators recorded that al-Fātiḥah was the first complete Surah revealed to Muhammad.[3]

The name Al-Fatiha ("the Opener") could refer to the surah being the first in the Mus'hafs, the first to be recited in each rakat of salah, or to the manner of its usage in many Islamic traditions as an opening prayer. The word itself comes from the root f-t-ḥ (ف ت ح), which means "to open, explain, disclose, conquer", etc.[3][4] Al-Fatiha is also known by several other names, such as Al-Hamd (The Praise), As-Salah (The Prayer), Umm al-Kitab (Mother of the Book), Umm al-Quran (Mother of the Quran),[5][1] Sab'a min al-Mathani (Seven Repeated Ones, from Quran 15:87),[6] and Ash-Shifa' (The Cure).[7][8]

Summary

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Surah Al-Fatiha is narrated in the Hadith to have been divided into two halves between God and his servant (the person reciting), the first three verses being God's half and last three being the servant's.[9] There is disagreement as to whether the Bismillah is the first verse of the surah, or even a verse in the first place.[10]

The chapter begins by praising God with the phrase and stating that it is God who is the lord of the worlds (verse 1/2),[11] that he is the most gracious and most merciful (verse 2/3),[12] and that he is and will be the true owner of everything and everyone on the Day of Judgement (verse 3/4).[13]

"If you tried to count Allah's blessings, you would never be able to number them. Indeed, humankind is truly unfair, ˹totally˺ ungrateful" (Quran 14:34).

The final three verses, which comprise the servant's half, begin with the servant stating that they worship and seek only God's help (verse 4/5), asking him to guide them to the Sirat al-Mustaqim (the Straight Path) of those who God has been bountiful to, and not of those who have earned his anger (verses 5-6/6-7).[14]

Some Muslim commentators have interpreted these verses in a more general sense, not referring exclusively to any specific group of people.[15][16][17][18][19][3][20][excessive citations] However, some Muslim commentators believe Jews and Christians are examples of those evoking God's anger and those who went astray, respectively.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]: 45 [29][excessive citations]

Verses and meaning

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بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ۝١‎

[bi-smi-llahi-r-raḥmāni-r-raḥīm(i)]
1 In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, Most Merciful.

ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ ٱلْعَـٰلَمِينَ ۝٢‎

[al-ḥamdu li-llāhi rabbi-l-ʿālamīn(a)]
2 All praise is for Allah—Lord of all universes,

ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ۝٣‎

[ar-raḥmāni-r-raḥīm(i)]
3 the Most Compassionate, Most Merciful,

مَـٰلِكِ[i] يَوْمِ ٱلدِّينِ ۝٤‎

[māliki yawmi-d-dīn(i)]
4 Master of the Day of Judgment.

إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ ۝٥‎

[iyyāka naʿbudu wa-iyyāka nastaʿīn(u)]
5 Thee [alone] we worship and thee [alone] we ask for help.

ٱهْدِنَا ٱلصِّرَٰطَ ٱلْمُسْتَقِيمَ ۝٦‎

[ihdina-ṣ-ṣirāṭa-l-mustaqīm(a)]
6 Guide us along the Straight Path,

صِرَٰطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ ٱلْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا ٱلضَّآلِّينَ ۝٧‎

[ṣirāṭa-llaḏīna anʿamta ʿalayhim ghayri-l-maḡḍūbi ʿalayhim wa-la-ḍ-ḍāllīn(a)]
7 the Path of those Thou hast blessed—not those thou art displeased with, or those who are astray.

Benefits and virtues

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Muslims attribute special significance to some surahs for their virtues and benefits (فضائل, faḍā’il) described in the hadith. Acceptance of the different hadith varies between Sunni and Shia Muslims, and there is a variety of terms to classify the different levels of confirmed authenticity of a hadith. However, both Sunnis and Shia believe Al-Fatiha to be one of the greatest surahs in the Quran, and a cure for several diseases and poisons, both spiritual and mental.[8]

According to the Prophet:

While I was with Jibreel, I suddenly heard a noise from above. Jibreel lifted his sight to the sky and said, 'This is a door in the heavens being opened, and it has never been opened before now.' An angel descended and said, 'Receive the good news of two lights that have been given to you, which no prophet before you was given: the Opening of the Book (Al-Fatiha) and the the last verses of Al-Baqarah. You will never recite a word from them except that you will be given (reward).'

— Sahih Muslim, Hadith 806

See also

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Notes

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References

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Bibliography

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Al-Fatiha

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Al-Fātiḥah (Arabic: ٱلْفَاتِحَة, al-Fātiḥah, meaning "The Opening" or "The Opener") is the first chapter (sūrah) of the , consisting of seven verses that form a concise of , , and to . It encapsulates core Islamic tenets, including (tawḥīd), , and the quest for righteous guidance, while establishing the believer's direct relationship with the Divine. Known by numerous titles such as Umm al-Qurʾān ("Mother of the Quran"), al-Sabʿ al-Mathānī ("The Seven Oft-Repeated Ones"), and al-Ruqyah ("The Incantation"), it is regarded as a summary of the entire and the foundation of Islamic worship. Revealed in , Al-Fātiḥah holds unparalleled significance as the greatest chapter in the , unique to the ummah of Muhammad, obligatory to recite in as the stated: "There is no prayer for the one who does not recite the Opening of the Book," and thus recited multiple times daily by in their five obligatory prayers (ṣalāh). The surah's structure divides thematically: the first three verses extol God's attributes—such as Ar-Raḥmān (The Most Gracious) and Ar-Raḥīm (The Most Merciful)—and affirm exclusive worship of Him, while the latter four verses express human dependence on divine guidance to the "Straight Path" (ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm) and seek protection from error or wrath. Beyond ritual, Al-Fātiḥah is revered for its spiritual virtues, including for physical and spiritual ailments, from distress, and protection against harm, earning it the epithet al-Shāfiyah (""). It embodies the Quran's objectives—praise of , prophetic mission, legal guidance, and eschatological themes—serving as a daily between servant and that reinforces , submission, and ethical living.

Introduction

Overview and Significance

Al-Fatiha, also known as the Opening, serves as the first chapter () of the and consists of seven verses. It is designated as "Umm al-Kitab" (Mother of the Book) due to its role in summarizing the fundamental principles of the . This holds a pivotal position in Islamic , as its is obligatory in every rak'ah (unit) of () according to Sunni jurisprudential schools, and in the first two rak'ahs of four-rak'ah prayers (with of Al-Fatiha or tasbihat al-arba'ah as options in the third and fourth) in Shia schools, rendering it the most frequently recited chapter among worldwide. This requirement ensures its centrality in daily rituals, with the considered deficient or invalid without it where obligatory. The majority of scholars agree that Al-Fatiha was revealed in Mecca during the early phase of Muhammad's mission, though a minority view, such as that of Mujahid, considers it Medinan. It encapsulates essential Islamic doctrines, including (the oneness of God), thereby providing a foundational for guidance and . In hadith traditions, Al-Fatiha is praised as a remedy for physical and spiritual ailments, with authentic narrations describing its use in healing, such as treating a through recitation. The Muhammad emphasized its unparalleled virtues, affirming it as the greatest and a cure in contexts of illness.

Names and Etymology

Al-Fātiḥah, the primary name of the first of the , derives from the triliteral root f-ṭ-ḥ (ف-ط-ح), which signifies "to open," "to begin," or "to disclose." This underscores its role as the inaugural chapter of the , initiating the sacred text, and as the essential opening recitation in every unit of Islamic prayer (). The term "Fātiḥah" thus encapsulates both a literal and symbolic opening, marking the commencement of divine revelation and worship. The bears several alternative names, each reflecting unique attributes drawn from prophetic traditions and scholarly . It is designated Umm al-Qurʾān ("Mother of the Quran") and Umm al-Kitāb ("Mother of the Book"), signifying its foundational essence that summarizes and precedes the rest of the . In the introduction to his Sahih, Imam al-Bukhari explains that it earns this title as the starting point of the and . The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) affirmed this in a , describing it as the "Umm" (substance or mother) of the . Another prominent name is Al-Sabʿ al-Mathānī ("The Seven Oft-Repeated"), alluding to its seven verses recited repeatedly in daily prayers. The explicitly identified it as such in the aforementioned , pairing it with the epithet "the Great " to emphasize its centrality. It is also called Al-Ḥamd ("The Praise") because its content is predominantly an expression of praise to , beginning with "Al-ḥamdu lillāhi rabb al-ʿālamīn" (Praise be to , of the worlds). Additionally, Al-Fātiḥah is known as Al-Shifāʾ ("The "), derived from narrations where it served as a remedy; for instance, the 's companions recited it as ruqyah to heal a , as recorded in . These designations collectively highlight its linguistic depth and spiritual prominence in Islamic tradition.

Revelation Context

Al-Fatiha is widely regarded by Islamic scholars as a , revealed during the early phase of Muhammad's prophethood in around 610 CE. This consensus is supported by early authorities such as , Qatadah, and Abu al-Aliyah, who explicitly state its Meccan origin, often linking it to 15:87, which refers to the "seven oft-repeated verses" as a divine favor already bestowed during the Meccan period. The is described in traditional accounts as one of the earliest complete chapters revealed to the , potentially the first full following the initial fragmentary revelations. It is said to have been revealed in response to the emerging need for a structured formula among the nascent Muslim community, establishing it as the foundational opening of Islamic worship from the outset. Scholars debate the precise timing within the early Meccan revelations, with some tafsir traditions placing Al-Fatiha immediately after the first five verses of Al-Alaq (the initial revelation in the Cave of Hira), while others position it later in the sequence, such as the fifth surah in chronological order following Al-Qalam, Al-Muzzammil, and Al-Muddaththir. A minority view, attributed to certain expositors like , suggests elements of it may even precede Al-Alaq as the very first revelation, though this is not the predominant opinion. Additionally, a minority opinion, such as that held by Mujahid, regards the surah as Medinan. This revelation occurred amid the intense persecution faced by the early Muslims in Mecca, where the Prophet and his small group of followers endured hostility from the Quraysh tribe for challenging polytheism and social injustices. Serving as a core prayer text, Al-Fatiha provided spiritual sustenance and unity to the beleaguered community, reinforcing their commitment to monotheism during this formative and trying period.

Text and Composition

Arabic Text and Structure

Al-Fātiḥah, the opening surah of the Quran, is presented in the standard Uthmani script as follows, divided into its seven verses, with the basmalah integrated as the first verse:
  1. بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
  2. الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ
  3. الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ
  4. مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ
  5. إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ
  6. اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ
  7. صِرَاطَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا الضَّالِّينَ
The basmalah (بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ) is seamlessly integrated at the outset, serving as the inaugural verse and setting the tonal foundation for the surah's progression. Structurally, Al-Fātiḥah exhibits a unified rhyme scheme known as qāfiyah, characterized by endings in the sound -īn (e.g., عَالَمِينَ, دِينِ, مُسْتَقِيمَ, ضَّالِّينَ), which contributes to its rhythmic cohesion and has earned it the epithet Sūrat al-Qāfiyah. This rhymed prose, or saj', aligns with the poetic form typical of early Quranic surahs, employing balanced phrasing and sonic repetition to enhance memorability and auditory flow without adhering to metered poetry. The surah's length varies slightly by counting conventions and qirā'āt (recitational variants): it comprises 25 to 29 words and 113 to 139 letters, reflecting differences in whether certain particles or elongated forms are enumerated separately. For pronunciation, basic tajwīd rules apply uniquely here, including natural madd (elongation) of two counts on vowels preceding non-hamzah letters, as in الرَّحْمَٰنِ and الْعَالَمِينَ; idghām (assimilation) in verse 5's نَعْبُدُ where nūn sakinah merges into the following bā'; and tafkhīm (emphasis) on heavy letters like ṣād and ṭā' in صِرَاطَ. In the Hafs 'an 'Āṣim transmission, the final word الضَّالِّينَ features a prominent madd elongation, often extended to six counts in recitation for emphasis.

Number of Verses and Divisions

Al-Fatiha is traditionally regarded as consisting of seven verses in the of Islamic scholarly traditions. This standard count includes the Bismillah ("In the name of , the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful") as the opening verse, a position upheld particularly by the school of Quranic recitation and grammar. However, variations exist in how the verses are enumerated. Some early scholars and traditions, such as those associated with the Medinan and Basran schools, exclude the Bismillah from the verse count, resulting in a total of six verses for the proper. In contrast, Shia interpretations commonly affirm the Bismillah as verse 1, aligning with the seven-verse structure and emphasizing its integral role in the chapter's composition. These differences stem from interpretive approaches to the Quranic text's division in early manuscripts. The surah's internal divisions are often analyzed thematically to highlight its structural coherence. Verses 1 through 4 are typically grouped as a section of and glorification of , encompassing the Bismillah and declarations of divine sovereignty and mercy. Verse 5 shifts to a focus on exclusive and guidance, while verses 6 and 7 form a supplicatory conclusion, seeking the straight path and protection from misguidance. This tripartite division—, , and —underscores the surah's liturgical and devotional progression. A key textual confirmation of the seven-verse count appears in a narrated by , where the Prophet Muhammad explicitly describes Al-Fatiha as comprising seven verses, referring to it as "the seven oft-repeated verses" (al-sab' al-mathani). This is recorded in , reinforcing the standard enumeration. Historical evidence from early Quranic mushafs, such as those from the 7th-century Hijazi period, also supports verse divisions aligning with the seven-verse framework, though notations varied slightly across regional codices.

Translations and Literal Meanings

Al-Fatiha, the opening chapter of the , has been translated into English by numerous scholars, with variations reflecting interpretive choices while aiming to convey the original Arabic's eloquence. Three widely used translations are those by (1934), (1930), and the team (1997), each providing a fluid rendering suitable for recitation and study. These translations typically include the Bismillah ("In the name of ...") as an introductory phrase, though scholarly debate exists on whether it constitutes the first verse of the . Below is a side-by-side comparison of the full text:
VerseSahih InternationalYusuf AliPickthall
1In the name of Allah, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful.In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.
2[All] praise is [due] to Allah, Lord of the worlds—Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds;Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds,
3The Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful,Most Gracious, Most Merciful;The Beneficent, the Merciful.
4Sovereign of the Day of Recompense.Master of the Day of Judgment.Owner of the Day of Judgment,
5It is You we worship and You we ask for help.Thee do we worship, and Thine aid we seek.Thee (alone) we worship; Thee (alone) we ask for help.
6Guide us to the straight pathShow us the straight way,Show us the straight path,
7The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have evoked [Your] anger or of those who are astray.The way of those on whom Thou hast bestowed Thy Grace, those whose portion is not wrath, and who go not astray.The path of those whom Thou hast favoured; Not the path of those who earn Thine anger nor of those who go astray.
A literal word-for-word English translation of the seven verses, based on standard Quranic Arabic analysis, is: 1. In (the) name (of) Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. 2. All the praises and thanks (be) to Allah, Lord (of) the worlds. 3. The Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. 4. Owner (of) the Day (of) the Judgment/Recompense. 5. You alone we worship, and You alone we ask for help. 6. Guide us (to) the path the straight. 7. Path (of) those (whom) You have bestowed favor on them, not (of) those who earned (Your) wrath on them, nor (of) those who go astray. A literal word-by-word breakdown reveals the Arabic's concise structure and rhythmic flow, often losing some poetic nuance in English. For instance, Verse 1 (Bismillah): bi-smi ("in the name"), l-lāhi ("of Allah"), ar-raḥmāni ("the Most Gracious"), ar-raḥīmi ("the Most Merciful"). Verse 2: al-ḥamdu ("the praise" or "all praise"), li-llāhi ("to Allah"), rabbi ("Lord"), l-ʿālamīna ("of the worlds"). Verse 3 repeats ar-raḥmāni ar-raḥīmi ("the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful"). Verse 4: māliki ("Master" or "Owner"), yawmi ("of [the] day"), d-dīni ("of the religion" or "recompense"). Verse 5: iyyāka ("You [alone]"), naʿbudu ("we worship"), wa-iyyāka ("and You [alone]"), nastaʿīnu ("we seek help"). Verse 6: ihdinā ("guide us"), ṣ-ṣirāṭa ("the path"), l-mustaqīma ("the straight"). Verse 7: ṣirāṭa ("the path"), l-laḏīna ("of those"), anʿamta ("You have favored"), ʿalayhim ("upon them"), ghayri ("not"), l-maġḍūbi ("[those] brought down wrath"), ʿalayhim ("upon them"), wa-lā ("nor"), ḍ-ḍāllīn ("the astray"). This rendering emphasizes direct equivalents but highlights how Arabic's root-based morphology and case endings contribute to layered meanings not fully captured in isolation. Translating Al-Fatiha presents challenges due to the Arabic's rhythmic supplicatory tone and nuanced terms, particularly the attributes ar-Raḥmān and ar-Raḥīm, which denote Allah's in general (Raḥmān, encompassing all creation) and specific (Raḥīm, for believers) scopes, respectively; English pairs like "Most Gracious, Most " (Yusuf ) or "Beneficent, " (Pickthall) attempt to differentiate but often blur the intensity gradient, leading to syntactic adjustments for natural flow. The shift from declarative praise in the opening verses to direct in verses 4–7 further complicates maintaining the original's intimate, prayer-like without adding interpretive phrasing. The Bismillah's inclusion in translations of Al-Fatiha is standard, as it is recited integrally in Islamic prayer (), though some traditions view it as a separator between surahs rather than the surah's first verse; this standalone status underscores its role as an invocation preceding each chapter except .

Exegesis and Themes

Overall Themes and Purposes

Surah Al-Fatiha's core themes revolve around the praise of , the affirmation of exclusive worship, and a for divine guidance. The opening verses (1-4) extol 's attributes as the Lord of the Worlds, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, and Master of the Day of Judgment, establishing a foundation of gratitude and recognition of divine sovereignty. Verse 5 shifts to by declaring worship and reliance solely on , underscoring as the central pillar of . The concluding verses (6-7) form a plea for guidance to the straight path of those favored by , while seeking from the paths of those who incur wrath or go astray. The serves as a concise summary of the entire , encapsulating key Islamic doctrines including (the oneness of God), prophethood (through adherence to the guided path exemplified by prophets), and the (via reference to the Day of Judgment and its consequences). It distills the Quran's broader message into a prayer that addresses humanity's relationship with the divine, emphasizing submission and the quest for as essential to spiritual life. This encapsulation highlights the surah's purpose as an foundational invocation that orients believers toward the Quran's overarching narrative of creation, revelation, and accountability. Theologically, Al-Fatiha balances divine mercy—portrayed through God's compassionate attributes—with human accountability, reminding reciters of the need for moral and spiritual alignment in preparation for judgment. It functions as a profound dialogue between the servant and the Lord, where the believer's recitation prompts a responsive affirmation from God, as described in prophetic traditions that divide the surah into reciprocal halves of supplication and divine acceptance. This interactive structure fosters a personal covenant, reinforcing the intimate bond between creator and creation. A key concept within the is the duality of the straight path versus the paths of the misguided, which links to broader Quranic motifs of divine favor for the obedient and warning against deviation. The straight path represents the way of prophets and the righteous, blessed with , while the contrasting paths evoke those burdened by (due to deliberate ) or error (through ), urging believers to seek unerring guidance to avoid such fates. This binary underscores the surah's role in promoting ethical discernment and reliance on for navigation through life's trials.

Verse-by-Verse Tafsir

The of the first verse of Al-Fatiha, known as the Bismillah ("In the name of , the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful"), emphasizes the invocation of God's name as an essential prelude to all righteous actions, marking the uniqueness of this basmalah as an integral part of the surah itself. According to , this phrase is the first ayah of Al-Fatiha and signifies the beginning of worship with the remembrance of Allah's mercy, distinguishing it from other surahs where it serves as a separator; a narrated by Abu Hurayrah confirms its recitation in as a means of seeking divine and . Verses 2 through 4 focus on praising through His attributes, beginning with "All praise is due to , of the worlds" (Al-hamdu lillahi Rabbil 'alamin), which interprets as encompassing gratitude for all creations and bounties, linking "" to 's role as the nurturing sustainer and creator of all realms. The subsequent attributes "the Most Gracious, the Most " (ir Rahim) highlight 's boundless , with "" denoting general compassion extended to all creation and "Ar-Rahim" specifying for the believers on the Day of , as elaborated by classical scholars like . Verse 4, "Master of the Day of " (Maliki yawmid-din), underscores 's absolute sovereignty over recompense, where no occurs without His permission, connecting divine to for human actions in creation and the . Verse 5, "You alone we worship, and You alone we ask for help" (Iyyaka na'budu wa iyyaka nasta'in), serves as a declaration of exclusive devotion to , according to , emphasizing (monotheism) by directing all acts of worship and reliance solely to Him, free from any partners or intermediaries. This verse transitions the surah from praise to , affirming humanity's dependence on divine aid for steadfastness in . Verses 6 and 7 form the core prayer for guidance: "Guide us to the straight path" (Ihdinas-siratal-mustaqim), which Ibn Kathir explains as a plea for continuous direction toward Islam's clear path of submission, free from deviation, as illustrated in a hadith where the Prophet Muhammad described the straight path as the religion of Islam itself, protected by divine limits like walls on either side. Verse 7 elaborates this as "the path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have evoked [Your] anger or of those who are astray," referring to the favored ones as prophets, truthful believers, martyrs, and the righteous, while the path of anger is associated with those who knowingly opposed truth, such as some Jews in classical tafsir, and the astray with those who erred in doctrine, such as some Christians, based on narrations from Adi bin Hatim. This contrast, per Ibn Kathir, urges believers to seek the illuminated path of divine approval while avoiding paths of willful disobedience or misguided innovation.

Symbolic Interpretations

In Sufi traditions, Surah Al-Fatiha is often interpreted as a blueprint for spiritual ascent, representing the soul's progressive journey toward divine union. The recitation is seen as a mystical dialogue between the servant and the Lord, where each verse elevates the seeker through stages of remembrance and surrender. For instance, the opening praise ("Alhamdulillah Rabbil 'Alamin") symbolizes dhikr, the constant invocation of God's attributes that purifies the heart and fosters gnostic awareness (ma'rifa), as elaborated in early Sufi exegeses that emphasize self-annihilation (fana) in divine praise. The plea for the "straight path" (sirat al-mustaqim) is metaphorically understood as the tariqa, the Sufi path of disciplined practice leading to direct witnessing of the Divine, contrasting the paths of those who incur wrath or go astray. Symbolic elements within Al-Fatiha further underscore its esoteric depth. The Bismillah serves as the primordial key to unveiling spiritual realities, bridging the manifest and non-manifest realms through its letters— the ba' signifying connection and the alif unity—thus initiating the seeker's access to divine treasures and existential truths. The surah's seven verses are frequently paralleled with the seven heavens in Islamic cosmology, mirroring levels of cosmic and inner ascent that align the soul's subtle centers with divine hierarchies, a motif in gnostic interpretations that views the surah as a microcosm of creation's vertical structure. Philosophically, interprets Al-Fatiha as an embodiment of wahdat al-wujud (unity of existence), where the succession of divine names—from as the comprehensive to al-Rahman and al-Rahim as merciful self-disclosures—manifests the Real's () infinite presences without division. In this framework, the surah's prayer unites the worshipper and worshipped in a (intermediary realm), reflecting ontological oneness where all names derive from a single source, enabling human realization of divine attributes through contemplative recitation. This links to the Perfect Human (al-insan al-kamil), who embodies the surah's harmony of unity and multiplicity. Al-Ghazali views Al-Fatiha as a comprehensive remedy for spiritual ailments, encapsulating the Qur'an's six core objectives—praise of , the Straight Path, the Hereafter, states of the obedient, fates of the errant, and stations of worship—to guide contemplation and realign the soul with divine purpose. Through meditative reflection on its verses, as outlined in his Khawas al-Qur'an, the surah heals inner discord by fostering servitude (ubudiyya) and mercy, transforming base desires into elevated states of proximity to .

Variations in Recitation

Qira'at and Reading Differences

Al-Fatiha, as the opening chapter of the Quran, is recited according to the canonical qira'at, which are the established modes of recitation transmitted through reliable chains. These qira'at originated from the diverse dialects (ahruf) in which the Quran was revealed to accommodate Arab tribes, with variations traced back to prominent companions such as Abdullah ibn Mas'ud and Ubayy ibn Ka'b, who received direct instruction from the Prophet Muhammad. In the 10th century CE, the scholar Abu Bakr ibn Mujahid (d. 324 AH/936 CE) standardized seven canonical qira'at to preserve authenticity, drawing from reciters in major Islamic centers like Medina, Mecca, Kufa, and Basra; these include the qira'at of Nafi', Ibn Kathir al-Makki, Abu Amr al-Basri, Ibn Amir al-Shami, Asim al-Kufi, Hamzah al-Zayyat, and al-Kisa'i. Later scholars, such as Ibn al-Jazari (d. 833 AH/1429 CE), expanded this to ten by including additional transmissions (riwayat). All seven (and the extended ten) qira'at are considered mutawatir, meaning they were mass-transmitted through multiple, independent chains of narrators back to the Prophet, ensuring the textual integrity and divine origin of the recitations without altering the core meaning. These variations are primarily phonetic, involving differences in pronunciation, vowel lengths, and subtle consonantal assimilations, all conforming to the Uthmanic skeletal text (rasm). The most widespread today is the Hafs 'an Asim transmission, used in over 95% of printed Qurans globally, while the Warsh 'an Nafi' is prevalent in North Africa and parts of West Africa. In Al-Fatiha, notable phonetic differences appear across these . For instance, in verse 4 ("Master of the Day of "), the recitation reads "Māliki yawmi d-dīn" (Owner of the Day of Judgment, with a long ā emphasizing possession), whereas the renders it as "Maliki yawmi d-dīn" ( of the Day of Judgment), with a shorter on the 'a' highlighting . Another variation occurs in verse 6 ("Guide us to the straight path"), where Hamzah's elongates "al-sirāṭ" (al-sirāṭa al-mustaqīm) with a prolonged madd (lengthening) for rhythmic emphasis, differing from the standard pronunciation. In verse 7 ("Not [the path] of those who have incurred [Your] anger"), the transmission features subtle phonetic adjustments that affect flow but preserve the exclusionary sense. These examples illustrate how enrich the auditory and dialectical depth of Al-Fatiha while maintaining semantic consistency.

Syntax and Grammatical Variations

Al-Fatiha's syntax exemplifies classical Arabic grammatical precision, with i'rab (case endings) playing a crucial role in conveying emphasis and relational structures across its verses. In verse 5, the phrase "Iyyaka na'budu" features "iyyaka" in the accusative case (mansub) as an emphatic direct object preceding the verb "na'budu" (we worship), a construction that highlights exclusivity and direct address to the divine. This accusative form, known as taukid (emphasis), deviates from the standard object-verb order to intensify the supplicant's commitment. Similarly, "siratal" in the same verse is typically in the accusative case as the direct object of the imperative "ihdina" (guide us), forming a verbal sentence that requests direction; however, certain qira'at introduce subtle variations where it may align with genitive constructions in broader clausal dependencies, reflecting morphological flexibility in recitation. Grammatical schools offer differing analyses of verse 5's overall , particularly the role of the conjunction "wa" in "wa iyyaka na'budu wa iyyaka nasta'in." The Basran , emphasizing rational and analogical principles, views it as two independent clauses connected by "wa" for coordination, treating each as a separate verbal sentence with its own subject and predicate. In contrast, the Kufan adopts a more interpretive approach, seeing it as a unified where "wa" links parallel emphases within a single syntactic unit, allowing greater flexibility in i'rab application. A notable centers on "ghayri al-maghdubi" in verse 7, where "ghayri" functions as a negative particle governing "al-maghdubi" in the (majrur), specifying exclusion from those incurring wrath. Grammarians dispute whether this phrase acts primarily as an (sifah) modifying "siratal" or as an (hal) phrase qualifying the path's attributes, with the genitive underscoring relational specification in either view. Sibawayh's foundational grammatical treatise, Al-Kitab, frequently references Al-Fatiha as a paradigmatic model for Quranic syntax, illustrating principles of i'rab, verb-noun harmony, and emphatic constructions that define eloquent discourse.

Impact on Interpretation

The variations in for Al-Fatiha, particularly in verse 4, have subtle theological implications that enrich understandings of divine attributes without altering core doctrines. For instance, the reading "Māliki yawmi d-dīn" (Owner of the Day of Judgment), prevalent in the transmission, emphasizes 's absolute possession and mastery over the Day of Recompense, while "Maliki yawmi d-dīn" (King of the Day of Judgment), found in the transmission, highlights His sovereign rulership and authority on that day. Both terms affirm (the oneness of ) and His unchallenged power, but the distinction fosters diverse emphases on ownership versus governance, promoting linguistic flexibility as a mercy in Islamic . These recitation differences also carry practical implications for (rules of proper articulation) during , influencing the rhythmic flow and emotional tone of the . Variations in vowel elongation or consonant emphasis, such as those between and , require specific tajwid applications that alter the melodic cadence, potentially shifting the perceived intensity of the plea for guidance and mercy in . This affects how reciters convey and devotion, with longer vowels in certain creating a more drawn-out, contemplative tone that deepens the spiritual engagement. In scholarly debates, such variants have long informed by providing layered insights into textual nuances. , in his comprehensive , analyzes syntactic and reading differences in verses 4 and 5 of Al-Fatiha, such as repetitions for emphasis (e.g., "iyyāka" in worship and guidance), to justify grammatical structures that underscore exclusive devotion to and the pursuit of the straight path. These discussions demonstrate how variant readings enable deeper exegetical exploration, linking recitation to broader themes of prophetic guidance and virtuous conduct without contradicting the Uthmanic codex. Modern studies, particularly post-20th century analyses of the reading dominant in North and West African Muslim communities, highlight its role in shaping regional interpretive emphases. Linguistic examinations reveal how Warsh's phonetic distinctions in Al-Fatiha, such as in possessives and elongations, intensify communal focus on themes of divine ownership and , influencing local traditions and recitation practices in contexts like and . This has fostered adaptive understandings that align with cultural expressions of faith while preserving doctrinal unity.

Role in Islamic Practice

Recitation in Salah

In Islamic daily prayers known as , the recitation of Al-Fatiha is considered , or obligatory, in every rak'ah for both the leading the prayer and individuals praying alone. This requirement stems from a narrated by Abu Huraira, in which the Prophet Muhammad stated that recitation of Al-Fatiha is essential in each unit of prayer. Similarly, a narration from Ubada bin As-Samit records the Prophet affirming, "Whoever does not recite Al-Fatiha in his prayer, his prayer is invalid," underscoring its status as a pillar of . The manner of recitation varies depending on the time of the prayer. Al-Fatiha is recited aloud by the in the first two rak'ahs of the daytime prayers of Fajr, Maghrib, and Isha, allowing the congregation to hear and follow. In contrast, it is recited silently in the Zuhr and Asr prayers, as well as in the remaining rak'ahs of the louder prayers, reflecting the established practice observed by the Prophet. This distinction applies whether praying individually or in congregation, ensuring the prayer's integrity through audible guidance in specific contexts. An important exception occurs in congregational Salah, where the follower behind the imam does not recite Al-Fatiha aloud but instead listens attentively to the imam's recitation, which suffices for them. This applies uniformly to all participants, including women and children praying as followers, who focus on hearing the imam to maintain the unity and validity of the collective prayer. The Prophet's guidance emphasizes this listening role to avoid disruption, reinforcing Al-Fatiha's centrality without redundancy.

Jurisprudential Rulings

In Islamic , the of Al-Fatiha in is accompanied by specific preliminaries, including the isti'adhah (seeking refuge with from ). According to the majority of scholars across the four Sunni schools, reciting the isti'adhah—"A'udhu billahi min ash-shaytan ir-rajim"—before Al-Fatiha is a act, obligatory in the sense of strong recommendation at the start of recitation in obligatory and supererogatory prayers. The holds that it is recited silently in all prayers, whether audible or silent, to maintain focus without unnecessary vocalization. In contrast, the prescribes reciting it audibly in loud prayers (such as Fajr, Maghrib, and Isha) when leading or praying alone, but silently in quiet prayers (Dhuhr and Asr), aligning with the volume of the subsequent recitation. The basmalah ("Bismillah ir-Rahman ir-Rahim") raises significant debate regarding its status as part of Al-Fatiha or a separate , influencing its manner. The Hanafi and Maliki schools view the basmalah as an independent verse not belonging to Al-Fatiha or any , recited silently before Al-Fatiha in every rak'ah of prayer as a act, separate from the surah's verses. Conversely, the Shafi'i school considers it the opening verse of Al-Fatiha itself, thus recited as integral to the —aloud in audible prayers and silently in quiet ones—emphasizing its Qur'anic status within the chapter. The Hanbali school extends this by deeming the basmalah part of every (except ), recited silently before Al-Fatiha but aloud if following the surah's volume in prayer. These differences stem from interpretations of prophetic practice, with the Maliki position uniquely excluding it from the Qur'an altogether in some views. Following Al-Fatiha, saying "Amin" (O , respond) is a key supplicatory act, with rulings varying by school on its necessity and volume. In the , uttering Amin is wajib (necessary), to be said immediately after completing Al-Fatiha—aloud in audible prayers and silently in quiet ones—for both the imam and followers, as its omission requires of forgetfulness if unintentional. The Hanafi, Maliki, and Hanbali schools classify it as sunnah mu'akkadah (emphasized practice), recommended silently in all prayers for individuals and followers, though the Hanbalis permit it aloud in audible prayers based on certain hadiths; its deliberate omission does not invalidate the prayer but is discouraged. Consensus exists that timing must align with the end of Al-Fatiha, and it applies equally in obligatory and supererogatory prayers. In the funeral prayer (salat al-janazah), the recitation of Al-Fatiha after the first takbir is obligatory according to the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools, forming a pillar of the prayer akin to other rituals; its absence invalidates the janazah, with the imam reciting it aloud for the congregation. The Hanafi school deems it makruh (disliked) but permissible as a form of praise or supplication, preferring direct transition to salawat without Al-Fatiha to avoid resembling non-funeral prayers. The Maliki school aligns with the Hanafis in recommending against its recitation, viewing the janazah as distinct from standard salah where Qur'anic recitation is not prescribed, though some allow it optionally. These variances reflect differing emphases on hadith narrations about the Prophet's janazah practices. Regarding supererogatory (nafl) prayers, jurisprudential differences arise on whether a full must follow Al-Fatiha in each rak'ah. The mandates reciting an additional surah after Al-Fatiha as wajib in every rak'ah of nafl prayers, ensuring complete qira'ah () as emulating the Prophet's consistent practice; omission requires sujud sahw (prostration of forgetfulness). In the Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanbali schools, adding a surah is but not obligatory, allowing validity with only Al-Fatiha, though recommended for completeness, particularly in two-rak'ah nafl like those before Fajr. This Hanafi emphasis underscores nafl's role in voluntary devotion mirroring fardh structure more strictly.

Virtues and Spiritual Benefits

In Islamic tradition, Surah Al-Fatiha is regarded as a cure for every illness, both physical and spiritual, as narrated in a reported by ‘Abdul Malik ibn ‘Umayr: "The Mother of the Qur'an [Al-Fatiha] is a remedy for every ailment." This narration, found in Sunan (Hadith 3413), is considered authentic when combined with supporting reports emphasizing the Qur'an's healing properties. A prominent example of its therapeutic use is the incident where a Companion recited Al-Fatiha as ruqyah ( incantation) to cure a tribal leader stung by a , leading to immediate recovery; the Prophet Muhammad confirmed its efficacy and accepted a share of the reward offered by the healed man. This event, recorded in ( 2201a), underscores Al-Fatiha's role in ruqyah for treating physical and spiritual ailments, including protection from venom, possession, and other harms, as elaborated by scholars like Ibn al-Qayyim who highlight its power to dispel misguidance and inner turmoil. Regarding spiritual rewards, Al-Fatiha is said to intercede for its reciter on the Day of , with a hadith qudsi describing how responds directly to each verse during , culminating in the fulfillment of the servant's for guidance and , which secures divine and potential elevation in Paradise. Narrations further attribute to it blessings of for sins and safeguarding from evil influences, as its plea for the straight path shields the believer from Shaytan's whispers and leads to elevated ranks among the righteous. The Prophet emphasized its (blessing) by teaching Al-Fatiha as the first lesson to new , instructing them in its recitation to instill foundational and divine favor from the outset of their journey in .

Scholarly and Cultural Aspects

Historical Commentaries

The commentaries on Al-Fatiha began with the Sahabah, the companions of the Prophet , who provided foundational interpretations based on direct transmissions from the Prophet. Abdullah (d. 687 CE), renowned as the "Interpreter of the Qur'an," offered detailed exegeses attributing narrations to the Prophet on the surah's Meccan revelation, its role as a cure (ruqyah), and verse-by-verse meanings, such as "Bismillah" invoking Allah's attributes of splendor and dominion, and "" as the path of distinct from those of and . This tradition continued into the early Abbasid period with Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (d. 923 CE), whose comprehensive Jami' al-Bayan fi Ta'wil al-Qur'an compiled variant readings () of Al-Fatiha, including syntactic differences in verses like "Iyyaka na'budu," justified through grammatical analysis, and incorporated isra'iliyyat—narratives from Jewish and Christian sources—to elucidate concepts such as divine worship and the straight path, often cross-referenced with pre-Islamic poetry and prophetic traditions. Medieval commentaries expanded into philosophical and jurisprudential depths among the mutakallimun and fuqaha. (d. 1210 CE), a key Ash'ari theologian, presented a philosophical in Mafatih al-Ghayb (The Great Exegesis), exploring Al-Fatiha's linguistic, theological, and mystical dimensions, such as rational proofs for Allah's mercy and the ethical implications of seeking guidance, integrating Aristotelian logic with Sufi allegories to illuminate every shade of meaning. Similarly, Abu Abdullah al-Qurtubi (d. 1273 CE), a Maliki , offered a fiqh-oriented in al-Jami' li- al-Qur'an, emphasizing legal rulings () derived from Al-Fatiha, including its obligatory recitation in , etymological insights into terms like "Rahman," and applications to worship and judgment, drawing on , Companion opinions, and syntax to guide practical Islamic observance. These developments from the Sahabah through later mutakallimun underscore Al-Fatiha's centrality in Islamic thought, inspiring numerous dedicated treatises that highlight its role as the essence of the Qur'an.

Dedicated Tafsir Works

Dedicated works on Al-Fatiha encompass a range of classical and modern texts that focus exclusively or primarily on the of this foundational , highlighting its theological, spiritual, and linguistic depths. These works often emphasize Al-Fatiha's role as the "Mother of the Book" and its encapsulation of core Islamic principles, drawing from linguistic, jurisprudential, and mystical perspectives. Among classical contributions, Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi's I'jaz al-Bayan fi Ta'wil Umm al-Qur'an, written in the AH, offers a philosophical and mystical commentary, linking the surah's structure to metaphysical concepts such as unity () and the hierarchy of existence, influenced by Ibn Arabi's school of thought. Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's chapter in Al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an (completed 871 AH) explores the surah's miraculous qualities through linguistic symmetries and prophetic traditions, underscoring its unparalleled eloquence and spiritual efficacy. In modern scholarship, Amin Ahsan Islahi's thematic approach in (Volume 1), published in the , treats Al-Fatiha as the thematic cornerstone of the , analyzing its verses coherently with subsequent surahs to reveal a unified divine of guidance and . Muhammad al-Ghazali's A Thematic Commentary on the Qur'an, first issued in the late , dedicates its opening sections to Al-Fatiha, emphasizing its relevance to contemporary ethical and social issues while integrating classical sources for a balanced . Notable content highlights in these works include discussions of Al-Fatiha's comprehensive praise of , affirmation of , and supplicatory structure mirroring the entire Quran's essence. The prolific nature of this scholarship is evidenced by the abundance of tafsir manuscripts in major repositories, including the Topkapi Palace Library, attesting to sustained intellectual engagement across centuries.

Printing and Manuscript Traditions

The transmission of Al-Fatiha, as the opening surah of the , has been preserved through a rich tradition of manuscripts dating back to the CE. One of the earliest known Quranic fragments is the Birmingham manuscript, held by the , radiocarbon dated to between 568 and 645 CE with 95.4% accuracy, making it contemporaneous with the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad. Although this parchment contains portions of surahs 18 through 20 rather than Al-Fatiha, it exemplifies the Hijazi script used in initial Quranic codices, characterized by its rudimentary form without systematic diacritical marks. The Sana'a palimpsest, discovered in 1972 during renovations of the Great Mosque of Sana'a in and dated to the first half of the CE, provides evidence of early Quranic transmission, with the upper layer aligning closely with the standard recitation and the lower erased layer revealing textual variations, such as alternative word orders and omissions. These variations, analyzed through ultraviolet imaging, highlight the fluid early stages of Quranic compilation before the Uthmanic standardization around 650 CE. The shift from to print marked a pivotal evolution in Al-Fatiha's dissemination. The first complete printed edition of the in , including Al-Fatiha, was produced in between 1537 and 1538 by typographers Paganino and Alessandro Paganini using , though only a single copy survives today in the Franciscan on the . This edition, intended for European scholarly use, reproduced the text in a Naskh-like script but faced technical challenges with Arabic's nature, leading to errors in diacritics and layout. In the , printing of the lagged due to religious sensitivities about replicating sacred texts mechanically, but by the , enabled widespread production and standardization. Ottoman presses, particularly after the 1826 establishment of the Imperial School of Military Engineering, adopted 'an 'Asim as the norm for printed mushafs, ensuring uniform orthography and diacritical markings for Al-Fatiha across editions printed in and provincial centers. Quranic scripts evolved significantly to facilitate accurate recitation of Al-Fatiha, transitioning from angular Kufic in early manuscripts—prevalent in 7th- to 9th-century codices like those from Sana'a, which omitted dots and vowel signs to denote consonants only—to the more fluid Naskh script by the 10th century, favored for its readability in Abbasid-era copies. Diacritical marks (i'jam) and vowel signs (tashkil), initially developed in the late 7th century by scholars like Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali to prevent misrecitation, became standardized in the 8th century under the Kufan school, allowing precise rendering of Al-Fatiha's basmalah and rhythmic structure in later Naskh prints. This evolution ensured the surah's oral integrity amid visual transmission. UNESCO has recognized the global significance of early Quranic manuscripts through its Memory of the World Programme, including a 2000 CD-ROM compilation of the Sana'a collection to preserve its palimpsest layers and variants against deterioration. Similarly, in 2014, the National Library of Egypt's 140 Mamluk-era Quran manuscripts (1250–1517 CE), many featuring ornate Al-Fatiha illuminations, were inscribed for their artistic and textual value. Post-2000 digital preservation initiatives have further safeguarded these traditions; the Harvard Islamic Heritage Project (launched 2010) digitized over 280 rare Quranic works, including manuscript folios with Al-Fatiha in Kufic and Naskh, making high-resolution images accessible online. The Library of Congress's Manuscripts of the Muslim World (2015 onward) provides open-access scans of 500+ Islamicate items, emphasizing Al-Fatiha's role in codex openings, while the Corpus Coranicum project (2007–present) in Germany offers annotated digital editions of 7th-century fragments to support scholarly analysis of transmission fidelity.

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  52. https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/7442/1/506157.pdf
  53. https://sunnah.com/muslim:395a
  54. https://sunnah.com/bukhari:756
  55. https://seekersguidance.org/answers/quran/what-are-the-rulings-on-seeking-refuge-al-istiadha-and-the-basmala/
  56. https://seekersguidance.org/answers/hanafi-fiqh/saying-basmala-before-after-the-fatiha-the-position-of-the-hanafi-school/
  57. https://islamqa.info/en/answers/175551
  58. https://qurantalkblog.com/2022/10/03/bismillah-salat/
  59. https://seekersguidance.org/answers/shafii-fiqh/follower-reciting-al-fatiha-in-the-shafii-school/
  60. https://islamqa.info/en/answers/234769
  61. https://islamreigns.wordpress.com/2016/04/29/saying-aameen-silently-in-salaat-explained/
  62. https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/199033/al-ahnaafs-evidence-for-not-reciting-al-faatihah-in-funeral-prayer
  63. https://dars-o-tadrees.com/reciting-faatihah-funeral-prayers/
  64. https://www.islamicbulletin.org/free_downloads/other/salaah_janazah_hanafi.pdf
  65. https://islamqa.org/hanafi/askimam/4901/is-it-compulsory-to-recite-another-surah-after-surah-al-fatiha-during-a-voluntorynafilah-prayer/
  66. https://seekersguidance.org/answers/hanafi-fiqh/what-are-the-rulings-for-reciting-suras-in-order-during-prayer-and-adding-a-sura-after-the-fatiha-in-the-3rd-and-4th-rakats/
  67. https://islamqa.info/en/answers/6422
  68. https://hadithanswers.com/surah-fatihah-a-cure-for-all-illness/
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  79. https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=180
  80. https://www.islamic-awareness.org/quran/text/mss/soth
  81. https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=350
  82. https://tulayhah.wordpress.com/2021/02/20/a-history-of-the-printing-of-the-quran/
  83. https://darulquran.co.uk/quranic-articles/start-to-learn-quran/the-script-style-of-the-holy-quran-a-comprehensive-study/
  84. https://en.wikishia.net/view/Quranic_Transcription
  85. https://www.islamic-awareness.org/quran/text/mss/
  86. https://www.unesco.org/en/memory-world/national-library-egypts-collection-mamluk-quran-manuscripts
  87. https://guides.library.upenn.edu/c.php?g=846539&p=6052173
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