Hubbry Logo
BuffelBuffelMain
Open search
Buffel
Community hub
Buffel
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Buffel
Buffel
Buffel
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

The Buffel (English: Buffalo) is an infantry mobility vehicle used by the South African Defence Force during the South African Border War. The Buffel was also used as an armoured fighting vehicle and proved itself in this role. It replaced the older Bedford RL-based Hippo APC and itself was replaced by the Mamba from 1995 in South Africa,[1] but remains in use elsewhere, notably Sri Lanka.

Key Information

Production history

[edit]

The Buffel was the first truly effective landmine-protected armored personnel carrier to enter service anywhere.[2] The South African Army began deploying it in the operational area from 1978. The Buffel was an improvement over the Bosvark which offered little protection to the driver. In 1974, 54 Mercedes-Benz Unimog 416–162 chassis had been hastily converted into Bosvarks by 61 Base Workshops in Pretoria. The Bosvark offered limited landmine protection to the crew, but compensated for this with good off-road mobility.[1][3] It is estimated that around 2,400 Buffels were delivered before production stopped. Sri Lanka purchased Buffels in the 1980s, and in the early 1990s the vehicle was exported to Uganda.[1]

The Buffel (Afrikaans for Buffalo) was not a wholly South African built vehicle, but made use of the chassis, engine and some other components of the Mercedes-Benz U416-162 Unimog,[1] which were fitted with a domestically designed armoured driver's cab and separate armoured troop compartment. The cab was situated on the left with the engine compartment on the right. Later models replaced the original Mercedes-Benz OM352 engine[1] with copies built under license by Atlantis Diesel Engines factory near Cape Town.

Land mine protection was provided by the V-shaped hull underneath these compartments, which quite effectively deflected the blast. The troop compartment contained two plastic tanks in the V-shape beneath the floor: a 200-litre fuel tank and a 100-litre water tank. The water tank provided drinking water to the occupants by means of a tap at the rear of the vehicle.

In order to help dissipate the energy from hitting a mine, the large tyres were sometimes filled with water, adding about 500 kg per wheel to the vehicle weight.[4]

Variants

[edit]

SAA variants

Buffel Mk IIA at the Gerotek Test site.
  • Buffel - original
  • Buffel Mk 1 - Improved engine and bush guard (bumper)
  • Buffel Mk 1B - Disc brakes replaced drum brakes[1]
  • Log Buffel - Logistic/Cargo version, a standard Buffel with the seat assembly removed from the troop compartment
  • Buffel Mk IIA - Essentially a rebuild of earlier Mk 1s with an enclosed troop compartment, a rear exit door and large bulletproof windows on the sides and rear. Referred to as Moffel.[1]
  • Buffel Mk IIB - Cargo carrier. The SA Army ordered 57 of these in the early 1980s. Payload capacity stated as 2.637 tons.[1]

SAAF variants

Rhino (left) and Bulldog (right) of the South African military, Swartkop Air Force Base.
  • Bulldog - based on SAMIL 20 truck with the driver's cab on the right. The Bulldog was utilized by the SAAF for patrolling airfields. A variant called the Ystervark was produced and used in the anti-aircraft role.[1]
  • Rhino - A further development of the Bulldog but with the driver seated inside a fully enclosed troop compartment. 20 were produced for the SAAF.[1]

Sri Lankan variants

Sri Lanka Police Special Task Force Unicorn
Unibuffel Mk II of the Sri Lankan Army

Operators

[edit]
Map with Buffel operators in blue with former operators in red

Current operators

[edit]

Former operators

[edit]

Combat history

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Vehicles of comparable role, performance, and era

[edit]

References

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Buffel

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Buffel is a mine-resistant, ambush-protected (MRAP) developed by in the late 1970s to provide mobility in environments with high landmine threats. Designed with a V-shaped hull to deflect blast forces from anti-tank mines, it utilises a modified 4x4 chassis, accommodating a driver and up to 10 troops in an open-topped configuration protected against small-arms fire and artillery fragments. Powered by a OM352 6-cylinder producing 95 kW, the vehicle achieves road speeds of up to 96 km/h and features a combat weight of approximately 6.14 tonnes. Introduced into service with the (SADF) in 1978 during the , the Buffel represented the first mass-produced mine-protected , addressing vulnerabilities exposed by mine warfare tactics employed by insurgent forces. Over 2,400 units were produced by Armscor, serving primarily in counter-insurgency operations in and , where its robust design proved effective in surviving multiple mine detonations. Variants such as the Mk IIA incorporated improvements like enhanced armour and a turret for a , while the open-top layout allowed for rapid dismounting but exposed crews to . Beyond , the Buffel was exported to several African and Asian nations, including , , , , and , and employed in missions for its proven mine resistance. Production ceased in the following the end of apartheid-era sanctions and the Border War, but upgraded versions and surplus vehicles continue in secondary roles or with private security forces, underscoring its influence on subsequent MRAP designs worldwide.

Development and Production

Origins in Counter-Insurgency Needs

The (PLAN), the military wing of the (), intensified its insurgency against South African administration in (now ) during the 1970s, employing landmines as a primary tactic in along border areas and infiltration routes. These devices, often anti-vehicle pressure-fused models supplied via Soviet and Cuban support to Angolan bases, targeted SADF and troop movements, exploiting the terrain's suitability for ambushes and hit-and-scoot operations. Empirical battlefield data from patrols and convoys revealed mounting casualties, with unarmored trucks and light vehicles suffering frequent detonations that caused fragmentation injuries and vehicle losses, underscoring the limitations of existing transport in countering this low-cost, high-impact threat. By 1976-1977, amid escalating operations in and cross-border incursions into following the 1975 Portuguese withdrawal, the SADF formalized a requirement for a dedicated mine-resistant carrier to mitigate these losses, prioritizing a V-hulled design based on observed blast deflection principles from mine tests. This responded directly to causal factors in guerrilla mining: PLAN's ability to emplace hidden devices along roads and cut-lines, where SADF reliance on wheeled mobility for rapid response created vulnerabilities. Early countermeasures, including ad-hoc modifications like sandbagging cargo beds and lining wheel arches with rubber or scrap in and trucks—techniques adapted from Rhodesian experiences—provided marginal protection but failed under repeated blasts, often resulting in crew exposure and operational downtime. The Buffel's conceptualization leveraged the 416 chassis for its proven off-road capability and local availability, enabling swift adaptation into a purpose-built platform over improvised fixes. Urgency drove collaboration with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which produced initial prototypes in , including one nicknamed "Flossie," tested for hull integrity against simulated mine bursts to validate the V-shape's energy dissipation. This engineering approach prioritized empirical validation of blast dynamics—directing force downward and outward—over heavier armor, aligning with the need for mass-producible vehicles to equip battalions patrolling vast operational theaters.

Design Evolution and Production Details

The Buffel was manufactured primarily by Sandock-Austral under the oversight of Armscor, commencing production in 1978 to address urgent counter-insurgency requirements during the South African Border War. The design leveraged commercial Mercedes-Benz Unimog truck chassis and components, such as the OM352 diesel engine, to minimize costs and expedite assembly through bolted rather than fully welded construction of the armored hull. This approach enabled efficient output, with more than 1,400 units produced by the mid-1980s, focusing on rapid deployment for mine-prone terrains. Early production runs utilized basic welded steel V-hulls optimized for mine blast deflection, but operational feedback from Border War engagements revealed needs for refined blast redirection and durability. Subsequent batches incorporated iterative hull modifications, including adjusted V-angles to enhance dispersion and strengthened plating, alongside upgrades like disc brakes replacing drums in the Mk 1B variant for improved stopping power on rough terrain. Further evolutions in the Mk IIA addressed visibility and protection by adding larger bulletproof windows and a partial rear door, while retaining the open-top layout to balance weight and ventilation; these changes stemmed from field trials emphasizing crew survivability without compromising mobility. Manufacturing processes were streamlined via standardized integrations, achieving monthly production rates sufficient to equip multiple battalions, though exact per-batch figures remain tied to classified Armscor records. Production halted in the late , aligned with the War's de-escalation after major operations like Cuito Cuanavale in 1987-1988, reducing demand for frontline mine-protected vehicles. , intensified through UN resolutions, further limited access to imported components despite domestic adaptations, prompting a shift toward next-generation designs.

Technical Specifications and Design

Chassis, Hull, and Mine Protection

The Buffel utilizes a modified 416 series 4x4 , providing a robust base for its mine-resistant design while maintaining off-road mobility. This commercial truck was adapted by elevating the armored hull to increase ground clearance and position the crew compartment above the typical blast radius of ground-laid explosives. The hull features a V-shaped structure, welded from plates approximately 6-7 mm thick, which offers protection against small-arms fire such as 7.62 x 51 mm rounds and fragments while prioritizing blast deflection over heavy ballistic resistance. The inverted V configuration of the underbelly channels the upward pressure and fragmentation from mine detonations outward and laterally, dissipating energy away from the occupants through geometric deflection rather than absorption. This causal mechanism reduces vertical impulse transmission to the crew tub, which is raised and isolated from the to further minimize shock transfer. Mine protection is rated to withstand a single (equivalent to 6.34 kg TNT) detonated beneath the hull or two such mines under any wheel assembly, as verified by (SADF) live-fire trials in regions like Northern Transvaal and . These tests, involving nine prototype vehicles, demonstrated high crew survivability rates, with instances of occupants enduring blasts without fatal injuries, though the open-top design leaves vulnerability to overhead threats. The overall vehicle measures 5.10 m in length, 2.05 m in width, and 2.96 m in height, with a combat weight of approximately 6.1 tonnes, balancing enhanced protection against the mobility penalties of added mass on the Unimog's suspension.

Armament, Mobility, and Crew Accommodations

The Buffel's primary armament consists of one or two pintle-mounted 7.62 mm machine guns, such as the M1919A4 or GMPG, positioned at the front right and optionally at the rear left of the troop compartment, with gunner shields on some configurations. Lighter 5.56 mm machine guns could also be fitted, though 7.62 mm was standard for during patrols. Mobility is provided by a OM352 six-cylinder water-cooled producing 125 hp (93 kW) at 2,800 rpm, coupled to a 4x4 drive system with portal axles and an eight-speed distributing power evenly to front and rear axles. This configuration enables a maximum road speed of 96 km/h and off-road speeds up to 30 km/h, with an operational range of 1,000 km on roads using a 200-liter . The Unimog-derived chassis facilitates maintenance with commercial parts, enhancing reliability in remote bush terrain. Crew accommodations include a single driver in a forward cab with bulletproof windows and blast-resistant seating, alongside an open-top troop compartment seating 10 on two rows of five shock-absorbing benches arranged back-to-back or facing outward, secured by full harnesses to mitigate mine blast effects. Access is via climbing over the high hull sides, with hinged panels for loading equipment; later variants like the Mk IIA added an enclosed cab for improved protection and visibility. Additional features include a roll bar, stowage boxes, and a , prioritizing rapid dismount for in roles while leveraging the for deflection of underbody threats.

Variants

Mk1 and Early Models

The Mk1 Buffel represented the initial production variant of the mine-protected , entering service with the in 1978 to address urgent requirements for troop against anti-vehicle mines in border conflict zones. It utilized a V-shaped hull to deflect blast forces from mines, mounted on a FLW 4x4 chassis for off-road mobility, with an open-top rear compartment accommodating up to 10 infantrymen seated along benches. The prioritized mine resistance over ballistic or environmental sealing, reflecting the immediate tactical need for a vehicle that could traverse contaminated terrain without exposing troops to dismounted threats. Early Mk1 models featured a simplified entry configuration, lacking a dedicated left-side for the driver, who instead accessed via the open roof hatch, which complicated operations in dusty or inclement conditions. The baseline armament consisted of a pintle-mounted 7.62 mm operated by the commander from an exposed position atop , with relying on personal weapons fired over the sides. Production emphasized rapid assembly at facilities like those operated by Sandock Austral, focusing on hull fabrication and integration to meet deployment demands rather than extensive prototyping or such as enclosed cabs. This approach enabled the first operational deployments by late , where the vehicle proved its core survivability in mine-heavy environments during initial patrols and convoys. Incremental field modifications addressed practical shortcomings in the Mk1's early runs, including ad-hoc additions like protective skirts or covers to mitigate debris ingress through the open design, though these were not standardized until later variants. The vehicle's gross weight hovered around 6.3 tonnes, with a top speed of 60 km/h on roads powered by a 6-cylinder producing 72 kW, underscoring its role as a rugged transporter rather than a high-performance platform. These initial models laid the groundwork for subsequent refinements, distinguishing the Mk1 by its unadorned emphasis on blast deflection and troop carriage amid the escalating mine warfare of the late .

Unibuffel, Moffel, and Specialized Derivatives

The Unibuffel represents a adaptation of the Buffel platform, developed in the 1980s by the Sri Lanka Electrical and Mechanical Engineers to incorporate operational lessons from high-threat environments, including an enclosed cab for enhanced driver protection against small-arms fire and debris. This modification addressed ergonomic limitations of the open-top original while retaining the V-shaped hull for mine resistance, with further updates such as integration of a Tata diesel engine for local sustainment and compatibility with regional supply chains. The preceding variant served as the initial locally produced iteration, essentially a reverse-engineered Buffel with baseline mine-protection features but lacking the full enclosure, produced in limited quantities post-1980 to equip in counter-insurgency roles. In , the Moffel, designated as the Buffel Mk IIA, emerged as a specialized enclosed derivative in the early , featuring a fully armored compartment to mitigate exposure risks identified in field data from border operations, while enabling niche configurations such as an carrier with integrated firing tube and ammunition stowage for support. This modular upgrade preserved the chassis and but prioritized survivability over troop capacity in select units. Complementing logistics needs, variant adapted Buffel-inspired mine-resistant principles to a truck chassis, positioning the armored driver's cab on the right side for improved visibility and payload handling, primarily employed by the for airfield patrols and supply transport in contested areas. Overall, these derivatives totaled fewer than 200 units across operators, reflecting targeted production focused on incremental enhancements rather than mass rollout.

Operational Deployment

South African Border War Engagements

The Buffel was introduced into service with the (SADF) in 1978 and rapidly became integral to counter-insurgency operations during the , particularly in protecting convoys and conducting patrols against (PLAN) ambushes in the northern sectors of and Kaokoveld. These regions, characterized by sandy terrain and sparse vegetation, facilitated PLAN guerrilla tactics including hit-and-run attacks and extensive mine-laying campaigns aimed at disrupting SADF logistics and mobility. Buffels transported infantry in armored formations, enabling sustained presence in high-threat areas where unarmored vehicles had previously suffered heavy losses from anti-vehicle mines and small-arms fire. From 1981 to 1983, amid intensified mining efforts that detonated over 1,000 anti-vehicle devices annually along routes, Buffels demonstrated empirical survivability through their V-hulled design, which deflected blast forces outward and minimized crew injuries. SADF after-action reports documented multiple instances where Buffels absorbed direct mine strikes—such as a double mine detonation at Ogongo on 5 August 1983—resulting in vehicle damage but often limited to non-fatal casualties among the 10-man crew, contrasting sharply with prior vehicles like the that incurred higher fatalities from similar threats. This protection facilitated aggressive patrolling, empirically deterring PLAN mine-laying by allowing rapid response to detected insurgent activity and reducing the tactical window for emplacement. In battalions, Buffels integrated with Ratel infantry fighting vehicles to form hybrid battle groups, where Ratels provided and while Buffels handled troop carriage and logistics in rear echelons. Units like 301 Battalion, operating in coordination with mechanized formations such as 61 Mechanized Battalion Group, employed Buffels for company-level rifle transport during sweeps in , enhancing overall battalion mobility against ambushes. This tactical pairing, evident in operations like in 1981, compensated for the Buffel's lower speed (approximately 60 km/h versus the Ratel's 100 km/h) by prioritizing mine-resistant bulk transport over rapid assault. Following the 1978 Cassinga raid, which prompted to escalate border-area insurgencies, SADF adapted by emphasizing Buffel-led protected convoys for static defense and quick-reaction forces, as seen in intensified patrols responding to post-raid ambushes in Kaokoveld. Verifiable SADF highlight Buffels surviving repeated mine hits during these adaptations, with crew compartments preserving occupants through compartmentalized seating and elevated positioning, thereby sustaining operational tempo amid heightened threats. Overall, Buffel deployments correlated with measurable casualty reductions in mine-prone patrols, though vulnerabilities to multiple simultaneous detonations underscored limits in extreme scenarios.

Post-Apartheid and Export Usage

Following the transition to majority rule in 1994, Buffel vehicles retained a role in the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) primarily for internal security duties, after having been withdrawn from frontline combat in the late 1980s. This usage persisted into the mid-1990s until the vehicle's replacement by the lighter Mamba APC in 1995, reflecting a shift toward more modern, less resource-intensive platforms for non-combat operations. Export activity for surplus Buffels post-apartheid was minimal, with United Nations arms transfer registers documenting a single sale from South Africa between 1992 and 2005: the transfer of 10 vehicles to Uganda in 1994. These monitored disposals aligned with emerging South African export controls aimed at regional stability, though broader adoption by foreign militaries remained limited due to the vehicle's specialized design and the availability of newer alternatives. By the 2000s, Buffels had been largely phased out of SANDF inventories, supplanted by vehicles like the Casspir for mine-resistant tasks and Ratel variants for mechanized infantry roles, with no significant operational deployments recorded as of 2025. Logistical sustainment proved challenging after the end of international sanctions, as the Unimog-based chassis aged and parts scarcity led to practices such as vehicle cannibalization in reserves, though comprehensive data on these issues remains sparse in public records.

Operators

Primary and Current Operators

The continues to operate the Buffel as its primary user, retaining vehicles primarily in reserve storage amid budget constraints and fleet modernization delays during the 2020s, with production totals exceeding 1,400 units historically but active service numbers significantly reduced through retirements and exports. Maintenance and spare parts availability for legacy Buffel MPVs remain supported by domestic firms, indicating ongoing possession for potential surge capacity or border security roles. The maintains a smaller inventory of Buffel vehicles, acquired through surplus transfers from between 1992 and 2005, integrated into its MRAP fleet alongside locally assembled variants of other mine-protected designs. These holdings support internal security and counter-insurgency operations, though no verified deployments in active combat have occurred after 2010, with emphasis shifting to newer acquisitions like the MCAV-20.

Former Operators and Transfers

The (SADF) served as the original operator of the Buffel until its dissolution and integration into the (SANDF) on April 27, 1994, amid the transition from apartheid. Following this, the SANDF initiated phase-out of older Buffel models in the mid-to-late 1990s, prioritizing replacement with the domestically produced series starting in 1995, which offered improved mobility and protection. Surplus Buffels accumulated from these decommissioning efforts were managed through government auctions, competitive tenders, and scrapping programs administered by the Department of Defence, with disposals peaking in the late 1990s and early 2000s to align with post-apartheid force rationalization and budget constraints. Post-apartheid arms export policies, enacted via the National Conventional Arms Control Committee in 1995, imposed strict oversight on surplus disposals to prevent destabilizing transfers, reflecting 's integration into international non-proliferation frameworks and regional initiatives like those in the . arms transfer registers, which tracked major movements, recorded only one direct government sale of surplus Buffels by from 1992 to 2005: a batch of 10 vehicles delivered to around 1996 for internal security roles. These limited, verifiable transfers underscored demilitarization tied to geopolitical normalization, with no evidence of unregulated exports to high-risk zones despite private dealer involvement in secondary markets.

Performance and Impact

Survivability and Combat Effectiveness

The Buffel's V-shaped hull and elevated seating configuration directed the force of mine detonations outward and downward, minimizing shock transmission to occupants and thereby achieving high crew survivability in blast events. Reports from South African military evaluations indicate that Buffels endured multiple landmine detonations with crews typically sustaining only minor injuries, contrasting sharply with the routine destruction and high fatalities associated with unarmored trucks in pre-1978 convoy operations during the , where anti-vehicle mines like the TM-57 inflicted disproportionate losses on logistics lines. This mine resistance enabled effective convoy protection and deployment in contested, mine-saturated regions, allowing sustained patrols and rapid response without the induced by earlier vehicle vulnerabilities to guerrilla tactics. Over 1,400 units produced facilitated widespread adoption, with field data underscoring the causal role of the hull geometry in preserving combat mobility—vehicles often required repairs post-blast but returned crews to action, unlike predecessor soft-skinned transports that were frequently rendered inoperable with total crew losses. The Buffel's empirical success validated early MRAP principles, directly informing later designs proliferated for counter-IED operations in and , where analogous threats prompted U.S. and forces to prioritize blast deflection over traditional armor schemes. South African operational logs, though not publicly quantified in aggregate, consistently attribute the vehicle's effectiveness to its capacity for repeated survivable engagements, reducing overall force attrition from asymmetric mine warfare by orders of magnitude relative to non-protected alternatives.

Limitations and Operational Drawbacks

The Buffel's chassis, derived from the with solid axles and high ground clearance, produced a notoriously harsh ride over rough terrain, characterized by significant sway and motion that frequently induced among troops, earning the vehicle the Afrikaans nickname kots koets (vomit carriage). This discomfort exacerbated crew fatigue during prolonged patrols in the , and the ambulance variant was deemed unsuitable for treating casualties due to the excessive jostling. The design's top-heavy profile, resulting from its narrow width relative to height, heightened rollover risks on sharp turns or uneven ground, particularly for less experienced drivers. Operational mobility was further constrained by a maximum road speed of 96 km/h and off-road speed of 30 km/h, limiting rapid response in dynamic engagements, while water-filled tires—added for blast resistance and stability—increased weight by approximately 1.2 tons and thereby reduced fuel range despite the standard 200-liter tank. Maintenance demands stemmed from its Unimog components, with against apartheid-era complicating parts procurement and necessitating local adaptations that could introduce reliability variability. The open-top troop compartment, while facilitating quick dismounts, left personnel vulnerable to small-arms fire, , mortar, and attacks originating above the V-shaped hull line, as well as petrol bombs in close-quarters scenarios. This exposure rendered the Buffel less scalable for , where overhead threats predominated, in contrast to its bush warfare strengths; post-apartheid assessments noted its obsolescence against advanced anti-armor threats like guided missiles. Although no systemic mechanical failures plagued the fleet, with over 2,400 units enduring numerous mine detonations without catastrophic crew losses, these inherent trade-offs underscored the vehicle's specialized rather than versatile role.

References

  1. https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/coldwar/south_africa/buffel-apc-mpv/
  2. http://www.army-guide.com/eng/product1080.html
  3. https://warwheels.net/Buffel1APCindex.html
  4. http://www.warinangola.com/default.aspx?tabid=623
  5. https://tank-afv.com/coldwar/South_Africa/Buffel.php
  6. https://www.61mech.org.za/index.php/equipment/buffel
  7. https://www.militaryfactory.com/armor/detail.php?armor_id=1031
  8. https://warhistory.org/de/%40msw/article/buffel-apc-mine-protected-vehicle
  9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85S00317R000300030002-3.pdf
  10. https://samilhistory.com/tag/swapo/
  11. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA329952.pdf
  12. http://nutria.co.za/forum/viewtopic.php?t=437
  13. https://www.facebook.com/groups/79284870944/posts/10159973462805945/
  14. https://www.sa-soldier.com/data/07-SADF-equipment/
  15. https://warhistory.org/%40msw/article/buffel-apc-mine-protected-vehicle
  16. https://peek-01.livejournal.com/71333.html
  17. https://www.gao.gov/products/t-nsiad-88-34
  18. https://www.refworld.org/legal/resolution/unga/1987/en/42934
  19. https://www.army-guide.com/eng/product1080.html
  20. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA536424.pdf
  21. https://www.keymilitary.com/article/show-stopper
  22. http://tanknutdave.com/ths-sri-lankan-unicorn-a-unibuffel-mine-protected-apc/
  23. https://www.fireandfury.com/orbats/modsouthafrican.pdf
  24. http://southafricawargraves.org/lists/saborder_s.htm
  25. https://www.facebook.com/groups/79284870944/posts/10154972549590945/
  26. https://www.sa-soldier.com/data/09-SADF-links/cassinga_raid/00dissertation.pdf
  27. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/misc/SIPRIBP1101.pdf
  28. http://tanknutdave.com/the-buffel-mine-resistant-apc/
  29. https://www.militarysystems-tech.com/suppliers/armoured-and-mine-protected-vehicles/ott-technologies
  30. https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2023/08/guardians-of-pearl-ugandas-inventory-of.html
  31. https://www.military.africa/2025/09/ugandan-military-acquires-mcav-20-armoured-vehicles/
  32. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rsa/buffel.htm
  33. https://defenceweb.co.za/sa-defence-sa-defence/auctions-tenders-used-as-disposal-tools-by-dod-sandf/
  34. https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/lmsa/
  35. https://tanks-encyclopedia.com/category/south-african-apcs/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.