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Colt Defender Mark I
Colt Defender Mark I
Colt Defender Mark I
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The Colt Defender Mark I was an American multi-barreled shotgun intended for law enforcement or military use, completed in 1967. The shotgun was essentially a volley gun with eight single-shot barrels — each chambered for the 20-gauge 3-inch magnum shell — arranged in a octagonal fashion around the central axis, and could fire eight individual times like a Semi-automatic firearm without the complexity of actually being a semi-automatic. The action ran on a revolver-like rotating striker mechanism. The gun had a detachable buttstock and a pistol grip with a double-action trigger and had a separate foregrip up front for instinctive shooting.

Key Information

The shotgun was extremely simple to operate and very robust. The designer, Robert Hillberg, thoroughly tested the weapon before seeking out a manufacturer. The design proved so correct that only a few minor changes were made for manufacturing.[1] When Colt Industries was contacted, they showed considerable interest in producing the weapon, but before committing to full production they insisted on a market survey to see if there was an adequate market for the gun. Colt demonstrated the weapon to a number of departments, and all who saw it were impressed with its compactness, volume of fire, and reliability. However, the national recession at that time did not allow any adoption of the weapon and by 1971 the project was over.

The weapon was composed of an aluminum alloy receiver with steel inserts and was covered in an epoxy paint finish. The final version of the weapon was available in 4 variants. The first variant was a simplified one, with no special features. The second variant incorporated a barrel selector on the rotating striker on the hammer that allowed the shooter to select any one of the eight barrels, meaning that the weapon could be loaded with a variety of ammunition and the shooter could choose the most appropriate round for the given situation. The third variant contained a receptacle for a tear gas canister among the barrels, and pressing the trigger on the foregrip allowed the shooter to spray the target with tear gas, giving a non-lethal option. The fourth and final variant had both the barrel selector and the tear gas canister.

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Colt Defender Mark I

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The Colt Defender Mark I is an eight-barreled designed by American firearms engineer Robert Hillberg in 1967 specifically for applications, with a primary focus on to deliver rapid, high-volume . Hillberg, who worked extensively on innovative combat and tactical firearms during his career at companies including High Standard and Bellmore Johnson Tool Co., conceived the Defender as an evolution of his earlier multi-barrel concepts, such as the four-barreled Liberator shotgun from the early . The emphasized simplicity, robustness, and intimidation factor, featuring a revolver-like double-action hammer-fired mechanism that sequentially discharged each barrel via a cam system, allowing for eight shots without reloading in high-stress scenarios. Colt Industries expressed interest in the prototype after Hillberg's demonstrations and produced a limited test batch, but the project was ultimately abandoned around 1971 due to concerns over reloading speed, mechanical complexity, and lack of widespread adoption by police or military forces. Notable for its compact form despite the multi-barrel configuration, the Defender measured approximately 17.75 inches (451 mm) in overall length, with 12-inch (305 mm) barrels, and weighed about 8.6 pounds (3.9 kg) unloaded; it was chambered exclusively for 3-inch 20-gauge magnum shells, including options for buckshot or less-lethal rounds. Variants included provisions for a central launcher integrated among the barrels, two pistol grips for better control, and a foldable wire shoulder stock, underscoring its dual role in both lethal and non-lethal . Although never entering full production, the Colt Defender Mark I exemplified mid-20th-century experimentation in specialized shotguns and influenced Hillberg's later designs, such as the .

History

Development

Robert Hillberg, a prolific firearms designer with a background in multi-barrel weapons, played a pivotal role in the Colt Defender Mark I's creation. Born in 1917, Hillberg developed an early interest in firearms engineering, constructing a .38-caliber prototype while in the Reserve in 1937. His career included stints at Colt’s Patent Firearms Manufacturing Co. starting in 1938 and later at aviation firms like and , where he gained expertise in high-strength materials. Hillberg was known for innovative multi-barrel designs, such as the four-barrel Winchester Liberator shotgun developed in the early 1960s for and applications, which emphasized compact, high-firepower solutions with rotating firing mechanisms. The Colt Defender Mark I originated in 1967 as a Colt project spearheaded by Hillberg during his time as chief engineer at Bellmore Johnson Tool Co. Building on his prior multi-barrel concepts like the Liberator, Hillberg adapted the design to an eight-barrel configuration, presenting it to Colt for production. The weapon was envisioned as a collaboration between Hillberg's independent design work and Colt's manufacturing capabilities, aiming to produce a prototype suited for institutional adoption. Conceived for and applications, the Defender Mark I sought to deliver high-volume, close-range firepower in a compact format. Its eight 20-gauge barrels, arranged in a circular cluster with two pistol grips for handling, were intended to provide rapid, sequential firing for and defensive scenarios, offering superior over standard single-barrel shotguns without excessive complexity. The prioritized simplicity and robustness to withstand harsh operational environments. Initial prototyping focused on validating the multi-barrel mechanism's reliability and the structural integrity of the receiver. Hillberg conducted thorough personal testing of early models to ensure operational smoothness, drawing on his aviation-honed skills in . The receiver was constructed from investment-cast aluminum with inserts in high-stress areas to balance lightweight portability with durability under repeated firing, a process informed by iterative materials evaluation for corrosion resistance and strength. Prototypes were later subjected to independent evaluation by a police firearms expert at Colt's request, confirming flawless performance without malfunctions.

Testing and Cancellation

In the late 1960s, Colt demonstrated the Defender Mark I to various agencies, positioning it as a compact, high-volume-fire suitable for scenarios. Feedback from these demonstrations highlighted the weapon's reliability and ease of operation with its double-action trigger mechanism, which was deemed advantageous for minimal training in police and military contexts, though its multi-barrel design raised concerns about overkill for standard riot duties, confusion from the dual-trigger system, slow reloading times, limited versatility in prolonged military engagements, and perceived unreliability under testing. The project was cancelled in amid the U.S. economic , which severely constrained Colt's funding and prevented any or adoption. No production models were ever manufactured, leading designer Robert Hillberg to pivot toward other projects, such as the four-barrel for carry.

Design

Mechanism

The Colt Defender Mark I utilizes a double-action, hammer-fired operating system featuring a revolver-like rotating firing element mechanism, designed by Robert Hillberg to enable reliable sequential discharge from multiple barrels without the complexity of traditional semi-automatic actions. This mechanism centers on a rotary firing element, essentially a cylindrical component with a protruding firing lug, mounted within the firearm's frame and aligned coaxially with the barrels. The eight barrels are arranged in an octagonal configuration around a central axis, allowing the rotating firing element to index precisely to each barrel's in succession, facilitating the rapid delivery of all eight rounds in quick order. Upon pulling the double-action trigger, the mechanism cocks the hammer assembly rearward against a while a pawl engages ratchet notches on the rotary element, rotating it incrementally to align the firing lug with the next available . Releasing the trigger tension propels the hammer forward to strike the aligned through the rotary element, igniting the primer and discharging the shell from the corresponding barrel; the process repeats with each subsequent trigger pull, enabling successive shots at a rate determined by the operator's pull speed, practically allowing all eight barrels to be fired in about 8 seconds. This rotation ensures consistent alignment and minimizes misfires, drawing from Hillberg's earlier multi-barrel innovations adapted for high-volume, short-burst firepower. Some configurations incorporate suppressibility features with a central receptacle for a canister, positioned amid the octagonal barrels and activated via a separate trigger, permitting non-lethal options alongside lethal rounds. The design's emphasis on simplicity allows users to deploy gas or fire live rounds as needed for scenarios.

Construction and Features

The Colt Defender Mark I utilized an receiver reinforced with inserts to balance weight reduction with structural integrity, while the entire assembly was coated in an paint finish to enhance durability against environmental exposure and operational wear. This construction approach allowed for a compact suitable for applications, where portability was prioritized without compromising essential robustness. The firearm's barrel assembly consisted of eight tubes arranged in an octagonal cluster around a central axis, each with a 12-inch (305 mm) length to optimize maneuverability in close-quarters scenarios. It incorporated a fixed configuration, featuring a simple post front sight and square notch rear sight for basic . For handling versatility, the design included a detachable wire buttstock with a rubber pad for shouldered firing, a rear for primary control, and a separate forward foregrip positioned beneath the barrel cluster to facilitate two-handed operation and stability during use. These ergonomic elements emphasized adaptability, enabling users to configure the weapon as either a pistol-like holdout or a more stabilized shoulder-fired tool depending on the tactical needs.

Specifications

Dimensions and Weight

The Colt Defender Mark I has an overall length of 17.75 inches without stock, providing a highly compact profile suitable for close-quarters applications. This dimension renders it substantially shorter than conventional single-barrel shotguns, such as the tactical variant, which measures approximately 38.5 inches overall and weighs around 8 pounds unloaded, emphasizing the Defender's design emphasis on portability over extended range. Unloaded, the weapon weighs 8.6 pounds, a relatively light mass for its multi-barrel configuration that facilitates handling during rapid deployment. This weight is partly attributable to the aluminum construction of the receiver, which balances with reduced heft compared to all-steel alternatives. The eight barrels each measure 12 inches in length, arranged in a circular cluster that maintains a low profile while enabling the rapid sequential discharge of multiple rounds via a rotating cam system.

Ammunition and Capacity

The Colt Defender Mark I is chambered exclusively for 20-gauge 3-inch magnum shells, enabling the use of both lethal buckshot loads and non-lethal options such as tear gas rounds in certain configurations. Its design incorporates eight fixed barrels arranged in a circular cluster, providing a total capacity of eight rounds that can be fired in rapid succession through a double-action mechanism for high-volume output in close-quarters engagements. The ammunition setup was tailored for law enforcement applications, balancing high-capacity delivery of non-lethal crowd control agents with the option for lethal defense in dynamic, high-threat environments.

Variants

Basic Model

The Basic Model of the Colt Defender Mark I represents the foundational prototype, featuring a standard eight-barrel configuration without barrel selectors to emphasize simplicity and rapid sequential firing. Prototyped in 1967 by designer Robert Hillberg, it incorporated core features such as a basic rotating striker mechanism operated via double-action trigger pulls and a for instinctive handling, all constructed with an investment-cast aluminum receiver for lightweight durability. This variant served as the baseline for demonstrations to agencies, showcasing its potential for and close-range tactical applications through reliable, malfunction-free performance in testing. However, the absence of selectors limited its flexibility with , requiring uniform loads across all barrels since shots fired in fixed sequence without the ability to isolate specific rounds.

Advanced Configurations

The advanced configurations of the Colt Defender Mark I were developed as modified prototypes to provide personnel with greater adaptability in and response to diverse threats, building on the foundational eight-barrel of the basic model. These variants emphasized non-lethal options alongside standard capabilities, reflecting the weapon's intended use in urban unrest scenarios during the late . Variant 2 incorporated a barrel selector system integrated with the rotating striker mechanism, enabling the user to target individual barrels loaded with mixed types—such as conventional 20-gauge buckshot, rubber projectiles, or rounds—to address specific threat levels without firing all eight barrels simultaneously. This configuration enhanced operational flexibility, allowing for precise engagement in dynamic environments like . Variant 3 featured the integration of a central canister launcher positioned amid the barrel cluster, activated via a secondary trigger on the foregrip to dispense irritant gas as a non-lethal deterrent. Designed primarily for suppression, this setup provided an immediate escalation option between verbal commands and lethal force, with the gas deployment independent of the shotgun's primary firing sequence. Variant 4 combined the barrel selector from Variant 2 with the launcher of Variant 3, creating a hybrid that offered both selective firing and on-demand chemical agent release for comprehensive threat management. This ultimate iteration aimed to equip officers with a multifunctional tool for de-escalating riots or handling mixed-threat situations, such as combining with area denial.
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