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List of cattle breeds
List of cattle breeds
List of cattle breeds
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Over 1,000 breeds of cattle are recognized worldwide, some of which adapted to the local climate, while others were bred by humans for specialized uses.[1]

Cattle breeds fall into two main types, which are regarded as either two closely related species, or two subspecies of one species. Bos indicus (or Bos taurus indicus) cattle, commonly called zebu, are adapted to hot climates and originated in the tropical parts of the world such as India, Sub-saharan Africa, China, and Southeast Asia. Bos taurus (or Bos taurus taurus), typically referred to as "taurine" cattle, are generally adapted to cooler climates and include almost all cattle breeds originating from Europe and northern Asia.

In some parts of the world further species of cattle are found (both as wild and domesticated animals), and some of these are related so closely to taurine and indicus cattle that interspecies hybrids have been bred. Examples include the Dwarf Lulu cattle of the mountains of Nepal, which bears yak blood;[2] the Beefalo of North America, with bison genes; and the Selembu breed of India and Bhutan, with gayal genes. The Madura breed of Indonesia may have banteng in its parentage.[3] In addition to these fertile hybrids, there are sterile hybrids such as the male Dzo of Nepal, a cattle-yak hybrid which is bred for agricultural work; like the mule and the hinny, they have to be continually bred from both of the parent species.

A

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Aberdeen Angus Taurus Scotland Meat Dairy — —
Abergele — Ethiopia Meat Dairy Draught —
Abigar Taurus Ethiopia — Dairy — —
Abondance Taurus France Meat Dairy — —
Abyssinian Shorthorned Zebu Indicus Ethiopia — — Draught —
Aceh — Indicus Indonesia Meat — — —
Achham Indicus Nepal — Dairy — —
Adamawa Taurus Nigeria Meat Dairy Draught —
Adaptaur Taurus/Indicus hybrid Australia Meat — — —
Afar Indicus Ethiopia Meat Dairy — —
Africangus Taurus/Indicus hybrid South Africa Meat — — —
Afrikaner Indicus South Africa Meat — — —
Agerolese Taurus Italy — Dairy — —
Alambadi Indicus India — — — —
Alatau Taurus Kazakhstan Meat Dairy — —
Albanian Taurus Albania — Dairy Draught —
Albera Albera cattle grazing Taurus Spain, France Meat — — Semi-feral
Alderney Taurus Channel Islands — Dairy — —
Alentejana Taurus Portugal Meat — Draught —
Aleutian wild cattle — United States — — — Feral
Aliad Dinka — South Sudan — — — —
Alistana-Sanabresa — Spain — — — —
Allmogekor Taurus Sweden Meat — Draught —
Alur — Democratic Republic of the Congo — — — —
American Taurus/Indicus hybrid United States Meat — — —
American Angus — United States Meat — — —
American Beef Friesian — United States — — — —
American Brown Swiss Taurus United States — Dairy — —
American Milking Devon Taurus United States Meat Dairy Draught —
American White Park Taurus United States Meat Dairy — —
Amerifax Taurus United States Meat Dairy — —
Amrit Mahal Indicus India — — — Developed from Hallikar cattle for war purposes
Amsterdam Island cattle Taurus Amsterdam Island — — — Feral
Anatolian Black Taurus Turkey Meat Dairy Draught —
Andalusian Black Taurus Spain Meat — — Endangered
Andalusian Blond — Spain — — — —
Andalusian Grey — Spain — — — —
Angeln Taurus Germany — Dairy — —
Angoni — Malawi — — — —
Ankina — United States — — — —
Ankole — East Africa meat dairy — —
Ankole-Watusi Indicus United States Show
Aracena — Spain — — — —
Arado — Ethiopia Meat Dairy Draught —
Argentine Criollo Taurus Argentina Meat Dairy — —
Argentine Friesian — Argentina — Dairy — —
Armorican Taurus France Meat Dairy — —
Arouquesa Taurus Portugal Meat Dairy — —
Arsi — Ethiopia — — — —
Asturian Mountain Taurus Spain Meat Dairy — —
Asturian Valley Taurus Spain Meat Dairy — —
Aubrac Taurus France Meat Dairy — —
Aulie-Ata Taurus Kazakhstan — Dairy — —
Aure et Saint-Girons Taurus France Meat Dairy Draught —
Australian Braford Taurus/Indicus hybrid Australia Meat — — —
Australian Brangus Taurus/Indicus hybrid Australia Meat — — —
Australian Charbray Taurus/Indicus hybrid Australia Meat — — —
Australian Friesian Sahiwal Taurus/Indicus hybrid Australia — Dairy — —
Australian Lowline Taurus Australia Meat — — —
Australian Milking Zebu Taurus/Indicus hybrid Australia — Dairy — —
Australian Shorthorn — Australia Meat — — —
Austrian Simmental — Austria — — — —
Austrian Yellow — Austria — — — —
Avétonou — Togo — — — —
Avileña-Negra Ibérica — Spain — — — —
Aweil Dinka — South Sudan — — — —
Ayrshire Taurus Scotland — Dairy — —
Azaouak — Mali — — — —
Azebuado — Brazil — — — —
Azerbaijan Zebu — Azerbaijan — — — —
Azores — Portugal — — — —

B

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Bachaur cattle Indicus India — Dairy Draught —
Baherie cattle Indicus Eritrea Meat Dairy — —
Bakosi cattle Taurus Cameroon Meat — — Rituals
Balancer Taurus United States Meat Dairy — Gelbvieh/American Angus crossbreed
Bali cattle Banteng Indonesia Meat — — —
Baoule Taurus Ivory Coast — Dairy — —
Bargur cattle Indicus India — Dairy Draught Semi-wild, native to Bargur forest region, bred and grazed by the local Lingayat community
Barrosã Taurus Portugal Meat — Draught —
Barzona Taurus/Indicus hybrid United States Meat — — —
Bazadaise Taurus France Meat — — —
Beef Freisian Taurus United States Meat Dairy — —
Beefalo Taurus/American bison hybrid United States Meat — — —
Beefmaker Taurus/Indicus hybrid United States Meat — — —
Beefmaster Several female cattle (heifers) of the Beefmaster breed Taurus/Indicus hybrid United States Meat — — —
Begayt — Ethiopia Meat Dairy Draught —
Belgian Blue Taurus Belgium Meat Dairy — —
Belgian Red Taurus Belgium, France Meat Dairy Draught Endangered breed
Belgian Red Pied Taurus Belgium Meat Dairy — —
Belgian White-and-Red Taurus Belgium Meat Dairy — —
Belmont Red Taurus/Indicus hybrid Australia Meat — — —
Belted Galloway Taurus Scotland Meat — — —
Bernese — Switzerland — — — —
Berrenda cattle Taurus Spain Meat Dairy Draught Sport
Betizu Taurus Spain, France Meat — Draught Semi-feral
Bianca Modenese A bull of the Bianca Modenese breed of cattle stands in the center of the frame. Taurus Italy Meat Dairy — —
Blaarkop Taurus Netherlands Meat Dairy — —
Blanca Cacereña Taurus Spain Meat Dairy Draught —
Blanco Orejinegro BON Taurus Colombia Meat Dairy Draught —
Blonde d'Aquitaine Taurus France Meat Dairy Draught —
Blue Albion Taurus Great Britain Meat — — —
Blue Grey Taurus Great Britain Meat — — —
Bohuskulla — Sweden — — — —
Bonsmara A Bonsmara bull in Namibia Taurus/Indicus hybrid South Africa Meat — — —
Boran Indicus eastern Africa Meat — — —
Boškarin Taurus Croatia, Slovenia Meat Dairy Draught —
Braford Taurus/Indicus hybrid United States Meat — — —
Brahman Indicus India Meat Dairy Draught —
Brahmousin Taurus/Indicus hybrid United States Meat — Draught —
Brangus Taurus/Indicus hybrid United States Meat — — —
Braunvieh Taurus Switzerland Meat Dairy — —
Brava — Spain — — — —
Bretonne Pie Noir Taurus France Meat Dairy — —
British White Taurus Great Britain Meat Dairy — —
British Friesian Taurus Great Britain — Dairy — —
Brown Carpathian Taurus Ukraine — — — —
Brown Caucasian Taurus Armenia Meat Dairy — —
Brown Swiss Taurus Switzerland — Dairy — —
Bue Lingo Taurus United States Meat Dairy — —
Burlina Taurus Italy — Dairy — —
Buša cattle Taurus former Yugoslavia - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia (Dinaric Alps) Meat Dairy Draught —
Butana cattle Indicus Sudan — Dairy — —
Bushuyev Zebu Uzbekistan — Dairy — —

C

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Cachena Taurus Portugal/Spain Meat Dairy Draught —
Caldelana Taurus Spain Meat Dairy Draught —
Camargue Taurus France Meat — Draught Sport, semi-feral
Campbell Island cattle Taurus New Zealand — — — Feral
Canadian Speckle Park Taurus Canada Meat — — —
Canadienne Taurus Canada Meat Dairy — —
Canaria Taurus Spain Meat — Draught —
Canchim Taurus/Indicus hybrid Brazil Meat — — —
Caracu Taurus Brazil Meat Dairy Draught —
Cárdena Andaluza Taurus Spain Meat — Draught —
Carinthian Blondvieh Taurus Austria Meat Dairy Draught —
Carora Taurus Venezuelan Meat Dairy Draught —
Charbray Taurus/Indicus hybrid United States Meat — — —
Charolais Taurus France Meat — Draught —
Chateaubriand — — — — — —
Chiangus Taurus — Meat — — —
Chianina Taurus Italy Meat — Draught —
Chillingham cattle Taurus England — — — Feral
Chinese Black Pied Taurus China — Dairy — —
Cholistani Cattle Indicus Pakistan — Dairy — —
Cika cattle Taurus Slovenia Meat Dairy — —
Coloursided White Back Taurus — Meat Dairy — —
Commercial — — — — — —
Corriente Taurus Spain Meat Dairy Draught Sport
Corsican cattle Taurus France Meat — — Often free-ranging, semi-feral
Costeño con Cuernos Taurus/Indicus hybrid Colombia Meat — Draught —
Crioulo Lageano — Brazil — — — —

D

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Dajal cattle Indicus Pakistan Meat Dairy Draught —
Dangi cattle Indicus India — — Draught —
Danish Black-Pied — Denmark — — — —
Danish Jersey A cow of the Danish Jersey breed lying down in a field. Taurus Denmark — Dairy — —
Danish Red Taurus Denmark Meat Dairy — —
Deep Red cattle Taurus — Meat Dairy — —
Deoni Indicus India — Dairy Draught —
Devon Taurus England Meat Dairy — —
Dexter cattle Taurus Ireland Meat Dairy — —
Dhanni Indicus Pakistan Meat Dairy Draught —
Doayo cattle Taurus Cameroon — — — —
Doela — — — — — —
Drakensberger Taurus South Africa Meat Dairy — —
Dølafe Taurus Norway Meat Dairy — —
Droughtmaster Taurus/Indicus hybrid Australia Meat — — —
Dulong' Taurus — Meat — Draught —
Dutch Friesian Taurus Netherlands Meat Dairy — —
Dwarf Lulu Taurus/Indicus/Yak hybrid — — — — —

E

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
East Anatolian Red Taurus — — Dairy — —
Eastern Finncattle Taurus Finland Meat Dairy — —
Eastern Red Polled — — — — — —
Enderby Island cattle Unknown New Zealand — — — Feral
English Longhorn Taurus England Meat Dairy — —
Ennstaler Bergscheck Taurus Austria Meat — Draught —
Estonian Holstein Taurus Estonia — Dairy — —
Estonian Native — Estonia — — — —
Estonian Red cattle A cow of the Estonian Red breed has her nose close to the camera, investigating the lens. Taurus Estonia Meat Dairy — —
Évolène cattle Taurus Switzerland — Dairy — —

F

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Finnish Ayrshire — Finland — — —
Finncattle Taurus Finland Meat Dairy — —
Finnish Holstein-Friesian — Finland — — — —
Fjäll Taurus Sweden Meat Dairy — Also called Swedish Mountain
Fleckvieh Taurus Austria Meat Dairy — —
Florida Cracker cattle Taurus United States Meat — — —
Fogera — Ethiopia Meat Dairy Draught —
French Simmental Taurus France Meat Dairy — —
Fribourgeoise An engraving of a Fribourgeoise cow, in color. It is black and white and standing in a field. — Switzerland — — — —
Friesian Red and White Taurus — Meat Dairy — —
Fulani Sudanese Indicus — Meat Dairy Draught —

G

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Galician Blond Taurus Spain Meat Dairy — —
Galloway cattle Taurus Scotland Meat Dairy Draught —
Gangatiri Indicus India — Dairy Draught —
Gaolao Indicus India — Dairy Draught —
Garvonesa Taurus Portugal Meat — Draught —
Gascon cattle Taurus France Meat — Draught —
Gelbvieh Taurus Germany Meat Dairy Draught —
Georgian Mountain cattle Taurus Georgia Meat Dairy Draught —
German Angus Taurus Germany Meat — — —
German Black Pied cattle Taurus Germany — Dairy — —
German Black Pied Dairy Taurus Germany — Dairy — —
German Red Pied Taurus Germany Meat Dairy — —
Gir Indicus India — Dairy — —
Glamorgan cattle Taurus England Meat Dairy — —
Glan cattle Taurus Germany Meat Dairy Draught —
Gloucester Taurus England Meat Dairy Draught —
Gobra Indicus — Meat — Draught —
Greek Shorthorn Taurus Greece Meat Dairy — —
Greek Steppe Taurus Greece Meat Dairy Draught —
Greyman cattle Taurus/Indicus hybrid Australia Meat — — —
Gudali Indicus Iran/Persia — Dairy Draught —
Guernsey cattle Taurus Channel Islands — Dairy — —
Guzerá Indicus Brazil Meat — Draught —

H

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Hallikar[4] Indicus India — Draught Origin of Amrit Mahal cattle
Hanwoo Taurus Korea Meat — Draught Cow fighting
Hariana cattle Indicus India — Dairy Draught —
Hartón del Valle Taurus Colombia Meat Dairy Draught —
Harzer Rotvieh Taurus Germany Meat Dairy Draught —
Hays Converter Taurus Canada Meat — — —
Heck cattle A cow of the Heck breed stands. It is black with horns. Taurus Germany — — — Science
Hereford Taurus England Meat — — —
Herens Taurus Switzerland, Italy, France Meat — — Cow fighting
Highland cattle Taurus Scotland Meat — — —
Hinterwald Taurus Germany Meat Dairy — —
Holando-Argentino Taurus Argentina Meat Dairy — —
Holstein Friesian cattle Taurus Germany, the Netherlands Meat Dairy — —
Horro Indicus Ethiopia Meat — Draught —
Huáng Cattle Taurus China Meat Dairy Draught
Hungarian Grey Taurus Hungary Meat — Draught —

I

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Iberian cattle — Spain — — — —
Icelandic Taurus Iceland — Dairy — —
Illawarra cattle Taurus Australia Meat Dairy — —
Improved Red and White Taurus Netherlands Meat — — —
Indo-Brazilian Indicus — Meat — — —
Irish Moiled Taurus Ireland Meat Dairy — —
Israeli Holstein Taurus Israel — Dairy — —
Israeli Red Taurus/Indicus hybrid Israel Meat Dairy — —
Istoben cattle Taurus — Meat Dairy — —
Istrian cattle   see Boškarin

J

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Jamaica Black Taurus/Indicus hybrid Jamaica Meat Dairy — —
Jamaica Hope Taurus/Indicus hybrid Jamaica — Dairy — —
Jamaica Red Taurus/Indicus hybrid Jamaica Meat — — —
Japanese Black Taurus Japan Meat — — One of the four wagyu breeds
Japanese Brown Taurus Japan Meat — — One of the four wagyu breeds
Japanese Polled Taurus Japan Meat — — One of the four wagyu breeds
Japanese Shorthorn Taurus Japan Meat — — One of the four wagyu breeds
Jarmelista Taurus Portugal Meat — Draught —
Javari cattle Indicus India — — Draught —
Jersey cattle Taurus Channel Islands — Dairy — —
Jutland cattle Taurus Denmark Meat Dairy — —

K

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Kabin Buri cattle Taurus/Indicus hybrid Thailand Meat Dairy — Crossbreed between Brahman and Simmental
Kalmyk cattle Taurus Russia Meat Dairy — —
Kangayam Indicus India — Dairy Draught —
Kankrej Indicus India — Dairy Draught —
Kamphaeng Saen cattle Taurus/Indicus hybrid Thailand Meat — — —
Karan Swiss Taurus/Indicus hybrid — Meat Dairy — —
Kasaragod Dwarf cattle Indicus India — Dairy Draught —
Kathiawadi Indicus India — — Draught —
Kazakh Whiteheaded Taurus Kazakhstan Meat Dairy — —
Kenana cattle Indicus Sudan — Dairy — —
Kenkatha cattle Indicus India — — Draught —
Kerry cattle Taurus Ireland Meat Dairy — —
Kherigarh Indicus India — — Draught —
Khillari cattle Indicus India — — Draught —
Kholomogory Taurus Russia Meat Dairy — —
Korat Wagyu Taurus/Indicus hybrid Thailand Meat — — —
Kostroma cattle Taurus Russia Meat Dairy — —
Krishna Valley cattle Indicus India — Dairy Draught —
Kuri Taurus — Meat Dairy Draught —
Kurgan cattle Taurus Russia Meat Dairy — —

L

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
La Reina cattle Taurus Nicaragua Meat Dairy — —
Lakenvelder cattle Taurus Netherlands — Dairy — —
Lampurger — — — — — —
Latvian Blue — — — — — —
Latvian Brown Taurus Latvia Meat Dairy — —
Latvian Danish Red Taurus Latvia Meat Dairy — —
Lebedyn Taurus Ukraine — — — —
Limia cattle Taurus Spain Meat Dairy Draught —
Limousin Taurus France Meat — Draught —
Limpurger Taurus — Meat Dairy — —
Lincoln Red Taurus England Meat — — —
Lynch Lineback Taurus Canada — Dairy — —
Lithuanian Black-and-White — — — — — —
Lithuanian Light Grey — — — — — —
Lithuanian Red — Lithuania Meat — — —
Lithuanian White-Backed — — — — — —
Lohani cattle Indicus — Meat — Draught —
Lourdais Taurus France Meat Dairy Draught —
Lucerna cattle Taurus South America — — — —
Luing Taurus Scotland Meat — — —

M

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Madagascar Zebu Indicus — Meat Dairy Draught —
Madura Banteng/Indicus hybrid Indonesia Meat Dairy Draught Racing
Maine-Anjou Taurus France Meat Dairy Draught —
Malnad Gidda Indicus India — Dairy Draught Semi-dwarf breed
Malvi Indicus India — Dairy Draught —
Mandalong Special Taurus/Indicus hybrid — Meat — — —
Mantequera Leonesa Taurus — Meat Dairy Draught —
Maraîchine Taurus France meat — — —
Maramureş Brown — Romania — — — —
Marchigiana Taurus Italy Meat — Draught —
Maremmana Taurus Italy Meat Dairy Draught —
Marinhoa Taurus Portugal Meat Dairy Draught —
Maronesa Taurus Portugal Meat Dairy Draught —
Masai Indicus — Meat — Draught —
Mashona Taurus Zimbabwe Meat — Draught —
Menorquina Taurus Spain — Dairy — —
Mertolenga Taurus Portugal Meat — Draught —
Meuse-Rhine-Issel Taurus Netherlands Meat Dairy — —
Mewati Indicus India — Dairy Draught —
Milking Shorthorn Taurus Great Britain Meat Dairy — —
Minhota Taurus Portugal Meat Dairy Draught —
Mirandesa Taurus Portugal Meat — Draught —
Mocăniţă — Romania — — — —
Mollie Taurus Spain Meat — Draught —
Monchina Taurus Spain Meat — Draught —
Mongolian Taurus China Meat — Draught —
Montbéliarde Taurus France Meat Dairy — —
Morucha Taurus — Meat — Draught Fighting
Munshiganj Cattle — Bangladesh Meat — — —
Muturu Taurus africanus Nigeria Meat Dairy — —
Murboden Taurus Austria Meat Dairy Draught —
Murciana-Levantina Taurus Spain Meat — Draught —
Murnau-Werdenfels Taurus Germany — Dairy — —
Murray Grey Taurus Australia Meat — — —

N

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Nagori Indicus India — — Draught —
N'Dama Taurus Guinea Meat Dairy — —
Negra Andaluza Taurus Spain Meat — Draught —
Nelore Indicus India Meat — Draught —
Nguni Taurus/Indicus hybrid Southern Africa Meat Dairy — —
Nimari Indicus India — — Draught —
Normande Taurus France Meat Dairy — —
North Bengal Grey Bangladesh Meat Dairy — —
Northern Finncattle Taurus Finland Meat Dairy — —
Northern Shorthorn Taurus Great Britain — Dairy — —
Norwegian Red Taurus Norway Meat Dairy — —

O

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Ongole Indicus India Meat Dairy Draught —
Original Simmental Taurus Switzerland Meat Dairy — —

P

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Pajuna Taurus Spain Meat — Draught —
Palmera Taurus — Meat — Draught Sport
Pantaneiro — Brazil — — — —
Parda Alpina Taurus Spain Meat Dairy — —
Parthenaise Taurus France Meat — Draught —
Pasiega Taurus Spain — Dairy — —
Pembroke Taurus Wales Meat Dairy — —
Philippine Native Philippine cow and calf Taurus Philippines Meat Dairy Draught —
Pie Rouge des Plaines Taurus France — Dairy — —
Piedmontese cattle Taurus Italy Meat Dairy — —
Pineywoods Taurus — Meat Dairy Draught —
Pinzgauer Taurus Austria Meat Dairy — —
Pirenaica Taurus Spain, France Meat — Draught —
Podolac Taurus Croatia Meat Dairy Draught —
Podolica Taurus Italy Meat Dairy Draught —
Polish Black-and-White — — — — — —
Polish Red Taurus Poland Meat Dairy Draught —
Polled Hereford Taurus England Meat — — —
Poll Shorthorn Taurus Australia Meat — — —
Polled Shorthorn Taurus United States Meat — — —
Ponwar Indicus India — — Draught —
Preta Taurus Portugal Meat — Draught —
Prim'Holstein[note 1] Taurus France Meat Dairy — —
Punganur Indicus India Meat Dairy Draught —
Pulikulam Indicus India — Dairy Draught Jallikattu
Pustertaler Sprinzen Taurus Italy Meat — — —

Q

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Qinchaun Taurus China Meat — Draught —
Queensland Miniature Boran Taurus — Meat — — Pets

R

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Ramo Grande Taurus Portugal Meat Dairy Draught —
Randall Taurus United States Meat Dairy Draught —
Raramuri Criollo Taurus Chihuahua, Mexico Meat Dairy — —
Rathi Indicus India [5] — Dairy Draught Domestic
Rätisches Grauvieh taurus Switzerland meat dairy draught —
Raya — Ethiopia Meat Dairy Draught —
Red Angus Taurus Scotland Meat Dairy — —
Red Brangus Taurus/Indicus hybrid — Meat — — —
Red Chittagong Indicus Bangladesh[6] — — Draught Good reproductive performance
Red Fulani Taurus/Indicus hybrid West Africa Meat — — —
Red Gorbatov Taurus Russia — Dairy — —
Red Holstein Taurus — — Dairy — —
Red Kandhari Indicus India — — Draught Domestic
Red Mingrelian Georgia Meat Dairy
Red Poll Taurus England Meat Dairy — —
Red Polled Østland Taurus Norway Meat Dairy — —
Red Sindhi Indicus Pakistan Meat Dairy — —
Retinta Taurus — Meat — Draught —
Riggit Galloway Taurus — Meat — — —
Ringamåla Taurus Sweden — Dairy — —
Rohjan Indicus — Meat — Draught —
Romagnola Taurus Italy Meat — Draught —
Romanian Bălțata — Romania — — — —
Romanian Steppe Gray — Romania — — — —
Romosinuano Taurus Colombia Meat — — —
Russian Black Pied Taurus Russia Meat Dairy Draught —
RX3 Taurus — Meat — — —

S

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Sahiwal Indicus Pakistan Meat Dairy — —
Sibi Bhagnari Zebu Sibi, Pakistan Meat — Draught Sibi Mela
Salers Taurus France Meat — Draught —
Salorn — Taurus — Meat — — —
Sanga Taurus/Indicus hybrid — Meat — — —
Sanhe — Taurus/Mongolian hybrid — Meat Dairy Draught —
Santa Cruz — Taurus/Indicus hybrid United States Meat — — —
Santa Gertrudis Taurus/Indicus hybrid United States Meat — — —
Sayaguesa Taurus Spain Meat — Draught —
Schwyz — — Switzerland — — — —
Selembu Gaur/Indicus hybrid — Meat Dairy — —
Senepol Taurus/Indicus hybrid — Meat — — —
Serbian Pied — Taurus Serbia — Dairy — —
Serbian Steppe — Taurus Serbia — — Draught —
Sheko — Ethiopia — — — —
Shetland Taurus Scotland Meat Dairy Draught —
Shorthorn Taurus England Meat — — —
Siboney de Cuba Taurus/Indicus hybrid Cuba Meat — Draught —
Simbrah Taurus/Indicus hybrid — Meat — — —
Simford Taurus — Meat — — —
Simmental Taurus Switzerland Meat Dairy Draught —
Siri Zebu Bhutan — Dairy Draught —
South Devon Taurus England Meat Dairy — —
Spanish Fighting Bull Taurus Spain Meat — — Sport
Speckle Park Taurus Canada Meat — — —
Square Meater Taurus Australia Meat — — —
Stabiliser Taurus United States Meat — — —
Sussex Taurus England Meat — — —
Swedish Friesian Taurus — — Dairy — —
Swedish Polled Taurus — — Dairy — —
Swedish Red Pied Taurus — — Dairy — —
Swedish Red Polled Taurus — Meat Dairy — —
Swedish Red-and-White Taurus — Meat Dairy — —

T

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Tabapuã Indicus Brazil Meat Dairy Draught —
Tarentaise Taurus France Meat Dairy — —
Tasmanian Grey Taurus Australia Meat — — —
Telemark Taurus Norway Meat Dairy — —
Texas Longhorn Taurus United States Meat Dairy — —
Texon Taurus — Meat — — —
Thai Black Taurus/Indicus hybrid Thailand Meat — — —
Thai Fighting Bull Indicus Thailand — — — Sport
Thai Friesian Taurus/Indicus hybrid Thailand — Dairy — —
Thai Milking Zebu Taurus/Indicus hybrid Thailand — Dairy — —
Tharparkar Indicus India/ Pakistan[7] — Dairy Draught —
Tswana Taurus Botswana Meat Dairy — —
Tudanca Taurus Spain Meat Dairy Draught Grazing projects, rewilding
Tuli Taurus Zimbabwe Meat Dairy — —
Tulim Taurus/Indicus hybrid South-Africa Meat — — —
Turkish Grey Steppe Taurus — Meat — Draught —
Tux-Zillertal Taurus Austria Meat — — —
Tyrol Grey Taurus Austria Meat Dairy — —

U

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Umblachery Indicus India — Dairy Draught —
Ukrainian Grey Taurus Ukraine — — — —

V

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Valdostana Castana — Italy — — — —
Valdostana Pezzata Nera — Italy — — — —
Valdostana Pezzata Rossa — Italy — — — —
Väneko — Sweden — — — —
Vaynol Taurus Wales Meat — — —
Vechur[8] Indicus India — Dairy — Milk and ghee traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine. The protein content of the milk has anti-bacterial properties[9][10]
Vestland Fjord Taurus Norway Meat Dairy — —
Vestland Red Polled Taurus Norway Meat Dairy — —
Vianesa Indicus — Meat Dairy — —
Volinian Beef — Ukraine Meat — — —
Vorderwald Taurus Germany Meat Dairy — —
Vosgienne Taurus France Meat Dairy — —

W

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Waguli Taurus USA Meat — — —
Wangus Taurus/Indicus hybrid — Meat — — —
Welsh Black Taurus Wales Meat — — —
Western Finncattle Taurus Finland Meat Dairy — —
White Cáceres Taurus — Meat — Draught —
White Fulani Indicus — Meat — — —
White Lamphun Indicus Thailand — — Draught —
White Park Taurus Great Britain Meat Dairy — —
Whitebred Shorthorn Taurus Great Britain Meat — — —

X

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Xinjiang Brown Taurus/Mongolian hybrid — Meat Dairy Draught —

Y

[edit]
Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Yakutian Taurus Russia Meat Dairy Draught —
Yanbian Taurus China — Draught — —
Yanhuang Taurus/Zebu China — — — —
Yurino Taurus Ukraine — — — —

Z

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Breed Image Subspecies Country/region of origin Meat Dairy Draught Other
Żubroń Taurus/European bison hybrid Poland Meat — — Science
Zebu Indicus — Meat Dairy Draft —

See also

[edit]

Notes

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

List of cattle breeds

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A list of cattle breeds catalogues the diverse varieties of domesticated cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) that have been selectively bred over thousands of years for traits suited to specific environments, climates, and production needs, such as meat, milk, draft power, and hides. These breeds stem from two primary domestication events: (Bos taurus) from wild in the around 10,500 years ago, and indicine cattle (Bos indicus) in the Indus Valley region approximately 8,000 years ago, leading to over 1,000 recognized breeds worldwide today. Cattle breeds are broadly classified into (non-humped, adapted to temperate regions) and indicine (humped, suited to tropical and arid conditions) types, with many modern breeds resulting from crossbreeding to enhance productivity or resilience. They are further grouped by utility—beef breeds like Angus and for meat production, dairy breeds such as for milk yield, dual-purpose breeds like Brown Swiss for both, and draft breeds like Pinzgauer for work—reflecting human needs across continents from and to and the . Regional adaptations highlight this diversity, with European breeds often prioritizing growth efficiency and tropical breeds emphasizing heat tolerance and disease resistance. This underpins global livestock systems, supporting for billions, but faces threats from industrialization and , with 26% of livestock with known risk status at risk of as of 2022, including many varieties, according to assessments of animal genetic resources. Conservation efforts, coordinated through international bodies, emphasize maintaining breed registries and promoting sustainable use to preserve adaptive traits essential for future agricultural challenges.

Introduction

Definition of a Cattle Breed

A cattle breed is defined as a subspecific group of domestic livestock within the species Bos taurus (taurine cattle) or Bos indicus (indicine or zebu cattle) that exhibits definable and identifiable external characteristics, allowing separation by visual appraisal from other groups within the same species, or a group that is geographically or culturally isolated, leading to a distinct identity. These characteristics encompass genetic, morphological, and phenotypic traits shaped by long-term selective breeding practices or environmental adaptation, resulting in consistent inherited features such as body conformation and productivity potentials. Recognition of a cattle breed typically requires uniformity in physical attributes, including coat color, horn shape, body size, and overall conformation, alongside documented pedigrees tracing ancestry through generations. Many breeds are formally registered and maintained by dedicated breed societies or associations, which enforce breeding standards to preserve genetic integrity and promote specific traits. As of 2025, over 1,000 breeds are recognized worldwide, reflecting extensive human intervention in development. Unlike natural or populations, which may exhibit variable traits without human stabilization, breeds are deliberately human-defined entities, bred to maintain homogeneity and utility over time. Breed formation often involves to enhance desirable traits, such as increased milk yield in dairy-oriented lines or improved heat tolerance in tropical-adapted groups, ensuring the breed's to particular production environments or cultural needs.

Global Diversity and Uses

Cattle breeds exhibit remarkable global diversity, with approximately 1,000 recognized breeds worldwide. This diversity varies significantly by region: hosts highly specialized breeds adapted for intensive production systems, while features resilient indicus-type breeds suited to harsh environments, with over 150 indigenous breeds alone. demonstrates the highest overall breed diversity due to long histories of indigenous adaptations to diverse climates and terrains, including over 50 breeds in . In contrast, and other developed regions have fewer breeds, emphasizing commercialized, high-yield types for export-oriented agriculture. About 17% of breeds are at risk of as of recent assessments. The primary uses of cattle breeds reflect their selective breeding histories and regional needs, broadly categorized into meat production (beef breeds), milk production (dairy breeds), dual-purpose for both meat and milk, draft and working animals, and niche applications such as hides, horns, or ceremonial roles. Beef breeds like Angus and Charolais dominate in temperate zones for their growth efficiency, while dairy breeds such as prioritize high milk yields. Dual-purpose breeds, common in tropical regions, balance productivity across uses, and draft breeds like the Nguni support plowing in subsistence farming. These applications contribute to an economic impact exceeding $2 trillion annually from global meat and dairy markets. Beyond economics, cattle breeds hold profound cultural significance in many societies. In Spain, fighting cattle such as the Toro de Lidia play central roles in traditional bullfighting festivals, symbolizing heritage and spectacle. In pastoral communities across and , breeds like the Maasai serve as status symbols, bridewealth, and measures of wealth, integral to social structures and rituals in nomadic lifestyles.

History and Origins

Domestication of Cattle

The domestication of originated from the wild (Bos primigenius), a large bovine species native to and , with the process beginning approximately 10,500 years ago in the region of the , spanning modern-day southeastern and northern . This initial event led to the development of taurine (Bos taurus), adapted to temperate climates, through a gradual process of human management and from wild populations. A separate domestication occurred around 8,000 years ago in the Indus Valley of , giving rise to indicine (Bos indicus), which are characterized by traits like heat tolerance and a dorsal hump suited to tropical environments. These two lineages represent the primary branches of domestic , with no evidence of additional independent domestication events on a large scale. Archaeological evidence from early settlements in the , including sites like Tepesi (circa 8500 BCE), documents the transition from hunting wild to their initial herding and management, marked by changes in bone morphology and settlement patterns indicating sustained human-animal interactions. Genetic analyses of ancient and modern cattle DNA further confirm this origin, showing that taurine cattle derive maternally from a small founding population of approximately 80 female in the , with limited male contributions and subsequent admixture from local wild stocks during early expansion. These studies, based on and whole-genome sequencing, highlight a bottleneck effect during , where selective pressures from human husbandry reduced genetic diversity compared to wild ancestors. In the earliest phases, domesticated served primarily as sources of and hides for , , and tools, as well as draft power for plowing and transport, supporting the expansion of sedentary farming communities in the period. The use of for human consumption developed later, around 6000 BCE, as evidenced by residues in from Near Eastern sites, coinciding with the emergence of mobile that allowed for specialized practices. This shift enhanced nutritional resources and facilitated surplus production, laying the groundwork for more complex socioeconomic structures. From their Near Eastern and South Asian origins, domesticated cattle spread rapidly via human migrations and trade networks, reaching by approximately 6000 BCE, sub-Saharan Africa around 4000 BCE, and further into Central and by 4000 BCE, where they interbred with local wild populations to adapt to diverse environments. In contrast, the saw no native domestication of cattle or similar bovines prior to European contact in the 16th century CE, with all subsequent populations descending from introductions. This dispersal underscores the role of cattle in enabling agricultural revolutions and cultural exchanges across continents.

Development of Modern Breeds

During the medieval period through the , regional landraces of emerged across through a combination of and informal breeding practices tailored to local environmental conditions, such as developing draft capabilities in wetter northern climates. These landraces, often maintained by small-scale farmers, reflected adaptations to regional needs like traction for or resilience to specific terrains, with limited systematic intervention until the Enlightenment era. In Britain, the parliamentary movements of the , which consolidated fragmented common lands into private holdings, facilitated greater control over management and accelerated the of populations by promoting selective practices on enclosed farms. In the , the establishment of formal breed societies and registries marked a shift toward organized , with the Aberdeen-Angus Cattle Society founded in 1879 to maintain breed standards and pedigrees in the . Similarly, the Hereford Herd Book was established in 1878 in , providing the first systematic registry for the breed and enabling tracked improvements in traits like beef quality. These societies not only documented lineages but also drove the export of European breeds to colonies, where British varieties such as and Aberdeen Angus were introduced to support expanding agricultural systems in regions like , , and during the colonial era. The 20th century saw significant influences from crossbreeding programs aimed at creating hybrid breeds suited to new demands, exemplified by the development of cattle in the 1930s in the United States through systematic crosses of , , and to enhance heat tolerance and productivity in southern climates. Industrialization further transformed breeding by prioritizing efficiency in meat and milk production, with selection trends in the early to mid-century favoring earlier-maturing for faster market readiness and intensive dairy systems that boosted milk yields through improved nutrition and genetics. Following , genetic conservation efforts gained momentum to preserve diverse breeds threatened by intensification, including initiatives to maintain heritage populations and prevent erosion of adaptive traits amid widespread adoption of high-yield commercial lines. Recent trends up to 2025 have emphasized advanced biotechnologies, with of semen and embryos becoming integral to breeding programs by enabling long-term storage of genetic material and facilitating to disseminate superior traits globally. Concurrently, genomic selection technologies, implemented widely since the early , have accelerated genetic gains by identifying markers for desirable traits like disease resistance, though this precision approach has contributed to a reduction in the number of maintained breeds in favor of optimized commercial lines.

Classification Systems

Genetic and Morphological Types

Cattle breeds are primarily classified into two major genetic types based on their evolutionary origins and subspecies: Bos taurus (taurine cattle) and Bos indicus (zebuine or indicine cattle). Bos taurus cattle, originating from the Near East and domesticated around 10,000 years ago, are characterized by their humpless morphology and adaptation to temperate climates, with high fertility and milk production but lower tolerance to heat and parasites. Within Bos taurus, breeds are often subdivided into British (or native European) types, which are compact-framed, early-maturing, and suited for grass-based systems, such as Angus and Hereford, and Continental (or exotic European) types, which are larger-framed, later-maturing, and emphasize lean growth, exemplified by Charolais and Simmental. In Africa, humpless Bos taurus populations have adapted to local environments, showing resilience to trypanosomiasis. Bos indicus cattle, domesticated in the Indus Valley of approximately 7,000 years ago, feature a prominent dorsal hump, loose skin, and enhanced sweat glands, conferring superior heat tolerance, disease resistance, and foraging ability in tropical and subtropical regions. These breeds, including Guzerat and , typically exhibit later maturity and lower milk yields compared to types but excel in parasite resistance and longevity under harsh conditions. African represent an intermediate type, resulting from ancient admixture between Bos taurus and Bos indicus, displaying partial humped morphology and combined adaptations for arid environments. Hybrids and composite breeds arise from crosses between Bos taurus and Bos indicus, leveraging (hybrid vigor) for improved growth rates, fertility, and environmental adaptability. For instance, the breed, developed in the United States, incorporates primarily Bos indicus genetics (from breeds like Guzerat and ) with minor Bos taurus influence, resulting in a stabilized humped type that combines heat tolerance with beef production efficiency. Crosses such as (5/8 Angus × 3/8 ) demonstrate heterotic benefits, including 10-20% gains in weaning weight and enhanced maternal traits, making them prevalent in subtropical beef systems. These hybrids often constitute significant portions of commercial herds in regions like the and , where purebred limitations are overcome through strategic crossing. Morphological traits in cattle breeds vary widely due to and genetic markers, influencing utility and identification. Size ranges from dwarf breeds like Dexter (mature weight ~300-400 kg) to giant types like (up to 1,200 kg), reflecting adaptations for mobility in rugged terrains or high-yield meat production. Coat color patterns include solid black (Angus), red (), or white with black points (), often controlled by multiple loci for camouflage or breed standards. Horn presence is governed by the Celtic polled gene (PC), a dominant causing hornlessness in breeds like Angus, while horned types like carry recessive alleles; scurs (loose horn-like growths) occur in heterozygous polled males. Additionally, mutations in the (MSTN) gene produce double muscling, enhancing meat yield in breeds such as and Piedmontese, though it can reduce calving ease.

Functional Purposes

Cattle breeds are categorized by their primary functional purposes in , reflecting for specific economic outputs such as , , labor, or niche applications. This classification emphasizes practical utility rather than genetic or morphological traits alone, with breeds optimized for traits like productivity, adaptability, and efficiency in production systems. Globally, these categories guide breeding programs and , influencing everything from feed requirements to . Many breeds serve multiple purposes, particularly in local or traditional systems. Beef breeds are primarily selected for superior carcass quality, including high marbling, tenderness, and yield, as well as rapid growth rates to maximize meat production efficiency. Key traits include excellent feed conversion efficiency, allowing animals to gain weight on pasture or grain with minimal input, and calm temperaments that facilitate handling in large-scale operations. These breeds dominate commercial beef industries, particularly in temperate regions where intensive finishing systems are common. Dairy breeds are bred for exceptional yield and quality, with emphasis on volume, content, and protein levels to support cheese and fluid markets. Essential physical attributes include well-attached udders with strong ligaments for repeated milking, high to maintain cycles, and longevity to reduce replacement costs in herds. Many recognized breeds fall into this category, with most concentrated in temperate climates suitable for high-input dairying. Dual-purpose breeds provide a balanced output of both and , making them ideal for diversified farming where resources are limited. These breeds exhibit moderate production alongside acceptable growth rates and carcass conformation, offering versatility for smallholder systems without the need for specialized . They are particularly prevalent in developing regions, where they support by contributing to both and income streams. Draft or working breeds feature robust, muscular builds suited for plowing fields, pulling carts, or other labor-intensive tasks, often with strong, horned heads adapted for yoking. Selection focuses on endurance, power, and sure-footedness in varied terrains, historically vital in pre-mechanized agriculture. However, their numbers have declined sharply due to widespread farm mechanization, though they retain cultural significance in traditional and remote farming communities. Specialized breeds serve niche roles beyond standard production, such as , where animals are bred for agility, strength, and aggressive temperament; hide production, prioritizing durable, high-quality ; or ornamental purposes in heritage or show contexts. Emerging applications include for organic and sustainable farming, leveraging hardy traits for low-input systems that enhance and . These represent a smaller segment but highlight the diversity of utility in cultural and eco-friendly practices.

Geographic and Regional Origins

Cattle breeds exhibit profound diversity shaped by their geographic and regional origins, where environmental factors such as , , and prevalence have driven natural and human-mediated adaptations over millennia. These developments often align with broad functional purposes like or draft work but are distinctly tied to local ecological niches, resulting in specialized traits that enhance survival and productivity in specific habitats. Globally, as of , the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System () documents over 1,000 local breeds, with distributions reflecting continental patterns of domestication and migration. In , approximately 379 local breeds have evolved primarily under temperate conditions, featuring Bos taurus lineages adapted to moderate temperatures, seasonal variations, and often cooler climates in northern regions. Nordic types, such as Yakut cattle in , demonstrate exceptional cold tolerance, enduring temperatures below -50°C through physiological mechanisms like efficient and dense coats. These breeds historically supported systems and were exported extensively to the and starting in the 15th-19th centuries, establishing foundational populations for colonial and subsequent breed development there. Asia hosts around 262 breeds, dominated by Bos indicus () types that have adapted to intense tropical heat, humidity, and parasite loads prevalent in the region. These cattle exhibit traits like loose skin for better heat dissipation, reduced metabolic heat production, and inherent resistance to ectoparasites such as ticks, enabling them to thrive in resource-scarce, high-disease environments. In some areas, particularly , management practices occasionally involve crosses with (Bubalus bubalis) for dual-purpose systems, though pure breeds remain focused on draft and production under humid, lowland conditions. Africa's approximately 193 breeds, including Sanga (taurine-indicus hybrids) and pure indicus types, are finely tuned to arid and semi-arid landscapes, with strong resistance to drought, heat stress, and endemic diseases like trypanosomosis. These adaptations, such as efficient and , support pastoralist lifestyles where herds roam vast rangelands under low-input management, preserving amid challenging environmental pressures. The feature about 152 breeds, largely stemming from imported European Bos taurus stock that formed the basis for temperate-zone farming, while tropical areas saw the introduction and proliferation of indicus hybrids like in to counter heat and parasite challenges. Criollo landraces, derived from 16th-century Iberian introductions, have locally adapted through to diverse terrains, from Andean highlands to Latin American plains, retaining hardy traits like disease resilience despite extensive crossbreeding. In and , 32 local breeds have been shaped by selection for arid, drought-prone conditions, emphasizing crossbreeding between Bos taurus and indicus lines to balance productivity with environmental resilience. Brahman-influenced composites, for instance, enhance heat tolerance and foraging efficiency in northern rangelands, where variable rainfall and extensive systems demand versatile to mitigate dry spells and maintain herd viability.

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