Koliva, also spelled, depending on the language, kollyva, kollyba, kolyvo, or colivă, is a dish based on boiled wheat that is used liturgically in the Eastern Orthodox Church for commemorations of the dead.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Koliva is blessed during funerals, as well as during the memorial service (mnemosyno) that is performed at various intervals after a person's death and on special occasions, such as the Saturday of Souls (ψυχοσάββατο, Psychosavvato). It may also be used on first Friday of the Great Lent, at Slavas, or at mnemosyna in the Christmas meal. In some countries, though not in Greece (and Cyprus), it is consumed on nonreligious occasions as well.

A similar food item is widely popular in Lebanon where it is known as snuniye and, more commonly, as berbara as it is prepared for Saint Barbara's feast day, December 4, which is celebrated with Halloween-like festivities.

In Ethiopia also similar food is popular specially with the Orthodox Christian community, it is called "Nifro". Nifro is a boiled grain snack commonly enjoyed in Ethiopia, typically made from a mix of grains and legumes such as wheat, barley, and chickpeas. It is often seasoned simply with salt and sometimes accompanied by roasted grains or nuts. This nutritious snack is popular during holidays and special occasions, such as funerals.

Kollyba, a word which in Greek is the plural form of kollybo (κόλλυβο: n neu; itself rarely used), is derived from the Ancient Greek word κόλλυβος, kollybos (n masc), i.e. a small coin or a small gold weight. In the Hellenistic period, the neuter plural form of the latter word, i.e. κόλλυβα, kollyba, took the meaning of small pies made of boiled wheat. The sense of the ritual food is of a latter period. In Serbian it is called Koljivo (Кољиво), Кутя in Bulgarian, Colivă in Romanian, კოლიო (kolio) in Georgian, Коливо in Ukrainian and Gollifa in Turkish.

While recipes may vary widely, the primary ingredient is wheat kernels which have been boiled until they are soft, they are drained very well and spread on a cloth to be just moist, and then sweetened with honey or sugar. Koliva also contains some or all of the following: wheat, sesame seeds, almonds, ground walnuts, cinnamon, sugar, pomegranate seeds, raisins, anise and parsley. Romanians decorate the koliva with crosses of cocoa, chocolate or candy.

The practice of offering koliva is traditional in Greece, Cyprus, Serbia, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Ukraine, Romania, Moldova, Russia and parts of Bosnia-Herzegovina, and among Orthodox Christians in the Middle East. When served, the koliva mixture, which looks like earth, is shaped into a mound to resemble a grave. The whole is then covered with powdered sugar and the initials of the deceased are outlined on the top. A candle, usually placed in the center of the koliva, is lit at the beginning of the memorial service and extinguished at its end. After the liturgy, those attending share in eating the koliva as they speak of the deceased and say, "May God forgive him/her."

Some Orthodox parishes have a designated individual charged with making the koliva. This is, in part, due to the health risk of fermented wheat if the koliva is not prepared correctly.