Hubbry Logo
FirstEnergyFirstEnergyMain
Open search
FirstEnergy
Community hub
FirstEnergy
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Contribute something
FirstEnergy
FirstEnergy
FirstEnergy
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

FirstEnergy Corp. is an electric utility headquartered in Akron, Ohio. It was established when Ohio Edison merged with Centerior Energy in 1997. Its subsidiaries and affiliates are involved in distributing, transmitting, and generating electricity, energy management, and other energy-related services. Its ten electric utility operating companies comprise one of the United States' largest investor-owned utilities, based on serving 6 million customers within a 65,000-square-mile (170,000 km2) area of Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and New York.[3] In 2018, FirstEnergy ranked 219 on the Fortune 500 list of the largest public corporations in the United States by revenue.[4]

Key Information

FirstEnergy has 3106.4 MW of energy generation capacity, with coal making up 99.2% of that capacity and solar power accounting for the remaining amount.[5]

On July 21, 2020, Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives, Larry Householder, former Ohio Republican Party Chairman Matt Borges, and three others were accused of accepting $60 million in bribes from FirstEnergy in exchange for $1.3 billion worth of benefits in the form of Ohio House Bill 6,[6] as part of what became known as the Ohio nuclear bribery scandal. The stock price of the company plummeted within hours of the arrests being made. On July 22, 2021, the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Ohio announced that FirstEnergy would be fined $230 million for their part in the scandal. This was the largest criminal fine ever collected by the Southern District.[7]

History

[edit]

Ohio Edison

[edit]

Ohio Edison Company (formerly OEC on the NYSE)[8] was a publicly traded holding company that began in 1930 with the consolidation of 200 electric companies. By 1950, it ended up with two utility operating companies, Pennsylvania Power and Ohio Edison. It continued in existence until 1997 when its merger with Centerior formed FirstEnergy.

Subsidiaries

[edit]
  • In 1944, the Pennsylvania Power Company became a subsidiary of Ohio Edison and is now one of the ten operating utilities.
  • In 1950, the Ohio Edison Company merged with the Ohio Public Service Company, which continued to operate under its new name. It is now one of the ten FirstEnergy operating companies and the main power provider for northeastern Ohio outside of Cleveland.

Centerior

[edit]
Toledo Edison Company building, 1002 Delaware Avenue, Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1937

Centerior Energy Corporation (formerly CX on the NYSE) was formed in 1986 from the affiliation of two public utilities. Centerior was based in Independence, Ohio and existed as a publicly traded holding company for ten years until its merger with Ohio Edison formed FirstEnergy in 1997:

  • The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, commonly known as The Illuminating Company (known locally as CEI), was a publicly traded utility company through 1986 until it affiliated with Toledo Edison to come under the control of Centerior. Having been formed in 1929, by 1940 it had become one of ten major direct subsidiaries of North American Company, which in turn had been one of the original 12 stocks listed in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.[9] In 1978, Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company sought to buy Muny Light when Cleveland defaulted because bank credit was not extended without sale of the city's power company.[10] The Nuclear Regulatory Commission charged Cleveland Electric Illuminating with a series of antitrust violations.[11][when?] It is one of three power companies serving Greater Cleveland, the others being city-owned Cleveland Public Power and Painesville Municipal Electric.
  • Toledo Edison Company (formerly TED on the NYSE) was a publicly traded utility company, until it affiliated with The Illuminating Company to form Centerior in 1986. It is the main power provider for northwestern Ohio.

GPU

[edit]

General Public Utilities (formerly GPU on the NYSE) was a publicly traded utility holding company in Parsippany, New Jersey. In 1996, the company was reorganized and renamed GPU, Inc. Also in 1996, it formed a new division, GPU Energy, which became the holding company for GPU's three utility operating companies:

  • Jersey Central Power and Light (JCP&L, serving most of central and northwestern New Jersey)
  • Pennsylvania Electric Company (Penelec, serving northern and central Pennsylvania)
  • Metropolitan Edison (Met-Ed, serving eastern and south-central Pennsylvania)

In 2001, FirstEnergy, with its four utility operating companies, merged with GPU, Inc., folding GPU's three additional operating companies into FirstEnergy.

Through the 2001 acquisition of GPU, FirstEnergy also acquired MYR Group (formerly MYR on the NYSE), a subsidiary that GPU had created as a publicly traded company in the 1996 reorganization. MYR Group's services included installing and maintaining utility power lines and cellular telephone communications towers.[12]

GPU is best known as the former owner of the Three Mile Island nuclear plant. In 1989, Standley H. Hoch, a former executive with General Dynamics, became the CEO of GPU. Hoch had two main goals: cut costs and fight to repeal the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, which made it difficult for utilities to operate across state lines.[13]

Northeast blackout of 2003

[edit]
Main article: Northeast blackout of 2003

On Thursday, August 14, 2003, a widespread power outage across the Northeast and Midwest of the United States, as well as Ontario, affected 55 million people and left them without power until it was fully restored on August 16. The outage was attributed mostly to FirstEnergy's failure to trim the trees around its high voltage lines in a certain sector of Ohio; heat and extreme power needs caused the lines to sag, coming into contact with the trees and causing flashover.[14]

Allegheny Energy

[edit]
Main article: Allegheny Energy

Allegheny Energy was an electric utility serving customers in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, and Maryland. Its regulated subsidiaries were West Penn Power (serving Southwestern and Central Pennsylvania), Monongahela Power (a.k.a. "Mon Power", serving Northern and Southern West Virginia), and The Potomac Edison Company (western and central Maryland, parts of eastern West Virginia, and northern Virginia). The electric generating plants were operated by subsidiary Allegheny Energy Supply Company and Monongahela Power.

Before the formation of Allegheny Energy, the holding company was known as Allegheny Power System which had the three utility operating units. The brand name Allegheny Power was used on customer bills, trucks and company equipment starting in 1996. In 1997, the company attempted to merge with Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Light Company. The merger was withdrawn by both parties, and the companies did not merge. In 1999, Allegheny Power purchased the West Virginia operations of UtiliCorp United's West Virginia Power. UtiliCorp purchased Virginia Electric and Power Company's (present day Dominion Resources) West Virginia service area in 1986 and renamed the acquired service area as West Virginia Power.

In February 2010, Allegheny Energy announced plans to merge with FirstEnergy. The merger was approved by stockholders of both companies, by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and by the regulatory commissions in Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. The merger was finalized when the Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission approved the merger on February 24, 2011. The merger officially closed on February 25, 2011.[15] The merger did not include Allegheny's service area in Virginia, which was purchased in 2010 by the Shenandoah Valley Electric Cooperative and the Rappahannock Electric Cooperative.

After the merger with Allegheny Energy, FirstEnergy was the largest investor-owned electric utility in the country (based on customers served) for a short period, before the Exelon/Constellation and Duke Energy/Progress Energy mergers.[16]

FirstEnergy Formation

[edit]

FirstEnergy was formed on November 7, 1997, when Ohio Edison acquired Centerior Energy and its subsidiaries for $1.6 billion in stock.[17] The company was acquired with plans for a restructuring and layoffs to cut costs.[17][18] That same month the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio (PUCO) initiated an investigation into the reliability of FirstEnergy's energy transmission in the context of possible plant shutdowns and prior problems with Centerior.[19]

Bankruptcy of FirstEnergy Services Corp. and formation of Energy Harbor Corp.

[edit]

FirstEnergy Services Corp. was incorporated on August 8, 1997, with the primary purpose of providing intracompany services, such as the operation of subsidiary generation companies and financial transactions.[20] It underwent several mergers and fictitious name filings beginning with its first filed merger on March 31, 1998.[21] As of September 1, 2001, FirstEnergy Services Corp. became FirstEnergy Solutions Corp.[22]

On March 31, 2018, FirstEnergy Solutions Corp. filed for bankruptcy. FirstEnergy Solutions Corp. was a member of FirstEnergy Generation, LLC[disputed (for: No evidence of existence of Generation, LLC)  – discuss]–itself a generation subsidiary of FirstEnergy Corp.–while FirstEnergy Corp. itself remained solvent.[23] The case has been closely watched as it could have significant implications for the U.S. power sector. For instance, the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Ohio has asserted its primacy over the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) relating to some of FirstEnergy Solutions Corp.’s FERC-regulated power purchase agreements.[24][25]

FirstEnergy Solutions Corp. filed its eighth amended bankruptcy plan on October 14, 2019. In 2020, it emerged from bankruptcy. The company's post-bankruptcy fate was two-fold. First, the company was incorporated in Delaware under the name Energy Harbor Corp. and has since continued to operate in Ohio under the same name. For legal purposes, Energy Harbor Corp. is registered in Ohio as a foreign entity.[26][27] Secondly regarding post-bankruptcy fate, FirstEnergy Solutions Corp. has also continued its existence as an actively chartered Ohio company, but this is only on paper rather than in practice: that entity does not conduct any business.

Intent to exit non-regulated business

[edit]

FirstEnergy announced its intent in November 2016 to exit the competitive businesses while staying in the regulated businesses and also to become a fully regulated company during the following 18 months.[28] FirstEnergy Solutions Corp., the company's then-competitive subsidiary, managed 13,000 MW of generating capacity and was a leading energy supplier serving residential, commercial and industrial customers in the Northeast, Midwest and Mid-Atlantic regions. It was anticipated that some generating units would be sold and that others would be shut down.[28] Robert E. Murray, CEO of Murray Energy, warned in August 2017 that FirstEnergy Solutions Corp. was in danger of bankruptcy if the White House would not issue an emergency order to open coal-fired plants.[29][30] The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) unanimously rejected a United States Department of Energy (DOE) Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR) to subsidize coal and nuclear plants in January, 2018.[31] FirstEnergy Solutions Corp. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on March 31, 2018.[32] As a result of the bankruptcy, FirstEnergy Solutions Corp. sought federal intervention of invoking Section 202(c) of the Federal Power Act to keep their plants operating.[33]

Proposed power plant closures and bailout

[edit]

In February 2018, FirstEnergy announced plans to deactivate or sell Pleasants Power Station in West Virginia.[34] In March 2018, FirstEnergy announced the closure of Perry Nuclear Generating Station and Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station, both in Ohio and the closure of Beaver Valley Nuclear Power Station in Pennsylvania.[35] This was followed in August 2018 with the announcement of the closure of two coal-fired plants, the W.H. Sammis Power Plant in Stratton, Ohio and the Bruce Mansfield Power Plant in Shippingport, Pennsylvania by June 2022.[36]

The LakeShore Plant in Cleveland, Ohio, as seen during winter 2013. This plant was demolished in 2017.

However, the closure of the Perry, Davis–Besse, and Sammis plants were rescinded in July 2019 when the State of Ohio passed and signed into law a subsidy to support the Perry and Davis–Besse nuclear plants.[37]

Recent

[edit]

A 2019 report by the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy found that FirstEnergy "paid an effective federal tax rate of 0% or less" as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.[38]

During the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, the company stopped power shutoffs and restored connections for those whose power had been terminated because of non-payment. They also requested that customers who were facing hardship paying their utility bills contact the company to set up alternate payment programs, energy assistance programs or other energy arrangements, based on the customer's ability to pay. This included customers of all ten FirstEnergy utility companies in its entire six-state footprint.[39]

Charles E. Jones was the president and chief executive officer of FirstEnergy Corp. from 2015 until his termination on October 29, 2020. Steven E. Strah was acting chief executive officer until September 16, 2022, with John Somerhalder serving as interim CEO through June 1, 2023. On March 27, 2023, FirstEnergy Corp. announced Brian X. Tierney, a former executive at American Electric Power, as president and CEO of FirstEnergy Corp. His role became effective June 1, 2023.

In May 2023, FirstEnergy vacated their longtime headquarters in Downtown Akron along with their Brecksville offices to consolidate their operations in their West Akron campus.[40][41][42][43]

Bribery scandal

[edit]
Main article: Ohio nuclear bribery scandal

On July 21, 2020, Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives, Larry Householder, former Ohio Republican Party Chairman Matt Borges, and three others were accused of accepting $60 million in bribes from FirstEnergy in exchange for $1.3 billion worth of benefits in the form of Ohio House Bill 6, which increased electricity rates and provided that money as a $150 million per year bailout for the two above-mentioned nuclear plants (Perry and Davis–Besse).[6] The stock price of the company plummeted within hours of the arrests being made. FirstEnergy denied involvement in the charges.[44] State legislators quickly announced plans for a bill to repeal H.B. 6.[45][46] Several organizations called on the Ohio Attorney General to begin revoking the charter of FirstEnergy.[47]

On October 29, 2020, The Independent Review Committee of the Board of Directors of FirstEnergy Corp. announced a leadership transition, including the termination of the company's Chief Executive Officer, Charles E. Jones, effective immediately. FirstEnergy also announced on the same day the termination of two other executives: its Senior Vice President of Product Development, Marketing, and Branding; and its Senior Vice President of External Affairs, effective immediately.[48] During the course of the company's previously disclosed internal review related to the government investigations, the Independent Review Committee of the Board determined that these executives violated certain FirstEnergy policies and its code of conduct. Concurrently, Steven E. Strah, President of FirstEnergy, has been appointed Acting Chief Executive Officer, effective immediately.[1]

On July 22, 2021,[49], Acting U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Ohio, announced that FirstEnergy would be fined $230 million for its part in the scandal.[7]

The bribery scandal ended up also affecting the company's major naming rights deal with the Cleveland Browns for FirstEnergy Stadium, which was originally to run from 2013 through the end of the 2029 NFL season.[50] The Cleveland city council passed a resolution in June 2022 to urge FirstEnergy to relinquish the rights.[51] At the time, the Browns nor FirstEnergy motioned that the agreement would be revoked.[52] The Browns then announced on April 13, 2023, that the team and FirstEnergy had come to an agreement to immediately terminate the naming rights deal, restoring the name of the venue to Cleveland Browns Stadium.[53]

Electric companies

[edit]
  • Ohio Edison (Northeastern Ohio)
  • Illuminating Company (Northeastern Ohio)
  • Toledo Edison (Northwestern Ohio)
  • Met-Ed (Eastern Pennsylvania)
  • Penelec (Central and Northern Pennsylvania)
  • Penn Power (Western Pennsylvania)
  • West Penn Power (Western and Central Pennsylvania)
  • Jersey Central Power & Light (Eastern and Northwestern New Jersey)
  • Mon Power (Northern West Virginia)
  • Potomac Edison (Western Maryland and West Virginia panhandle)

Environmental record

[edit]

In 2024, FirstEnergy generated 15,665,952 MWh from coal in 2024 compared to 29,937 MWh from solar power.[5] The company directly generated 13,905,260 metric tons of CO2 emissions from coal combustion and resulted in the emission of 16,004,265 metric tons through electricity purchases from other generation companies.[5]

A 2017 report conducted by the University of Massachusetts Amherst placed FirstEnergy as the country's ninth largest greenhouse gas polluter.[54]

In 2008, FirstEnergy was required to pay US$1.5 billion by 2011 as part of a settlement to end a lawsuit filed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. This lawsuit alleged that the company failed to install pollution control equipment when upgrading its coal-burning plants. Also as part of the settlement, major pollution control equipment was installed at the W. H. Sammis Power Plant and at other sites. This lawsuit was one of the New Source Review lawsuits filed in the 1990s.[55]

In response, the company announced plans in April 2009 to modify its R.E. Burger Power Station in Shadyside, Ohio, to generate electricity with biomass instead of coal, but abandoned the project a year later.[56] In November 2009, FirstEnergy purchased the rights to develop a compressed-air energy storage generation plant in Norton, Ohio, but suspended this plan in July 2013 citing market conditions.[57]

A study funded by the United States Department of Energytested carbon sequestration on one of the remaining coal units at R.E. Burger, which was less successful than expected, resulting in the sequestration of only 50 metric tons of CO2,[58] compared to the 1.7 million tons of CO2 emitted in the previous year.[59]

In 2008, Ohio lawmakers passed an energy efficiency standards law with the goal of reducing energy use by 22 percent by 2025. After four years of lobbying against the law, in November 2012, FirstEnergy temporarily suspended its "behind-the-scene lobbying campaign" to persuade lawmakers to gut the energy efficiency law.[60] However, two years later the company supported the 2014 Ohio Senate Bill 310 which reversed energy efficiency standards and cut their work on improving energy efficiency, despite stating the programs were cost-effective.[61]

FirstEnergy spent over $60 million to support House Bill 6, a 2019 law that raised electricity rates to provide subsidies for their power plants. Allegations of bribary resulted in the Ohio nuclear bribery scandal. The subsidies ended in August 2025 after Ohio House Bill 15 was signed into law.[62]

Little Blue Run

[edit]

Several cases have been brought against FirstEnergy for its dumping of coal waste into Little Blue Run Lake in West Virginia and Pennsylvania.[63][64][65] FirstEnergy has dumped more than 20 billion gallons of coal ash and smokestack scrubber waste into the body of water which has contaminated local water supplies with arsenic, sulfates, sodium, calcium, magnesium and chloride.[65]

A July 2012 consent decree from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection forces FirstEnergy to close the Little Blue Run Lake, which is an unlined waste impoundment in Beaver County, Pennsylvania and Hancock County, West Virginia. FirstEnergy had piped coal ash waste slurry from its Bruce Mansfield Power Plant since 1974. The reservoir at Little Blue Run is the country's largest coal ash impoundment. Pollutants including sulfates, chlorides, and arsenic have been found in groundwater nearby. Per the consent decree, FirstEnergy must stop dumping coal ash at the site by 2016, pay a penalty of $800,000, provide clean water to local residents, and monitor the environment for signs of seeps for toxic pollutants including selenium, boron and arsenic.[66][67]

Notable accidents and incidents

[edit]
  • In 2005, the NRC identified two earlier incidents at Davis–Besse as being among the top five events (excluding the actual disaster at Three Mile Island) most likely to have resulted in a nuclear disaster in the event of a subsequent failure.[68][69]
  • On Friday, January 20, 2006, FirstEnergy acknowledged a cover-up of serious safety violations by former workers at the Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station and accepted a plea bargain with the U.S. Department of Justice in lieu of possible federal criminal prosecution. The plea bargain relates to the March 2002 discovery of severe corrosion in the pressure vessel of the nuclear reactor, contained within the plant's containment building. In the agreement, the company agreed to pay fines of US$23 million, with an additional $5 million to be contributed toward research on alternative energy sources and to Habitat for Humanity, as well as to pay for costs related to the investigation. In addition, two former employees and one former contractor were indicted for purposely deceiving Nuclear Regulatory Commission inspectors in multiple documents (including one videotape) over several years, hiding evidence that boric acid was seriously corroding the reactor pressure vessel. The maximum penalty for each of the three indicted persons is 25 years in prison. The indictments also cite other employees as providing false information to inspectors, but they are not named.[citation needed]
  • In 2011, a 20-year employee was electrocuted to death when a supervisor ordered an unsafe operation. The parent company, FirstEnergy, and Ohio Edison were sued as a result, citing an intentional tort statute relating to "the deliberate removal of a safety guard".[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

FirstEnergy

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
FirstEnergy Corp. is an American investor-owned headquartered in , formed in 1997 through the merger of Ohio Edison Company and Centerior Energy Corporation. It operates 10 regulated distribution companies serving over 6 million customers across , , , , , and New York, managing approximately 269,000 miles of distribution lines and 24,000 miles of transmission lines as part of one of the largest such systems in the United States. The company employs about 12,300 people and reported trailing twelve-month revenue of roughly $13.9 billion as of recent financial disclosures. FirstEnergy has grown through strategic acquisitions, including GPU in 2001 and Allegheny Energy in 2011, expanding its footprint in transmission and distribution while divesting most assets to focus on regulated operations. It maintains a portfolio of around 3,600 megawatts from regulated , solar, and hydroelectric facilities primarily in and , alongside investments in grid modernization under programs like Energize365. In recent years, the company has committed billions to capital projects, including over $4 billion deployed in the first nine months of 2025, aiming to enhance reliability and support energy transitions. A defining controversy for FirstEnergy involves a multi-year scheme from 2017 to 2020, in which the company and affiliates paid approximately $60 million in bribes to public officials and affiliates to secure favorable legislation, including House Bill 6, which provided a $1.3 billion nuclear plant bailout funded by ratepayers. FirstEnergy admitted to the scheme in a 2021 deferred prosecution agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice, leading to executive indictments on charges and a $100 million SEC settlement in 2024 for fraudulently concealing the payments from investors. These events, rooted in efforts to prop up uneconomic nuclear assets amid competitive pressures, have prompted ongoing federal probes, shareholder lawsuits, and regulatory scrutiny over and influence peddling.

Corporate Overview

Operations and Service Territories

FirstEnergy operates as a overseeing regulated electric distribution and transmission utilities, serving approximately 6 million customers across the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic regions of the . Its core activities include the delivery of to residential, commercial, and industrial users, maintenance of distribution and transmission infrastructure, and enhancements to grid reliability through ongoing investments in lines, substations, and technologies. The company's transmission subsidiaries manage approximately 24,000 miles of high-voltage lines interconnecting the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic power grids, facilitating wholesale flows coordinated by regional operators like . Distribution operations encompass over 269,000 miles of lines extending from the Ohio-Indiana border eastward to the shore. Service territories span portions of five states: , , , , and . In Ohio, subsidiaries cover northeastern and northwestern areas, including cities like Akron and . Pennsylvania operations serve central and western regions, with recent consolidation of four utilities—Met-Ed, Penelec, Penn Power, and West Penn Power—into FirstEnergy Pennsylvania effective January 1, 2024, to streamline regulation and operations. New Jersey's territory includes central and northern counties via Jersey Central Power & Light. In West Virginia and Maryland, Monongahela Power and Potomac Edison provide service across rural and urban areas, including counties like Monongalia in West Virginia and Allegany in Maryland. The following table summarizes key distribution subsidiaries and their primary service areas:
SubsidiaryPrimary Service States/Regions
Ohio EdisonNortheastern and north-central
The Illuminating CompanyNortheastern , including
Toledo EdisonNorthwestern , around Toledo
FirstEnergy PennsylvaniaCentral and western (consolidated from Met-Ed, Penelec, Penn Power, West Penn Power)
Jersey Central Power & LightCentral and northern
Monongahela PowerNorthern and central
Potomac EdisonNorthern and
These territories exclude generation assets, which were divested in prior restructurings, positioning FirstEnergy primarily as a wires-focused emphasizing reliability and upgrades over power production.

Subsidiaries and Organizational Structure

FirstEnergy Corp. operates as a whose primary activities are conducted through its regulated subsidiaries, which focus on electric transmission, distribution, and related services rather than following the divestiture of its competitive assets in 2018. These subsidiaries are structured to comply with regional regulatory requirements, maintaining separate entities for distinct service territories while sharing centralized corporate oversight for functions such as finance, legal, and through affiliates like FirstEnergy Service Company. The organizational model emphasizes and , with transmission assets managed by specialized interstate subsidiaries to facilitate grid connectivity across the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic regions. The core operating subsidiaries include electric distribution utilities serving over 6 million customers in six states: Edison, The Electric Illuminating Company (doing business as The Illuminating Company), and The Toledo Edison Company in ; Jersey Central Power & Light (JCP&L) in ; Potomac Edison and Monongahela Power Company (doing business as Mon Power) in and ; and, following a 2024 consolidation, FirstEnergy Pennsylvania Electric Company (FE PA) encompassing service territories previously under Metropolitan Edison Company (Met-Ed), Pennsylvania Electric Company (Penelec), The Pennsylvania Power Company (Penn Power), and West Penn Power in . This consolidation, approved by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission and effective January 1, 2024, merged the four utilities into FE PA as a single legal operating entity to streamline internal operations, reduce administrative redundancies, and achieve estimated annual savings of $20-30 million, while preserving local branding and customer-facing identities. Penn Power, previously a of Edison, was transferred to the new structure as part of the merger. Transmission operations are handled by affiliates such as FirstEnergy Transmission, LLC (FET), which owns and operates approximately 24,000 miles of high-voltage lines; American Transmission Systems, Inc. (ATSI); Trans-Allegheny Interstate Line Company (TrAILCo); and Mid-Atlantic Interstate Transmission, LLC (MAIT), a joint venture focused on regional projects. These entities participate in the regional transmission organization, prioritizing reliability and expansion under FERC oversight. Additional non-utility subsidiaries include FirstEnergy Properties, Inc., for real estate and asset management, and FirstEnergy Nuclear Operating Company, though the latter's role diminished post-generation divestiture. The structure avoids of generation to align with deregulated markets, with centralized at the parent level under a board-led model.
Operating SubsidiaryPrimary Service TerritoryCustomers Served (approx., as of 2024)
Ohio EdisonNortheastern and north central 1 million
The Illuminating CompanyNortheastern 700,000
Toledo EdisonNorthwestern 400,000
FirstEnergy Pennsylvania Electric Company (FE PA; includes Met-Ed, Penelec, Penn Power, West Penn Power brands)1.6 million
Jersey Central Power & Light (JCP&L)1.1 million
Potomac EdisonNorthern and 350,000
Mon PowerNorthern 380,000
This table reflects the post-consolidation footprint, with customer figures derived from regulatory filings and company disclosures.

Financial Performance and Key Metrics

FirstEnergy Corp. reported full-year 2024 revenue of $13.47 billion, a 4.7% increase from $12.87 billion in 2023, driven by regulatory rate approvals and higher distribution volumes in key service territories. Net income from continuing operations totaled $978 million in 2024, an 11.3% decline from $1.102 billion in 2023, attributable to elevated operating expenses, depreciation from infrastructure investments, and increased interest costs amid higher debt levels. GAAP earnings per share (EPS) for 2024 were $1.70, while non-GAAP operating EPS reached $2.63, falling within the company's pre-announced guidance range of $2.61 to $2.81. In the third quarter of 2025, revenue was $4.1 billion with GAAP net earnings of $441 million ($0.76 per share) and core (non-GAAP) EPS of $0.83, reflecting year-to-date GAAP EPS of $1.85 and improved core earnings of $2.02 per share, up 15% from the prior-year period. The company's capital-intensive operations maintain elevated leverage, with long-term at $22.5 billion as of December 31, 2024, and a of 1.75, consistent with industry norms for regulated utilities funding grid upgrades and reliability enhancements. Regulatory proceedings have bolstered financial stability, including rate cases approved over the prior 18 months that added approximately $450 million in net annual revenue across , , , , and subsidiaries. Total stood at about $24 billion, supporting ongoing capital expenditures estimated at $4.5 billion to $5 billion annually for transmission and distribution improvements.
YearRevenue ($ billions)Net Income ($ millions)GAAP EPS ($)
202413.479781.70
202312.871,1021.91
202212.464060.71
Historical performance reflects recovery from 2020-2021 challenges, including impairment charges tied to the divestiture of competitive generation assets and regulatory settlements, with and stabilizing through focused regulated operations post-restructuring.

Historical Development

Origins in Regional Utilities (Ohio Edison and Centerior)

Ohio Edison Company originated as a regional in northeastern , incorporated in 1930 by The Commonwealth & Southern Corporation through the consolidation of five smaller utilities, some tracing roots to the late . This merger created a unified entity serving industrial and residential customers in areas including Akron and Youngstown, focusing on , transmission, and distribution amid the early 20th-century boom. By the mid-20th century, Ohio Edison had expanded its coal-fired capacity and service territory, becoming a key player in 's energy infrastructure while navigating regulatory shifts under the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, which prompted restructuring of holding companies like Commonwealth & Southern. Centerior Energy Corporation emerged in 1986 as a formed by the affiliation of Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company (CEI), established in 1907 to serve the metropolitan area, and Toledo Edison Company, founded in 1921 following the sale of Toledo Railways and Light's streetcar operations to the . CEI had grown into a major utility powering industrial hubs like and sectors in northern , while Toledo Edison focused on northwest Ohio's commercial and residential needs, both relying heavily on generation including and nuclear plants developed in the 1970s and 1980s. Centerior's formation aimed to streamline operations and achieve in a deregulating environment, serving approximately 2 million customers across urban centers like and Toledo. These regional utilities laid the groundwork for FirstEnergy's creation, as Ohio Edison's acquisition of Centerior in a $1.61 billion stock swap—announced on September 17, , and completed on November 7, 1997—merged their complementary territories and assets, forming a larger entity with over 4 million customers and positioning it as the 11th-largest U.S. investor-owned at the time. The merger integrated Ohio Edison's northeastern dominance with Centerior's northern coastal and urban focus, enhancing transmission networks and generation diversity while retaining Akron as the headquarters, though it faced scrutiny over potential rate impacts and in Ohio's regulated landscape.

Major Acquisitions and Expansions (GPU and Allegheny Energy)

In 2000, FirstEnergy announced its intent to acquire GPU, Inc., a New Jersey-based utility , in a transaction valued at $4.5 billion consisting of cash and stock. The deal, which combined the two companies' trailing 12-month revenues of $12 billion as of June 30, 2000, received regulatory approvals including from the Commission in May 2001, though with conditions on rate structures and deferred collections for wholesale electricity costs. The merger became effective on November 7, 2001, integrating GPU's subsidiaries—such as Jersey Central Power & Light, Metropolitan Edison, and Electric—into FirstEnergy's operations. This acquisition significantly expanded FirstEnergy's footprint into and , adding approximately 2 million customers and enhancing its transmission and distribution infrastructure across the Mid-Atlantic region. It also bolstered FirstEnergy's generation capabilities by incorporating GPU's assets, enabling greater in power procurement and delivery while maintaining commitments to regional grid participation under oversight. Post-merger integrations included transferring employees to shared service entities by early 2003, streamlining administrative functions without immediate disruptions to service reliability. In 2010, FirstEnergy pursued further growth through a stock-for-stock merger with Allegheny Energy, Inc., announced on and valued at $8.5 billion, with Allegheny shareholders receiving approximately $27.65 per share based on closing prices at the time. The transaction, approved by regulators including the Commission in February 2011, closed on February 25, 2011, and was accounted for as an acquisition with an estimated consideration of $4.354 billion tied to FirstEnergy's stock price on the eve of closing. The Allegheny merger extended FirstEnergy's service territories into , , and , in addition to bolstering its Pennsylvania presence, while adding substantial generation and transmission assets that increased overall system capacity and diversified fuel sources. This expansion supported accretive earnings growth for FirstEnergy and enhanced its competitive position in deregulated markets, though it required ongoing compliance with state-specific rate caps and environmental commitments inherited from Allegheny. The combined entity post-merger managed a larger asset base, including Allegheny's prior-year revenues of about $3.9 billion, facilitating investments in grid modernization across a broader customer base exceeding 6 million.

Formation of FirstEnergy and Post-Merger Integrations

FirstEnergy Corp. was established on November 7, 1997, via the acquisition of Centerior Energy Corporation by Ohio Edison Company in a $1.6 billion all-stock transaction. The merger, initially announced on September 16, 1996, combined Ohio Edison's operations in northeastern and north central Ohio with Centerior's service territories around Cleveland, creating a holding company structure that positioned FirstEnergy as the 11th largest investor-owned electric utility in the United States, serving approximately 2.2 million customers across Ohio and Pennsylvania. Under the new framework, FirstEnergy held direct ownership of subsidiaries including Ohio Edison Company, Pennsylvania Power Company, Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, and Toledo Edison Company, while retaining their individual operational identities for regulatory and customer-facing purposes. Post-merger, FirstEnergy prioritized operational synergies and financial consolidation, with trading commencing on November 10, 1997. Integration efforts focused on unifying administrative functions, such as oversight—evidenced by the FirstEnergy Audit Committee convening its initial meeting shortly after the merger—and evaluating rate structures to align across former Ohio Edison and Centerior territories. These steps aimed to capture cost efficiencies from combined generation and transmission assets, though subsidiaries maintained separate and service delivery to navigate state-specific utility commissions in and . By 2000, ongoing integration had enhanced operational performance through realized synergies, supporting steady financial improvements without immediate restructuring of retail brands. The model facilitated centralized strategic planning while preserving subsidiary autonomy, a structure approved by federal regulators including the and the . This approach minimized disruptions to service reliability during the transition, with FirstEnergy leveraging the merged entity's expanded capacity—over 20,000 megawatts of generation—to position for future market deregulation in the late . Early post-merger activities also included joint assessments of nuclear and plants inherited from both predecessors, ensuring compliance with safety and environmental standards amid evolving federal oversight.

Divestitures, Bankruptcies, and Strategic Restructuring

In March 2018, FirstEnergy's competitive generation subsidiary, FirstEnergy Solutions Corp. (FES), filed for Chapter 11 protection on March 31 amid mounting losses from and nuclear plants in deregulated markets, with over $7.8 billion in liabilities against $4.2 billion in assets. The filing enabled a that separated FES's operations from FirstEnergy Corp., allowing the parent to exit exposure to volatile wholesale power markets and refocus on its regulated transmission and distribution businesses for more predictable revenues. FirstEnergy Corp. itself avoided , contributing $2.5 billion in support through settlements approved by the in September 2018 to facilitate FES's emergence as an independent entity. FES completed its restructuring and emerged from bankruptcy as Energy Harbor Corp. on February 27, 2020, with unsecured creditors receiving equity in the reorganized company and FirstEnergy retaining no ownership stake. This separation marked a pivotal strategic shift, positioning FirstEnergy as a wires-only with assets valued at approximately $70 billion in regulated , emphasizing capital investments in grid reliability over generation risks. Prior to the FES filing, FirstEnergy pursued divestitures to reduce generation exposure, including a September 2017 agreement to sell 1,615 megawatts of competitive -fired and hydroelectric assets—six power stations—for $825 million to affiliates of LS Power Group, closing in December 2017. During the FES bankruptcy, additional asset sales occurred, such as the November 2018 stalking-horse agreement to auction the 707-megawatt West Lorain plant and related assets to Starwood Energy Group via court-supervised process. In subsequent years, FirstEnergy avoided full divestitures of core utilities despite activist investor pressure, such as Carl Icahn's 2021 campaign advocating sales of distribution operations in , , and to unlock value, which ended in a settlement granting board seats without asset disposals. Instead, it raised equity through partial sales of its transmission subsidiary, FirstEnergy Transmission LLC (FET), including a 19.9% stake to for $2.375 billion in May 2022 and an additional 30% to Brookfield and others for $3.5 billion, with closings in March 2024 and final proceeds received in July 2024, funding $26 billion in planned regulated capital expenditures through 2028.

Energy Generation and Infrastructure

Power Generation Portfolio and Fuel Mix

FirstEnergy's current power generation portfolio is limited to regulated assets owned by its subsidiaries Monongahela Power (Mon Power) and Potomac Edison, totaling approximately 3,599 megawatts (MW) as of August 2025. These assets are located in and and consist primarily of scrubbed coal-fired facilities designed to meet reliability needs for customers in those regions, with smaller contributions from solar and hydroelectric resources. The portfolio excludes competitive generation assets, which were largely divested following the 2018 bankruptcy of FirstEnergy Solutions and subsequent sales to entities like Energy Harbor. Mon Power controls the majority of this capacity, including 3,082 MW from two regulated coal plants equipped with scrubbers for emissions control and 30 MW from solar facilities. The remaining capacity includes hydroelectric generation under Potomac Edison, contributing to the overall regulated mix but representing a minor portion compared to coal. This structure reflects a strategic shift post-divestitures, focusing on owned generation for rate-regulated service territories amid regulatory requirements for resource adequacy. The fuel mix is heavily weighted toward , which accounts for over 99% of the portfolio's capacity, with renewables (solar and hydro) comprising the balance. No nuclear, , or oil-fired plants are currently owned by FirstEnergy, following the separation of those assets into independent entities. In 2023, dominated the company's limited generation output, aligning with the regulated fleet's composition and the absence of unsubsidized transitions to alternative fuels in these subsidiaries. Subsidiaries procure additional power through long-term contracts and market purchases to supplement owned generation, but these do not alter the owned portfolio's coal-centric profile. Recent proposals indicate potential expansion, including a planned 1,200 MW combined-cycle plant by Mon Power and Potomac Edison, targeted for operation by 2031 to address growing demand in , which could diversify the future fuel mix if approved by regulators. However, as of October 2025, this remains in the planning stage and does not impact the current portfolio.

Transmission, Distribution, and Grid Reliability

FirstEnergy operates approximately 24,000 miles of transmission lines and maintains two regional transmission operation centers as part of its infrastructure supporting the PJM Interconnection market. Its distribution network spans about 269,000 miles of lines, serving roughly 6 million customers across Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, West Virginia, and Maryland. These assets form one of the largest investor-owned electric distribution systems in the United States, with transmission focused on high-voltage delivery from generation sources and distribution handling lower-voltage service to end-users. Grid reliability has been a focal area, marked by both historical challenges and subsequent enhancements. The August 14, 2003, Northeast blackout, which affected 50 million people and originated in FirstEnergy's service territory, stemmed from contact between overgrown trees and 345-kV transmission lines in , compounded by software failures and inadequate in control rooms. This event, costing an estimated $6 billion, prompted the formation of stricter (NERC) standards, including mandatory vegetation management and reliability planning, which FirstEnergy was required to implement. Post-2003 reforms contributed to measurable improvements; since 2014, FirstEnergy's transmission subsidiaries have reduced outages by 50% on high-voltage lines exceeding 100 kV. The company's 10-year Energizing the Future transmission program enhanced operating flexibility and reliability through targeted upgrades. More recently, the Energize365 initiative allocates $28 billion in capital expenditures from 2025 to 2029, including $14 billion for transmission to build resilience against extreme weather and growing loads like data centers, which are projected to increase peak demand by 45% by 2035. Distribution modernization efforts, such as Ohio's $421 million Grid Mod II plan approved in 2024, emphasize smart grid technologies, automated switches, and resiliency projects to minimize outage durations and frequencies. Specific projects underscore these commitments, including PJM-awarded transmission enhancements valued at $1.25 billion in 2025 for reliability in constrained areas, and helicopter-assisted upgrades of 16 miles of lines in 's Lake and Geauga counties completed in 2024. In , the Long-Term Infrastructure Improvement Plan III focuses on grid hardening and reliability through vegetation management and undergrounding select lines. Despite progress, occasional regulatory scrutiny persists, such as a 2025 of notice of probable non-compliance related to summer blackouts in specific locales, highlighting ongoing vegetation and equipment maintenance challenges. Overall, FirstEnergy's reliability performance, as tracked via indices like (system average interruption frequency), has historically met or exceeded standards in subsidiaries like Ohio Edison, though comprehensive recent system-wide metrics vary by jurisdiction and exclude major events.

Capital Investments and Modernization Initiatives

FirstEnergy's primary modernization effort in recent years has been the Energize365 program, launched in 2024 as a multi-year initiative to upgrade its electric grid for enhanced reliability, resilience, and integration of . In its inaugural year, the company invested $4.5 billion across its system, marking a more than 20% increase from 2023 levels, with plans for $28 billion in total capital expenditures from 2025 to 2029. Of this amount, approximately $14 billion is allocated to transmission upgrades, focusing on high-voltage infrastructure to support growing demand from data centers, electric vehicles, and sources. Key components of Energize365 include deploying advanced grid management systems, automation technologies, and smart meters, aiming to equip 86% of customers by 2028. These investments target local distribution enhancements, such as substation modernizations and resilient to reduce outage durations and accommodate solar facilities in and offshore wind projects in . For 2025 alone, FirstEnergy anticipates $5.0 billion in customer-funded investments under the program, building on $4.03 billion spent on property, plant, and equipment in 2024. Through the first nine months of 2025, capital deployments exceeded $4 billion, reflecting accelerated execution. Preceding Energize365, FirstEnergy's Energizing the Future initiative, initiated in , emphasized overhauls, including a $2.8 billion expansion announced in 2018 targeting 69-kilovolt power lines and substations primarily in Edison and Electric Illuminating Company territories. This program modernized the "electric superhighway" by rebuilding high-voltage lines, adding substations, and incorporating technologies to improve energy flow efficiency and storm resilience. Regional efforts, such as a $626 million four-year grid modernization plan filed with the of in 2022, further deployed automated switches, voltage regulators, and advanced metering infrastructure across utilities. These initiatives have prioritized measurable reliability gains, with FirstEnergy reporting sustained reductions in outage frequency through and , while maintaining among the lowest residential electric rates in the Midwest and Northeast. Investments also align with regulatory approvals, including a 2018 settlement mandating $516 million for grid upgrades to lower bills and enhance service in . Overall, the company's capital strategy underscores a shift toward digitized, flexible capable of handling projected 45% load growth by 2035, driven largely by and industrial expansion.

Regulatory and Policy Engagement

Interactions with State and Federal Regulators

FirstEnergy's subsidiaries, operating in , , , , , and New York, routinely engage with state commissions for approvals of rate structures, electric security plans, and infrastructure projects. In , the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio (PUCO) has overseen numerous rate cases and settlements; for example, on November 1, 2021, FirstEnergy's Ohio companies reached an open settlement resolving ten proceedings covering topics such as grid investments and customer programs. PUCO approved an updated Electric Security Plan (ESP-V) for FirstEnergy utilities on May 15, 2024, allowing recovery of costs for reliability enhancements through 2027. In May 2024, FirstEnergy filed for a distribution rate review seeking approximately $190 million in annual revenue increases to fund service reliability and customer assistance, pending PUCO approval. The Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission approved a joint settlement on December 7, 2023, facilitating consolidation of FirstEnergy's Pennsylvania utilities, with commitments to limit rate impacts in future cases through at least 2025. At the federal level, the (FERC) regulates FirstEnergy's interstate transmission and wholesale activities, including merger authorizations and market participation in . FERC approved the 2011 merger with Allegheny Energy, filed in May 2010, determining it would not adversely affect competition or rates after review under merger guidelines. FERC has also adjudicated disputes, such as rejecting Ohio-approved power purchase agreements in April 2016 that would have subsidized FirstEnergy and AEP plants, citing undue in interstate commerce. In February 2022, FERC directed FirstEnergy to refund customers for lobbying costs improperly included in transmission rates, following an audit. The U.S. (NRC) oversees FirstEnergy Nuclear Operating Company (FENOC) for its nuclear fleet, including the Davis-Besse plant, with interactions centered on licensing, safety inspections, and . After severe head degradation discovered in 2002 due to , the NRC imposed restart restrictions, which were lifted in 2004 following corrective actions and commitments confirmed in a Confirmatory Order. In 2006, FENOC agreed to a $28 million settlement with the Department of for violations stemming from the incident, including leaks of radioactive and chemical contaminants. More recently, in November 2021, NRC inspectors identified five safety violations at Davis-Besse, including improper part installation in steam valve controls, prompting enhanced oversight. A 2004 Government Accountability Office review criticized NRC's pre-incident oversight of Davis-Besse, noting reduced inspections due to FirstEnergy's prior good performance ratings contributed to undetected degradation.

Role in Energy Legislation and Market Reforms (Including HB6 Context)

FirstEnergy has engaged extensively in lobbying efforts to influence energy policies favoring the retention and subsidization of its nuclear and -fired generation assets amid competitive wholesale markets, such as the , where uneconomic plants risked shutdown due to capacity auction failures. At the federal level, the company sought regulatory intervention under Section 202(c) of the Federal Power Act from the Department of Energy during the Trump administration to declare an emergency and mandate purchases from and nuclear plants, including expenditures on firms like Avenue Strategies LLC in 2017 to secure such relief, though these efforts ultimately failed. FirstEnergy also on broader issues including PURPA modernization, supply chain security under bills like H.R. 360, and emissions regulations, spending millions annually through its and direct advocacy to shape federal structures. In , FirstEnergy played a central role in the passage of House Bill 6 (HB 6), enacted on , 2019, which allocated approximately $1.3 billion in ratepayer subsidies over seven years to support the company's Perry and Davis-Besse nuclear plants—deemed uncompetitive in market auctions—as well as coal units at the Ohio Electric Corporation (OVEC). The legislation effectively bypassed PJM's capacity market reforms by providing direct bailouts, framed by proponents as essential for grid reliability but criticized as distorting competitive pricing mechanisms established under federal . HB 6's nuclear component, totaling around $1 billion, was justified by FirstEnergy as preserving baseload power, yet investigations revealed the bill's advancement relied on a scheme where executives directed over $60 million through dark money groups, including Generation Now, to Ohio House Speaker Larry Householder's campaigns and allies in exchange for legislative influence. The HB 6 scandal, described by federal prosecutors as the largest corruption case in history, led to Householder's 2023 racketeering and guilty pleas from FirstEnergy's former CEO and other executives, with the company entering a 2021 deferred prosecution agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice, admitting to the scheme without contesting criminal liability. FirstEnergy faced additional penalties, including a $3.9 million fine from the in 2023 for failing to disclose the bribes' impact on market participation, and Dave Yost's intervention in 2021 halted a contractual clause that would have imposed nearly $2 billion in further ratepayer costs tied to the bill. HB 6 was repealed in October 2021 following the scandal's exposure, prompting ongoing of Ohio proceedings to determine recoverable costs for FirstEnergy's utilities and assess violations of corporate separation rules between regulated and competitive entities. These events underscored tensions between utility-driven interventions and market-based reforms, with FirstEnergy's actions prioritizing asset preservation over unadulterated competition.

Bribery Scandal: Facts, Investigations, and Aftermath

Between 2017 and March 2020, executives at FirstEnergy Corp. and its subsidiaries orchestrated a conspiracy involving over $59 million in bribes funneled primarily through Generation Now, a 501(c)(4) dark money organization controlled by state Representative , to secure his ascension to Ohio House Speaker in January 2019 and the enactment of House Bill 6 (HB 6) on July 23, 2019. HB 6 established a decade-long, ratepayer-funded program exceeding $1 billion for FirstEnergy's unprofitable Davis-Besse and nuclear power plants, alongside support for certain coal facilities under the Valley Electric . The scheme additionally included over $4.3 million in payments to entities controlled by Samuel Randazzo, who was appointed chairman of the of (PUCO) in 2019, to influence regulatory approvals benefiting FirstEnergy's transmission projects and overall operations. The (FBI), in coordination with federal prosecutors, investigated the corruption as a pattern of activity encompassing , , telecommunications fraud, and obstruction of justice. This culminated in the July 21, 2020, arrests of , lobbyist Matt Borges, political operative Jeff Longstreth, attorney Neil Clark, and Generation Now on federal charges of and honest services wire fraud. was tried and convicted by a federal jury in March 2023 on charges for orchestrating the , receiving a 20-year sentence on June 29, 2023; his conviction, along with Borges's, was upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in May 2025. Several co-conspirators, including Longstreth and Borges, pleaded guilty to related charges and cooperated with authorities. FirstEnergy was federally charged on July 22, 2021, with to commit honest services wire and entered a three-year agreement (DPA) with the U.S. Department of Justice, under which it admitted to the scheme, paid a $230 million penalty, and committed to enhanced compliance and cooperation to avoid corporate prosecution. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) followed with charges on September 9, 2024, for antifraud violations, inadequate disclosures of related-party transactions, and books-and-records failures tied to the and post-arrest misrepresentations to investors, settled via a $100 million and cease-and-desist order. On January 15, 2025 (unsealed January 17), a federal indicted former FirstEnergy CEO Charles E. Jones and executive Michael Dowling on counts related to the overall scheme, each facing up to 20 years . In the aftermath, Ohio enacted legislation repealing HB 6's core nuclear and subsidies in December 2020, though ratepayers incurred over $500 million in costs from disbursements between passage and repeal, including coal plant supports terminated in August 2025. The PUCO launched administrative proceedings in 2021 to investigate potential violations by and former commissioners, with evidentiary hearings extending into June 2025 featuring testimony from cooperating FirstEnergy executives. FirstEnergy settled with the in August 2024 for $20 million, resolving state claims without further prosecution. The scandal prompted executive turnover at FirstEnergy, including Jones's 2020 , and mandated governance reforms under the DPA, such as independent compliance monitoring; however, critics have noted persistent gaps in state laws addressing dark money influence.

Environmental and Operational Safety

Key Environmental Controversies and Remediation

FirstEnergy has faced significant scrutiny over emissions from its coal-fired power plants, particularly violations of the Clean Air Act at facilities like the W.H. Sammis Power Station operated by subsidiary Edison. In a 2005 settlement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of , Edison agreed to pay $1.1 billion in civil penalties and invest over $5.5 billion in state-of-the-art pollution controls, reducing annual and emissions by approximately 940,000 tons across affected plants. This action addressed New Source Review violations from plant modifications without required permits, marking one of the largest such penalties for a U.S. utility at the time. Another major controversy involves the Little Blue Run coal ash impoundment, an unlined 1,700-acre facility straddling and borders, recognized as the largest of its kind in the U.S. and a source of with , sulfates, and other toxins leaching into seeps and nearby wells. In , the Department of sued FirstEnergy for failing to assess and abate leaks, alleging imminent endangerment to and the environment, resulting in an $800,000 fine and a mandate to cease waste disposal by December 2016 and submit a closure plan. Residents filed class-action suits in 2013 claiming property devaluation and health risks from airborne ash and polluted water, leading to a 2015 settlement with 53 households for undisclosed compensation without admitting liability. In response to these issues, FirstEnergy has undertaken remediation including the installation of , systems, and other controls to comply with EPA limits under the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards, contributing to the retirement of six units between 2015 and 2020 due to regulatory costs exceeding $1 billion. For ash management, the company completed closure by removal at select impoundments, excavating over three million tons of residuals by 2022 to prevent ongoing leaching, and invested in upgrades at remaining fossil costing approximately $142 million to meet limitations. A 2022 EPA settlement for discharges from two ash landfills required a $610,000 penalty and construction of new pipelines to reduce stream pollution. These measures align with federal residuals rules, though critics note delays in full-site cleanups at legacy ponds like Little Blue Run, where groundwater monitoring continues post-closure.

Safety Incidents, Accidents, and Risk Management

In August 2017, two contract workers died at FirstEnergy's Bruce Mansfield Power Plant in , after exposure to toxic gas released from a pipe during maintenance in a confined coal ash vault; four other workers escaped but required hospitalization for exposure. The U.S. (OSHA) cited FirstEnergy for six serious violations, including failure to test for hazardous atmospheres and inadequate procedures, resulting in a $77,604 ; the primary contractor, Enerfab, faced a $129,340 penalty for related lapses. Additional worker fatalities include a September 2011 incident at the Harrison Power Station in , where a 63-year-old contractor died during operations, prompting an OSHA fatality investigation. In September 2022, a worker was killed at the Hatfield Ferry Power Plant demolition site near Carmichaels, , after falling more than 40 feet from a collapsing 100-foot-high catwalk; the worker's family filed a wrongful against FirstEnergy in June 2024, alleging in structural oversight. FirstEnergy has faced multiple OSHA citations for workplace safety violations, including a $65,964 penalty in 2017 for generation-related hazards and $16,386 in 2020 for utility operations failures. Infrastructure-related accidents have impacted public safety, such as the June 23, 2025, transformer fire at FirstEnergy subsidiary Met-Ed's Gardners substation in , which ignited around 8:50 p.m., caused cascading failures, and left thousands without power for days amid a , exacerbating outage risks. A February 2019 electrical fire at the Star Substation in , also disrupted service, highlighting vulnerabilities in aging equipment. In 2025, FirstEnergy settled a wrongful stemming from a fatal in , linked to company operations, though details on the incident's mechanics remain limited to court filings. FirstEnergy maintains risk management protocols emphasizing zero accidents, including documented safe work practices for contractors, confined space training, and hazard assessments in generation and transmission activities. The company provides electrical resources, such as the "Stop. Look. Live." campaign for public hazard avoidance and e-SMART training for on substation emergencies, while requiring contractors to implement site-specific procedures to mitigate and fall risks. Despite these measures, recurrent OSHA penalties indicate gaps in execution, particularly in contractor oversight and hazard detection at and demolition sites.

Compliance Records and Emission Reduction Efforts

FirstEnergy and its subsidiaries have incurred significant environmental penalties over time, with Ohio Edison Company settling for $1.133 billion in 2005 with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for Clean Air Act violations related to excessive and emissions from coal-fired power plants. Additional EPA penalties include $8.5 million against FirstEnergy Corp. in 2010 for environmental violations and $610,000 against West Penn Power in 2022 for similar issues. Smaller fines, such as those totaling under $300,000 across multiple subsidiaries in 2013, 2016, and 2019, addressed localized air and water compliance lapses. In its 2025 Corporate Responsibility Report, FirstEnergy documented 11 notices of violation in both 2023 and 2024, alongside a decline in fined water permit non-compliance events from 11 in 2023 to zero in 2024, attributing improvements to enhanced environmental management systems, annual training, and KPI tracking of incidents like unauthorized releases. The company has pursued emission reductions primarily through the retirement of older -fired units and efficiency measures, achieving an 84% drop in Scope 1 (GHG) emissions since 2005, driven by shifts away from generation that fell from 18.4 million MWh in 2022 to 15.7 million MWh in 2024. Scope 1 emissions specifically declined from 15.2 million metric tons of CO₂ equivalent (MT CO₂e) in 2023 to 14.0 million MT CO₂e in 2024, reflecting a roughly 7% annual reduction, while (SF₆) emissions—a potent GHG used in electrical equipment—decreased 35% over five years. Energy efficiency programs delivered 730,000 MWh in customer savings in 2024, further curbing indirect emissions. FirstEnergy initially committed to a 30% reduction in Scope 1 GHG emissions by 2030 from a 2019 baseline, reaching 12% progress by 2021 through generation divestitures and fuel switching. However, in February 2024, the company rescinded this interim target, prioritizing grid reliability amid surging demand from data centers, , and inadequate replacement capacity for plants, particularly in where state policies favor baseload s. This shift extends operations of facilities like the Fort Martin and Harrison plants, as alternatives such as renewables face and transmission constraints that could jeopardize resource adequacy. Long-term, FirstEnergy aspires to Scope 1 carbon neutrality by 2050, though without specified interim milestones beyond ongoing efficiency and habitat restoration efforts.

Leadership and Corporate Governance

Executive Leadership and Key Figures

Brian X. Tierney has served as President and of FirstEnergy Corp. since August 2023, succeeding Steven E. Strah, and was unanimously elected Chair of the Board effective January 1, 2025, succeeding John W. Somerhalder II. Prior to FirstEnergy, Tierney held senior roles at Inc., including as Senior Managing Director and Global Head of Power & Utility . Under Tierney's leadership, the company has emphasized operational reliability, regulatory compliance enhancements, and strategic investments in transmission infrastructure amid ongoing scrutiny from the House Bill 6 scandal. Other key current executives include K. Jon Taylor, Senior Vice President and since 2020, overseeing financial strategy and ; Hyun Park, Senior Vice President and Chief Legal Officer, responsible for legal affairs and compliance; and Toby L. Thomas, , managing day-to-day operations across subsidiaries. The executive team reports to Tierney and focuses on grid modernization and cost controls, with recent appointments such as James H. Myers III as President of and operations in December 2024 to strengthen regional leadership.
ExecutiveTitleKey Responsibilities
Brian X. TierneyPresident, CEO, and ChairOverall strategy, operations, and board oversight
K. Jon TaylorSVP and Financial planning, reporting, and capital allocation
Hyun ParkSVP and Chief Legal OfficerLegal compliance, regulatory matters, and
Toby L. ThomasCOOUtility delivery, transmission, and distribution operations
Significant past leadership includes Charles E. "Chuck" Jones, who served as CEO from December 2015 until his termination on October 29, 2020, following disclosures of improper payments tied to Ohio's House Bill 6 . Jones, along with former President Michael Dowling and other executives, was indicted on federal and charges in January 2025 for their roles in a scheme involving over $60 million in payments to influence state . Steven E. Strah acted as interim CEO from October 2020 until his retirement announcement in September 2022, during which FirstEnergy entered a agreement admitting to the conduct. These transitions marked a broader overhaul, including enhanced ethics protocols and independent board oversight, aimed at restoring governance integrity.

Governance Practices and Shareholder Relations

FirstEnergy's consists of 9 to 16 members, with a policy requiring at least two-thirds to be independent under standards, which exclude directors with material relationships such as recent employment or significant business transactions exceeding $120,000 annually. The board conducts annual independence reviews, and members must promptly report any changes affecting status; audit and compensation committee members adhere to stricter Securities and Exchange Commission independence criteria. structure permits a combined chair and CEO role, but if the chair lacks independence, a lead is appointed to preside over non-management sessions, facilitate communication, and oversee board agendas. Following the 2019-2020 HB6 bribery scandal, FirstEnergy implemented reforms, including the establishment of a new Office of Ethics and Compliance and a dedicated compliance program to prevent future violations, as part of a 2024 settlement resolving state investigations. The company also adopted an SEC-compliant policy for and enhanced recoupment mechanisms tied to misconduct. A 2022 litigation settlement further mandated increased disclosures on political and activities, alignment of executive incentives with ethical conduct, and board oversight enhancements. These measures addressed prior lapses, such as inadequate oversight of dark money contributions, though critics argue remains insufficient given ongoing regulatory scrutiny. In shareholder relations, FirstEnergy maintains ongoing through dialogues, addressing and compensation issues, with policies posted online for transparency. At the 2025 annual meeting on May 21, shareholders re-elected all directors and approved but rejected a proposal for a detailed report on activities and policies. Similarly, in 2024, three shareholder proposals were defeated, including one linking executive pay to metrics. Activist efforts, such as John Chevedden's 2025 push for transparency, highlight persistent demands for disclosure amid post-scandal sensitivities, though the board recommended against adoption citing existing policies. The company provides dedicated channels for inquiries via its transfer agent and emphasizes majority voting in uncontested director elections, where directors receiving majority "against" votes must tender resignation for review.

Economic Impact and Future Prospects

Contributions to Employment and Regional Economies

FirstEnergy employs more than 11,500 workers across its operations in , , , , and , providing direct in roles spanning , transmission, distribution, and . These positions support the and expansion of a exceeding 24,000 miles and distribution lines totaling 269,000 miles, essential for delivering electricity to over 6 million customers. In 2024, approximately 38% of the workforce was union-represented, with a low voluntary turnover rate of 2.2%, reflecting stable employment amid ongoing recruitment for skilled trades and apprenticeships. The company's capital investments significantly bolster regional economies through infrastructure upgrades and job creation. In 2024, FirstEnergy invested $4.5 billion under its Energize365 program—a 20% increase from 2023—to enhance grid reliability, with plans for $28 billion from 2025 to 2029, including $5 billion in 2025 alone. These expenditures, directed toward projects like grid reinforcements in , to accommodate growth, indirectly support thousands of construction and supplier jobs. Additionally, FirstEnergy allocated $1.618 billion to local suppliers in 2024, representing 36.8% of total spend, fostering economic multipliers in communities across its service territories. FirstEnergy's economic development initiatives have facilitated substantial indirect employment gains. In 2022, its team influenced 86 major projects, leading to over 12,000 new jobs in the service territory, earning recognition as a top utility for . Efforts include partnerships to attract energy-intensive industries and sponsorships like the Akron Marathon, which generated a $6 million economic impact in in 2024. The FirstEnergy Foundation contributed $7.24 million in grants that year, further stimulating local business and .

Challenges from Demand Growth and Policy Shifts

FirstEnergy has encountered significant strain from accelerating demand, particularly in its service territories within the , where peak load is projected to increase by 45%, from 33.5 gigawatts (GW) in 2025 to 48.5 GW by 2035, largely attributable to expansions driven by and computing needs. This growth mirrors broader PJM trends, with an anticipated 32 GW rise in peak load from 2024 to 2030, of which all but 2 GW stems from s, necessitating rapid grid enhancements to avert shortages. FirstEnergy's contracted customer demand has already surged over 30%, expanding its pipeline to 3 GW, compelling the company to allocate substantial capital— including a 30% hike in transmission investments over the next five years—to bolster infrastructure without compromising reliability. These demand pressures exacerbate challenges in maintaining affordable rates, as evidenced by Ohio residential electric bills roughly doubling in recent years, with consumer frustration directed at loads and associated infrastructure costs passed through to ratepayers. FirstEnergy aims to mitigate bill impacts by pursuing targeted transmission upgrades and leveraging capacity markets, yet the scale of investments—projected at $28 billion through 2029 for grid hardening and modernization—strains financial planning amid volatile load forecasts. Regulatory approvals for rate recovery, such as Pennsylvania's 2024 settlement capping annual changes at $225 million, introduce further delays and uncertainties in recouping expenditures. Policy shifts compound these issues, including federal tariff proposals under the Trump administration, which pose minimal direct exposure for FirstEnergy but heighten uncertainties for transmission equipment like transformers, potentially inflating costs and timelines. Permitting delays for capacity, influenced by environmental regulations and state-level renewable mandates, hinder responses to load growth, as PJM has flagged "outside year" factors slowing power plant development. Compliance with evolving policies, such as those under the emphasizing decarbonization, pressures FirstEnergy to balance reliability-focused investments with transitions that may curtail dispatchable resources like , risking blackouts during peak periods if generation lags demand. Despite these hurdles, the company views demand surges as an opportunity for strategic transmission expansions, projecting steady growth through disciplined capital allocation.

Strategic Outlook: Data Centers, Renewables Transition, and Reliability Focus

FirstEnergy anticipates substantial growth in electricity demand driven by s, projecting a 45% increase in system peak load from 33.5 GW in 2025 to 48.5 GW by 2035, primarily due to hyperscale developments across its service territories in , , , , , and New York. This surge has doubled interconnection requests, with a pipeline of committed and prospective loads reaching 2.7 GW through 2029 and extending to 11.1 GW in longer-term projections. To accommodate this, the company has elevated its 2025 capital investment plan by 10% to $5.5 billion, emphasizing transmission infrastructure expansions under the PJM Interconnection's competitive planning process, including joint proposals with and for regional projects. In response to the renewables transition, FirstEnergy maintains a measured approach, prioritizing grid enhancements to integrate intermittent sources while ensuring baseload capacity through . Subsidiaries plan to add up to 5.75 MW of solar capacity in by developing utility-scale facilities for local customers, building on a prior goal of 50 MW ownership, alongside broader solar additions targeted by 2028. However, recognizing the reliability challenges of variable renewables—such as their dependence on weather and need for firm backups—the company is advancing a 1,200 MW natural gas-fired plant by 2031 to support demand growth, contrasting with its historically coal-reliant generation mix. Transmission investments under Energize365, totaling $28 billion from 2025 to , aim to facilitate renewable interconnections without compromising system stability, as evidenced by collaborative efforts to upgrade high-voltage lines for flexible power flows. Reliability remains central to FirstEnergy's strategy, with Energize365 investments focused on reducing outage durations and enhancing resiliency against and cyber threats. Since 2014, transmission subsidiaries have achieved a 50% reduction in outages on lines over 100 kV through targeted upgrades, including $15.4 million projects in counties to improve service for thousands of customers. The program projects a 30% rise in future transmission revenues, driven by these enhancements, which incorporate advanced technologies for real-time monitoring and automated responses. This focus aligns with data center operators' requirements for near-100% uptime, positioning FirstEnergy to deliver consistent service amid rising loads, though regulatory approvals and supply chain constraints pose execution risks.

References

  1. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/about/company_history.html
  2. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/about.html
  3. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/fehome.html
  4. https://stockanalysis.com/stocks/fe/employees/
  5. https://www.forbes.com/companies/firstenergy/
  6. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/about/generation_system.html
  7. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/about/transmission_projects.html
  8. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/fe-announces-q3-2025-financial-results.html
  9. https://www.sec.gov/enforcement-litigation/administrative-proceedings/33-11302-s
  10. https://www.utilitydive.com/news/firstenergy-settle-sec-investigation-bribery-hb-6/726957/
  11. https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdoh/pr/grand-jury-indicts-2-former-firstenergy-executives-racketeering-conspiracy-involving
  12. https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/February-2024/Former-PUCO-Chairman-Former-FirstEnergy-Executives
  13. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/about/utilities.html
  14. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/firstenergy-named-top-utility-for-economic-development--by-site-.html
  15. https://firstenergycorp.com/content/dam/customer/products/files/WV_MD.pdf
  16. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/our_electric_companies_home.html
  17. https://investors.firstenergycorp.com/investor-materials/news-releases/news-details/2023/FirstEnergy-Subsidiaries-Awarded-Nearly-800-Million-in-Transmission-Upgrades/default.aspx
  18. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/firstenergy-pennsylvania-subsidiaries-receive-approval-to-consolidate.html
  19. https://www.puc.pa.gov/press-release/2023/puc-approves-joint-settlement-regarding-consolidation-of-firstenergy-utilities-in-pennsylvania
  20. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1031296/000103129619000010/fe-12312018xex21.htm
  21. https://electricityplans.com/ohio/utilities/ohio-edison/
  22. https://aspace.ohiohistory.org/repositories/2/resources/6991
  23. https://www.companieshistory.com/firstenergy-corp/
  24. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/toledo-edison-celebrates-100th-anniversary-of-powering-northwest.html
  25. https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-electric-illuminating-co
  26. https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/17/business/ohio-edison-plans-to-buy-another-utility-for-1.6-billion.html
  27. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/featured_stories/25years.html
  28. https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/documents/FE%2520history%2520of%2520bad%2520biz%2520decisions%2520v4.pdf
  29. https://www.puc.pa.gov/pcdocs/1079044.pdf
  30. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/09/business/firstenergy-acquires-gpu-in-4.5-billion-cash-stock-deal.html
  31. https://www.power-eng.com/operations-maintenance/firstenergy-corp-and-gpu-inc-announce-merger/
  32. https://www.puc.pa.gov/press-release/2001/puc-approves-gpu-merger-postpones-rate-hike-request
  33. https://www.sec.gov/divisions/investment/opur/filing/35-27695.htm
  34. https://www.sec.gov/divisions/investment/opur/filing/35-27682.htm
  35. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/3673/000119312510028123/dex991.htm
  36. https://www.reliableplant.com/Read/22795/FirstEnergy-Allegheny-Energy-combine
  37. https://www.rttnews.com/1562509/firstenergy-allegheny-energy-merger-closes-quick-facts.aspx
  38. https://www.puc.pa.gov/press-release/2011/puc-approves-merger-of-allegheny-power-trailco-and-firstenergy
  39. https://s27.q4cdn.com/655807321/files/doc_downloads/irw/FirstEnergy-and-Allegheny-Energy-Unaudited-Proforma-Financial-Statements.pdf
  40. https://www.puc.pa.gov/general/pdf/Comm-SM/Cawley_Stmt_2176520OSA_022411.pdf
  41. https://mergr.com/transaction/firstenergy-acquires-allegheny-energy
  42. https://www.zippia.com/firstenergy-careers-4537/history/
  43. https://www.financecharts.com/stocks/FE/profile
  44. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML2013/ML20134A962.pdf
  45. https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/E-2_110.pdf
  46. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML2021/ML20217K640.pdf
  47. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-03-27/pdf/97-7782.pdf
  48. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0109/ML010940432.pdf
  49. https://www.utilitydive.com/news/firstenergy-solutions-files-for-bankruptcy-after-pushing-for-doe-emergency/520371/
  50. https://cases.ra.kroll.com/fes/
  51. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/firstenergys-transformation-to-fully-regulated-utility-company-with-stronger-financials-and-customer-focused-growth-moves-ahead-300622427.html
  52. https://investors.firstenergycorp.com/investor-materials/news-releases/news-details/2018/FirstEnergys-Settlement-Agreement-Approved-in-FES-Bankruptcy-Case/default.aspx
  53. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/firstenergy-solutions-successfully-completes-financial-restructuring-emerges-as-energy-harbor-301012818.html
  54. https://www.jonesday.com/en/practices/experience/2019/10/firstenergys-subsidiary-will-emerge-from-bankruptc
  55. https://investors.firstenergycorp.com/investor-materials/news-releases/news-details/2017/FirstEnergy-Subsidiaries-Sign-Revised-Agreement-for-Sale-of-Competitive-Natural-Gas-and-Hydro-Assets/default.aspx
  56. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/firstenergy-generation-enters-into-stalking-horse-agreement-to-sell-its-west-lorain-facility-and-related-assets-to-starwood-energy-300753990.html
  57. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/fresh-icahn-settlement-firstenergy-weighs-divestitures-sources-2021-05-13/
  58. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/firstenergy-completes-minority-interest-sale-in-transmission-bus.html
  59. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/fe-closes-on-fe-transmission-interest-sale.html
  60. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/fe-receives-remaining-proceeds-in-fet-interest-sale.html
  61. https://www.gem.wiki/FirstEnergy
  62. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/dam/fecorporateresponsibility/files/reports-resources/crreport/2025-corporate-responsibility-report.pdf
  63. https://tracenable.com/company/firstenergy/energy
  64. https://www.powermag.com/firstenergy-plan-calls-for-new-gas-fired-plant-continued-coal-fired-generation/
  65. https://www.wvnews.com/news/wvnews/firstenergy-files-10-year-plan-proposes-new-1-2-gw-natural-gas-plant-says-harrison/article_05bc0738-8b22-461c-b09d-8931e60ceddb.html
  66. https://usea.org/sites/default/files/event-/Mark%2520Vallo%2520Presentation.pdf
  67. https://www.nerc.com/pa/rrm/ea/Documents/August_2003_Blackout_Final_Report.pdf
  68. https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/2013/08/10/on-10th-anniversary-2003-blackout/10489990007/
  69. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/investing-in-power-grid-reliability-for-toledo-edison.html
  70. https://www.utilitydive.com/news/firstenergy-data-centers-earnings/803612/
  71. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/settlement-reached-in-fe-ohio-utilities-grid-mod-plan.html
  72. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/fe-awarded-projects-by-pjm-to-enhance-reliability.html
  73. https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/power-grid/grid-modernization/firstenergy-subsidiary-upgrades-16-miles-of-ohio-transmission-lines-with-helicopters/
  74. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/fe-pa-receives-approval-for-infrastructure-improvement-plans.html
  75. https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2025/07/puco-issues-firstenergy-letter-of-probable-non-compliance-in-probe-of-summer-blackouts-in-lakewood.html
  76. https://puco.ohio.gov/utilities/electricity/resources/ohio-edison-company-reliability-data
  77. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/about/grid-investments.html
  78. https://investors.firstenergycorp.com/investor-materials/news-releases/news-details/2025/FirstEnergy-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2024-Financial-Results/
  79. https://investors.firstenergycorp.com/investor-materials/news-releases/news-details/2025/FirstEnergy-Announces-Third-Quarter-2025-Financial-Results/default.aspx
  80. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/firstenergy-announces-28-billion-expansion-of-energizing-the-future-transmission-initiative-231587881.html
  81. https://www.utilitydive.com/news/firstenergy-ohio-grid-modernization-plan-smart-meters/627624/
  82. https://www.utilitydive.com/news/firstenergy-reaches-settlement-to-invest-500m-in-grid-modernization/542021/
  83. https://investors.firstenergycorp.com/investor-materials/news-releases/news-details/2021/FirstEnergy-Ohio-Companies-Reach-Settlement-to-Resolve-Multiple-Proceedings-at-the-Public-Utilities-Commission-of-Ohio/default.aspx
  84. https://www.firstenergycbp.com/portals/0/News/PUCO_Opinion_and_Order_05152025_ESP-V_Approved.pdf
  85. https://investors.firstenergycorp.com/investor-materials/news-releases/news-details/2024/FirstEnergys-Ohio-Utilities-Seek-Review-of-Electric-Rates-to-Continue-Service-Reliability-Enhancements-and-Support-New-Customer-Assistance-Program/
  86. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/firstenergy-and-allegheny-energy-file-merger-application-with-federal-energy-regulatory-commission-93450269.html
  87. https://www.utilitydive.com/news/ferc-blocks-ohio-power-plant-subsidies-for-aep-and-firstenergy/418297/
  88. https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/business/2022/02/04/federal-audit-tells-firstenergy-refund-ohio-utility-customers-lobbying-costs/6661706001/
  89. https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/enforcement/actions/reactors/ea03214
  90. https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/enforcement/actions/reactors/ea04224.html
  91. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2006/January/06_enrd_029.html
  92. https://www.rtoinsider.com/29143-nrc-inspectors-find-5-safety-violations-at-davis-besse-nuke/
  93. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-04-415-highlights.pdf
  94. https://energyandpolicy.org/firstenergy-donald-trump/
  95. https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/utilities/hb6-firstenergy-regulatory-payments
  96. https://energyandpolicy.org/hbo-the-dark-money-game-firstenergy/
  97. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/dam/investor/files/lobbying-reports/2020/federal-lobbying-report.pdf
  98. https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/clients/issues?cycle=2011&id=D000000531&spec=UTI&specific_issue=Utilities
  99. https://www.ohiocitizen.org/house_bill_6
  100. https://www.dickinson-wright.com/news-alerts/fleisher-repeal-of-ohio-house-bill-6
  101. https://ohiohouse.gov/members/c-allison-russo/in-the-news/roots-of-hb-6-corruption-scandals-run-deep-in-ohio-justice-department-must-investigate-4684
  102. https://www.commoncause.org/ohio/resources/a-cycle-of-corruption-a-timeline-of-the-householder-hb6-scandal/
  103. https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2025/06/16/former-firstenergy-executive-sheds-light-on-hb-6-machinations-denies-culpability/
  104. https://www.utilitydive.com/news/firstenergy-FERC-fine-HB-6-bribery-scandal/639490/
  105. https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/Media/News-Releases/February-2021/AG-Yost-Steps-in-to-Save-Ohioans-Nearly-%242-Billion
  106. https://puco.ohio.gov/utilities/electricity/resources/hb-6-related-investigations
  107. https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/enn/eye-on-utilities-firstenergy-works-to-limit-impact-in-hb-6-cases
  108. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/29/us/ohio-speaker-bribery.html
  109. https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdoh/pr/former-ohio-house-speaker-sentenced-20-years-prison-leading-racketeering-conspiracy
  110. https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2025/05/06/federal-appeals-court-upholds-conviction-of-householder-in-public-corruption-case/
  111. https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdoh/pr/firstenergy-charged-federally-agrees-terms-deferred-prosecution-settlement
  112. https://www.statenews.org/government-politics/2024-08-13/firstenergy-agrees-to-20-million-payout-no-prosecution-by-state-of-ohio-in-house-bill-6-case
  113. https://investors.firstenergycorp.com/investor-materials/news-releases/news-details/2021/FirstEnergy-Reaches-Agreement-to-Resolve-Department-of-Justice-Investigation/default.aspx
  114. https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/enforcement/ohio-edison-company-wh-sammis-power-station-clean-air-act-2005-settlement-and-2009_.html
  115. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2005/March/05_enrd_129.htm
  116. https://violationtracker.goodjobsfirst.org/parent/firstenergy
  117. https://www.alleghenyfront.org/the-cautionary-tale-of-the-largest-coal-ash-waste-site-in-the-u-s/
  118. https://publicintegrity.org/environment/as-epa-delays-new-coal-ash-rules-residents-turn-to-the-courts-for-relief/
  119. https://www.timesonline.com/story/business/energy-resource/2015/11/30/firstenergy-settles-lawsuit-with-53/18504925007/
  120. https://wvpublic.org/property-owners-sue-firstenergy-over-coal-ash-impoundment/
  121. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/firstenergy-citing-impact-of-environmental-regulations-will-retire-six-coal-fired-power-plants-138115263.html
  122. https://www.power-eng.com/coal/plant-decommissioning/firstenergy-coal-plants-seek-ok-for-environmental-compliance-work/
  123. https://www.alleghenyfront.org/utility-reaches-settlement-with-regulators-over-coal-ash-pollution-in-w-pa-streams/
  124. https://earthjustice.org/feature/coal-ash-states/pennsylvania
  125. https://www.osha.gov/ords/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=1259737.015
  126. https://www.timesonline.com/story/business/energy-resource/2018/08/24/firstenergy-agrees-to-pay-fines/10962271007/
  127. https://wvaccidentlawyer.org/tag/harrison-power-station/
  128. https://wvmetronews.com/2022/10/05/fatality-reported-on-firstenergy-pennsylvania-demolition-site/
  129. https://www.law360.com/articles/1851754/demolition-worker-s-family-sues-firstenergy-over-fatal-fall
  130. https://violationtracker.goodjobsfirst.org/?company=FirstEnergy
  131. https://local21news.com/news/local/locals-still-in-the-dark-with-no-power-after-surviving-an-explosive-substation-fire
  132. https://www.ainvest.com/news/firstenergy-substation-fire-sparks-debate-grid-resilience-investment-opportunities-2506/
  133. https://www.facebook.com/MedinaScannerheads/videos/star-substation-fire/400093247485555/
  134. https://www.yahoo.com/news/firstenergy-settles-case-resulted-grisly-144700607.html
  135. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/dam/supplychain/files/docs-coupa-update/Utilities%2520Contractor%2520Safety%2520Requirements.pdf
  136. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/dam/supplychain/files/docs-coupa-update/Regulated-Generation-Contractor-Safety.pdf
  137. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/help/safety/public-safety.html
  138. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/help/safety/working/responders.html
  139. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/dam/investor/files/climate-report.pdf
  140. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-09/firstenergy-scraps-2030-climate-goal-in-rare-embrace-of-coal
  141. https://frostbrowntodd.com/west-virginia-utility-rescinds-2030-ghg-emissions-target/
  142. https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/eenews/2024/02/12/firstenergy-ditches-2030-climate-goal-to-keep-w-va-coal-plants-running-00140725
  143. https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/2023/07/11/who-is-firstenergys-new-ceo-what-are-plans-to-move-past-scandal-brian-x-tierney-house-bill-6/70363995007/
  144. https://investors.firstenergycorp.com/investor-materials/news-releases/news-details/2024/FirstEnergy-Names-Brian-X.-Tierney-Chair-of-the-Board/default.aspx
  145. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/about/leadership_team.html
  146. https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/eenews/2023/03/28/firstenergy-names-new-ceo-as-it-tries-to-shake-scandal-00089030
  147. https://craft.co/firstenergy/executives
  148. https://simplywall.st/stocks/us/utilities/nyse-fe/firstenergy/management
  149. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/fe-names-executive-to-lead-wv-and-md-electric-company-business.html
  150. https://investors.firstenergycorp.com/investor-materials/news-releases/news-details/2020/FirstEnergy-Announces-Leadership-Transition/default.aspx
  151. https://www.utilitydive.com/news/firstenergy-fires-ceo-2-other-top-executives-in-wake-of-61m-political-bri/588109/
  152. https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/news/crime/2025/01/17/former-firstenergy-executives-charged-in-ohio-bribery-scheme/77773047007/
  153. https://www.statenews.org/government-politics/2022-09-15/firstenergy-ceo-abruptly-announces-retirement-after-less-than-two-years-on-the-job
  154. https://www.10tv.com/article/news/local/ohio/5-years-after-ohios-60m-bribery-scandal/530-663d1af9-3697-413b-908f-2a4703287fc1
  155. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/content/dam/investor/files/policies-charters/Corp-Gov-Policies.pdf
  156. https://www.rtoinsider.com/85390-firstenergy-ohio-20m-end-bribery-scandal-litigation/
  157. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/investor/corporate_governance/policies_charters.html
  158. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/firstenergy-agrees-on-terms-to-resolve-shareholder-derivative-li.html
  159. https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/midwest/2025/07/25/833266.htm
  160. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/investor/corporate_governance.html
  161. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/firstenergy-holds-2025-annual-meeting.html
  162. https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/business/2024/05/23/firstenergy-shareholders-veto-3-proposals-at-annual-meeting/73808492007/
  163. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/firstenergy-nyse-fe-faces-activist-180106899.html
  164. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/investor/engagement.html
  165. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/oe-power-upgrades-will-support-manufacturing-and-boost-economic-growth.html
  166. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/FirstEnergy-Named-Top-Utility-for-Economic-Development-by-Site-Selection-Magazine-for-Fifth-Year.html
  167. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/firstenergy-expects-peak-load-grow-095527749.html
  168. https://insidelines.pjm.com/pjm-kicks-off-initiative-to-balance-reliability-with-large-load-growth/
  169. https://www.tipranks.com/news/company-announcements/firstenergy-corp-reports-strong-earnings-and-growth-plans
  170. https://www.electricity-today.com/news/firstenergy-expands-data-center-pipeline-to-3-gw
  171. https://www.cleveland.com/news/2025/10/electric-bills-doubled-for-many-ohioans-and-theyre-furious-the-readers-write.html
  172. https://www.beaconjournal.com/story/business/2025/10/24/firstenergy-sees-path-to-power-data-centers-without-customer-burdens/86878453007/
  173. https://simplywall.st/stocks/us/utilities/nyse-fe/firstenergy/news/a-fresh-look-at-firstenergy-fe-valuation-after-recent-share
  174. https://www.puc.pa.gov/press-release/2024/puc-approves-settlement-for-substantially-smaller-rate-changes-for-firstenergy-s-electric-distribution-services-11212024
  175. https://www.utilitydive.com/news/firstenergy-trump-tariff-pjm-capacity-data-center-earnings/746350/
  176. https://www.utilitydive.com/news/trump-tariffs-utility-transmission-power-plant-transformers-firstenergy-aep/741604/
  177. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/pjm-reports-peak-load-growth-of-30gw-through-2030-from-data-center-sector/
  178. https://www.investing.com/news/transcripts/earnings-call-transcript-firstenergy-beats-q3-2025-earnings-expectations-93CH-4305194
  179. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/fe-board-chair-and-ceo-bxt-participates-in-pa-energy-innovation-summit.html
  180. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/utility-first-energys-long-term-data-center-pipeline-swells-by-80-to-111gw/
  181. https://site.financialmodelingprep.com/market-news/firstenergy-corporation-strategic-growth-market-outlook
  182. https://www.firstenergycorp.com/newsroom/news_articles/fe-dom-aep-reach-joint-planning-agreement-transmission.html
  183. https://www.ainvest.com/news/firstenergy-generation-mix-strategic-financial-implications-coal-gas-transition-2510/
  184. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/infrastructure-upgrades-drive-firstenergys-future-141700182.html
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
Contribute something
User Avatar
No comments yet.