List of cercopithecoids

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
EX	Extinct (0 species)
EW	Extinct in the wild (0 species)
CR	Critically endangered (26 species)
EN	Endangered (49 species)
VU	Vulnerable (39 species)
NT	Near threatened (17 species)
LC	Least concern (25 species)
Other categories
DD	Data deficient (2 species)
NE	Not evaluated (0 species)

Cercopithecoidea is a superfamily of primates. Members of this family are called cercopithecoids, or Old World monkeys, and include baboons, colobuses, guenons, lutungs, macaques, and other types of monkeys. Cercopithecoidea contains only a single family, Cercopithecidae, and includes nearly half of the species in the suborder Haplorhini, itself one of two suborders in the order Primates. Cercopithecoids are found in Asia and Africa, generally in forests, though some species can be found in shrublands, wetlands, and caves. They range in size from the Gabon talapoin, at 23 cm (9 in) plus a 31 cm (12 in) tail, to the Chacma baboon, at 115 cm (45 in) plus a 72 cm (28 in) tail. Cercopithecoids primarily eat leaves, fruit, and seeds. Most cercopithecoids do not have population estimates, but the ones that do range from 30 mature individuals to 100,000. Forty-eight species are categorized as endangered, and a further twenty-six species are categorized as critically endangered.

The 158 extant species of Cercopithecidae are divided into two subfamilies: Cercopithecinae, containing 78 baboon, guenon, macaque, and other monkey species divided between thirteen genera, and Colobinae, containing 80 colobus, lutung, and other monkey species divided between ten genera. Dozens of extinct prehistoric cercopithecoid species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.^[1]

Conventions

The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the cercopithecoid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct genera, species, or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

The superfamily Cercopithecoidea consists of one extant family, Cercopithecidae, which itself consists of two extant subfamilies: Cercopithecinae, containing 78 species divided into thirteen genera, and Colobinae, containing 80 species divided into ten genera.

Subfamily Cercopithecinae

Genus Allenopithecus (Allen's swamp monkey): one species
Genus Allochrocebus (terrestrial guenons): three species
Genus Cercocebus (white-eyelid mangabeys): seven species
Genus Cercopithecus (guenons): nineteen species
Genus Chlorocebus (vervet monkeys): seven species
Genus Erythrocebus (patas monkeys): three species
Genus Lophocebus (crested mangabeys): two species
Genus Macaca (macaques): twenty-four species
Genus Mandrillus (mandrills): two species
Genus Miopithecus (talapoins): two species
Genus Papio (baboons): six species
Genus Rungwecebus (kipunji): one species
Genus Theropithecus (gelada): one species

Subfamily Colobinae

Genus Colobus (black-and-white colobuses): five species
Genus Nasalis (proboscis monkey): one species
Genus Piliocolobus (red colobuses): fifteen species
Genus Presbytis (surilis): nineteen species
Genus Procolobus (olive colobus): one species
Genus Pygathrix (doucs): three species
Genus Rhinopithecus (snub-nosed monkeys): five species
Genus Semnopithecus (gray langurs): eight species
Genus Simias (pig-tailed langur): one species
Genus Trachypithecus (lutungs): twenty-one species

Cercopithecidae^[2]

Cercopithecinae

Lophocebus

	Papio

	Rungwecebus

Theropithecus

	Mandrillus

	Cercocebus

Macaca

	Erythrocebus

	Chlorocebus

Allochrocebus

Allenopithecus

	Miopithecus

	Cercopithecus

Colobinae

Pygathrix

	Nasalis

	Simias

Rhinopithecus

	Semnopithecus

	Trachypithecus

Presbytis

Colobus

	Piliocolobus

	Procolobus

Cercopithecoids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.^[3]

Subfamily Cercopithecinae

Genus *Allenopithecus* – Lang, 1923 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Allen's swamp monkey	A. nigroviridis (Pocock, 1907)	Central Africa	Size: 33–51 cm (13–20 in) long, plus 35–52 cm (14–20 in) tail^[4] Habitat: Forest^[5] Diet: Fruit, leaves, and small invertebrates^[6]	LC Unknown ^[5]

Genus *Allochrocebus* – Elliot, 1913 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
L'Hoest's monkey	A. lhoesti P. L. Sclater, 1899	Central Africa	Size: 31–69 cm (12–27 in) long, plus 48–10 cm (19–4 in) tail^[7] Habitat: Forest^[8] Diet: Fruit, leaves, mushrooms, and invertebrates^[7]	VU Unknown ^[8]
Preuss's monkey	A. preussi Matschie, 1898 Two subspecies C. p. insularis (Bioko Preuss's monkey) C. p. preussi (Cameroon Preuss's monkey)	West-central Africa	Size: 45–61 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 49–69 cm (19–27 in) tail^[9] Habitat: Forest and grassland^[10] Diet: Fruit, seeds, shoots, leaves, buds, flowers, and mushrooms^[9]	EN Unknown ^[10]
Sun-tailed monkey	A. solatus M. J. S. Harrison, 1988	West-central Africa	Size: 45–58 cm (18–23 in) long, plus 56–76 cm (22–30 in) tail^[11] Habitat: Forest^[12] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and invertebrates^[11]	NT Unknown ^[12]

Genus *Cercocebus* – Geoffroy, 1812 – seven species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Agile mangabey	C. agilis (H. Milne-Edwards, 1886)	Central Africa	Size: 44–65 cm (17–26 in) long, plus 45–79 cm (18–31 in) tail^[13] Habitat: Forest^[14] Diet: Fruit, seeds and shoots, as well as small vertebrates^[14]	LC Unknown ^[14]
Collared mangabey	C. torquatus (Kerr, 1792)	Western Africa	Size: 45–67 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 60–75 cm (24–30 in) tail^[15] Habitat: Forest^[16] Diet: Fruit and nuts, as well as stems and roots^[15]	EN Unknown ^[16]
Golden-bellied mangabey	C. chrysogaster Lydekker, 1900	Central Africa	Size: 40–80 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 45–100 cm (18–39 in) tail^[17] Habitat: Forest^[18] Diet: Invertebrates, fruit, seeds, and nectar^[17]	EN Unknown ^[18]
Sanje mangabey	C. sanjei Mittermeier, 1986	East-central Africa	Size: 50–65 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 55–65 cm (22–26 in) tail^[19] Habitat: Forest^[20] Diet: Fruit, nuts, and seeds, as well as fungi, invertebrates, and plants^[20]	EN Unknown ^[20]
Sooty mangabey	C. atys (Audebert, 1797)	Western Africa	Size: 40–68 cm (16–27 in) long, plus 40–80 cm (16–31 in) tail^[21] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[22] Diet: Fruit and nuts, as well as swamp plants, grass, seeds, fungi, and invertebrates^[21]	VU Unknown ^[22]
Tana River mangabey	C. galeritus Peters, 1879	Eastern Africa	Size: 44–63 cm (17–25 in) long, plus 50–68 cm (20–27 in) tail^[23] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands^[24] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as stems, leaves, insects, and fungi^[23]	CR 100–1,000 ^[24]
White-naped mangabey	C. lunulatus (Temminck, 1853)	Western Africa	Size: 52–73 cm (20–29 in) long, plus 68–74 cm (27–29 in) tail^[15] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands^[25] Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds, buds, and grass^[26]	EN Unknown ^[25]

Genus *Cercopithecus* – Linnaeus, 1758 – nineteen species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Blue monkey	C. mitis Wolf, 1822 Sixteen subspecies C. m. albogularis (Sykes' monkey) C. m. albotorquatus C. m. boutourlinii (Boutourlini's blue monkey) C. m. doggetti (silver monkey) C. m. erythrarchus C. m. heymansi (Lomami River blue monkey) C. m. kandti (golden monkey) C. m. kolbi C. m. labiatus C. m. manyaraensis C. m. mitis (Pluto monkey) C. m. moloneyi C. m. monoides C. m. opisthostictus C. m. stuhlmanni (Stuhlmann's blue monkey) C. m. zammaranoi	Sub-Saharan Africa	Size: 31–70 cm (12–28 in) long, plus 55–109 cm (22–43 in) tail^[27] Habitat: Forest^[28] Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as invertebrates^[29]	LC Unknown ^[28]
Campbell's mona monkey	C. campbelli Waterhouse, 1838	Western Africa	Size: 36–55 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 49–85 cm (19–33 in) tail^[30] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland^[31] Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds and grains, as well as birds, bird eggs, small reptiles, and insects^[30]	NT Unknown ^[31]
Crested mona monkey	C. pogonias Bennett, 1833 Three subspecies C. p. grayi (Gray's crested mona) C. p. nigripes (Black-footed crested mona) C. p. pogonias (Golden-bellied crested mona)	Central Africa	Size: 34–55 cm (13–22 in) long, plus 48–87 cm (19–34 in) tail^[32] Habitat: Forest^[33] Diet: Fruit and seeds, as well as leaves, flowers and insects^[33]	NT Unknown ^[33]
De Brazza's monkey	C. neglectus Schlegel, 1876	Central Africa	Size: 39–60 cm (15–24 in) long, plus 47–79 cm (19–31 in) tail^[34] Habitat: Inland wetlands and forest^[35] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, flowers, mushrooms, beetles, termites, and worms^[36]	LC Unknown ^[35]
Dent's mona monkey	C. denti Thomas, 1907	Central Africa	Size: 40–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 70–90 cm (28–35 in) tail^[37] Habitat: Forest^[38] Diet: Fruit and arthropods, as well as flowers, caterpillars, shoots, and leaves^[38]	LC Unknown ^[38]
Diana monkey	C. diana (Linnaeus, 1758)	Western Africa	Size: 40–55 cm (16–22 in) long, plus 50–75 cm (20–30 in) tail^[39] Habitat: Forest^[40] Diet: Fruit, flowers, leaves, insects, and other invertebrates^[39]	EN Unknown ^[40]
Greater spot-nosed monkey	C. nictitans (Linnaeus, 1766) Five subspecies C. n. insolitus C. n. ludio C. n. martini C. n. nictitans C. n. stampflii	Western Africa	Size: 40–57 cm (16–22 in) long, plus 56–100 cm (22–39 in) tail^[41] Habitat: Forest^[42] Diet: Fruits and seeds, as well as leaves and insects^[43]	NT Unknown ^[42]
Hamlyn's monkey	C. hamlyni Pocock, 1907 Two subspecies C. h. hamlyni C. h. kahuziensis	Central Africa	Size: 43–63 cm (17–25 in) long, plus 49–63 cm (19–25 in) tail^[44] Habitat: Forest^[45] Diet: Shoots, leaves, plants, and herbs, as well as fruit and seeds^[46]	VU Unknown ^[45]
Lesser spot-nosed monkey	C. petaurista (Schreber, 1774) Two subspecies C. p. buettikoferi C. p. petaurista	Western Africa	Size: 29–53 cm (11–21 in) long, plus 57–78 cm (22–31 in) tail^[47] Habitat: Forest^[48] Diet: Fruit as well as insects^[47]	NT Unknown ^[48]
Lesula	C. lomamiensis Hart et al., 2012	Central Africa	Size: 40–65 cm (16–26 in) long, plus 40–65 cm (16–26 in) tail^[49] Habitat: Forest^[50] Diet: Leaves, fruits and flowers^[51]	VU Unknown ^[50]
Lowe's mona monkey	C. lowei Thomas, 1923	Western Africa (in green)	Size: 36–55 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 54–85 cm (21–33 in) tail^[52] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[53] Diet: Fruit and insects^[52]	VU 10,000 ^[53]
Mona monkey	C. mona (Schreber, 1774)	Western Africa	Size: 32–53 cm (13–21 in) long, plus 67–90 cm (26–35 in) tail^[54] Habitat: Forest^[55] Diet: Fruit, sprouts, leaves, and invertebrates^[54]	NT Unknown ^[55]
Moustached guenon	C. cephus (Linnaeus, 1758) Three subspecies C. c. cephodes C. c. cephus C. c. ngottoensis	Western Africa	Size: 44–60 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 66–99 cm (26–39 in) tail^[56] Habitat: Forest^[57] Diet: Fruit, as well as seeds, leaves, insects, and eggs^[58]	LC Unknown ^[57]
Red-eared guenon	C. erythrotis Waterhouse, 1838 Two subspecies C. e. camerunensis (Cameroon Red-eared Monkey) C. e. erythrotis (Bioko Red-eared Monkey)	Western Africa	Size: 36–55 cm (14–22 in) long, plus 46–77 cm (18–30 in) tail^[59] Habitat: Forest^[60] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, shoots and arthropods^[60]	VU Unknown ^[60]
Red-tailed monkey	C. ascanius (Audebert, 1799) Five subspecies C. a. ascanius C. a. atrinasus C. a. katangae C. a. schmidti C. a. whitesidei	Central Africa	Size: 34–55 cm (13–22 in) long, plus 67–92 cm (26–36 in) tail^[61] Habitat: Forest^[62] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, insects, flowers, buds, and tree gum^[63]	LC Unknown ^[62]
Roloway monkey	C. roloway (Schreber, 1774)	Western Africa	Size: 44–62 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 70–91 cm (28–36 in) tail^[64] Habitat: Forest^[65] Diet: Insects, as well as seeds, fruit, and leaves^[64]	CR Unknown ^[65]
Sclater's guenon	C. sclateri Pocock, 1904	Western Africa	Size: 32–38 cm (13–15 in) long, plus 61–85 cm (24–33 in) tail^[66] Habitat: Forest^[67] Diet: Fruit, as well as insects, flowers and leaves^[68]	EN Unknown ^[67]
White-throated guenon	C. erythrogaster Gray, 1866 Two subspecies C. e. erythrogaster (Red-bellied guenon) C. e. pococki (Nigerian white-throated guenon)	Western Africa	Size: 38–46 cm (15–18 in) long, plus 58–70 cm (23–28 in) tail^[47] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands^[69] Diet: Fruit^[69]	EN Unknown ^[69]
Wolf's mona monkey	C. wolfi (Meyer, 1891) Three subspecies C. w. elegans C. w. pyrogaster C. w. wolfi	Central Africa	Size: 44–52 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 69–83 cm (27–33 in) tail^[70] Habitat: Forest^[71] Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds, and flowers^[70]	NT Unknown ^[71]

Genus *Chlorocebus* – Gray, 1870 – seven species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bale Mountains vervet	C. djamdjamensis Neumann, 1902 Two subspecies C. d. djamdjamensis C. d. harennaensis	Eastern Africa	Size: 43–45 cm (17–18 in) long, plus 47–50 cm (19–20 in) tail^[72] Habitat: Forest^[73] Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as flowers, small vertebrates, shoots, stems, and roots^[74]	VU Unknown ^[73]
Dryas monkey	C. dryas (Schwarz, 1932)	Central Africa	Size: 36–40 cm (14–16 in) long, plus 48–52 cm (19–20 in) tail^[75] Habitat: Forest^[76] Diet: Fruit, leaves, shoots, pith, seeds, insects, and mushrooms^[76]	EN 100–250 ^[76]
Green monkey	C. sabaeus (Linnaeus, 1766)	Western Africa	Size: 42–46 cm (17–18 in) long, plus 42–72 cm (17–28 in) tail^[72] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[77] Diet: Fruit and leaves^[78]	LC Unknown ^[77]
Grivet	C. aethiops (Linnaeus, 1758) Two subspecies C. a. aethiops C. a. matschiei	Eastern Africa	Size: 40–60 cm (16–24 in) long, plus 30–50 cm (12–20 in) tail^[79] Habitat: Savanna and shrubland^[80] Diet: Fruit, insects, and vegetable matter, as well as small mammals and birds^[79]	LC Unknown ^[80]
Malbrouck	C. cynosuros (Scopoli, 1786)	Southern Africa	Size: 34–70 cm (13–28 in) long, plus 44–79 cm (17–31 in) tail^[81] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[82] Diet: Fruit, as well as shoots, stems, gum, and seeds^[81]	LC Unknown ^[82]
Tantalus monkey	C. tantalus (Ogilby, 1841) Three subspecies C. t. budgetti C. t. marrensis C. t. tantalus	Equatorial Africa	Size: 38–83 cm (15–33 in) long, plus 55–114 cm (22–45 in) tail^[83] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[84] Diet: Fruit, buds, seeds, roots, bark, and gum, as well as insects, small vertebrates and eggs^[83]	LC Unknown ^[84]
Vervet monkey	C. pygerythrus F. Cuvier, 1821 Five subspecies C. p. hilgerti C. p. nesiotes C. p. pygerythrus C. p. rufoviridis C. p. zavattarii	Eastern and southern Africa	Size: 42–57 cm (17–22 in) long, plus 48–75 cm (19–30 in) tail^[83] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and forest^[85] Diet: Leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds, arthropods, and gum^[86]	LC Unknown ^[85]

Genus *Erythrocebus* – Trouessart, 1897 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Blue Nile patas monkey	E. poliophaeus Reichenbach, 1862	Eastern Africa	Size: 49–64 cm (19–25 in) long, plus 43–73 cm (17–29 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland^[88] Diet: Gum and arthropods, as well as flowers, fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, roots, and small vertebrates^[87]	DD Unknown ^[88]
Common patas monkey	E. patas (Schreber, 1775) Three subspecies E. p. patas E. p. pyrrhonotus E. p. villiersi	Equatorial Africa	Size: 50–70 cm (20–28 in) long, plus 50–70 cm (20–28 in) tail^[89] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[90] Diet: Fruit and insects, as well as leaves, roots, and bird eggs^[89]	NT Unknown ^[90]
Southern patas monkey	E. baumstarki Matschie, 1905	Eastern Africa	Size: 49–64 cm (19–25 in) long, plus 43–73 cm (17–29 in) tail^[87] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[91] Diet: Gum and arthropods, as well as flowers, fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, roots, and small vertebrates^[87]	CR 100 ^[91]

Genus *Lophocebus* – Palmer, 1903 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black crested mangabey	L. aterrimus (Oudemans, 1890) Two subspecies L. a. aterrimus L. a. opdenboschi	Central Africa	Size: 45–65 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 80–85 cm (31–33 in) tail^[92] Habitat: Forest^[93] Diet: Fruit^[92]	VU Unknown ^[93]
Grey-cheeked mangabey	L. albigena (Gray, 1850) Four subspecies L. a. albigena L. a. johnstoni L. a. osmani L. a. ugandae	Central Africa	Size: 44–75 cm (17–30 in) long, plus 57–94 cm (22–37 in) tail^[94] Habitat: Forest^[95] Diet: Fruit and seeds^[95]	VU Unknown ^[95]

Genus *Macaca* – Lacépède, 1799 – 24 species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Toque macaque	M. sinica (Linnaeus, 1771) Three subspecies M. s. aurifrons (Pale-fronted toque macaque) M. s. opisthomelas (Highland toque macaque) M. s. sinica (Common toque macaque)	Sri Lanka	Size: 36–53 cm (14–21 in) long, plus at least 36–53 cm (14–21 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest^[97] Diet: Fruit as well as tree flowers, buds, and leaves^[98]	EN Unknown ^[97]
Arunachal macaque	M. munzala Sinha, Datta, Madhusudan, Mishra, 2005	Eastern Himalayas	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest^[99] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates^[96]	EN 250 ^[99]
Assam macaque	M. assamensis McClelland, 1840 Two subspecies M. a. assamensis (Eastern Assamese macaque) M. a. pelops (Western Assamese macaque)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest^[100] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates^[96]	NT Unknown ^[100]
Barbary macaque	M. sylvanus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Northwestern Africa	Size: 45–60 cm (18–24 in) long, plus 1–2 cm (0–1 in) tail^[101] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and caves^[102] Diet: Plants, caterpillars, fruit, seeds, roots, and fungi^[101]	EN Unknown ^[102]
Bonnet macaque	M. radiata (Geoffroy, 1812) Two subspecies M. r. diluta M. r. radiata	Southern India	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland^[103] Diet: Fruit, foliage, and insects, as well as bird eggs and lizards^[104]	VU Unknown ^[103]
Booted macaque	M. ochreata (Ogilby, 1841)	Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[105] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates^[96]	VU Unknown ^[105]
Celebes crested macaque	M. nigra (Desmarest, 1822)	Island of Sulawesi	Size: 44–57 cm (17–22 in) long, plus about 2 cm (1 in) tail^[106] Habitat: Forest^[107] Diet: Fruit, as well as insects, shoots, leaves, and stems^[106]	CR Unknown ^[107]
Crab-eating macaque	M. fascicularis Raffles, 1821 Ten subspecies M. f. atriceps (Dark-crowned long-tailed macaque) M. f. aureus (Burmese long-tailed macaque) M. f. condorensis (Con Song long-tailed macaque) M. f. fascicularis (Common long-tailed macaque) M. f. fusca (Simeulue long-tailed macaque) M. f. karimondjawae (Kemujan long-tailed macaque) M. f. lasiae (Lasia long-tailed macaque) M. f. philippensis (Philippine long-tailed macaque) M. f. tua (Maratua long-tailed macaque) M. f. umbrosus (Nicobar long-tailed macaque)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 40–47 cm (16–19 in) long, plus 50–60 cm (20–24 in) tail Habitat: Forest, intertidal marine, caves, inland wetlands, grassland, shrubland, and savanna^[108] Diet: Fruit, crabs, flowers, insects, leaves, fungi, grasses, and clay^[109]	EN Unknown ^[108]
Formosan rock macaque	M. cyclopis (Swinhoe, 1862)	Taiwan	Size: 36–45 cm (14–18 in) long, plus 26–46 cm (10–18 in) tail^[110] Habitat: Forest^[111] Diet: Fruit, leaves, berries, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates, buds, and shoots^[110]	LC Unknown ^[111]
Gorontalo macaque	M. nigrescens (Temminck, 1849)	Island of Sulawesi	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest^[112] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates^[96]	VU Unknown ^[112]
Heck's macaque	M. hecki (Matschie, 1901)	Island of Sulawesi	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest and grassland^[113] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates^[96]	VU 100,000 ^[113]
Japanese macaque	M. fuscata Blyth, 1875 Two subspecies M. f. fuscata M. f. yakui (Yakushima macaque)	Japan	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest^[114] Diet: Fruit, seeds, flowers, nectar, leaves, and fungi^[115]	LC Unknown ^[114]
Lion-tailed macaque	M. silenus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Southwestern India	Size: 40–61 cm (16–24 in) long, plus 24–38 cm (9–15 in) tail^[116] Habitat: Forest^[117] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, stems, flowers, buds, fungi, insects, lizards, tree frogs, and small mammals^[116]	EN 2,400–2,500 ^[117]
Moor macaque	M. maura (Schinz, 1825)	Island of Sulawesi	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest and grassland^[118] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates^[96]	EN Unknown ^[118]
Muna-Buton macaque	M. brunnescens (Matschie, 1901)	Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest^[119] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates^[96]	VU Unknown ^[119]
Northern pig-tailed macaque	M. leonina (Blyth, 1863)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest^[120] Diet: Leaves, seeds, stems, roots, flowers, bamboo shoots, rice, gums, insects, larvae, termite eggs and spiders^[120]	VU Unknown ^[120]
Pagai Island macaque	M. pagensis (Miller, 1903)	Mentawai Islands in Indonesia	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest^[121] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates^[96]	CR 2,100–3,700 ^[121]
Rhesus macaque	M. mulatta (Zimmermann, 1790)	Southern and southeastern Asia	Size: 45–64 cm (18–25 in) long, plus 19–32 cm (7–13 in) tail^[122] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland^[123] Diet: Fish, crabs, shellfish, bird eggs, honeycombs, crayfish, crabs, spiders, plants, gums and pith^[123]	LC Unknown ^[123]
Siberut macaque	M. siberu Fuentes, 1995	Siberut island in Indonesia	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest^[124] Diet: Fruit, as well as mushrooms, leaves, crabs, crayfish, pith, sap, shoots and flowers^[124]	EN Unknown ^[124]
Southern pig-tailed macaque	M. nemestrina (Linnaeus, 1766)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 46–57 cm (18–22 in) long, plus 13–26 cm (5–10 in) tail^[125] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[126] Diet: Fruit, insects, seeds, leaves, dirt, and fungus, as well as birds, termite eggs and larvae, and river crabs^[125]	EN Unknown ^[126]
Stump-tailed macaque	M. arctoides (Geoffroy, 1831)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 48–65 cm (19–26 in) long, plus 3–7 cm (1–3 in) tail^[127] Habitat: Forest^[128] Diet: Fruit, seeds, flowers, roots, leaves, frogs, crabs, birds, and bird eggs^[127]	VU Unknown ^[128]
Tibetan macaque	M. thibetana (H. Milne-Edwards, 1870) Four subspecies M. t. esau M. t. guiahouensis M. t. huangshanensis M. t. thibetana	East China	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest and caves^[129] Diet: Fruit, as well as flowers, berries, seeds, leaves, stems, stalks, and invertebrates^[129]	NT Unknown ^[129]
Tonkean macaque	M. tonkeana (von Meyer, 1899)	Island of Sulawesi	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 1–15 cm (0–6 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest^[130] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates^[96]	VU Unknown ^[130]
White-cheeked macaque	M. leucogenys Li, Zhao, Fan, 2015	Northeastern India	Size: 36–77 cm (14–30 in) long, plus about 9–20 cm (4–8 in) tail^[96] Habitat: Forest^[131] Diet: Fruit, leaves, grains, buds, seeds, flowers, and bark, as well as insects and small invertebrates^[96]	EN Unknown ^[131]

Genus *Mandrillus* – Ritgen, 1824 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Drill	M. leucophaeus (F. Cuvier, 1807) Two subspecies M. l. leucophaeus (Mainland drill) M. l. poensis (Bioko drill)	Western Africa	Size: 61–77 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail^[132] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and rocky areas^[133] Diet: Omnivorous, primarily fruit and seeds^[133]	EN 4,000 ^[133]
Mandrill	M. sphinx (Linnaeus, 1758)	Western Africa	Size: 55–95 cm (22–37 in) long, plus 7–10 cm (3–4 in) tail^[134] Habitat: Forest^[135] Diet: Fruit, seeds, fungi, roots, insects, snails, worms, frogs, and lizards, as well as snakes and small vertebrates^[136]	VU Unknown ^[135]

Genus *Miopithecus* – Geoffroy, 1842 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Angolan talapoin	M. talapoin (Schreber, 1774)	Western Africa	Size: 32–45 cm (13–18 in) long, plus 36–53 cm (14–21 in) tail^[137] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands^[138] Diet: Insects, leaves, seeds, fruit, water plants, grubs, eggs, and small vertebrates^[137]	VU Unknown ^[138]
Gabon talapoin	M. ogouensis Kingdon, 1997	Western Africa	Size: 23–36 cm (9–14 in) long, plus 31–45 cm (12–18 in) tail^[139] Habitat: Forest^[140] Diet: Fruit, seeds and insects^[140]	NT Unknown ^[140]

Genus *Papio* – Erxleben, 1777 – six species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Chacma baboon	P. ursinus (Kerr, 1792) Three subspecies P. u. griseipes (Gray-footed chacma) P. u. ruacana (Ruacana chacma) P. u. ursinus (Cape chacma)	Southern Africa	Size: 50–115 cm (20–45 in) long, plus 45–72 cm (18–28 in) tail^[141] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert^[142] Diet: Fruit, leaves, gum, insects, eggs, seeds, flowers, grass, roots, tubers, and small vertebrates^[141]	LC Unknown ^[142]
Guinea baboon	P. papio (Desmarest, 1820)	Western Africa	Size: 50–115 cm (20–45 in) long, plus 45–72 cm (18–28 in) tail^[143] Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands^[144] Diet: Roots, tubers, bulbs, corms, small vertebrates, fruit, and seeds^[143]	NT Unknown ^[144]
Hamadryas baboon	P. hamadryas (Linnaeus, 1758)	Horn of Africa and southwestern Arabian Peninsula	Size: 61–77 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 38–61 cm (15–24 in) tail^[145] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas^[146] Diet: Fruit, gum, insects, eggs, seeds, flowers, grass, rhizomes, corms, roots, tubers, and small vertebrates^[145]	LC Unknown ^[146]
Kinda baboon	P. kindae Lönnberg, 1919	Central Africa (in green)	Size: 55–84 cm (22–33 in) long, plus 38–66 cm (15–26 in) tail^[147] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland^[148] Diet: Omnivorous; primarily fruit^[148]	LC Unknown ^[148]
Olive baboon	P. anubis (Lesson, 1827)	Equatorial Africa	Size: 61–84 cm (24–33 in) long, plus 31–60 cm (12–24 in) tail^[149] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland^[150] Diet: Fruit, gums, insects, eggs, seeds, flowers, grass, rhizomes, corms, roots, tubers, and small vertebrates^[151]	LC Unknown ^[150]
Yellow baboon	P. cynocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) Two subspecies P. c. cynocephalus (Common yellow baboon) P. c. ibeanus (Ibean baboon)	Eastern Africa (in red)	Size: 50–115 cm (20–45 in) long, plus 45–72 cm (18–28 in) tail^[152] Habitat: Shrubland, savanna, and forest^[153] Diet: Grass, sedges, seeds, fruit, roots, leaves, buds, bark, flowers, insects, and small vertebrates^[152]	LC Unknown ^[153]

Genus *Rungwecebus* – Davenport, 2006 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Kipunji	R. kipunji Jones et al., 2005	Southeastern Africa	Size: 85–90 cm (33–35 in) long, plus about 115 cm (45 in) tail^[154] Habitat: Forest^[155] Diet: Omnivorous, including bulbs, roots, shoots, seeds, and fruit^[154]	EN Unknown ^[155]

Genus *Theropithecus* – Geoffroy, 1843 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Gelada	T. gelada (Rüppell, 1835) Two subspecies T. g. gelada (Northern gelada) T. g. obscurus (Eastern gelada)	Eastern Africa	Size: 50–75 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 32–55 cm (13–22 in) tail^[156] Habitat: Grassland and rocky areas^[157] Diet: Leaves and forbs, as well as roots, corms, tubers and rhizomes^[157]	LC Unknown ^[157]

Subfamily Colobinae

Genus *Colobus* – Illiger, 1811 – five species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Angola colobus	C. angolensis P. L. Sclater, 1860 Six subspecies C. a. angolensis (Sclater's Angola colobus) C. a. cordieri (Cordier's Angola colobus) C. a. cottoni (Powell-Cotton's Angola colobus) C. a. palliates (Tanzanian black-and-white colobus) C. a. prigoginei (Prigogine's Angola colobus) C. a. ruwenzorii (Ruwenzori colobus) C. a. sharpei (Sharpe's Angola Colobus)	Central Africa	Size: 49–68 cm (19–27 in) long, plus 70–83 cm (28–33 in) tail^[158] Habitat: Forest^[159] Diet: Leaves, as well as stems, bark, flowers, buds, shoots, fruits, and insects^[158]	VU Unknown ^[159]
Black colobus	C. satanas Waterhouse, 1838 Two subspecies C. s. anthracinus (Gabon black colobus) C. s. satanas (Bioko black colobus)	Western Africa	Size: 50–70 cm (20–28 in) long, plus 62–88 cm (24–35 in) tail^[160] Habitat: Forest^[161] Diet: Nuts and seeds, as well as unripe fruit and leaves^[160]	VU Unknown ^[161]
King colobus	C. polykomos (Zimmermann, 1780)	Western Africa	Size: 45–72 cm (18–28 in) long, plus 52–100 cm (20–39 in) tail^[162] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[163] Diet: Leaves, as well as fruit and flowers^[162]	EN Unknown ^[163]
Mantled guereza	C. guereza Rüppell, 1835 Seven subspecies C. g. caudatus (Kilimanjaro guereza) C. g. dodingae (Dodinga Hills guereza) C. g. guereza (Omo River guereza) C. g. kikuyuensis (Eastern black-and-white colobus) C. g. matschiei (Mau Forest guereza) C. g. occidentalis (Western guereza) C. g. percivali (Mt Uaraguess guereza)	Central Africa	Size: 45–72 cm (18–28 in) long, plus 52–100 cm (20–39 in) tail^[164] Habitat: Forest^[165] Diet: Leaves, as well as fruit, buds, and blossoms^[164]	LC Unknown ^[165]
Ursine colobus	C. vellerosus (Geoffroy, 1834)	Western Africa	Size: 60–67 cm (24–26 in) long, plus 73–93 cm (29–37 in) tail^[166] Habitat: Forest^[167] Diet: Leaves and seeds, as well as fruit, insects, and clay^[168]	CR 975 ^[167]

Genus *Nasalis* – Geoffroy, 1812 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Proboscis monkey	N. larvatus Wurmb, 1787	Borneo	Size: 61–76 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 50–75 cm (20–30 in) tail^[169] Habitat: Forest^[170] Diet: Fruit, seeds, leaves, and shoots, as well as caterpillars and larvae^[171]	EN Unknown ^[170]

Genus *Piliocolobus* – Rochebrune, 1887 – sixteen species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bouvier's red colobus	P. bouvieri (Rochebrune, 1887)	Congo (in purple on left)	Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[172] Habitat: Forest^[173] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[172]	EN Unknown ^[173]
Foa's red colobus	P. foai (Pousargues, 1899)	Congo (in black, bottom right)	Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[172] Habitat: Forest^[174] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[172]	EN Unknown ^[174]
Lomami red colobus	P. parmentieri (Colyn, Verheyen, 1987)	Congo	Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[172] Habitat: Forest^[175] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[172]	EN Unknown ^[175]
Lang's red colobus	P. langi (J. A. Allen, 1925)	Congo	Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[172] Habitat: Forest^[176] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[172]	EN Unknown ^[176]
Miss Waldron's red colobus	P. waldronae (Hayman, 1936)	Western Africa	Size: 47–63 cm (19–25 in) long, plus 52–75 cm (20–30 in) tail^[177] Habitat: Forest^[178] Diet: Fruit, seeds, leaves, buds, and flowers^[177]	CR Unknown ^[178]
Niger Delta red colobus	P. epieni (Grubb, Powell, 1999)	Western Africa	Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[172] Habitat: Forest^[179] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[172]	CR Unknown ^[179]
Oustalet's red colobus	P. oustaleti (Trouessart, 1906)	Congo (in green)	Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[172] Habitat: Forest^[180] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[172]	VU Unknown ^[180]
Pennant's colobus	P. pennantii (Waterhouse, 1838)	Western Africa	Size: 53–63 cm (21–25 in) long, plus 60–70 cm (24–28 in) tail^[181] Habitat: Forest^[182] Diet: Leaves and shoots, as well as seeds and fruit^[181]	CR Unknown ^[182]
Preuss's red colobus	P. preussi (Matschie, 1900)	Western Africa	Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[172] Habitat: Forest^[183] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[172]	CR Unknown ^[183]
Semliki red colobus	P. semlikiensis (Colyn, 1991)	Congo (in dark blue on right)	Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[172] Habitat: Forest^[184] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[172]	VU Unknown ^[184]
Tana River red colobus	P. rufomitratus (Peters, 1879)	Kenya	Size: 45–67 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 52–80 cm (20–31 in) tail^[185] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and inland wetlands^[186] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and seeds, as well as flowers^[185]	CR Unknown ^[186]
Thollon's red colobus	P. tholloni (A. Milne-Edwards, 1886)	Congo (in orange)	Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[172] Habitat: Forest^[187] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and seeds, as well as flowers^[187]	VU Unknown ^[187]
Udzungwa red colobus	P. gordonorum (Matschie, 1900)	Southeastern Africa	Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[172] Habitat: Forest^[188] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[172]	VU 35,000 ^[188]
Ugandan red colobus	P. tephrosceles Elliot, 1907	Eastern Africa	Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[172] Habitat: Forest and savanna^[189] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[172]	EN Unknown ^[189]
Western red colobus	P. badius (Kerr, 1792) Three subspecies P. b. badius (Bay red colobus) P. b. temminckii (Temminck's red colobus)	Western Africa	Size: 45–67 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 52–80 cm (20–31 in) tail Habitat: Forest and savanna^[190] Diet: Leaves, seeds, unripe fruit, and shoots^[191]	EN Unknown ^[190]
Zanzibar red colobus	P. kirkii (Gray, 1868)	Eastern Africa	Size: 41–70 cm (16–28 in) long, plus 42–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[172] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[192] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and seeds, as well as flowers^[193]	EN 5,900 ^[192]

Genus *Presbytis* – Eschscholtz, 1821 – nineteen species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black Sumatran langur	P. sumatranus (S. Müller, Schlegel, 1841)	Island of Sumatra in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[195] Diet: Fruit, leaves, seeds and flowers^[195]	EN Unknown ^[195]
Black-and-white langur	P. bicolor Aimi, Bakar, 1992	Island of Sumatra	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[196] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	DD Unknown ^[196]
Black-crested Sumatran langur	P. melalophos (Raffles, 1821)	Island of Sumatra	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[197] Diet: Fruits and leaves, as well as seeds and flowers^[198]	EN Unknown ^[197]
East Sumatran banded langur	P. percura Lyon, 1908	Island of Sumatra	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[199] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	CR Unknown ^[199]
Hose's langur	P. hosei (Thomas, 1889)	Borneo	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[200] Diet: Leaves, unripe fruits, seeds, flowers, bird eggs and nestlings^[200]	VU Unknown ^[200]
Javan surili	P. comata (Desmarest, 1822) Two subspecies P. c. comata P. c. fredericae	Island of Java in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[201] Diet: Leaves, as well as fruits, flowers, and seeds^[201]	VU 5,500 ^[201]
Maroon leaf monkey	P. rubicunda (Müller, 1838) Five subspecies P. r. carimatae P. r. chrysea P. r. ignita P. r. rubicunda P. r. rubida	Borneo	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands^[202] Diet: Leaves, seeds, and fruit, as well as flowers and pith^[202]	VU Unknown ^[202]
Siberut langur	P. siberu (Chasen, Kloss, 1928)	Island of Siberut in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[203] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	EN Unknown ^[203]
Mentawai langur	P. potenziani (Bonaparte, 1856)	Mentawai islands in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[204] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	CR Unknown ^[204]
Miller's langur	P. canicrus G. S. Miller, 1934	Eastern Borneo (in light green)	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[205] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	EN Unknown ^[205]
Mitered langur	P. mitrata Eschscholtz, 1821	Island of Sumatra	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[206] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	VU Unknown ^[206]
Natuna Island surili	P. natunae (Thomas, Hartert, 1894)	Island of Natuna Besar in Indonesia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[207] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	VU 9,000 ^[207]
Raffles' banded langur	P. femoralis (Martin, 1838)	Singapore and southern Peninsular Malaysia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[208] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	CR 200–250 ^[208]
Robinson's banded langur	P. robinsoni Thomas, 1910	Southern Malay Peninsula	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[209] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	NT Unknown ^[209]
Sabah grizzled langur	P. sabana (Thomas, 1893)	Eastern Borneo (in dark brown)	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[210] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	EN Unknown ^[210]
Sarawak surili	P. chrysomelas (Müller, 1838) Two subspecies P. c. chrysomelas P. c. cruciger	Northern Borneo	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[211] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	CR Unknown ^[211]
Thomas's langur	P. thomasi (Collett, 1893)	Northern island of Sumatra in Indonesia	Size: 42–62 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[212] Habitat: Forest^[213] Diet: Fruit, leaves, and seeds, as well as flowers, bark, twigs, stalks, birds, bird eggs, algae, and insects^[212]	VU Unknown ^[213]
White-fronted surili	P. frontata (Müller, 1838)	Borneo	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[214] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	VU Unknown ^[214]
White-thighed surili	P. siamensis (Müller, Schlegel, 1838) Four subspecies P. s. cana P. s. paenulata P. s. rhionis P. s. siamensis	Southeastern Asia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[194] Habitat: Forest^[215] Diet: Fruit, seeds, and leaves^[194]	NT Unknown ^[215]

Genus *Procolobus* – Rochebrune, 1877 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Olive colobus	P. verus (Van Beneden, 1838)	Western Africa	Size: 43–50 cm (17–20 in) long, plus 57–64 cm (22–25 in) tail^[216] Habitat: Forest^[217] Diet: Leaves and flowers^[218]	VU Unknown ^[217]

Genus *Pygathrix* – Geoffroy, 1812 – three species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black-shanked douc	P. nigripes H. Milne-Edwards, 1871	Southeastern Asia	Size: 60–76 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 56–76 cm (22–30 in) tail^[219] Habitat: Forest^[220] Diet: Leaves, as well as seeds, fruit and flowers^[220]	CR Unknown ^[220]
Gray-shanked douc	P. cinerea (Nadler, 1997)	Southeastern Asia	Size: About 60 cm (24 in) long, plus 59–68 cm (23–27 in) tail^[219] Habitat: Forest^[221] Diet: Leaves, as well as buds, fruit, seeds, and flowers^[222]	CR Unknown ^[221]
Red-shanked douc	P. nemaeus (Linnaeus, 1771)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 61–77 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 55–77 cm (22–30 in) tail^[223] Habitat: Forest^[224] Diet: Leaves, as well as unripe fruit, seeds, and flowers^[223]	CR Unknown ^[224]

Genus *Rhinopithecus* – H. Milne-Edwards, 1872 – five species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey	R. bieti (A. Milne-Edwards, 1897)	Southern China	Size: 74–83 cm (29–33 in) long, plus 51–72 cm (20–28 in) tail^[225] Habitat: Forest^[226] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and lichen^[225]	EN 1,000 ^[226]
Golden snub-nosed monkey	R. roxellana A. Milne-Edwards, 1870 Three subspecies R. r. hubeiensis (Hubei golden snub-nosed monkey) R. r. qinlingensis (Qinling golden snub-nosed monkey) R. r. roxellana (Moupin golden snub-nosed monkey)	Central China	Size: 57–76 cm (22–30 in) long, plus 51–72 cm (20–28 in) tail^[227] Habitat: Forest^[228] Diet: Leaves, bark, and lichen, as well as buds and fruit seeds^[227]	EN Unknown ^[228]
Gray snub-nosed monkey	R. brelichi Thomas, 1903	Central China	Size: 64–73 cm (25–29 in) long, plus 70–97 cm (28–38 in) tail^[229] Habitat: Forest^[230] Diet: Leaves, buds, fruit, seeds and bark, as well as insect larvae^[229]	CR 200 ^[230]
Myanmar snub-nosed monkey	R. strykeri Geissmann et al., 2010	Northern Myanmar	Size: About 56 cm (22 in) long, plus 78 cm (31 in) tail^[231] Habitat: Forest^[232] Diet: Leaves, fruit, seeds, buds, flowers, twigs, and bark^[233]	CR 350–400 ^[232]
Tonkin snub-nosed monkey	R. avunculus (Dollman, 1912)	Northern Vietnam	Size: 51–65 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 66–92 cm (26–36 in) tail^[234] Habitat: Forest^[235] Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and seeds^[234]	CR 80–100 ^[235]

Genus *Semnopithecus* – Desmarest, 1822 – eight species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Black-footed gray langur	S. hypoleucos Blyth, 1841 Three subspecies S. h. achates S. h. hypoleucos S. h. iulus	Southern India	Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail^[236] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[237] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers^[236]	LC Unknown ^[237]
Kashmir gray langur	S. ajax Pocock, 1928	Himalayas	Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail^[236] Habitat: Forest^[238] Diet: Leaves, bark, and seeds^[238]	EN 1,400–1,500 ^[238]
Nepal gray langur	S. schistaceus Hodgson, 1840	Himalayas	Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail^[236] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas^[239] Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as seeds, roots, flowers, bark, twigs, coniferous cones, moss, lichens, ferns, shoots, rhizomes, grass, and invertebrate animals^[239]	LC Unknown ^[239]
Nilgiri langur	S. johnii (J. Fischer, 1829)	Southern India	Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail^[236] Habitat: Forest^[240] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers^[236]	VU 9,500–10,000 ^[240]
Northern plains gray langur	S. entellus (Dufresne, 1797)	India	Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail^[236] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland^[241] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers, as well as insects, bark, gum, and soil^[242]	LC Unknown ^[241]
Tarai gray langur	S. hector Pocock, 1928	Himalayas	Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail^[236] Habitat: Forest^[243] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers^[236]	NT Unknown ^[243]
Tufted gray langur	S. priam Blyth, 1844 Three subspecies S. p. anchises S. p. priam S. p. thersites	Southern India and Sri Lanka	Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail^[236] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[244] Diet: Leaves and fruit^[244]	NT Unknown ^[244]
Purple-faced langur	S. vetulus (Erxleben, 1777) Four subspecies T. v. monticola (Montane purple-faced langur) T. v. nestor (Western purple-faced langur) T. v. philbricki (Dryzone purple-faced langur) T. v. vetulus (Southern lowland wetzone purple-faced langur)	Sri Lanka	Size: 41–78 cm (16–31 in) long, plus 69–108 cm (27–43 in) tail^[236] Habitat: Forest^[245] Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers, and seeds^[245]	EN Unknown ^[245]

Genus *Simias* – Miller, 1903 – one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Pig-tailed langur	S. concolor Miller, 1903 Three subspecies S. c. concolor S. c. siberu	Islands near Sumatra in Indonesia	Size: 45–53 cm (18–21 in) long, plus 13–18 cm (5–7 in) tail^[246] Habitat: Forest^[247] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and berries^[248]	CR Unknown ^[247]

Genus *Trachypithecus* – Reichenbach, 1862 – twenty-one species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Annamese langur	T. margarita (Elliot, 1909)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest^[250] Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit^[249]	EN Unknown ^[250]
Capped langur	T. pileatus (Blyth, 1843) Three subspecies T. p. brahma T. p. pileatus T. p. tenebricus	Southern Asia	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest^[251] Diet: Leaves, seeds, and fruit, as well as flowers, buds, bark, and caterpillars^[251]	VU Unknown ^[251]
Cat Ba langur	T. poliocephalus (Pousargues, 1898)	Cát Bà Island, Vietnam (in purple)	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forests and caves^[252] Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit^[249]	CR 30–35 ^[252]
Delacour's langur	T. delacouri (Osgood, 1911)	Northern Vietnam	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves^[253] Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit^[249]	CR 240–250 ^[253]
Dusky leaf monkey	T. obscurus (Reid, 1837) Seven subspecies T. o. carbo T. o. flavicauda T. o. halonifer T. o. obscurus T. o. sanctorum T. o. seimundi T. o. styx	Southeastern Asia	Size: 42–61 cm (17–24 in) long, plus 50–85 cm (20–33 in) tail^[254] Habitat: Forest^[255] Diet: Leaves, shoots, fruit, and seedlings^[254]	EN Unknown ^[255]
East Javan langur	T. auratus Geoffroy, 1812	Java and nearby islands in Indonesia	Size: 44–65 cm (17–26 in) long, plus 61–87 cm (24–34 in) tail^[256] Habitat: Forest^[257] Diet: Leaves and flowers, as well as fruit and insect larvae^[256]	VU Unknown ^[257]
François' langur	T. francoisi (Pousargues, 1898)	Southern Asia	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves^[258] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and seeds, as well as insects^[259]	EN 2,000–2,100 ^[258]
Gee's golden langur	T. geei (Khajuria, 1956)	Southern Asia	Size: 50–75 cm (20–30 in) long, plus 70–100 cm (28–39 in) tail^[260] Habitat: Forest^[261] Diet: Fruit, leaves, flowers, seeds, and twigs^[260]	EN 6,000–6,500 ^[261]
Germain's langur	T. germaini (H. Milne-Edwards, 1876)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest and rocky areas^[262] Diet: Leaves, fruit, and flowers^[262]	EN Unknown ^[262]
Hatinh langur	T. hatinhensis (Dao, 1970)	Vietnam	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves^[263] Diet: Leaves, as well as fruit, vines, and flowers^[263]	EN Unknown ^[263]
Indochinese black langur	T. ebenus Brandon-Jones, 1995	Southeastern Asia	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest, rocky areas, and caves^[264] Diet: Leaves, as well as fruit, vines, and flowers^[264]	EN Unknown ^[264]
Indochinese grey langur	T. crepuscula (Elliot, 1909)	Southeast Asia (in red)	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest, inland wetlands, and rocky areas^[265] Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit^[249]	EN 2,400–2,500 ^[265]
Laotian langur	T. laotum (Thomas, 1911)	Laos	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest and rocky areas^[266] Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit^[249]	EN Unknown ^[266]
Phayre's leaf monkey	T. phayrei (Blyth, 1847) Two subspecies T. p. phayrei T. p. shanicus	Southeast Asia (in green)	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest^[267] Diet: Leaves, as well as bamboo shoots^[268]	EN Unknown ^[267]
Popa langur	T. popa Roos et al., 2020	Myanmar	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest^[269] Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit^[249]	CR 130–180 ^[269]
Shortridge's langur	T. shortridgei Wroughton, 1915	Southern Asia	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest^[270] Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit^[249]	EN Unknown ^[270]
Selangor silvered langur	T. selangorensis Roos, Nadler, Walter, 2008	Peninsular Malaysia	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest^[271] Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit^[249]	NT Unknown ^[271]
Silvery lutung	T. cristatus Raffles, 1821 Two subspecies T. c. cristatus T. c. vigilans	Southeastern Asia	Size: 46–56 cm (18–22 in) long, plus 63–84 cm (25–33 in) tail^[272] Habitat: Forest^[273] Diet: Leaves, as well as fruit, seeds, shoots, flowers, and buds^[272]	VU Unknown ^[273]
Tenasserim lutung	T. barbei (Blyth, 1847)	Southeastern Asia	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest^[274] Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit^[249]	VU Unknown ^[274]
West Javan langur	T. mauritius (Griffith, 1821)	Island of Java	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Forest^[275] Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit^[249]	VU Unknown ^[275]
White-headed langur	T. leucocephalus Tan, 1957	Southern China	Size: 40–76 cm (16–30 in) long, plus 57–110 cm (22–43 in) tail^[249] Habitat: Rocky areas^[276] Diet: Leaves, flowers, and fruit^[249]	CR 230–250 ^[276]

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[Mamfrica184-26] Kingdon 2014, p. 184

[FieldAfrica175-27] Kingdon 2015, p. 175

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[ADWCampbellsmonamonkey-30] Leinberger, Kaitlynn (2022). "Cercopithecus campbelli". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

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[FieldAfrica168-32] Kingdon 2015, p. 168

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[ADWDianamonkey-39] Kennedy, Karen (2023). "Cercopithecus diana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

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[FieldAfrica170-44] Kingdon 2015, p. 170

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[FieldAfrica179-47] Kingdon 2015, p. 179

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[IUCNLesula-50] Detwiler, K. M.; Hart, J. A. (2020). "Cercopithecus lomamiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T92401376A92401776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T92401376A92401776.en.

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[FieldAfrica181-56] Kingdon 2015, p. 181

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[ADWWolfsmonamonkey-70] Platter, Branden (2008). "Cercopithecus wolfi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

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[PrimWorld140142-96] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Nowak 1999b, pp. 140, 142

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[IUCNSiberutmacaque-124] Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A.; Quinten, M; Cheyne, S. M.; Whittaker, D.; Mittermeier, R. A. (2020). "Macaca siberu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39795A17949710. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39795A17949710.en.

[ADWSouthernpig-tailedmacaque-125] Ayers, Kayla; Vanderpoel, Candace (2009). "Macaca nemestrina". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on April 15, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2023.

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[ADWStump-tailedmacaque-127] Erfurth, Charlotte (2008). "Macaca arctoides". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNStump-tailedmacaque-128] Chetry, D.; Boonratana, R.; Das, J.; Long, Y.; Htun, S.; Timmins, R. J. (2020). "Macaca arctoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T12548A185202632. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12548A185202632.en.

[IUCNTibetanmacaque-129] Yongcheng, L.; Richardson, M. (2020). "Macaca thibetana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T12562A17948236. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12562A17948236.en.

[IUCNTonkeanmacaque-130] Riley, E.; Lee, R.; Sangermano, F.; Cannon, C.; Shekelle, M. (2020). "Macaca tonkeana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T12563A17947990. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12563A17947990.en.

[IUCNWhite-cheekedmacaque-131] Fan, P. F.; Ma, C. (2022). "Macaca leucogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T205889816A205890248. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T205889816A205890248.en.

[ADWDrill-132] Briercheck, Ken (2023). "Mandrillus leucophaeus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2023.

[IUCNDrill-133] Gadsby, E. L.; Cronin, D. T.; Astaras, C.; Imong, I. (2020). "Mandrillus leucophaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T12753A17952490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T12753A17952490.en.

[FieldAfrica129-134] Kingdon 2015, p. 129

[IUCNMandrill-135] Abernethy, K.; Maisels, F. (2019). "Mandrillus sphinx". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T12754A17952325. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12754A17952325.en.

[ADWMandrill-136] Ingmarsson, Lisa (2023). "Mandrillus sphinx". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on May 15, 2023. Retrieved August 16, 2023.

[ADWAngolantalapoin-137] Frederick, Bridget (2002). "Miopithecus talapoin". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNAngolantalapoin-138] Maisels, F.; Hart, J.; Ron, T.; Svensson, M.; Thompson, J. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Miopithecus talapoin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T13572A166605916. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T13572A166605916.en.

[FieldAfrica145-139] Kingdon 2015, p. 145

[IUCNGabontalapoin-140] Maisels, F. (2019). "Miopithecus ogouensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T41570A17953573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41570A17953573.en.

[ADWChacmababoon-141] Shefferly, Nancy (2004). "Papio ursinus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNChacmababoon-142] Sithaldeen, R. (2020) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Papio ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T16022A168568698. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T16022A168568698.en.

[ADWGuineababoon-143] Shefferly, Nancy (2004). "Papio papio". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNGuineababoon-144] Wallis, J.; Alonso, C.; Barlow, C.; Brito, J.; Ferreira da Silva, M. J.; Hernansaiz, A.; Kopp, G. H.; Vale, C.; Zinner, D. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Papio papio". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T16018A190269269. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T16018A190269269.en.

[ADWHamadryasbaboon-145] Shefferly, Nancy (2004). "Papio hamadryas". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNHamadryasbaboon-146] Gippoliti, S. (2019). "Papio hamadryas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T16019A17953082. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T16019A17953082.en.

[MamAfrica232-147] Kingdon 2014, p. 232

[IUCNKindababoon-148] Wallis, J.; Petersdorf, M.; Weyher, A. H.; Jolly, C. J. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Papio kindae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T136848A190319676. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T136848A190319676.en.

[FieldAfrica120-149] Kingdon 2015, p. 120

[IUCNOlivebaboon-150] Wallis, J. (2020). "Papio anubis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T40647A17953200. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T40647A17953200.en.

[ADWOlivebaboon-151] Shefferly, Nancy (2004). "Papio anubis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[ADWYellowbaboon-152] Shefferly, Nancy (2004). "Papio cynocephalus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNYellowbaboon-153] Wallis, J. (2020). "Papio cynocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T92250442A92251260. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T92250442A92251260.en.

[FieldAfrica123-154] Kingdon 2015, p. 123

[IUCNKipunji-155] Davenport, T. (2019). "Rungwecebus kipunji". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T136791A17961368. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T136791A17961368.en.

[FieldAfrica127-156] Kingdon 2015, p. 127

[IUCNGelada-157] Gippoliti, S.; Mekonnen, A.; Burke, R.; Nguyen, N.; Fashing, P. J. (2022) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Theropithecus gelada". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T21744A217754712. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T21744A217754712.en.

[ADWAngolacolobus-158] Thompson, Brandon (2002). "Colobus angolensis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNAngolacolobus-159] Jong, Y. A.; Cunneyworth, P.; Butynski, T. M.; Maisels, F.; Hart, J. A.; Rovero, F. (2020). "Colobus angolensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T5142A17945007. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T5142A17945007.en.

[ADWBlackcolobus-160] Lane, Whitney (2011). "Colobus satanas". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNBlackcolobus-161] Maisels, F.; Cronin, D. T. (2020). "Colobus satanas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T5145A17944405. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T5145A17944405.en.

[ADWKingcolobus-162] Landes, Devon (2000). "Colobus polykomos". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNKingcolobus-163] Gonedelé Bi, S.; Koné, I.; Matsuda Goodwin, R.; Alonso, C.; Hernansaiz, A.; Oates, J. F. (2020). "Colobus polykomos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T5144A17944855. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T5144A17944855.en.

[ADWMantledguereza-164] Kim, Kenneth (2002). "Colobus guereza". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNMantledguereza-165] Jong, Y. A.; Butynski, T. M.; Oates, J. F. (2019). "Colobus guereza". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T5143A17944705. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T5143A17944705.en.

[FieldAfrica114-166] Kingdon 2015, p. 114

[IUCNUrsinecolobus-167] Matsuda Goodwin, R.; Gonedelé Bi, S.; Nobimè, G.; Koné, I.; Osei, D.; Segniagbeto, G.; Oates, J. F. (2020). "Colobus vellerosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T5146A169472127. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T5146A169472127.en.

[ADWUrsinecolobus-168] Walker, Shannon (2009). "Colobus vellerosus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[PrimWorld155-169] Nowak 1999b, p. 155

[IUCNProboscismonkey-170] Boonratana, R.; Cheyne, S. M.; Traeholt, C.; Nijman, V.; Supriatna, J. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Nasalis larvatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T14352A195372486. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T14352A195372486.en.

[ADWProboscismonkey-171] Woltanski, Amy (2004). "Nasalis larvatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 23, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[FieldAfrica103-172] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Kingdon 2015, p. 103

[IUCNBouvier'sredcolobus-173] Maisels, F.; Devreese, L. (2022) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Piliocolobus bouvieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T18250A210339606. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T18250A210339606.en.

[IUCNFoasredcolobus-174] Hart, J.; Ting, N.; Maisels, F. (2020). "Piliocolobus foai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18252A92659769. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T18252A92659769.en.

[IUCNLomamiredcolobus-175] Hart, J. A.; Detwiler, K. M. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Piliocolobus parmentieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T40648A166604269. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T40648A166604269.en.

[IUCNLang'sredcolobus-176] Hart, J.; Laudisoit, A.; Struhsaker, T. T.; Oates, J. F. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Piliocolobus langi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18261A166605018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T18261A166605018.en.

[FieldAfrica110-177] Kingdon 2015, p. 110

[IUCNMisswaldron'sredcolobus-178] Oates, J. F.; Koné, I.; McGraw, S.; Osei, D. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Piliocolobus waldroni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18248A166620835. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T18248A166620835.en.

[IUCNNigerDeltaredcolobus-179] Ikemeh, R.; Oates, J. F.; Inaoyom, I. (2019). "Piliocolobus epieni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T41024A92656391. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41024A92656391.en.

[IUCNOustalet'sredcolobus-180] Hart, J.; Maisels, F.; Oates, J. F.; Laudisoit, A.; Hicks, T. C.; Struhsaker, T. T. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Piliocolobus oustaleti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18255A166598553. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T18255A166598553.en.

[ADWPennantscolobus-181] Gilbert, Kasi (2011). "Piliocolobus pennantii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNPennantscolobus-182] Cronin, D. T. (2019). "Piliocolobus pennantii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T41025A92653653. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41025A92653653.en.

[IUCNPreusssredcolobus-183] Linder, J.; Morgan, B. J.; Abwe, E. E.; Jost Robinson, C. A.; Imong, I.; Oates, J. F. (2019). "Piliocolobus preussi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T41026A92633245. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41026A92633245.en.

[IUCNSemlikiredcolobus-184] Maisels, F.; Ting, N. (2020). "Piliocolobus semlikiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T92657343A92657454. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T92657343A92657454.en.

[ADWTanaRiverredcolobus-185] Jones, Jeremy (2002). "Piliocolobus rufomitratus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNTanaRiverredcolobus-186] Butynski, T. M.; de Jong, Y. A.; King, J. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Piliocolobus rufomitratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T136939A166599765. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T136939A166599765.en.

[IUCNThollonsredcolobus-187] Detwiler, K. M.; Hart, J. A.; Maisels, F.; Thompson, J.; Reinartz, G.; Struhsaker, T. T. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Piliocolobus tholloni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18257A166598109. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T18257A166598109.en.

[IUCNUdzungwaredcolobus-188] Rovero, F.; Barelli, C; Butynski, T. M.; Marshall, A. J.; Struhsaker, T. T. (2019). "Piliocolobus gordonorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T40015A92629595. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T40015A92629595.en.

[IUCNUgandanredcolobus-189] Struhsaker, T. T.; Ting, N. (2020) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Piliocolobus tephrosceles". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18256A171760021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T18256A171760021.en.

[IUCNWesternredcolobus-190] McGraw, S.; Minhós, T.; Bersacola, E.; Ferreira da Silva, M. J.; Galat, G.; Galat-Luong, A.; Gonedelé Bi, S.; Mayhew, M.; Oates, J. F.; Starin, E. D. (2020). "Piliocolobus badius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T161247840A161259430. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T161247840A161259430.en.

[ADWWesternredcolobus-191] Vasselin, Kathleen (2011). "Piliocolobus badius". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNZanzibarredcolobus-192] Davenport, T. (2020) [errata version of 2019 assessment]. "Piliocolobus kirkii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T39992A168568335. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39992A168568335.en.

[ADWZanzibarredcolobus-193] Smit, Josephine (2012). "Piliocolobus kirkii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[MamWorld599600-194] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae Nowak 1999a, pp. 599–600

[IUCNBlackSumatranlangur-195] Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A. (2020). "Presbytis sumatranus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T136912A17986913. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136912A17986913.en.

[IUCNBlack-and-whitelangur-196] Nijman, V. (2021). "Presbytis bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T39812A206547286. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39812A206547286.en.

[IUCNBlack-crestedSumatranlangur-197] Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Manullang, B. (2020). "Presbytis melalophos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39811A17954271. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39811A17954271.en.

[ADWBlack-crestedSumatranlangur-198] Tedesco, Dana (2006). "Presbytis melalophos". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNEastsumatranbandedlangur-199] Rizaldi, Ang; A., Kurnia; I., Prasetio; I., Nijman; V., Setiawan; A., Boonratana; R. (2021). "Presbytis percura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T39805A205841390. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39805A205841390.en.

[IUCNHoseslangur-200] Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A.; Cheyne, S. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Presbytis hosei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T175648870A195370322. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T175648870A195370322.en.

[IUCNJavansurili-201] Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Ang, A. (2022). "Presbytis comata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T210369485A210370097. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T210369485A210370097.en.

[IUCNMaroonleafmonkey-202] Cheyne, S.; Ehlers-Smith, D. A.; Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis rubicunda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18131A17953935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18131A17953935.en.

[IUCNSiberutlangur-203] Quinten, M; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Cheyne, S. M.; Whittaker, D. (2020). "Presbytis siberu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39816A17986963. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39816A17986963.en.

[IUCNMentawailangur-204] Setiawan, A.; Quinten, M; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Whittaker, D. (2020). "Presbytis potenziani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39815A17954456. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39815A17954456.en.

[IUCNMiller'slangur-205] Cheyne, S.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2021) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Presbytis canicrus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T39808A200247353. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T39808A200247353.en.

[IUCNMiteredlangur-206] Nijman, V.; Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Manullang, B. (2020). "Presbytis mitrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39813A17986718. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39813A17986718.en.

[IUCNNatunaIslandsurili-207] Setiawan, A.; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis natunae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T136500A17955492. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136500A17955492.en.

[IUCNRafflesbandedlangur-208] Ang, A.; Boonratana, R.; Nijman, V. (2022). "Presbytis femoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T39801A215090780. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39801A215090780.en.

[IUCNRobinson'sbandedlangur-209] Ang, A.; Boonratana, R.; Nijman, V. (2021). "Presbytis robinsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T39806A205875703. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T39806A205875703.en.

[IUCNSabahgrizzledlangur-210] Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis sabana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39810A17987041. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39810A17987041.en.

[IUCNSarawaksurili-211] Nijman, V.; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A. (2020). "Presbytis chrysomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39803A17955321. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39803A17955321.en.

[ADWThomasslangur-212] Matthews, Mika (2004). "Presbytis thomasi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNThomasslangur-213] Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis thomasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18132A17954139. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18132A17954139.en.

[IUCNWhite-frontedsurili-214] Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Setiawan, A.; Nijman, V.; Meijaard, E. (2020). "Presbytis frontata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18127A17954836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18127A17954836.en.

[IUCNWhite-thighedsurili-215] Ang, A.; Traeholt, C. (2020). "Presbytis siamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18134A17953755. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18134A17953755.en.

[FieldAfrica102-216] Kingdon 2015, p. 102

[IUCNOlivecolobus-217] Oates, J. F.; Gonedelé Bi, S.; Ikemeh, R.; Koné, I.; McGraw, S.; Nobimè, G.; Osei, D.; Wiafe, E. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Procolobus verus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T18245A166610679. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T18245A166610679.en.

[ADWOlivecolobus-218] Thompson, Leah (2002). "Procolobus verus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[PrimIll118-219] Petter; Desbordes, p. 118

[IUCNBlack-shankeddouc-220] Duc, H.; Quyet, L. K.; Rawson, B. M.; O'Brien, J.; Covert, H. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Pygathrix nigripes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T39828A196138291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39828A196138291.en.

[IUCNGray-shankeddouc-221] Long, H. T.; Duc, H.; Quyet, L. K.; Rawson, B. M.; Nadler, T.; Covert, H. (2020). "Pygathrix cinerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39827A17941672. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39827A17941672.en.

[ADWGray-shankeddouc-222] Berger, Matt (2009). "Pygathrix cinerea". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[ADWRed-shankeddouc-223] Hara, Carla (2003). "Pygathrix nemaeus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNRed-shankeddouc-224] Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Quyet, L. K.; Duc, H.; Phiaphalath, P.; Rawson, B. M.; Nadler, T.; Ulibarri, L.; Duckworth, J. W. (2020). "Pygathrix nemaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39826A17941247. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39826A17941247.en.

[ADWBlack-and-whitesnub-nosedmonkey-225] Deng, Xin (2020). "Rhinopithecus bieti". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNBlack-and-whitesnub-nosedmonkey-226] Long, Y.; Bleisch, W. V.; Richardson, M. (2020). "Rhinopithecus bieti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T19597A17943738. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19597A17943738.en.

[ADWGoldensnub-nosedmonkey-227] Munoz, Peter (2023). "Rhinopithecus roxellana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNGoldensnub-nosedmonkey-228] Yongcheng, L.; Richardson, M. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Rhinopithecus roxellana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T19596A196491153. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T19596A196491153.en.

[ARKGraysnub-nosedmonkey-229] "Grey snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi)". ARKive. Wildscreen. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2013.

[IUCNGraysnub-nosedmonkey-230] Long, Y.; Li, B.; Zhou, J.; Ren, B.; Garber, A. (2022). "Rhinopithecus brelichi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T19595A215621115. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T19595A215621115.en.

[Myanmarsnub-nosedmonkeylength-231] Geissmann, T.; Lwin, N.; Aung, S. S.; Aung, T. N.; Aung, Z. M.; Hla, T. H.; Grindley, M.; Momberg, F. (2011). "A new species of snub-nosed monkey, genus Rhinopithecus Milne-Edwards, 1872 (Primates, Colobinae), from northern Kachin state, northeastern Myanmar". American Journal of Primatology. 73 (1): 96–107. doi:10.1002/ajp.20894. PMID 20981682. S2CID 467234.

[IUCNMyanmarsnub-nosedmonkey-232] Geissmann, T.; Momberg, F.; Whitten, T. (2020). "Rhinopithecus strykeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T13508501A17943490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T13508501A17943490.en.

[Myanmarsnub-nosedmonkeyfood-233] Yang, Y.; Groves, C.; Garber, P.; Wang, X.; Li, H.; Long, Y.; Li, G.; Tian, Y.; Dong, S. (2019). "First insights into the feeding habits of the Critically Endangered black snub-nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus strykeri (Colobinae, Primates)". Primates. 60 (2): 143–153. doi:10.1007/s10329-019-00717-0. PMID 30847671. S2CID 71145324.

[ADWTonkinsnub-nosedmonkey-234] Cherka, Rachel (2014). "Rhinopithecus avunculus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNTonkinsnub-nosedmonkey-235] Quyet, L. K.; Rawson, B. M.; Duc, H.; Nadler, T.; Covert, H.; Ang, A. (2020). "Rhinopithecus avunculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T19594A17944213. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19594A17944213.en.

[PrimWorld160-236] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Nowak 1999b, p. 160

[IUCNBlack-footedgraylangur-237] Singh, M.; Kumara, H. N.; Kumar, A.; Nag, C. (2020). "Semnopithecus hypoleucos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T167543916A17942313. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T167543916A17942313.en.

[IUCNKashmirgraylangur-238] Kumar, A.; Singh, M.; Anandam, M.; Ahuja, V.; Kumara, H. N.; Molur, S. (2020). "Semnopithecus ajax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39833A17943210. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39833A17943210.en.

[IUCNNepalgraylangur-239] Singh, M.; Kumara, H. N.; Long, Y.; Chetry, D.; Kumar, A. (2020). "Semnopithecus schistaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39840A17942792. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39840A17942792.en.

[IUCNNilgirilangur-240] Singh, M.; Kumara, H. N.; Kumar, A. (2020). "Semnopithecus johnii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T44694A17958623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T44694A17958623.en.

[IUCNNorthernplainsgraylangur-241] Kumara, H. N.; Kumar, A.; Singh, M. (2020). "Semnopithecus entellus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39832A17942050. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39832A17942050.en.

[ADWNorthernplainsgraylangur-242] Semke, Rebecca (2011). "Semnopithecus entellus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNTaraigraylangur-243] Singh, M.; Kumar, A.; Kumara, H. N.; Ahuja, V. (2020). "Semnopithecus hector". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39837A17942651. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39837A17942651.en.

[IUCNTuftedgraylangur-244] Singh, M.; Kumara, H. N.; Dittus, W.; Kumar, A.; Nag, C. (2020). "Semnopithecus priam". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T167546892A17942964. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T167546892A17942964.en.

[IUCNPurple-facedlangur-245] Rudran, R.; Dittus, W.; Gamage, S. N.; Nekaris, K. A. I. (2020). "Semnopithecus vetulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22042A17959452. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22042A17959452.en.

[PrimWorld156-246] Nowak 1999b, p. 156

[IUCNPig-tailedlangur-247] Quinten, M; Setiawan, A.; Cheyne, S.; Traeholt, C.; Whittaker, D. (2020). "Simias concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T20229A17953422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T20229A17953422.en.

[ADWPig-tailedlangur-248] Rankin, Lyndsay (2006). "Simias concolor". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[MamWorld602-249] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab Nowak 1999a, p. 602

[IUCNAnnameselangur-250] Hoang Minh Duc, Nadler; T., Coudrat; C. N. Z., Rawson; B. M., Covert; H., Moody; J., Ang; A. (2022) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Trachypithecus margarita". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T39875A210372003. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39875A210372003.en.

[IUCNCappedlangur-251] Das, J.; Chetry, D.; Choudhury, A.; Bleisch, W. (2021) [errata version of 2020 assessment]. "Trachypithecus pileatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22041A196580469. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22041A196580469.en.

[IUCNCatBalangur-252] Rawson, B. M.; Leonard, N.; Covert, H.; Nadler, T. (2020). "Trachypithecus poliocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39871A17959804. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39871A17959804.en.

[IUCNDelacourslangur-253] Nadler, T.; Quyet, L. K.; Rawson, B. M.; Coudrat, C. N. Z. (2020). "Trachypithecus delacouri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22043A17958988. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22043A17958988.en.

[ADWDuskyleafmonkey-254] Viswanathan, Lata (2002). "Trachypithecus obscurus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNDuskyleafmonkey-255] Boonratana, R.; Ang, A.; Traeholt, C.; Thant, N. M. L. (2020). "Trachypithecus obscurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22039A17960562. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22039A17960562.en.

[ADWEastJavanlangur-256] Cannon, William; Vos, Abby (2009). "Trachypithecus auratus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNEastJavanlangur-257] Nijman, V. (2021). "Trachypithecus auratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T39848A17988500. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39848A17988500.en.

[IUCNFrançoislangur-258] Nadler, T.; Quyet, L. K.; Covert, H.; Long, Y. (2020). "Trachypithecus francoisi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39853A17958817. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39853A17958817.en.

[ADWFrançoislangur-259] Ris, Lauren (2004). "Trachypithecus francoisi". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[ADWGeesgoldenlangur-260] Raval, Shivani (2004). "Trachypithecus geei". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNGeesgoldenlangur-261] Das, J.; Chetry, D.; Medhi, R.; Choudhury, A. (2020). "Trachypithecus geei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22037A17960997. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22037A17960997.en.

[IUCNGermainslangur-262] Duc, H.; Covert, H.; Ang, A.; Moody, J. (2022) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. "Trachypithecus germaini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T39874A217754957. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T39874A217754957.en.

[IUCNHatinhlangur-263] Quyet, L. K.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Phiaphalath, P.; Nadler, T.; Covert, H. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Trachypithecus hatinhensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T40789A196139355. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40789A196139355.en.

[IUCNIndochineseblacklangur-264] Quyet, L. K.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Phiaphalath, P.; Nadler, T.; Covert, H. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Trachypithecus hatinhensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T40789A196139355. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40789A196139355.en.

[IUCNIndochinesegreylangur-265] Yongcheng, L.; Nadler, T.; Quyet, L. K. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Trachypithecus crepusculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T136920A204397334. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T136920A204397334.en.

[IUCNLaotianlangur-266] Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Nadler, T.; Phiaphalath, P.; Duckworth, J. W. (2020). "Trachypithecus laotum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22044A17959133. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22044A17959133.en.

[IUCNPhayresleafmonkey-267] Chetry, D.; Ahmed, T. (2021). "Trachypithecus phayrei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T175862145A175862149. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T175862145A175862149.en.

[ADWPhayresleafmonkey-268] twell, wayne (2011). "Trachypithecus phayrei". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNPopalangur-269] Matauschek, C.; Meyer, D.; Lwin, N.; Ko Lin, A.; Lin, A.; Momberg, F.; Roos, C. (2022). "Trachypithecus popa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022 e.T196344474A196344962. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T196344474A196344962.en.

[IUCNShortridgeslangur-270] Long, Y.; Htun, S. (2020). "Trachypithecus shortridgei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39869A17961202. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39869A17961202.en.

[IUCNSelangorsilveredlangur-271] Ang, A.; Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C. (2021). "Trachypithecus selangorensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T205911038A205911065. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T205911038A205911065.en.

[ADWSilverylutung-272] Bedore, Christine (2005). "Trachypithecus cristatus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.

[IUCNSilverylutung-273] Meijaard, E.; Nijman, V. (2020). "Trachypithecus cristatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T22035A17959977. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22035A17959977.en.

[IUCNTenasserimlutung-274] Nadler, T. (2021). "Trachypithecus barbei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T41554A17960144. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41554A17960144.en.

[IUCNWestJavanlangur-275] Setiawan, A.; Traeholt, C.; Nijman, V.; Supriatna, J. (2021) [amended version of 2020 assessment]. "Trachypithecus mauritius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T39849A196325582. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39849A196325582.en.

[IUCNWhite-headedlangur-276] Bleisch, B.; Long, Y. (2020). "Trachypithecus leucocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T39872A17988378. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39872A17988378.en.

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Genus	Number of Species	Common Names	Dietary Notes
Colobus Illiger, 1811	5	Black-and-white colobuses (e.g., mantled colobus C. polykomos, Angola colobus C. angolensis)	Primarily folivorous, consuming leaves, seeds, and unripe fruits; notable for severe thumb reduction that enhances leaf manipulation and stripping efficiency. Many species are threatened.^[43]
Piliocolobus J. A. Allen, 1922	9	Red colobuses (e.g., western red colobus P. badius, Pennant's red colobus P. pennantii)	Strict folivores with occasional fruits and seeds; adapted for processing high-fiber diets through extensive foregut fermentation, often forming large social groups to defend folivorous territories. All taxa threatened.^[44]
Procolobus Rochebrune, 1887	1	Olive colobus (P. verus)	Folivorous, feeding mainly on leaves and petioles in West African forests; similar digestive specializations to other colobines but with a more uniform, olive-gray pelage aiding camouflage. Endangered.^[42]

Genus	Number of Species	Common Names	Dietary Notes
Nasalis E. Geoffroy, 1812	1	Proboscis monkey (N. larvatus)	Frugivorous-folivorous with a preference for unripe fruits, leaves, and aquatic vegetation in Bornean mangroves; unique nasal enlargement in males may relate to vocalizations during foraging. Endangered.^[42]
Simias Miller, 1903	1	Pig-tailed langur (S. concolor)	Folivorous, consuming leaves and shoots on the Mentawai Islands; endangered due to habitat loss, with diet supporting small-group living. Critically endangered.^[42]
Pygathrix Chasen, 1935	3	Doucs (e.g., red-shanked douc P. nemaeus, gray-shanked douc P. cinerea)	Highly folivorous, with leaves comprising over 80% of intake in Indochinese forests; colorful pelage contrasts with cryptic foraging behavior in dense vegetation. All critically endangered.^[42]
Rhinopithecus Milne-Edwards, 1872	5	Snub-nosed monkeys (e.g., golden snub-nosed R. roxellana, black snub-nosed R. bieti)	Folivorous with lichen supplementation in high-altitude Chinese forests; social adaptations include multi-level societies to access patchy foliage resources. Most endangered.^[45]

Genus	Number of Species	Common Names	Dietary Notes
Presbytis Eschscholtz, 1821	10	Surilis or banded langurs (e.g., Sumatran surili P. melalophos, Hose's langur P. hosei)	Folivorous with selective feeding on young leaves and seeds in Southeast Asian rainforests; less thumb reduction than African colobines, allowing versatile hand use for foraging. Several threatened.^[43]
Semnopithecus Desmarest, 1821	9	Gray langurs (e.g., northern plains gray langur S. entellus, Nilgiri langur S. johnii)	Versatile folivores incorporating grasses, fruits, and bark across Indian subcontinent habitats; tolerant social structure facilitates access to varied foliage in disturbed areas. Varies from least concern to endangered.^[42]
Trachypithecus Reichenbach, 1862	20	Leaf monkeys or lutungs (e.g., purple-faced langur T. vetulus, Phayre's leaf monkey T. phayrei)	Primarily folivorous, with diets heavy in mature leaves and figs in South and Southeast Asian forests; some species show seasonal shifts to fruits, supported by efficient gut fermentation. Most threatened.^[46]^[42]

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