Hubbry Logo
BarapasaurusBarapasaurusMain
Open search
Barapasaurus
Community hub
Barapasaurus
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Barapasaurus
Barapasaurus
Barapasaurus
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Barapasaurus
Temporal range: Sinemurian-Toarcian, 196.5–175 Ma
Life restoration
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: †Sauropodomorpha
Clade: †Sauropoda
Clade: †Gravisauria
Genus: †Barapasaurus
Jain et al., 1975
Species:
†B. tagorei
Binomial name
†Barapasaurus tagorei
Jain et al, 1975

Barapasaurus (/bəˌrɑːpəˈsɔːrəs/ bə-RAH-pə-SOR-əs) is a genus of basal sauropod dinosaur from Jurassic rocks of India. The only species is B. tagorei. Barapasaurus comes from the lower part of the Kota Formation, which is of Early to Middle Jurassic in age. It is therefore one of the earliest known sauropods. Barapasaurus is known from approximately 300 bones from at least six individuals, so that the skeleton is almost completely known except for the anterior cervical vertebrae and the skull. This makes Barapasaurus one of the most completely known sauropods from the Early Jurassic.

Discovery and naming

[edit]

All known fossils come from a single locality in the vicinity of the village of Pochampally (Pin Code: 442504), bordering Telangana (Pochampally Sironcha Taluka, Gadchiroli District, Vidarbha, Maharastra, in central India).[1] The first bones were discovered in 1958, but most specimens were unearthed in 1960 and 1961.[2] In 1975, the finds were described scientifically by palaeontologist Sohan Lal Jain and colleagues.[1] In 2010, a more detailed osteological description was published by Bandyopadhyay and colleagues.[2] The material is archived in the palaeontological collection of the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), while a majority of the bones are part of a mount at the Geological Museum of the ISI.[2]

Etymology

[edit]

The name Barapasaurus ("big-legged lizard") is derived from bara meaning 'big' and pa meaning 'leg' in several Indian languages including Bengali; the Greek word sauros means 'lizard'.[1] This name was used as a nomen nudum since a femur measuring over 1.7 m was unearthed at 1961.[1] The specific name tagorei means 'Tagore's', which honours Bengali poet, writer, painter, and musician Rabindranath Tagore. The first year of fieldwork was carried out in the centenary year of Tagore's birth.[1]

Fossil record

[edit]
Reconstructed skeletal mount of Barapasaurus tagorei, based on Jain (1979)[3]

Barapasaurus tagorei is known from a large bone bed found in the Lower Kota Formation, containing approximately 300 bones from at least six individuals of various ages. No remains of the skull, other than teeth, have been found.[2] The age of this fossil site is disputed, because no volcanic rocks whose age can be determined by radiometric dating are associated with the Kota Formation and its age can only be estimated by biostratigraphic comparisons to other rock layers, which is made difficult by the lack of reliable index fossils in the formation. The age has generally been interpreted as Early Jurassic, with the Lower Kota Formation in particular dating to the Sinemurian to Pliensbachian, roughly 184–200 million years ago. However, some studies have argued that the Kota Formation dates to the Middle Jurassic or even later.[4][5]

Taphonomy

[edit]

The approximately 300 bones were found together with large trunks of trees scattered over an area of 276 square meters. Although one of the specimens was found partly articulated, most bones were found disarticulated. Because there are six left femora, the total number of individuals is at least six.[2]

Bandyopadhyay and colleagues (2002, 2010) interpret this assemblage as a herd that died due to a catastrophic event, likely a flood. This flood could have unearthed the trees and transported both trees and Barapasaurus a distance before they began to decompose. After decomposition progressed, the bones began to disarticulate. The disarticulated skull bones were removed by the water stream because they were light, leaving only the heavy postcranial bones at the site, which would explain why no skull bones were found.[2]

Description

[edit]
Size comparison of Barapasaurus tagorei

Although a very early and unspecialised sauropod, Barapasaurus shows the building plan typical for later, more derived sauropods: the cervical vertebrae were elongated, resulting in a long neck. The trunk was short and holds columnar limbs which indicate an obligate quadrupedal posture.[2][3] Even the size, which is estimated at 12 to 14 metres (39 to 46 ft) long and 7 tonnes (7.7 short tons) in weight,[6][7] is comparable with that of later sauropods.[3]

The vertebral column already shows many traits that are typical for later sauropods which allowed them to attain great body sizes, although in later sauropods these traits are much more developed. The central and neural spines show early hints of hollowing as a weight-saving measure. The dorsal vertebrae are stabilised with hyposphene-hypantrum articulations, accessory projections that link the vertebrae with each other. The sacrum is strengthened through an additional fourth sacral vertebra.[2]

From the skull, only three whole teeth and three crowns are known. The largest-known tooth is 5.8 centimetres (2.3 in) in height. Like that of later sauropods, the teeth are spoon shaped and show wrinkled enamel. A basal trait is the coarse serration.[2]

Classification

[edit]
Cladogram of basal Sauropoda
Sauropoda
Bandyopadhyay 2010[2]

The relationships of this genus within the Sauropoda are debated. When first described in 1975, it was not attributed to one specific group at all, although the presence of many basal, prosauropod-like features was noted.[1] Since 1984, Barapasaurus was united with another early sauropod, Vulcanodon, in a family called Vulcanodontidae, although this family was declared invalid by Paul Upchurch in 1995 because it was recognised as polyphyletic. Upchurch erected a clade named Eusauropoda that includes all known sauropods except some very basal forms. While Vulcanodon was classified outside the Eusauropoda, Barapasaurus was classified inside it, which means that Barapasaurus is more derived than Vulcanodon.[2][8] Although Upchurch's classification was accepted by most palaeontologists, a recent study from Bandyopadhyay and colleagues came to a contrary conclusion: these palaeontologists stated that Barapasaurus was in fact more basal than Vulcanodon and removed it from Eusauropoda.[2]

Habitat

[edit]

Barapasaurus comes from clay and sandstone that belongs to the lower part of the Kota Formation. Other vertebrates of this part include another early sauropod, Kotasaurus, as well as the mammals Kotatherium, Indotherium and Indozostrodon. The upper part of the Kota Formation additionally contained a pterosaur (Campylognathoides), a turtle, two rhynchocephalians, a lepidosaur and some mammals.[2]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Barapasaurus

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Barapasaurus is a genus of basal sauropod dinosaur known from the Early Jurassic period, approximately 185–170 million years ago, in what is now India. The type and only species, B. tagorei, was a large, herbivorous quadruped characterized by a long neck and tail, spoon-shaped teeth with bulbous bases and coarse tubercles on the carinae, and solid, acamerate vertebrae in the cranial and dorsal regions. It reached lengths of up to 14 meters and is recognized as one of the earliest and most completely known sauropods, providing key insights into the early evolution of this group. The genus was named in 1975 by paleontologists S. L. Jain, T. S. Kutty, T. Roy-Chowdhury, and S. Chatterjee, based on fossils recovered from the Lower Kota Formation in the Pranhita–Godavari Basin of . The name Barapasaurus derives from words in Indian languages meaning "big-legged lizard," reflecting its robust limb structure, while the species epithet tagorei honors , a prominent Bengali . Fossils, including over 300 from multiple individuals such as a partial , were excavated from bone beds associated with fossilized trunks spanning more than 276 square meters, indicating gregarious behavior or mass mortality events in a fluvial environment. The Kota Formation dates to the – stages, making Barapasaurus a crucial for understanding sauropod diversification in during the . Taxonomically, Barapasaurus belongs to Sauropoda within Sauropodomorpha, specifically positioned as a basal sauropod close to the base of the sauropod tree, more derived than prosauropods but basal to later forms like Vulcanodon. Its osteology features include a sacrum with four co-ossified vertebrae, lateral laminae on middle and caudal dorsal neural spines, and a dorsally opening neural canal in mid-dorsal vertebrae, distinguishing it from more advanced sauropods. The appendicular skeleton shows robust limbs adapted for weight support, with the humerus and femur exhibiting typical sauropod proportions. As a primitive sauropod, Barapasaurus bridges the gap between smaller prosauropods and the gigantic titanosauriforms of later periods, highlighting India's role in early sauropod evolution.

Discovery and naming

History of discovery

The fossils of Barapasaurus tagorei were first identified as surface exposures in 1958–1959 within the Lower Member of the Kota Formation, located in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley near Sironcha (18°44′N, 80°05′E) in the of , . Excavations were initiated in 1960–1961 by a team from the Geological Studies Unit of the , , led by S. L. Jain along with Pamela L. Robinson, T. K. Roy Chowdhury, T. S. Kutty, and others, yielding a substantial collection of sauropod remains associated with fossilized trunks at the sandstone-mudstone interface. The and Barapasaurus tagorei were formally established in 1975 by S. L. Jain, T. S. Kutty, T. K. Roy Chowdhury, and S. Chatterjee, based on the specimen ISI/A-298, a partial comprising vertebrae, , and limb elements from an adult individual. This naming occurred in a seminal paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, marking one of the earliest detailed descriptions of an Indian sauropod and highlighting its significance as a basal member of the group from the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian stages. Subsequent initial studies in the and , primarily by Jain and collaborators at the , expanded on the preliminary account with more comprehensive anatomical overviews, documenting over 300 disarticulated bones representing at least six individuals (inferred from duplicates like six left femora) collected from a concentrated bonebed spanning approximately 276 m². These publications, including Jain et al. (1979), emphasized the site's productivity and the fossils' role in understanding early sauropod evolution in . No major new discoveries of Barapasaurus material have occurred since the , though recent analyses up to 2024 have refined its stratigraphic context within the Kota Formation and integrated it into broader palaeobiogeographic reviews of Indian dinosaurs, with ongoing preparation and study of the existing collections at institutions like the . A detailed osteological by Bandyopadhyay et al. in provided the most thorough synthesis to date, confirming the assemblage's monospecific nature and taphonomic associations.

Etymology

The genus name Barapasaurus derives from the words bara (big) and pa (leg or foot), combined with the sauros (lizard), yielding "big-legged ". This alludes to the notably robust hind limb bones that characterize the type material. The specific epithet tagorei honors the Indian and Nobel laureate (1861–1941), whose birth centenary coincided with the initial excavations yielding the fossils in 1961; the name was formally proposed in the 1975 description despite some early literature associating the discovery with statistical pioneer due to his role at the , where the specimens are housed. Barapasaurus remains a monotypic , with B. tagorei as its sole valid and no recognized synonyms.

Fossil record

Known specimens

The known specimens of Barapasaurus tagorei comprise approximately 300 disarticulated and partially articulated bones recovered from a single bonebed spanning 276 in the Lower Kota Formation near Pochampalli, . These s represent at least six individuals, as evidenced by the recovery of six left femora of varying s, along with other duplicated elements indicating multiple size classes (small, medium, and large). The material is housed in the palaeontological collection of the Geological Studies Unit at the (ISI) in , . The , designated ISIR 50, consists of a formed by four co-ossified vertebrae, associated with a right ilium (ISIR 51) and a left ilium (ISIR 111), representing a medium-sized individual approximately 12–13 m in length. No paratypes were formally designated in the original description, but the collection includes one partial postcranial and additional referred material from the same locality. The specimens encompass a broad range of postcranial elements, including isolated teeth, caudal cervical through caudal vertebrae, ribs, scapulae, coracoids, humeri, radii, ulnae, partial metacarpals, complete pelvic girdle elements (ilia, , pubes), and hindlimb bones such as seven femora, seven tibiae, four fibulae, astragali, calcanea, metatarsals, and ungual phalanges. No cranial material beyond teeth is known, and the partial provides a nearly complete representation of the axial and for one individual, though most elements are disarticulated and show varying degrees of completeness due to and breakage.

Taphonomy and preservation

The Barapasaurus bonebed, comprising over 300 disarticulated postcranial elements from at least six individuals collected across an area of 276 m², formed through taphonomic processes linked to a catastrophic flood event in the fluvial setting of the lower Kota Formation. This monospecific assemblage is interpreted as the remains of a herd that perished during the flood, with carcasses subsequently transported short distances by high-energy floodwaters before deposition. The bones exhibit polymodal orientations (primarily NNW-SSE and NE-SW), reflecting sorting by water flow, and are closely associated with large fossilized tree trunks, suggesting entanglement of decomposing carcasses with vegetation during transport. Following initial high-energy deposition near the sandstone-mudstone interface, the bones experienced brief exposure on the of a meandering river system, as evidenced by fine cracks on some surfaces, before rapid burial in low-energy and clay sediments that facilitated preservation. The elements are generally well-ossified and complete with minimal or crushing, though some show slight compression from ; abrasion is limited, indicating limited post-depositional reworking. No is noted, but the fine-grained matrix contributed to the retention of anatomical details without significant fragmentation. Taphonomic biases are apparent in the assemblage, with an overrepresentation of robust, larger postcranial elements (such as femora and vertebrae) due to hydraulic sorting during , while fragile cranial material was likely fragmented and winnowed away. The absence of bite marks or other surface modifications suggests no significant predation or scavenging activity prior to . This concentration of adult-sized individuals further implies selective preservation of larger bones in the lag-like deposit formed under waning flow conditions.

Description

Size and general build

Barapasaurus tagorei was a large basal sauropod, with an estimated total body length of 12–14 meters (39–46 feet) from skull to tail tip, based on composite reconstructions of multiple specimens including a 12–13-meter-long individual. Weight estimates range from 6 to 7 metric tons, derived from volumetric modeling and limb bone scaling in relation to more completely known sauropods. The general build of Barapasaurus reflects primitive sauropod morphology, featuring a long inferred to consist of 10–12 , a robust barrel-shaped supported by 14 dorsal vertebrae and a four-vertebra , and an elongated tail comprising at least 43 caudal vertebrae. This configuration supported a terrestrial quadrupedal posture, with the held horizontally at shoulder height to facilitate and the tail extended rearward for counterbalance during locomotion. Its limbs were columnar and adapted for weight-bearing, with robust forelimbs ( length approximately 78.5% of length) and slender yet sturdy hindlimbs ( about 60.5% of length), enabling stable, fully quadrupedal movement without evidence of bipedal capability. lengths among specimens vary from 875 mm to 1365 mm, underscoring the animal's graviportal construction suited to its substantial mass.

Skeletal features

The vertebral column of Barapasaurus tagorei exhibits several primitive sauropod characteristics. The presacral vertebrae exhibit varied pleurocoely typical of basal sauropods: are opisthocoelous, with anterior faces concave and posterior faces convex; anterior dorsal vertebrae are opisthocoelous, transitioning to platycoelous (flat-ended) in posterior dorsals. This configuration provides flexibility while supporting a quadrupedal posture. In the dorsal series, the neural spines are low and plate-like, flattened craniocaudally but broad transversely, with well-developed hyposphene-hypantrum articulations in the middle and posterior dorsals that enhance intervertebral stability. These features, combined with lateral pneumatic fossae on the , indicate early stages of vertebral pneumatization, though less complex than in later sauropods. The limb skeleton underscores Barapasaurus's graviportal build, with robust hind limbs that inspired its generic name ("big-legged "). The is straight and slender overall, measuring approximately 80-90 cm in smaller specimens, with a hemispherical head positioned at a to the shaft and a prominent fourth for muscle attachment. Forelimbs are slightly shorter than the hind limbs, comprising about 78.5% of femoral length in the and adopting a pillar-like stance suited for , while the manus retains five digits with reduced outer phalanges (III-V) and a rugose ungual on digit I. Elements of the pectoral and pelvic girdles further reflect this early sauropod morphology. The is long and slender, featuring a tall, narrow with gentle dorsoventral convexity and an expanded proximal end for articulation with the . The ilium possesses an elongated preacetabular process and a deep, medially concave , contributing to a relatively narrow pelvic basin compared to more derived sauropods. Distinctive traits include elongated that increase in length posteriorly along the neck, attaching to opisthocoelous caudal cervical that are longer than tall, supporting an extended neck without preserved material. No cranial fossils have been recovered, leading to inferences of a small, boxy similar to other basal sauropods based on associated teeth and .

Classification

Taxonomic history

Barapasaurus tagorei was formally described and named in 1975 by S. L. Jain, T. S. Kutty, T. K. Roy-Chowdhury, and S. Chatterjee based on extensive material from the Kota Formation of , and was initially classified as a basal sauropod without assignment to a specific family. In the 1980s, subsequent literature, including Jacques A. Gauthier's review of saurischian phylogeny, grouped Barapasaurus with other primitive sauropods like based on shared synapomorphies such as the structure of the presacral vertebrae and limb elements. During the 1990s, Barapasaurus was often placed within Eusauropoda in some phylogenetic analyses, as seen in Paul Upchurch's 1995 study, which highlighted eusauropod-like features including a robust and specific femoral proportions. Earlier classifications had sometimes aligned it with Cetiosauridae due to similarities in vertebral morphology with genera like Cetiosaurus, while from 1984 onward it was frequently included in the family Vulcanodontidae alongside , reflecting its basal position among sauropods. However, modern cladistic approaches in the 2000s and 2010s have abandoned these family-level groupings, viewing them as paraphyletic or grade-based rather than monophyletic. Debates regarding the monophyly of the Barapasaurus material, which includes approximately 300 bones from at least six individuals, were addressed in 1990s and later studies through morphological consistency across elements and taphonomic evidence indicating a single mass accumulation event, confirming all specimens as conspecific with no proposals for taxonomic splits. Phylogenetic revisions, such as those by Upchurch, Barrett, and Galton in 2007, repositioned Barapasaurus as a basal member of Sauropoda outside Eusauropoda, more primitive than Vulcanodon, based on character analysis showing its exclusion from eusauropod clades requiring additional evolutionary steps. The validity of Barapasaurus as a distinct has been upheld in 2010s sauropod monographs and reviews, including a comprehensive osteological redescription by Bandyopadhyay et al. in 2010, which provided an amended diagnosis emphasizing unique features like slit-like openings in the neural canal and differentiated it from contemporaries such as Kotasaurus, with no consideration as a .

Phylogenetic position

Barapasaurus tagorei is classified as a basal member of , situated outside the derived clade , and represents one of the earliest known definitive sauropods from the . Cladistic analyses position it near the base of sauropod evolution, typically as the sister taxon to from or within a including other basal forms such as Tazoudasaurus. This placement underscores its primitive status relative to more advanced sauropods, with analyses recovering it as more basal than Vulcanodon in some matrices. Key synapomorphies allying Barapasaurus with include the presence of vertebral pneumaticity, columnar limb structure with a angled near 0° and an elliptical femoral shaft cross-section, and spoon-shaped teeth featuring bulbous bases and marginal grooves. Despite these traits, it retains several prosauropod-like features, such as acamerate (non-pneumatized) cranial and dorsal vertebrae, a neural canal opening dorsally via a narrow slit in mid-dorsals, and an elongated neck lacking the extreme lengthening characteristic of later sauropods. These characteristics highlight its transitional morphology between prosauropodomorphs and advanced sauropods. Phylogenetic studies often assign Barapasaurus to the family Vulcanodontidae alongside Vulcanodon, based on shared features like a four-vertebrae sacrum and similar pelvic architecture, though the family's monophyly remains debated and some analyses treat it as incertae sedis among basal sauropods. A 2010 cladistic analysis using 292 characters across 34 taxa recovered 47 most parsimonious trees, consistently placing Barapasaurus outside Eusauropoda and more derived than Kotasaurus but more primitive than Vulcanodon, requiring additional steps to force alternative positions. Its robust limbs, as noted in osteological descriptions, further support this basal positioning by indicating early adaptations for quadrupedal weight-bearing without the refinements seen in neosauropods. Recent studies as of 2021 continue to affirm this basal position outside Eusauropoda. As one of the oldest well-documented sauropods, Barapasaurus holds significant evolutionary importance, bridging the gap between Late Triassic prosauropodomorphs and the diverse Middle-to-Late Jurassic sauropod radiation, and providing insights into the early diversification of giant herbivores in Gondwanan ecosystems.

Paleoecology

Geological setting

The fossils of Barapasaurus tagorei were recovered from the Lower Member of the Kota Formation, which forms part of the Supergroup within the Pranhita-Godavari Basin of . This basin represents one of the major intracratonic rift systems developed during the fragmentation of the supercontinent . The Kota Formation is dated to the Early to (Sinemurian? to Bajocian?, approximately 190–170 million years ago), with recent studies suggesting a age; the age is subject to debate due to conflicting biostratigraphic, palynological, and faunal evidence. The Lower Member, from which Barapasaurus specimens derive, consists primarily of red siltstones and mudstones interbedded with sandstones, reflecting deposition in a fluvial-lacustrine environment. These sediments indicate low-energy riverine and marginal lake settings, with fining-upward cycles suggestive of meandering channels and overbank flooding. During this interval, the Indian plate occupied a position along the southern margin of , adjacent to and , amid early stages of continental rifting that would eventually lead to the supercontinent's breakup. The Pranhita-Godavari Basin experienced driven by normal faulting, which controlled and influenced the influx of siliciclastic sediments into the . This tectonic regime promoted the development of fault-bounded depocenters, facilitating the accumulation of the Kota Formation's strata.

Habitat and contemporaries

Barapasaurus inhabited the Early to Middle Jurassic floodplains and wetlands of the Pranhita-Godavari Basin in what is now , as preserved in the Kota Formation. The paleoenvironment was characterized by a subtropical, warm, and dry with seasonal droughts and fluctuating water availability, featuring meandering rivers, seasonal fluvial systems, and carbonate wetlands within a continental rift setting. Sedimentary evidence from sandstones, clays, limestones, and conglomerates points to a dynamic landscape of periodic flooding and drying, supporting a of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The surrounding vegetation consisted primarily of conifer-dominated forests, with Araucariaceae such as Agathoxylon kotaense forming the bulk of the woody flora, alongside significant contributions from pteridophytes (ferns) and other gymnosperms like cycads and ginkgophytes. Palynomorph assemblages from the formation, including spores and , further confirm this floral composition, indicating stressed growth conditions with subtle growth rings in woods that reflect seasonal aridity. As a basal sauropod, Barapasaurus was herbivorous, employing its peg-like, spatulate teeth to browse mid-height such as foliage and ferns in these forested floodplains. Barapasaurus coexisted with a relatively low-diversity assemblage typical of Early to ecosystems in Gondwanan . Other dinosaurs included the basal sauropod Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis, which shared similar habitats, as well as fragmentary remains suggestive of early theropods, possibly basal ceratosaurs. Non-dinosaurian contemporaries encompassed crocodylomorphs such as teleosaurids, semionotid and pholidophorid fishes, turtles, lizards, rhynchocephalians, and small mammals like the symmetrodont Kotatherium. This community reflects a freshwater-influenced with limited predatory pressure and moderate faunal turnover.

References

  1. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/dino-directory/barapasaurus.html
  2. https://palass.org/publications/palaeontology-journal/archive/53/3/article_pp533-569
  3. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1975.0014
  4. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00933.x
  5. https://www.isical.ac.in/~repro/history/public/notepage/Barapasaurus_tagorei-F.html
  6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380168073_Triassic-Jurassic_dinosaurs_from_India_their_ages_and_palaeobiogeographic_significance
  7. https://probashionline.com/dinosaur-named-tagore/
  8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223006263_Taphonomy_of_some_Gondwana_Vertebrate_Assemblages_of_India
  9. http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s1_9287.pdf
  10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00933.x
  11. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1975.0014
  12. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115
  13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00681.x
  14. https://palass.org/publications/special-papers-palaeontology/archive/77/article_pp57-90
  15. https://doc.rero.ch/record/14542/files/PAL_E1745.pdf
  16. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-01120-w
  17. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00933.x
  18. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1367912002001451
  19. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2024.2336992
  20. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037073820300944
  21. https://digitalcommons.isical.ac.in/journal-articles/1630/
  22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330873844_Palaeofloras_from_the_Kota_Formation_India_palaeodiversity_and_ecological_implications
  23. https://palass.org/sites/default/files/media/publications/palaeontology/volume_18/vol18_part1_pp207-216.pdf
  24. https://jpsonline.co.in/index.php/jop/article/view/1583
  25. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016699597801222
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.