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Vicia sativa
Vicia sativa
Vicia sativa
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Vicia sativa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Vicia
Species:
V. sativa
Binomial name
Vicia sativa
Subspecies[2]
  • Vicia sativa subsp. amphicarpa (L.) Batt.
  • Vicia sativa subsp. cordata (Wulfen ex Hoppe) Batt.
  • Vicia sativa subsp. devia J.G.Costa
  • Vicia sativa subsp. incisa (M.Bieb.) Arcang.
  • Vicia sativa subsp. macrocarpa (Moris) Arcang.
  • Vicia sativa subsp. nigra Ehrh.
  • Vicia sativa subsp. sativa
Synonyms[2]
List
    • Vicia communis proles sativa (L.) Rouy (1899)

Vicia sativa, known as the common vetch, garden vetch, tare or simply vetch, is a nitrogen-fixing leguminous plant in the family Fabaceae. It is now naturalised throughout the world occurring on every continent, except Antarctica and the Arctic.[3] The centre of diversity is thought to be the Fertile Crescent, although gold standard molecular confirmation is currently not available.

Global common vetch cultivation is limited due to anti-nutritional compounds in the seed although it is grown in dryland agricultural zones in Australia, China and Ethiopia due to its drought tolerance and very low nutrient requirements compared to other legumes. In these agricultural zones common vetch is grown as a green manure, livestock fodder or rotation crop. In cultivated grainfields, like lentils, it is often considered a weed due to downgrading of harvested mixed grain, resulting in farmers receiving less financial returns.

Description

[edit]

Vicia sativa is a sprawling annual herb, with hollow, four-sided, hairless to sparsely hairy stems which can reach two meters in maximum length.

The leaves are stipulate, alternate and compound, each made up of 3–8 opposite pairs of linear, lance-shaped, oblong, or wedge-shaped, needle-tipped leaflets up to 35 millimeters (1+1⁄2 in) long. Each compound leaf ends in a branched tendril.

The pea-like flowers occur in the leaf axils, solitary or in pairs. The flower corolla is 1–3 centimeters (1⁄2–1+1⁄4 in) long and bright pink-purple in colour, more rarely whitish or yellow. The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees.[4]

The fruit is a legume pod up to 6 or 7 centimeters (2+1⁄4 or 2+3⁄4 in) long, which is hairy when new, smooth later, then brown or black when ripe. It contains 4–12 seeds.[5][6]

  • Common flower.
    Common flower.
  • Rarer white flower
    Rarer white flower
  • Immature fruit
    Immature fruit

Cultivation

[edit]
Cooked vetch (Vicia sativa)

Sown for fodder,[7] the seed is sown densely, up to 250 kilograms per hectare (220 lb/acre). However, when grown for seed, less seed should be used; otherwise the crop will be too thick, reducing flower and seed production. When meant for seed, sowing is done early in the planting season for good returns; but, when for green manure, any time in spring is suitable. Sometimes, a full crop can be obtained even when sown as late as summer, though sowing so late is not recommended.[8]

After the seed is sown and the land carefully harrowed, a light roller ought to be drawn across, to smooth the surface and permit the scythe to work without interruption. Also, the field should be watched for several days to prevent pigeons from eating too much of the sown seed.[8]

Horses thrive very well on common vetch, even better than on clover and rye grass; the same applies to fattening cattle, which feed faster on vetch than on most grasses or other edible plants. Danger often arises from livestock eating too much vetch, especially when podded; colics and other stomach disorders are apt to be produced by the excessive amounts devoured.[8]

Cereal grains can be sown with vetch so it can use their stronger stems for support, attaching via tendrils.[9] When grown with oats or other grasses, the vetch can grow upright; otherwise its weak stems may sprawl along the ground.[10] Several cultivars are available for agricultural use,[11] and as for some other legume crops, rhizobia can be added to the seed.[10]

Pests that attack this crop include the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe pisi, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, the corn earworm (Heliothis zea), the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), and spider mites of genus Tetranychus.[10]

During the early 20th century, a mutant of the common vetch arose with lens-shaped seeds resembling those of the lentil, leading to vetch invasions of lentil fields. D. G. Rowlands showed in 1959 that this was due to a single recessive mutation. The transition from traditional winnowing to mechanised farming practices largely solved this problem.[12]

Improved varieties of Vicia sativa developed by the National Vetch Breeding Program for Australian farmers include; Timok, Volga, Rasina and more recently Studenica. These varieties are mostly cultivated in Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria. More than 500,000 hectares (1,200,000 acres) per year of Vicia sativa was grown in Australia in 2019.

History

[edit]

Common vetch has long been part of the human diet, as attested by carbonised remains found at early Neolithic sites in Syria, Turkey, Bulgaria, Hungary and Slovakia. It has also been reported from Predynastic sites of ancient Egypt, and several Bronze Age sites in Turkmenia and Slovakia. However, definite evidence for later vetch cultivation is available only for Roman times.[13]

Although V. sativa is sometimes known as tare, the "tare" referred to in some English translations of the Bible (as in the "Parable of the Tares") is thought to be darnel ryegrass, Lolium temulentum.[14]: 162 

Taxonomy

[edit]

Vicia sativa was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 Species Plantarum. Since that time, a number of synonyms have published:[15]

  • Vicia abyssinica Alef.
  • Vicia alba Moench
  • Vicia amphicarpa Dorthes
  • Vicia amphicarpa L.
  • Vicia angustifolia L.
  • Vicia angustifolia Reichard
  • Vicia bacla Moench
  • Vicia bobartii E. Forster
  • Vicia bobartii E.Forst.
  • Vicia bobartii Koch
  • Vicia canadensis Zuccagni
  • Vicia communis Rouy
  • Vicia consobrina Pomel
  • Vicia cordata Hoppe
  • Vicia cornigera Chaub.
  • Vicia cornigera St.-Amans
  • Vicia cosentini Guss.
  • Vicia cuneata Gren. & Godr.
  • Vicia cuneata Guss.
  • Vicia debilis Perez Lara
  • Vicia erythosperma Rchb.
  • Vicia glabra Schleich.
  • Vicia globosa Retz.
  • Vicia heterophylla C.Presl
  • Vicia incisa M.Bieb.
  • Vicia incisaeformis Stef.
  • Vicia intermedia Viv.
  • Vicia lanciformis Lange
  • Vicia lentisperma auctor ign.
  • Vicia leucosperma Moench
  • Vicia macrocarpa Bertol.
  • Vicia maculata C.Presl
  • Vicia maculata Rouy
  • Vicia melanosperma Rchb.
  • Vicia morisiana Boreau
  • Vicia nemoralis Boreau
  • Vicia nemoralis Ten.
  • Vicia notota Gilib.
  • Vicia pallida Baker
  • Vicia pilosa M.Bieb.
  • Vicia pimpinelloides Mauri
  • Vicia segetalis Thuill.
  • Vicia subterranea Dorthes
  • Vicia terana Losa
  • Vicia vulgaris Uspensky

There are at least four generally accepted subspecies:

  • Vicia sativa subsp. cordata (Hoppe) Asch. & Graebn.
  • Vicia sativa subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. – narrow-leaved vetch[16] (= subsp. / var. angustifolia, subsp. consobrina, subsp. cordata (Hoppe) Batt., subsp. cuneata, subsp. heterophylla, var. minor, var. nigra)
  • Vicia sativa subsp. sativa (= var. linearis, ssp. notata)
  • Vicia sativa subsp. segetalis (Thuill.) Arcang. (sometimes included in subsp. nigra)

Genome

[edit]

The Vicia sativa karyotype consists of 5, 6 or 7 chromosomes, with six (n=6) being the most common and best described.[17] Given the Vicia sativa's genome is relatively large genome size (1.75Gb) due to large amounts of repetitive DNA,[17] sequencing the genome was challenging compared to other legumes such as Medicago truncatula or soybeans.

A high-quality chromosome level genome assembly was published in 2022[18] of variety Studencia (n=6), following a draft genome assembly of line KSR5 (n=7). Variety Studencia, is predicted to have 53,318 protein coding genes.[18] Whole genome sequence comparisons showed that Vicia sativa is most closely related to pea.[18]

A high-quality genome sequence facilitates the application of genome editing and genomic selection for healthy, higher yielding varieties.

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Vicia sativa

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Vicia sativa, commonly known as common vetch or garden vetch, is an annual or biennial herbaceous in the family, characterized by prostrate or climbing stems reaching 20–90 cm in length, pinnate leaves with 6–16 oblanceolate leaflets and branched tendrils, and racemes of 1–2 blue to magenta flowers (10–18 mm long) that develop into linear pods (2–7 cm). Native to , western , and , V. sativa has been widely introduced and naturalized across temperate regions worldwide, including all U.S. states, Canadian provinces, , , and parts of , often occurring in disturbed habitats such as fields, roadsides, open woodlands, and waste areas. It thrives in well-drained soils and blooms from to , demonstrating strong by enduring water deficits for up to 24 days with full recovery, and forms symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, enhancing . Ecologically, it is pollinated by bumble bees and can act as an in some non-native regions, though it provides forage for wildlife and livestock. As a versatile , V. sativa is extensively cultivated for , , , , hay, and as a or to improve , suppress weeds, and fix atmospheric , with global production reaching approximately 0.9 million tons across 0.6 million hectares in 2017. Its seeds are protein-rich (24–32% crude protein, containing 18 ) and suitable for feed or human consumption when properly processed to remove anti-nutritional factors like gamma-glutamyl-β-cyanoalanine and β-cyanoalanine, positioning it as a sustainable option for marginal lands and climate-resilient .

Taxonomy and Morphology

Classification

Vicia sativa is a within the Vicia, classified in the , subfamily , tribe Fabeae. The full taxonomic hierarchy places it in the kingdom Plantae, subkingdom , infrakingdom , superdivision Embryophyta, division Tracheophyta, subdivision Spermatophytina, class Magnoliopsida, superorder Rosanae, and order . The binomial name Vicia sativa L. was established by in his 1753 work . The genus name "Vicia" derives from the term for vetch, likely related to "vincire," meaning "to bind," alluding to the plant's tendrils used for climbing. The specific epithet "sativa" comes from the Latin word for "cultivated" or "sown," reflecting its long history of agricultural use. Several are recognized, including V. sativa subsp. sativa, subsp. nigra, and subsp. segetalis, differentiated primarily by morphological traits such as pod color, pod shape, seed characteristics, and leaflet width. For instance, subsp. nigra features black pods and narrower leaflets (1.5–6 mm wide), subsp. sativa has yellowish-brown pods often constricted between seeds with broader leaflets, and subsp. segetalis exhibits bi-colored flowers (pink with purple veins) and pods that are typically dark and less constricted. Synonyms include Vicia angustifolia L., Vicia sativa var. angustifolia (L.) Ser., and Vicia sativa var. nigra L., reflecting historical taxonomic revisions within the sativa aggregate. Phylogenetically, V. sativa belongs to section Vicia within subgenus Vicia of the Vicia, occupying an advanced position in the group's cytogenetic structure. It shares close evolutionary relationships with other Vicia species, such as V. faba (broad bean) in section Faba, based on molecular analyses of DNA sequences and chromosomal data.

Physical Characteristics

Vicia sativa is an annual herbaceous characterized by a climbing or trailing growth habit, reaching heights of up to 1-2 meters through the use of branched s for support. The stems are slender, angled, and branched, often pubescent or sparsely hairy, arising from a that develops into a deep extending 3-5 feet. The leaves are pinnate and compound, typically featuring 3-8 pairs of opposite, elliptic to oblong leaflets measuring 1.5-3.5 cm in length and 5-15 mm in width, with the terminal pair replaced by a branched ; stipules are present and semi-sagittate. The flowers are zygomorphic and pea-like, ranging from to violet or occasionally , with corollas 1-2 cm long, arranged in axillary clusters of 1-3 (often paired) on short peduncles. occurs primarily through , especially bees, which are attracted to the . The root system forms symbiotic nodules with bacteria, enabling biological that supports the plant's growth without external nitrogen inputs. Fruits develop as linear to cylindrical pods, 2.5–8 cm long and 5–8 mm wide, containing 4-10 oval to globose seeds that vary in color from greenish-gray to maroon or black. As a cool-season annual, V. sativa germinates in fall or spring under low temperatures, undergoes vegetative growth during cooler periods, and flowers in spring to summer, with seed maturation following shortly thereafter; it completes its life cycle and senesces in late spring or early summer as temperatures rise. Subspecies variations may influence minor traits such as leaflet number or flower color intensity, but the core morphology remains consistent across forms.

Distribution and Ecology

Geographic Range

Vicia sativa, commonly known as common vetch, is native to the Mediterranean Basin, extending through Western Asia and , with its origins traced to the in the . Earliest archaeological and historical records of the species date back to ancient agricultural sites in and the , where it was likely gathered or cultivated as early as the period. The plant's natural range also includes parts of temperate Eurasia, , and the , reflecting its adaptation to diverse arid and semi-arid environments in these regions. Through human-mediated dispersal, primarily via and since antiquity, V. sativa has become widely introduced across the globe and is now cosmopolitan in temperate zones. It is established in (beyond its native areas), —where it serves both as a and a — (including widespread cultivation in and ), , and . In these introduced regions, the species often escapes cultivation and naturalizes in disturbed areas, facilitated by its prolific production and long-distance dispersal via contaminated seed lots, hay, and machinery. In some introduced areas, V. sativa exhibits invasive tendencies due to its aggressive and competitive growth. It is regarded as an environmental weed in parts of , particularly in Victoria and , where it invades grasslands and roadsides. Similarly, in , it is a common weedy species in agricultural fields and disturbed habitats, though not universally classified as highly invasive. Overall, the plant is documented as present in approximately 50 countries either as a cultivated or feral weed, underscoring its extensive global footprint.

Habitat Preferences

Vicia sativa, commonly known as common vetch, thrives in temperate climates characterized by cool, wet winters and mild summers, with optimal mean annual temperatures ranging from 5.6°C to 22.5°C. It exhibits strong tolerance, enduring temperatures as low as -12°C (10°F) with minimal injury, but it is sensitive to extreme heat and prolonged high temperatures above 30°C, which can inhibit growth and seed development. and vegetative growth occur best under low temperatures (around 5–15°C), while flowering requires moderate to high temperatures (20–25°C). The species prefers well-drained loamy , particularly light loams and sandy loams, but it adapts effectively to a range of types including poor, sandy, or clay , provided drainage is adequate to prevent waterlogging. It performs best in neutral to slightly alkaline conditions with a range of 6.0 to 7.5, though it can tolerate slightly acidic down to 4.5 and up to 8.2 in some cases. As a , V. sativa competes well in low-fertility sites due to its ability to fix atmospheric through nodulation, enhancing its persistence in nutrient-poor environments. Vicia sativa is commonly found in disturbed habitats such as roadsides, fields, weedy meadows, grasslands, and agricultural margins, where it behaves as an or short-lived in favorable conditions. It requires moderate annual rainfall of 400–800 mm for establishment, with tolerance to semi-arid conditions once rooted, though it is not highly drought-resistant during early growth stages and benefits from evenly distributed precipitation. Ecologically, it often acts as a in crops like and , competing aggressively for resources, yet it provides benefits in rotations by improving and levels; it also associates symbiotically with grasses in pastures, using tendrils to climb and support mutual growth.

Cultivation Practices

Growing Conditions

Vicia sativa, commonly known as common vetch, is typically sown in the fall (autumn) for overwintering or in spring to align with its cool-season growth cycle. The recommended rate ranges from 20 to 40 kg/ha, depending on whether it is sown in pure stands or mixtures, with an optimal sowing depth of 2 to 5 cm to ensure good contact and access for . The plant thrives in climates with a growth temperature range of 10 to 25°C, tolerating mild winters but requiring protection from severe freezes in northern regions. It performs best with annual of 500 to 800 mm, supplemented by if necessary during establishment, and benefits from with cereals to minimize disease buildup such as root rots and foliar pathogens. Soil preparation involves creating a firm, well-drained , with inoculation of seeds using bacteria to promote nodulation and . Fertilization should be low in due to the plant's ability to fix atmospheric N, but moderate applications of (around 60 kg/ha P₂O₅) and (around 120 kg/ha K₂O) are advised based on tests to support development and overall vigor. Maturity for harvest occurs in 90 to 120 days, depending on date and location, yielding 2 to 6 t/ha of under favorable conditions. In pure stands, Vicia sativa is susceptible to in dense plantings, often requiring mechanical support or companion cropping with cereals to maintain upright growth and facilitate harvest.

Varietal Selection

Vicia sativa exhibits significant varietal diversity, with and cultivars selected primarily for agricultural applications such as , production, and cover cropping. The V. sativa subsp. sativa is commonly cultivated for due to its higher yield potential, while V. sativa subsp. nigra, also known as narrowleaf or blackpod vetch, is preferred for cover cropping in systems like understories where it provides effective coverage and nitrogen benefits. Common cultivars include '', valued for its high yield and suitability in mixed cropping systems, and '', selected for seed production with its violet-purple flowers and adaptation to lower rainfall areas. , varieties such as 'Willamette' and 'AU Olympic' are widely used for their reliable performance and winter growth. Other notable cultivars encompass 'Pearl', '', and 'Vantage', which demonstrate good accumulation and are recommended for feed. Breeding programs for V. sativa focus on enhancing key agronomic traits to improve productivity and sustainability. Primary goals include increasing biomass yield for forage, developing resistance to diseases like Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta fabae, and reducing antinutritional factors such as vicine and convicine to enhance feed safety for livestock. Efforts also target low vicine content to mitigate potential toxicity risks, as modern cultivars often feature reduced levels compared to wild types. Selection criteria in breeding emphasize traits that ensure adaptability and efficiency in diverse environments. Winter hardiness is prioritized for overwintering varieties in temperate regions, enabling survival in cold climates. Resistance to seed shattering is crucial for mechanical harvesting and grain production, with non-shattering mutants selected to prevent yield losses. Additionally, high nitrogen fixation efficiency is targeted to maximize soil fertility benefits, with genotypes evaluated for nodulation capacity and nitrogenase activity. Modern varieties have been developed through national and international programs, particularly in and the . In , initiatives such as those in aim to transfer useful genes like subterranean seeding for improved pasture establishment. In the , breeding efforts have produced hybrids with (hairy vetch) to combine traits like enhanced winter hardiness and forage quality. These developments support applications in , where cultivars adapted to low-input conditions show superior performance in complex crop-vetch mixtures. Globally, over 50 varieties of V. sativa are registered or commercially available, reflecting ongoing breeding to meet regional needs in sustainable agriculture.

Uses and Applications

Forage and Livestock Feed

Vicia sativa, commonly known as common vetch, serves as a valuable forage crop for livestock, primarily utilized as hay, silage, or for grazing due to its high protein content and palatability. The whole plant provides 20-30% crude protein on a dry matter basis, along with substantial fiber (neutral detergent fiber around 24-41%) and essential minerals such as potassium (10.6 g/kg DM), phosphorus (4.1 g/kg DM), and zinc (36 mg/kg DM). It is rich in essential amino acids, including lysine and leucine (19.6 g/kg DM), making it a nutritious option for ruminants like sheep and cattle. When harvested at the vegetative stage, vetch hay exhibits in vitro organic matter digestibility of 69-76%, supporting efficient nutrient utilization in animal diets. The seeds of Vicia sativa act as a grain legume substitute for crops like lentils or peas, offering 28-34% crude protein and serving as a cost-effective protein source for both ruminants and monogastrics. Whole plant material is ideal for ruminants through or ensiling, while seeds require for and pigs to enhance digestibility; for instance, up to 40% inclusion in diets and 20% for adult pigs has been shown effective without adverse effects on growth. In systems, incorporating vetch , often intercropped with oats, has increased milk yield by approximately 1.4 kg per cow per day compared to grass-only diets. However, anti-nutritional factors in Vicia sativa necessitate careful management to optimize feed value. Compounds like (7.9 g/kg DM) and convicine (1.5 g/kg DM) can cause and favism in humans, while (2.8-6.1 g/kg DM) reduce protein digestibility in by binding to enzymes and . These issues are mitigated through dehulling, which removes hull-bound , heat treatment, soaking, or for low-toxin varieties, improving fermentation and retention. Feeding guidelines recommend limiting vetch to no more than 25-30% of the total diet for ruminants to prevent bloat and maintain performance, with varietals like Lanjian No. 2 and No. 3 showing superior retention (up to 53% of intake) and average daily gains in (285-295 g/day).

Soil and Environmental Benefits

Vicia sativa, commonly known as common vetch, plays a significant role in through its capacity for biological . As a , it forms symbiotic relationships with bacteria in root nodules, converting atmospheric into plant-available forms, typically fixing 80-150 kg N/ha under optimal conditions. This process reduces the need for synthetic fertilizers in crop rotations, lowering input costs and minimizing environmental from nitrogen runoff. Genetic variation in capacity allows for selection of more efficient genotypes in diverse agroecosystems. As a , Vicia sativa provides multiple improvements, including by stabilizing soil with its vining growth and extensive , which anchors against wind and water erosion. It also suppresses weeds through competitive production, reaching 8,000-9,000 lb/acre, which shades out competing and reduces herbicide reliance. Additionally, incorporation as increases , enhancing microbial activity and nutrient cycling, while its deep roots alleviate compaction and improve , particularly in no-till systems where it preserves aggregate stability. Vicia sativa supports biodiversity by attracting pollinators, such as bees, to its flowers, providing nectar and habitat that boost ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. Environmentally, it serves as green manure to recycle nutrients and has potential for bioremediation, accumulating heavy metals like cadmium, lead, and zinc in contaminated soils without significant biomass reduction. Its contribution to carbon sequestration occurs via increased soil organic carbon through residue decomposition, aiding long-term storage in rotations. As a low-input crop requiring minimal fertilizers, it enhances subsequent crop yields in rotations by 10-20% through residual nitrogen and improved soil fertility.

History and Genetics

Historical Development

Vicia sativa, commonly known as common vetch, was domesticated approximately 10,000 years ago in the , with evidence of cultivation emerging during the 10th and 9th BC in Mediterranean regions. Archaeological remains of its seeds have been identified at Early sites dating to the cal, indicating early exploitation by hunter-gatherers transitioning to . Key sites in and , such as those in the , yield charred seeds associated with domesticated crop storages, supporting traits like non-dehiscent pods and larger seed size as markers of early selection for human use. These findings highlight its role as one of the foundational in the region's agricultural revolution, often grown alongside cereals for food or . In ancient texts, Vicia sativa appears as a crop and holds symbolic significance. Roman author (1st century AD) described its benefits for and use in feeding poultry, while noted its application as in the . By the Middle Ages, its cultivation spread across Eurasia via agricultural exchanges, including routes like the , though use remained limited in compared to cereals, primarily as during . From the onward, Vicia sativa gained traction in for both human and livestock consumption, with records of its seeds ground into for during 18th-century famines, reflecting its cultural role as an emergency food despite antinutritional factors like . Key expansions included its introduction to the in the 16th century via European colonists.

Genome Structure

Vicia sativa is a diploid species with a chromosome number of 2n=14 and an estimated genome size of approximately 1.65 Gb. A chromosome-level reference genome assembly was published in 2022, constructed using long-read Oxford Nanopore sequencing combined with short-read Illumina data and Hi-C scaffolding to anchor sequences into seven pseudo-chromosomes, covering 98.7% of the assembled contigs. This assembly provides a high-quality foundation for genomic studies, revealing a highly repetitive genome structure dominated by transposable elements, which comprise about 83.9% of the total length, including 64.4% long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons. The annotated genome contains 53,218 protein-coding genes, with an average gene length of 1,248 bp and 5.2 exons per gene, reflecting the complexity typical of large legume genomes. Key genomic features include clusters of symbiosis-related genes involved in nodulation and nitrogen fixation, identified through comparative phylogenetic analysis with other legumes like Medicago truncatula and Phaseolus vulgaris; these genes, such as those encoding nodulins and symbiotic receptors, facilitate the root nodule symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria. Additionally, the assembly has enabled the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with agronomic traits, including those influencing yield components and stress tolerance, such as drought and salinity resistance, through integration with resequencing data from diverse accessions. Recent advances from 2024 to 2025 have leveraged this for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identifying loci for biomass-related traits, such as dry matter yield and plant height, in a panel of 200 V. sativa accessions under field conditions. These genomic resources support applications in marker-assisted breeding. Furthermore, with related species has uncovered conserved syntenic regions for nodulation and yield traits, aiding the of beneficial alleles to enhance breeding efficiency in vetch improvement programs.

References

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