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Douc[1]
Red-shanked douc (Pygathrix nemaeus) at the Philadelphia Zoo
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Cercopithecidae
Subfamily: Colobinae
Tribe: Presbytini
Genus: Pygathrix
É. Geoffroy, 1812
Type species
Simia nemaeus
Linnaeus, 1771
Species

See text

The doucs or douc langurs make up the genus Pygathrix. They are colobine Old World monkeys, native to Southeast Asia, consisting of 3 species: red-shanked douc, black-shanked douc, and gray-shanked douc.

Description

[edit]

The doucs are colobine Old World monkeys, which make up the genus Pygathrix. They are native to Southeast Asia.

Classification

[edit]

Even though they are known as "douc langurs", they are in fact more closely related to the proboscis monkey and snub-nosed monkeys than to any of the langurs. They are part of the subfamily Colobinae of the family Cercopithecidae.

Genus Pygathrix – Linnaeus, 1771 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Black-shanked douc

Gray monkey

P. nigripes
(A. Milne-Edwards, 1871) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 60–76 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 56–76 cm (22–30 in) tail[2]

Habitat: Forest[3]

Diet: Leaves, as well as seeds, fruit and flowers[3] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[3]

Gray-shanked douc

Gray monkey

P. cinerea
Nadler, 1997 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: About 60 cm (24 in) long, plus 59–68 cm (23–27 in) tail[2]

Habitat: Forest[4]

Diet: Leaves, as well as buds, fruit, seeds, and flowers[5] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[4]

Red-shanked douc

Gray and brown monkey

P. nemaeus
(Linnaeus, 1771) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 61–77 cm (24–30 in) long, plus 55–77 cm (22–30 in) tail[6]

Habitat: Forest[7]

Diet: Leaves, as well as unripe frui, seeds, and flowers[6] 		 CR 


Unknown Population declining[7]

Appearance

[edit]

Doucs have a distinct appearance. The red-shanked douc characteristically has bright maroon legs and reddish patches around the eyes. In contrast, the grey-shanked douc is less vibrant, with speckled grey legs and orange markings on the face. Both have dappled grey bodies, black hands and feet and white cheeks, although the cheek hairs of the red-shanked douc are much longer. The black-shanked douc has black legs. Their long hind limbs and tail allow these monkeys to be very agile in their treetop habitat.

Behavior

[edit]

They live in small family groups headed by one adult male. A single group may have several adult females, and many children. Young males unaffiliated with a family group often make their own troops. Females usually bear a single offspring at a time, which is suckled for about a year.[8]

References

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Douc

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The douc langurs (Pygathrix spp.) are a of three species of critically endangered Old World monkeys in the subfamily , endemic to the broadleaf forests of Indochina and renowned for their striking, multicolored fur patterns that include shades of gray, white, blue, and vivid accents on the face, arms, and legs. These arboreal , weighing 5–11 kg and measuring 50–76 cm in body length with tails of comparable size, are diurnal folivores adapted to life in the mid- to upper canopy, where they consume primarily leaves supplemented by fruits, flowers, seeds, and bark. The name "douc" derives from the Vietnamese word for , reflecting their cultural significance in the region. Belonging to the family Cercopithecidae, the genus Pygathrix comprises the (P. nemaeus), distinguished by its maroon-red lower legs, golden face, and white chin; the black-shanked douc (P. nigripes), with dark lower legs and a grayish-blue face; and the gray-shanked douc (P. cinerea), similar to the red-shanked but with grayish lower legs. These species are differentiated primarily by leg coloration and subtle facial variations, with all sharing a flat-nosed profile, slanted eyes, and a long, tufted tail adapted for balance during brachiation and quadrupedal locomotion. Males are typically larger than females, and is evident in size but not pronounced in coloration. Douc langurs inhabit primary evergreen, semi-evergreen, monsoon, and limestone forests across , , and , ranging from to elevations of 1,500–1,600 m, though the black-shanked species may spend up to 20% of its time on the ground. They prefer undisturbed habitats with dense canopies for foraging and predator avoidance, but their range is fragmented east of the Mekong River, limiting between populations. Daily activity budgets allocate about 62% to resting, 27% to feeding, and 6% to traveling, with and strengthening bonds in their fission-fusion societies. Socially, douc langurs live in multimale-multifemale groups of 4–50 individuals, exhibiting peaceful interactions and cooperative care of infants, with females reaching at around 4 years and lasting 180–210 days, typically resulting in a single offspring every two years. Their diet is highly selective, drawing from hundreds of plant species, and their specialized, sacculated stomachs enable efficient of fibrous foliage. In captivity, they live into their mid-20s, but wild lifespans are shorter due to threats. All three species are classified as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List (as of 2020–2021 assessments), with populations having declined by 50–80% over the past three decades due to habitat destruction from logging, agriculture, and infrastructure development, as well as hunting for bushmeat, traditional medicine, and the pet trade. The gray-shanked douc numbers fewer than 2,000 individuals (as of 2025), confined to central Vietnam, while the black-shanked maintains larger populations estimated in the thousands, primarily in Cambodia, though exact numbers remain uncertain due to ongoing declines. In June 2025, a new population of gray-shanked doucs was discovered in Vietnam's highland forests. Conservation efforts, including protected areas like national parks and CITES Appendix I listing, aim to curb these threats, but ongoing illegal trade and war-related habitat degradation continue to imperil their survival.

Taxonomy and classification

Genus and species

The doucs are monkeys belonging to the family Cercopithecidae and the subfamily . The Pygathrix was established by in 1812, with the name derived from the Greek words puge (rump or buttocks) and thrix (hair), alluding to the ' distinctive long, flowing hair on the rump and bearded facial appearance. Three species are currently recognized within the genus Pygathrix: the (P. nemaeus), the originally described by Linnaeus in 1771 and distributed across northern and , , and eastern ; the black-shanked douc (P. nigripes), found in southern Vietnam and eastern ; and the gray-shanked douc (P. cinerea), endemic to . These species are distinguished primarily by the coloration of their leg shanks—red in P. nemaeus, black in P. nigripes, and gray in P. cinerea—along with subtle differences in facial features and overall pelage patterns. All three Pygathrix species are classified by the IUCN as critically endangered.

Evolutionary history

The douc langurs (genus Pygathrix) occupy a distinct phylogenetic position within the subfamily , forming part of the "odd-nosed" clade alongside the snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus), (Nasalis), and pig-tailed snub-nosed monkey (Simias). This clade is characterized by unique nasal and facial morphologies and represents a monophyletic group within the Asian colobines. Genetic analyses, including complete mitochondrial genomes and nuclear loci, confirm Pygathrix as the sister taxon to Nasalis and Simias, with Rhinopithecus as the basal lineage among the odd-nosed monkeys. Genetic studies indicate that the odd-nosed clade diverged from other Asian colobines approximately 7-8 million years ago (Ma) during the , with Pygathrix specifically splitting from its closest relatives (Nasalis + Simias) around 6-7 Ma in the Miocene-Pliocene transition. This divergence aligns with broader colobine , where Asian lineages separated from African colobines about 10-11 Ma. Fossil evidence for colobines in Asia is limited, with the earliest records dating to around 10 Ma in the , including primitive forms like Mesopithecus from ; douc-like traits, such as specialized for folivory, likely evolved later in isolation within Southeast Asian forests. Adaptive radiations within Pygathrix are linked to historical forest fragmentation in Indochina, driven by climatic shifts and tectonic activity that isolated populations across riverine barriers like the . This process promoted , with molecular clock analyses estimating the initial split within the genus around 2.5 Ma, followed by divergences among extant lineages approximately 1-2 Ma ago—for instance, the gray-shanked douc (P. cinerea) from the (P. nemaeus) near 0.7-1 Ma. Recent mitogenomic analysis of P. cinerea reveals substantial between populations, indicating possible cryptic lineages. These events reflect Pleistocene dynamics that shaped the genus's diversity in fragmented tropical forests.

Physical description

Coloration and markings

Doucs exhibit striking tri-colored markings that contribute to their distinctive appearance. The face is typically framed by a prominent white beard formed by long white extending from the cheeks and , while the periorbital features prominent eye rings, often yellow or orange, that accentuate the dark eyes. The and temples often display orange-red hues, with the overall ranging from yellow-orange to light brown or depending on the . Species-specific variations are most evident in the coloration of the leg shanks. In the (Pygathrix nemaeus), the lower legs are a vibrant maroon-red from to ankle, contrasting with black upper legs and feet. The black-shanked douc (P. nigripes) has entirely black hind legs and thighs, with white forearms extending to the elbows. The gray-shanked douc (P. cinerea) features dark gray shanks and legs, blending more subtly with the overall body tone. Adult doucs share a general body pattern of grayish on the back, shoulders, and upper arms, often with subtle golden highlights from the banded hairs, transitioning to or pale underparts on the belly and chest. The tail is uniformly , sometimes ending in a slight tuft, and the forearms are notably in P. nemaeus and P. nigripes. in coloration is minimal, primarily limited to genital regions—such as a scrotum and red in males of P. nemaeus—with no major differences in overall pelage between sexes. Juveniles display duller, less vibrant tones compared to adults, with lighter gray body fur and a darker facial skin that gradually brightens; full adult coloration typically develops by around 10 months of age.

Size and morphology

Doucs are medium-sized colobine monkeys, with adult males typically measuring 55-65 cm in head-body length and possessing a of 60-70 cm, while females are slightly smaller at 49-60 cm in head-body length and 42-80 cm in tail length. Males generally weigh 10-12 kg, exceeding females at 8-11 kg on average. Among the three species, the gray-shanked douc (Pygathrix cinerea) is similar in size to the others, with males reaching up to 12 kg, whereas the (P. nemaeus) can attain weights up to 11 kg, and the black-shanked douc (P. nigripes) shows intermediate sizes with males at 55-65 cm head-body length. These dimensions reflect minor , with males broader and heavier overall. Adapted for an arboreal lifestyle, doucs exhibit elongated limbs that facilitate brachiation and quadrupedal locomotion through forest canopies. Their long, non-prehensile tail aids in balance during movement, often matching or exceeding body length. The digestive system features a complex, sacculated stomach with multiple chambers that support folivory by fermenting tough plant material via . The dental formula is 2.1.2.3, typical of monkeys, with specialized molars featuring high cusps and shearing crests suited for grinding fibrous leaves. Sensory adaptations include large, almond-shaped eyes positioned for enhanced low-light vision in shaded forest understories, complemented by a flat nose and tiny nostrils indicative of reduced olfactory reliance compared to other . These traits underscore a visual emphasis in their .

Distribution and habitat

Geographic range

Doucs (genus Pygathrix) are endemic to the Indochinese peninsula in , with their distributions confined to , , and ; no established populations exist in or regions further east. The three recognized species exhibit parapatric distributions with limited overlap, reflecting adaptations to specific forested landscapes across these countries. The (P. nemaeus) occupies northern and , extending into eastern and northern , while the black-shanked douc (P. nigripes) is limited to —particularly provinces like Dak Lak, Khanh Hoa, Gia Lai, , and Lam Dong—and eastern . In contrast, the gray-shanked douc (P. cinerea) has the most restricted range, occurring solely in from Quang Nam province southward to Binh Dinh, including areas in and Gia Lai. Recent surveys as of 2025 confirm populations remain fragmented east of the River, with new subpopulations discovered in for the gray-shanked douc, though overall range has not expanded. Intensive , driven by , , and infrastructure development, has since fragmented these habitats into isolated patches, reducing overall range viability and isolating subpopulations. Current ranges are thus highly discontinuous, with connectivity largely lost in many areas. Doucs are distributed from to elevations of 1,500–2,000 m, primarily in mid-elevations, though sightings extend up to 2,000 meters in some localities. Species-specific variations exist, such as the gray-shanked douc favoring 900–1,300 meters in montane forests. Overlap zones between species remain minimal, with the most notable potential contact occurring between red- and black-shanked doucs along southern Vietnam's provincial borders, such as near the Thanh and Cai rivers.

Habitat preferences

Doucs primarily inhabit broadleaf and semi- forests, where dipterocarp-dominated canopies provide essential structural complexity for their arboreal . These forests, often found from lowland to montane elevations up to 1,600 m, support the species' need for diverse foliage and fruiting trees, with primary occurrences in intact primary forests transitioning to areas. Limestone formations within these ecosystems are also favored, offering rugged terrain that enhances stability. Secondary habitat preferences include montane and selectively logged areas where mature trees persist, allowing doucs to exploit remaining high-canopy resources. Microhabitat requirements emphasize upper canopy layers for and sleeping, typically in trees exceeding 20 m in height, alongside a dense that provides protective cover from predators and environmental stressors. Group ranging patterns further underscore the need for contiguous blocks exceeding 1,000 ha to accommodate multi-male, multi-female social units without excessive overlap or resource competition. Doucs demonstrate seasonal adaptations by tolerating dry forests during non-monsoon periods, shifting reliance to more mesic riverine corridors that maintain foliage availability and facilitate movement between patches. This flexibility enables persistence in semi- mosaics where seasonal leaf flush and fruiting cycles align with wet-dry transitions, though primary fidelity remains to humid broadleaf systems.

Behavior and ecology

Social structure

Douc langurs (genus Pygathrix) exhibit a flexible characterized by multimale-multifemale groups, with sizes typically ranging from 4 to 15 individuals, though larger aggregations of up to 50 have been recorded depending on quality and disturbance levels. These groups often display fission-fusion dynamics, where bands of 18 or more individuals split into smaller subunits of approximately 6-7 members during daily activities, including one-male, multi-female units and occasionally multi-male units. In some populations, such as those of the (P. nemaeus), groups may include pair-bonded units or temporary multimale configurations, while black-shanked doucs (P. nigripes) form multimale-multifemale structures that may include one-male units. All-male bands form temporarily among dispersing juveniles and subadults, facilitating social learning and mate acquisition opportunities. Social hierarchies within douc groups are relatively loose, with adult males maintaining dominance over females, juveniles, and infants through agonistic displays rather than strict linear rankings. Among females, strong matrilineal kin bonds are reinforced through preferential grooming and proximity maintenance, contributing to group stability and female . Infants play a central role in cohesion, often positioned in the group's core during travel for protection, with by non-maternal females enhancing overall bonding and reducing maternal burden. One or two senior males typically lead group progression, while juvenile males trail at the rear, minimizing risks to vulnerable members. Communication among doucs relies on a multimodal repertoire, including vocalizations such as loud barks and growls for alarm and threat signaling, distress squeals from infants, and soft contact calls during close-range interactions. Facial expressions convey emotions and intentions, with grimaces indicating submission or fear, play faces during affiliative play, and fixed stares as dominance assertions. Tactile interactions, particularly allogrooming, are prevalent and reciprocal, primarily initiated by females to strengthen kin ties and reduce tension, though males occasionally solicit it without frequent reciprocation. Douc groups maintain home ranges of 0.4 to 3 km², varying by and resource availability, with daily travel distances averaging 0.5 km to facilitate and social maintenance. These ranges overlap minimally with neighboring groups and are defended through vocal threats, branch-slapping displays, and occasional intergroup chases, though territorial conflicts are infrequent due to the ' folivorous diet and abundant resources. Interspecies interactions are limited, as doucs are primarily solitary within their genus, but they occasionally associate with sympatric such as ( spp.) and other colobines in shared forests, typically without aggression or cooperative behaviors documented. A 2024 study documented a mixed-species association with Hatinh langurs (Trachypithecus hatinhensis) in .

Diet and foraging

Doucs exhibit a predominantly folivorous diet, with leaves comprising 50–82% of their intake depending on and location, primarily young leaves and buds that are nutrient-rich and low in fiber. This is supplemented by unripe fruits and seeds (14%), flowers (4%), and occasionally bark or petioles from at least 62 plant , including common sources like Parashorea stellata and annulata. They are highly selective feeders, inspecting foliage closely before consumption to avoid low-quality or toxic items. Foraging occurs diurnally, with peak feeding bouts in the early morning and late afternoon, accounting for about 27-33% of daily activity time. move between feeding sites in a targeted manner, prioritizing patches of preferred young foliage over abundant but mature alternatives. Their digestive system features an enlarged, multi-chambered stomach that supports by symbiotic bacteria, enabling efficient breakdown of and detoxification of plant secondary compounds. This adaptation allows them to process up to 20% of their body weight in foliage daily, often resulting in a visibly distended . Seasonal variations influence dietary composition, with greater reliance on fruits during the when availability peaks, and a shift to mature leaves as a fallback in the when young foliage is scarce. In group settings, efficiency is enhanced by cooperative vigilance against predators, where adults often yield priority access to optimal feeding patches for juveniles.

Reproduction and life cycle

Douc langurs exhibit a polygynous , in which a dominant male mates with multiple females in the group, while females initiate copulation through solicitous displays such as presenting and head movements. Mating occurs year-round but with seasonal peaks during the (August to December), when males compete primarily through vocalizations, grimacing, and postural displays rather than direct physical . Gestation lasts approximately 6 to 7 months (165-210 days), after which females typically give birth to a single offspring, though twins are rare. Births occur throughout the year but are clustered between and , often synchronizing within established groups to coincide with periods of resource abundance. Newborn infants, weighing around 460-720 grams, cling to the mother's ventral surface immediately after birth and are nursed exclusively by her initially. by other group females begins within the first few weeks, providing additional care such as carrying and grooming that supports survival. commences around 12-13 months, by which time infants consume solid foods like leaves and , achieving greater independence. is reached at 4-6 years for females and 4-9 years for males, with interbirth intervals ranging from 11-38 months in . During the juvenile stage (up to about 5 years), individuals engage in extensive play s, including chasing, wrestling, jumping, and climbing, which facilitate the acquisition of locomotor and essential for adulthood. Adults exhibit longevity of approximately 25 years, with wild lifespans likely shorter due to threats; individuals in can live beyond 30 years under optimal conditions. Infant mortality is notably high, primarily due to predation by raptors and felids as well as accidental falls from heights, with survival rates influenced by group size as larger groups offer enhanced vigilance and protection.

Conservation status

The populations of all three douc species—red-shanked (Pygathrix nemaeus), black-shanked (P. nigripes), and grey-shanked (P. cinerea)—are classified as Critically Endangered by the , with ongoing declines driven primarily by human activities. No precise global estimate is available for the , but significant numbers (potentially thousands) occur in ' Nakai-Nam Theun National based on 2015 habitat modeling estimating 4,500 potential groups (average group size 10–15 individuals); subpopulations in , such as ~2,000 individuals in Tra as of 2025, are also notable. The black-shanked douc is estimated at approximately 42,000 individuals, primarily in (e.g., Seima Conservation Area), with smaller populations (~500–700) in , as of 2023. For the grey-shanked douc, the is fewer than 2,000 individuals (estimated 1,000–1,500) across as of 2025, including recent discoveries of new subpopulations. All have experienced severe declines exceeding 80% over the past three generations (approximately 30–36 years as of 2020 assessments), based on habitat loss models, direct surveys, and data, with ongoing reductions. The primary anthropogenic threats include extensive habitat destruction from logging, agricultural expansion (such as coffee and rubber plantations), and infrastructure development like hydropower dams and roads, which have fragmented forests and reduced available habitat by over 70% in some ranges. Hunting poses a significant additional risk, with doucs targeted for bushmeat, traditional medicine, and the illegal pet trade, often using snares or guns that kill dozens to hundreds annually per species. Natural threats are secondary but exacerbate declines in fragmented populations, including predation by large raptors such as eagles and occasional attacks by leopards or pythons on vulnerable individuals. Disease outbreaks also pose risks in isolated groups with low , though data remain limited. In unprotected areas, survey and studies indicate annual population declines of 10–20%, highlighting the urgency of monitoring in high-risk zones.

Protection efforts

The douc langurs (genus Pygathrix) are protected under Appendix I of the since July 1, 1975, prohibiting international commercial in wild specimens. In , all three are classified as protected under Group IB of No. 160/2013/ND-CP (amended by No. 64/2019/ND-CP), which bans , capture, and , with additional safeguards under No. 32/2006/ND-CP. Similar national protections apply in , where doucs are listed as protected under the Wildlife and Aquatic Law (2007), and in , under the Law on Forestry (2002) and sub-decrees designating them as protected . These legal frameworks aim to curb and loss, though enforcement varies across the range countries. Conservation programs emphasize habitat restoration and community involvement, particularly in the Annamite Mountains. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) supports initiatives through its Greater program, planting native tree to reconnect fragmented forests and enhance connectivity for douc populations in and . The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) collaborates on action plans, including efforts in key sites like Kon Ka Kinh , to bolster habitat availability amid ongoing ; 2025 surveys indicate population stabilization or slight increases in monitored groups there. Community-based has been promoted in protected areas such as Pu Mat in , where local cooperatives guide tours to observe doucs while generating alternative income to reduce reliance on forest resources. Captive breeding programs have achieved notable success in maintaining outside the wild. Zoos like the have bred doucs since the 1970s, contributing to husbandry advancements and reproductive monitoring. Globally, approximately 100 individuals are held in accredited facilities, primarily in and , supporting studbooks managed by the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). In , the Endangered Primate Rescue Center (EPRC) at Cuc Phuong has pioneered soft-release enclosures for rehabilitation, with reintroduction trials for douc langurs initiated around 2010 to test survival post-release in semi-wild conditions. Ongoing research initiatives focus on non-invasive techniques to inform management. Genetic monitoring using fecal samples has been employed to assess and inbreeding risks in sites like the Annamites, revealing low but detectable contamination from historical exposure. patrols, funded by the Agency for International Development (USAID) through partnerships with local NGOs, operate in priority areas like Pu Mat and Xe Sap, employing camera traps and ranger training to deter illegal hunting. Despite these efforts, challenges persist, including inconsistent enforcement and funding shortages. Successes include population stabilization in core reserves like Kon Ka Kinh, where targeted protections have led to stable or slightly increasing group sizes in monitored areas, and the 2025 discovery of new grey-shanked douc subpopulations in Vietnam's highland forests, demonstrating the efficacy of integrated habitat and anti-poaching measures.

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  52. https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/douclangurs/managedcare
  53. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245023254_Conservation_of_douc_langurs_in_Vietnam_An_assessment_of_Agent_Orange_exposure_in_douc_langurs_Pygathrix_at_the_Endangered_Primate_Rescue_Center_Cuc_Phuong_National_Park_Vietnam
  54. https://www.international-climate-initiative.com/legacy/Dokumente/2017/170814_CarBi_StoryBook.pdf
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