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Relativity Space
Relativity Space
Relativity Space
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Relativity Space Inc. is an American aerospace manufacturing company headquartered in Long Beach, California.[3] Relativity Space is developing manufacturing technologies, launch vehicles, and rocket engines for commercial orbital launch services.[4] As of March 2025, Relativity has announced plans to launch its in-development launch vehicle Terran R for the first time in late 2026.[5]

History

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Founding and funding (2015–2023)

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Relativity Space was founded in 2015 by CEO Tim Ellis and CTO Jordan Noone on the idea that existing private spaceflight companies were not tapping enough into the potential of additive manufacturing (3D printing).[6] Relativity was founded with the intent of being the first company to successfully launch a fully 3D-printed launch vehicle into orbit.[7]

In November 2020, Relativity Space announced its US$500 million Series D funding at a calculated US$2.3 billion valuation.[8] In June 2021 Relativity announced another US$650 million funding round led by Fidelity Investments at a valuation of US$4.2 billion, bringing its total funding to US$1.335 billion.[9] The funding will help the development of a partially reusable heavy-lift launch vehicle, the Terran R, targeting a first orbital launch no earlier than 2026.[10] Relativity Space has investors including Baillie Gifford, Blackrock, BOND, Coatue, Fidelity, General Catalyst, ICONIQ Capital, K5 Global, Mark Cuban, Playground Global, Social Capital, Tiger Global, Tribe Capital, and Y Combinator among others.[11]

In June 2022, it was reported that Relativity Space would send OneWeb’s second-gen broadband satellites to orbit in 2025 (though Terran R is now projected to launch for the first time no earlier than 2026). This announcement marked a total value of binding launch deals for that rocket to over $1.2 billion despite the company having yet to have launched their first rocket.[12]

"Good Luck, Have Fun" and shifting to Terran R (From 2023)

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The company's initial attempt to launch its first rocket, named Terran 1, on March 8, 2023 was scrubbed due to technical issues, with a second attempt anticipated for March 11, 2023, which was also scrubbed.[13][14]

On March 23, 2023, Relativity launched its first Terran 1 flight, naming it "Good Luck, Have Fun" and carrying no payload.[15] but it experienced failure during its second stage of flight and failed to reach orbit.[16][17] Following the failed launch, Relativity announced that it was retiring Terran 1 in favor of developing the much larger, reusable Terran R vehicle. The Terran R design transitions some of the parts with less complexity (such as tanks) to more closely resemble manufacturing techniques used by others in the industry, instead of relying on additive manufacturing.[18] The shift to the Terran R was also motivated by market forces in the launch industry. SpaceX's Falcon-9 rideshare missions, which launch many small satellites in a single launch, can offer lower pricing than a dedicated launch on smaller rocket. As a result, companies with smaller launch vehicles saw the need to diversify or pivot from their small launch vehicles. The Terran R is a much larger launch vehicle than the Terran 1, making it possible for it to be more cost-competitive with the Falcon 9. Rocket Lab took a similar approach, developing its Neutron launch vehicle, and additionally expanding its satellite hardware business.[19]

On March 10, 2025, Relativity announced that former Google head Eric Schmidt replaced Ellis as CEO of the company, though Ellis remains on the board. Schmidt was reported to have taken a controlling interest in the company.[20]

Facilities

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Headquarters

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Relativity Space announced a new 11,000-square-metre (120,000 sq ft) Long Beach, California headquarters and factory in February 2020.[21] As of February 2020, the new headquarters is planned to house both business operations and Relativity's autonomous development operations that the company plans to build into a modern rocket manufacturing factory in the coming years.[22] According to an interview with CEO Tim Ellis in early 2020, the factory is planned to have no fixed tooling, which is hoped to allow it to be rapidly reconfigured and autonomous.[23] A new 93,000-square-metre (1,000,000 sq ft) factory was announced in June 2021, with Relativity set to takeover the former Boeing C-17 production plant in January 2022 to begin production of its Terran R reusable launch vehicle.[24] In 2024, with the headquarters building completed, the company looked to have permitting approved for a 200 foot tall test stand. The application is in progress.[25]

Stennis Space Center

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E Test Complex (foreground) at the Stennis Space Center, where Relativity conducts Aeon 1 test firings[8]

In March 2018, Relativity Space signed a 20-year lease at the Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, a NASA rocket testing facility, to test engine components and eventually full-scale test their Aeon 1 rocket engines.[3][8] And in June 2019, Relativity Space expanded their work with the Stennis Space Center to include exclusive use of 20,000 m2 (220,000 sq ft) within Building 9101.[26] In mid-2019, Relativity Space planned to create 200 jobs and invest US$59 million in Mississippi over the course of this nine-year lease, which carries an option to extend for another 10 years.[26] In late 2023, the company expanded its presence at the site with an agreement to lease the A-2 test stand in order to perform vertical testing on Terran R.[27]

Cape Canaveral LC-16

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In January 2019, Relativity Space announced that it won a competitive bidding process with the United States Air Force to build and operate Launch Complex 16 (LC-16) at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.[28] LC-16 has historical significance having been previously used by the US military to launch Titan and Pershing ballistic missiles.[28] In April 2024, the company shared an update on the site that initial groundwork for the Terran R launch pad was complete with water line installation in progress.[29]

Vandenberg Space Force Base Building 330

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In June 2020, Relativity Space announced it plans to develop a second launch pad at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California to launch payloads into polar orbits and Sun-synchronous orbits, including the Iridium satellite launches, between 2023 and 2030.[30]

Products

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Launch vehicles

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Terran 1

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Main article: Terran 1

Terran 1 was an expendable launch vehicle that consisted of two stages. The first stage used nine Aeon 1 engines, while the second stage used a single vacuum-optimized Aeon 1 engine. It was designed to launch a maximum payload of 1,250 kg (2,760 lb) to 185 km (115 mi) low Earth orbit (LEO), normal payload of 900 kg (2,000 lb) to 500 km (310 mi) Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), and high-altitude payload of 700 kg (1,500 lb) to 1,200 km (750 mi) SSO. Relativity's advertised launch price was US$12 million per Terran 1 mission in June 2020.[30] Relativity conducted the first launch of Terran 1 on March 23, 2023 (UTC) after three scrubbed launch attempts.[31] Soon after launch, an anomaly occurred with the upper stage engine which prevented the rocket from achieving orbit. The second stage engine and nosecone splashed into the ocean about 4 minutes into the flight.[17] The Terran 1 rocket was retired after this failed maiden flight.[18]

Terran R

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Main article: Terran R

Terran R is a heavy-lift two-stage, partially reusable launch vehicle that is currently under development. Compared to the smaller, expendable Terran 1, it is partially constructed using the same 3D printing technologies, but has moved away from additive manufacturing for several components, such as the fuel tanks. Additionally, Relativity has utilized outside suppliers for some components, such as fuel tank domes and fairings.[32] The Terran R is substantially larger than the Terran 1, with a maximum payload capacity of 33,500 kg (73,900 lb) to low Earth orbit when expended. When re-using the booster stage, the payload is projected to be 23,500 kg (51,800 lb) to a 200 km (120 mi) low-earth orbit and 5,500 kg (12,100 lb) to geostationary transfer orbit. This capacity represents a larger payload mass than Falcon 9, but smaller than Blue Origin's New Glenn. The first launch is expected to take place no earlier than 2026.[10] The first stage will use 13 Aeon R gas generator cycle engines that use liquid oxygen and methane propellant. Nine of the engines are capable of gimbaling and four are fixed. The second stage will use an upgraded Aeon Vac engine, which is also a gas generator cycle engine using liquid oxygen and methane.[32]

Rocket engines

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Aeon 1

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The Aeon 1 rocket engine is designed to produce 23,000 pounds-force (100,000 N) at sea level and 25,400 pounds-force (113,000 N) in a vacuum. The engine is powered by liquid natural gas (LNG) and liquid oxygen (LOX). It is made out of a proprietary 3D-printed alloy. (GRCop[33] ) It is printed by selective laser sintering and assembled from fewer than 100 parts.[34] By February 2022, Relativity Space had completed 500+ test firings of its Aeon 1 engine,[35] using the E-3 test facility at NASA's Stennis Space Center.[8]

The vacuum-optimized version of Aeon 1, known as AeonVac, powers the second stage of Relativity's rockets.[36][37]

Aeon R

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The Aeon R engine, currently under development, is a high pressure gas generator cycle LOX/subcooled Methane propellants engine[38] designed to produce 258,000 lbf (1,150 kN) of thrust at sea level and 279,000 lbf (1,240 kN) in a vacuum. 13 Aeon R engines will power the first stage of Terran R with a combined liftoff thrust of 3,354,000 lbf.[39]

Stargate

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In order to 3D print large components such as rocket tanks and airframes, Relativity Space has created a system named Stargate, which it claims is the world's largest 3D printer of metals.[40][41] Stargate uses existing welding technology to melt metal wire, layer by layer, into precise and complex structures that have minimal joints and parts.[42] The company 3D-printed 85% of their Terran 1 launch vehicle as of 2023 and aims to print 95% of the launch vehicle in the future.[43] The company plans to eventually 3D-print a complete launch vehicle within 60 days.[44][8]

Launch contracts

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See also: Terran 1 § Planned launches

As of June 2020, Relativity Space has pre-sold more launches than any other company in the private space industry since SpaceX.[45]

On 5 April 2019, Relativity Space announced its first signed contract, with Telesat, a Canadian telecom satellite operator. The terms of this contract were not specified, but it did include "multiple" launches of Terran 1.[46]

Relativity Space publicly announced their contract with Mu Space in April 2019. It is expected that Relativity Space will launch a Mu Space satellite to low Earth orbit in the second half of 2022, aboard Relativity's Terran 1 rocket.[47]

In May 2019, Relativity Space signed a contract with Spaceflight Industries, a satellite rideshare and mission management provider, to launch Spaceflight's dedicated smallsat rideshares. The terms of this deal were not disclosed, however, it was shared that the contract included one launch of Relativity's Terran 1 rocket in the third quarter of 2021, with an option for an unspecified number of additional launches.[48]

In September 2019, Relativity Space and Momentus Space announced their launch service agreement at the 2019 World Satellite Business Week in Paris. The agreement stated that Relativity's Terran 1 launch vehicles will carry Momentus' Vigoride space tug service vehicles into orbit. The contract is for one launch, with an option for five additional missions.[49]

In June 2020, Relativity Space announced that they signed a new launch contract with Iridium.[45] This contract included up to six dedicated launches to deploy ground spare satellites to low Earth orbit (LEO) for Iridium NEXT's constellation on Relativity's Terran 1 vehicle. According to Suzi McBride, Iridium's COO, the satellite communication provider chose to partner with Relativity Space because of their flexible launch capability and the company's ability to launch one satellite at a time.[50] According to the deal these launches will not begin earlier than 2023.[50]

Lockheed Martin announced on 16 October 2020, that it will launch a cryogenic liquid hydrogen management demonstration mission on Terran 1. Lockheed Martin also specified that the launch will make use of Momentus' Vigoride orbital transfer vehicle to house the cryogenic payload.[51] This announcement came two days after NASA announced the recipients of its Tipping Point awards.[52]

OneWeb announced on 30 June 2022 that it signed the first contract for Terran R launches, with a value of over $1.2 billion for more than 20 launches starting in 2025.[53]

Since the cancellation of Terran 1 after its maiden launch and failure, however, it is unknown as to what occurred to many of its contracts.

See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Relativity Space

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from Grokipedia
Relativity Space is an American aerospace company specializing in the design, , and launch of reusable rockets to enable more accessible and sustainable . Founded in 2015 by Tim Ellis, a former engineer, and , a former engineer, the company is headquartered in , and aims to revolutionize rocket production through large-scale additive manufacturing and , reducing costs and increasing launch frequency. The company's pioneering use of metal allows for the fabrication of entire stages and engines with minimal parts, exemplified by its engine family, which uses and propellants. Relativity Space's first , the small-lift , was the world's first 3D-printed orbital-class launch vehicle; it successfully launched on March 22, 2023, from , reaching space but failing to achieve orbit due to a second-stage anomaly, after which the program was retired to focus on larger vehicles. Its current flagship, the medium-to-heavy-lift , is a two-stage reusable designed for high-cadence launches starting in late 2026 from Launch Complex 16 in , capable of delivering 23,500 kg to in reusable mode or 33,500 kg expendably, powered by 13 R engines on the first stage and one Aeon V on the second. With over $3 billion in pre-sold launch contracts from more than a dozen customers, including deals for satellite constellations and a planned Mars mission with Impulse Space, Terran R targets the growing demand for reliable access to orbit. Relativity Space has raised more than $1.3 billion in funding, achieving a $4.2 billion valuation in 2021, and employs around 2,000 people across facilities in , , , and , including a NASA-partnered engine test site at . In March 2025, former CEO assumed the role of chief executive and acquired a with substantial investment, steering the company toward advanced reusable launch capabilities, potential applications like orbital data centers to meet AI-driven demands, and continued progress on , including expanded contracts such as with SES in November 2025.

History

Founding and early funding (2015–2018)

Relativity Space was founded in 2015 by Tim Ellis, a former propulsion engineer at , and Jordan Noone, a former structures engineer at , in , . The duo, who had met as undergraduates at the , aimed to disrupt the industry by applying large-scale additive manufacturing—commonly known as —to rocket production, enabling faster design iterations, reduced part counts, and lower manufacturing costs compared to traditional methods. The company secured its initial seed funding in March 2016, raising $620,000 from and investor , which allowed it to establish operations and begin prototyping 3D-printed rocket components. This was followed by a of $10.1 million in July 2016, led by with participation from Y Combinator Continuity, , and others, to expand the engineering team and printing capabilities. By March 2018, Relativity Space closed a $35 million Series B round led by , with participation from , Y Combinator Continuity, and , bringing total funding to over $45 million and supporting facility growth in . In 2017, Relativity Space achieved an early milestone by developing and testing its first 3D-printed components, including a full-thrust demonstration of the Aeon 1 engine prototype at NASA's in December, marking one of the largest metal 3D-printed engines tested at the time. The company's mission emphasized of design, manufacturing, and launch operations to create a more efficient and sustainable ecosystem, with a focus on reducing environmental impact through innovative production techniques and long-term goals of supporting humanity's expansion into .

Terran 1 development and first launch (2019–2023)

Following the completion of earlier funding rounds, Relativity Space secured $140 million in its Series C funding round in October 2019, led by Bond and Capital, which fully funded the full-scale development and launch of the rocket. This investment supported the integration of advanced techniques, with approximately 85% of the rocket's structural mass manufactured additively, including major components of the first and second stages as well as the Aeon 1 engines. The design emphasized rapid iteration and reduced part counts, aiming to demonstrate scalable for future orbital launch vehicles. Key development milestones advanced throughout 2020 and 2021, including the first full-duration hot-fire test of the Aeon 1 engine in November 2020, which ran at full thrust for 187 seconds to simulate flight conditions. Additional engine testing occurred in 2021, building toward vehicle integration. By 2022, the company conducted static fire tests of the first stage, including a 57-second hot fire in September and an 82-second test later that month, validating the nine Aeon 1 engines' performance under load. The fully stacked was shipped from Long Beach to in late 2022 for final integration at Launch Complex 16 (LC-16), where preparations included engine spin-start tests and propellant loading rehearsals. The inaugural and only launch of , designated "Good Luck, Have Fun" (GLHF), occurred on March 22, 2023, at 7:25 p.m. EST from LC-16 at . The two-stage, methane-fueled rocket lifted off successfully, with the first stage's nine 1 engines powering it through maximum dynamic pressure (Max-Q) and achieving an altitude above the 100 km , marking the first such flight for a mostly 3D-printed vehicle. Stage separation occurred as planned, but the second stage's Aeon Vac engine failed to achieve full due to a anomaly involving delayed fuel valve opening and a vapor bubble in the pump inlet, preventing proper ignition of the , resulting in a suborbital trajectory and no orbital insertion. The mission carried no , serving instead as a demonstration to validate processes and systems. In the wake of the launch, Relativity Space retired the program in April 2023, citing the successful achievement of primary objectives like first-stage performance and scalability despite the upper-stage anomaly. Lessons from the flight, including data on additive manufacturing durability and engine reliability, were incorporated into the development of subsequent vehicles to enhance overall program efficiency.

Leadership transition and Terran R focus (2023–2025)

Following the failure of its rocket during its debut launch on March 22, 2023, Relativity Space announced a strategic pivot on April 12, 2023, to focus exclusively on developing the as its medium-lift successor, shelving further flights to accelerate progress toward reusability and higher payload capacity. This shift was underpinned by an internal motto of "Good Luck, Have Fun," which embodied the company's agile, experimental amid the rapid transition from demonstration to production-scale rocketry. The announcement emphasized redesigned elements for , including hybrid manufacturing approaches combining with traditional welding to enhance reliability and scalability. To fund the intensified Terran R development, Relativity Space benefited from prior capital infusions, including a $650 million Series E round in June 2021 led by , which valued the company at $4.2 billion and brought total funding to over $1.3 billion at the time. By late 2023, the company's valuation had risen to approximately $4.5 billion, reflecting sustained investor confidence in the pivot despite market challenges in the space sector. In early 2025, Relativity Space underwent a significant transition when co-founder and CEO Tim Ellis stepped down on March 10, 2025, to transition to a board role, allowing him to focus on strategic advisory while remaining involved in the company's direction. , former CEO of , was appointed as the new CEO on the same date, bringing his expertise in scaling technology enterprises to expedite Terran R's commercialization and operational efficiency. Terran R development advanced through key 2025 milestones, including the completion of 54% of design reviews by April, which encompassed vehicle-level review and the initiation of flight hardware production. In March, the team achieved the first friction stir weld for structural components, marking a critical step in fabrication. By , assembly of the thrust section was completed, integrating the primary structure with engine mounts to support upcoming integration tests. Ongoing Aeon R engine hot-fires continued throughout the year, validating propulsion performance for the first stage. Relativity Space issued monthly progress reports highlighting steady advancements, such as tank welding operations that produced multiple circumferential friction stir welds for the first stage by September, with three complete on flight hardware. Preparations at Launch Complex 16 in Cape Canaveral Space Force Station progressed in parallel, including infrastructure upgrades for vertical integration and launch operations. In the October 2025 update, the company reported completing 11 additional component-level critical design reviews, advancing first stage tank welding with initial circumferential friction stir welds, and beginning acceptance testing for stage one engines at NASA Stennis. On November 6, 2025, Relativity expanded its multi-launch agreement with SES, adding services for geostationary or medium Earth orbit satellites. These efforts positioned the company for a targeted Terran R maiden launch in late 2026.

Leadership and organization

Founders and initial team

Relativity Space was co-founded in 2015 by Tim Ellis and , both young engineers with prior experience at prominent aerospace companies. Tim Ellis served as the company's initial CEO from its inception until March 2025, bringing expertise in and from his time at , where he led efforts to integrate into development and worked as a on projects including the engine and vehicle. His background emphasized processes, enabling faster prototyping and refinement of components through , which became a cornerstone of Relativity's approach. Jordan Noone, the co-founder and inaugural CTO until 2020, transitioning to executive advisor thereafter, contributed his experience from as an in-space development , focusing on integrating advanced software systems into and operations from the company's earliest stages. As CTO, Noone drove the development of software architectures that supported automated and flight control, aligning with Relativity's goal of streamlining production. The initial team expanded quickly after founding, growing from the two co-founders to approximately 50 employees by late 2018 through targeted hires of experts in and from , , and other firms, forming core groups in , , and systems integration. Relativity's early board comprised partners from , its seed accelerator, along with aerospace investors such as , who provided strategic direction during the company's pivot toward large-scale for rockets in its formative years.

Current executives and board

Eric Schmidt serves as Chief Executive Officer and Executive Chairman of Relativity Space since March 2025, bringing extensive expertise in scaling technology companies from his tenure as CEO of from 2001 to 2011 and Executive Chairman of until 2015. Zachary Dunn holds the position of , a role he assumed following his promotion in 2023 after joining the company in 2020 as Vice President of Factory Development; he previously served as Senior Vice President of Production and Launch at , where he oversaw manufacturing and launch operations. In this capacity, Dunn manages engineering and manufacturing divisions, contributing to the operational scaling of Relativity's programs. Other key executives include Kevin Wu as and Mo Shahzad as . The includes key figures such as Arjun Sethi, a co-founder of Carta and Scale AI, who joined in 2016, along with advisors like Arman Zand of ; the board expanded in 2025 with Schmidt's appointment as Executive Chairman to facilitate strategic partnerships amid the company's focus on commercialization. Co-founder Tim Ellis remains on the board following the leadership transition. By late 2025, Relativity Space's workforce has grown to approximately 2,000 employees, organized into core divisions including engineering, operations, and business development to support expanded production and launch activities. The company maintains a strong emphasis on inclusive hiring practices in STEM fields, fostering diversity through initiatives like employee resource groups and targeted recruitment efforts.

Technology and manufacturing

3D printing and additive processes

Relativity Space has pioneered the use of large-scale to revolutionize rocket production, focusing on wire arc (WAAM) and powder bed fusion (PBF) techniques to fabricate complex components with minimal assembly. Their proprietary printers represent the world's largest metal 3D printing systems, featuring a horizontal build volume of 120 feet in length and 24 feet in width, enabling the production of entire rocket stages, fuel tanks, and engine assemblies in weeks rather than the months required by traditional subtractive methods. The company employs high-strength aluminum alloys for structural elements, such as propellant tanks and airframes, which provide yet durable properties essential for launch vehicles. For high-temperature components like engine nozzles and combustion chambers in the series, Relativity utilizes proprietary nickel-based superalloys, including variants of , deposited via WAAM to withstand extreme thermal and mechanical stresses. These material choices, combined with advanced process controls, support the fabrication of near-net-shape parts that minimize post-processing and enhance overall structural integrity. A key advantage of Relativity's approach is the drastic reduction in component complexity and assembly time; for instance, the Aeon 1 engine consists of approximately 100 parts, a significant decrease from the thousands typically required in conventional rocket engines, allowing for faster design iterations and improved reliability. This streamlined manufacturing enabled Relativity to 3D print over 85% of Terran 1's dry mass. For Terran R, the company has adjusted its approach, incorporating 3D printing for key components like engines while integrating other manufacturing methods for scalability. By 2023, Relativity had secured 26 registered patents in additive manufacturing technology, covering innovations in real-time adaptive control, for defect detection, and customizable configurations for large-scale objects. These intellectual properties protect advancements in WAAM and post-processing, ensuring proprietary efficiency in producing flight-qualified hardware. Additive processes at Relativity promote by depositing material only where needed, achieving higher material utilization rates than traditional and thereby reducing scrap waste by up to 90% in some applications while lowering the overall of production. This efficiency aligns with broader goals of resource conservation in aerospace .

Stargate platform and automation

The platform, developed by Relativity Space's Horizon Manufacturing Technologies division, represents an AI-enabled autonomous robotic system designed to revolutionize complex hardware through integration of large-scale additive processes, robotics, and data-driven controls. Unveiled in late 2022, functions as an intelligent factory ecosystem that orchestrates end-to-end production from design to launch, leveraging algorithms, , sensors, and for real-time monitoring and optimization. Key capabilities of Stargate include full automation of the design-to-launch workflow, which reduces component counts by up to 100 times and compresses production timelines to months, while in-process monitoring enables failure prediction and during . The platform supports scalable output, with each printer unit capable of producing four rockets annually at full capacity, enabling over 1,000 builds across a fleet to meet high-volume demands in production. As of 2025, Stargate incorporates advancements in AI and for design optimization and production efficiency, supporting Terran R development. Looking ahead, 's is envisioned as expandable beyond components to support diverse hardware variants, ultimately facilitating the establishment of autonomous industrial bases on Mars to aid efforts. This builds on Relativity Space's foundation, where Stargate controls and automates operations for seamless scalability.

Facilities

Headquarters in Long Beach

Relativity Space's primary headquarters serves as the central hub for corporate operations, research and development, and manufacturing in . The main facility, known as "," is located at 2400 E. Wardlow Road within the Goodman Commerce Center, a 93-acre former C-17 production site repurposed for advanced activities. This expansive campus spans over 1 million square feet and was established in 2021 to support large-scale rocket assembly and innovation. The headquarters incorporates specialized R&D laboratories, extensive 3D printing farms equipped with the company's proprietary additive manufacturing systems, and administrative offices to facilitate end-to-end vehicle design and production. Prior to this major expansion—which was enabled by substantial funding to accelerate development—Relativity relocated from to an initial 120,000-square-foot site at 3500 E. Burnett Street in early 2020, marking the company's entry into Long Beach's burgeoning "Space Beach" ecosystem. Central to the facility's role is the pilot factory, where large-format metal 3D printers produce up to 95% of a rocket's components in a streamlined process, reducing traditional steps. This site also hosts initial hot-fire engine tests for the series and final vehicle integration, enabling rapid iteration from to flight-ready hardware. By 2025, upgrades to the have included enhanced structural test stands and advanced capabilities to support production ramp-up. The headquarters employs more than 1,200 staff, including engineers, technicians, and operations specialists focused on additive manufacturing and systems integration. Relativity contributes to the local economy and talent pipeline through involvement in the Space Beach initiative, collaborating with institutions like (CSULB) on internships, externships, and workforce development programs to train the next generation of professionals.

Testing and production sites

Relativity Space operates its primary offsite testing facilities at NASA's in , where it has conducted engine hot-fire and structural qualification activities since securing a 20-year in 2018 for a 25-acre engine test complex. This infrastructure supports the development of the company's Aeon engines, enabling full-duration firings and integrated system validations essential for the . In 2019, Relativity expanded its presence at Stennis fourfold to over 280,000 square feet, incorporating production, testing, and office capabilities to streamline engine iteration. Further expansions included a 2022 agreement with to construct new test stands and infrastructure dedicated to Aeon R engine testing, positioning Stennis as one of the largest commercial test sites . In 2023, the company leased the historic A-2 vertical test stand, originally built in the Apollo era to withstand up to 1.5 million pounds of , with plans to upgrade it for higher-capacity qualification efforts. By late 2023, Relativity's footprint at Stennis had grown to nearly 300 acres, the largest commercial operation on the site. Key testing activities at Stennis encompass hot-fire campaigns for engines, structural load tests, and environmental simulations, including vibration and acoustic chambers to replicate launch conditions for payloads and reusable components. The site's thrust stands, such as those in the E Test Complex and the upgraded A-2, accommodate engines generating significant —up to 269,000 lbf per R unit—while the surrounding 125,000-acre acoustical minimizes noise impacts during operations. These facilities have enabled hundreds of hot-fire tests. Earlier subscale and component testing occurred at sites in the from 2020 to 2023, focusing on initial 1 development before transitioning to Stennis for full-scale efforts. In 2025, progress advanced the program, including the completion of thrust structure acceptance testing in at the Long Beach headquarters, where the structure endured 3.7 million lbf of tension to confirm reusability and launch readiness. A flight-ready Aeon R engine achieved a 475-second static at Stennis in , matching the first-stage burn duration. Relativity has upheld rigorous safety protocols across more than 500 test runs at Stennis, contributing to incident-free operations that underscore the reliability of its testing infrastructure.

Launch infrastructure

Relativity Space's primary launch infrastructure is centered at Launch Complex 16 (LC-16) at in , which the company has leased on an exclusive basis since 2019 following approval from the U.S. Air Force. This site served as the launch pad for the vehicle's debut flight in March 2023 and is now undergoing extensive renovations to accommodate the , with its first launch targeted for late 2026. Key upgrades at LC-16 include a new facility for vehicle assembly, a launch mount with transporter erector system, lightning suppression towers, and a deluge system to support high-cadence operations. As of October 2025, construction continues on the facility and supporting infrastructure, including a . To enable launches into polar orbits, Relativity Space secured a right-of-entry agreement in 2020 for Building 330 at in , with plans to develop the site into a dedicated west coast launch facility. This location, adjacent to existing infrastructure, is intended to support and processing for future missions, complementing the east coast operations at LC-16. The company's infrastructure developments emphasize reusability, incorporating landing zones for first-stage recovery, propellant storage farms for and , and downrange sites in the Atlantic Ocean to facilitate rapid turnaround. These enhancements align with regulatory frameworks, including a 2021 FAA operator license for operations at LC-16 and a 2020 environmental assessment by the U.S. that found no significant impacts from up to 12 annual launches. Ongoing work supports scalability for multiple launches per year once becomes operational.

Products

Terran 1 launch vehicle

Terran 1 was a two-stage, partially reusable developed by Relativity Space as a proof-of-concept demonstrator for advanced techniques. The stood approximately 33.5 meters tall with a of 2.28 meters and utilized liquid methane and (methalox) as propellants. Its first stage was powered by nine Aeon 1 engines arranged in an octagonal pattern with a central , while the second stage employed a single Aeon Vacuum . Approximately 85% of the vehicle's dry mass consisted of 3D-printed components, enabling rapid iteration and reduced part count compared to traditional rockets. The vehicle's performance targeted a payload capacity of 1,250 kg to (LEO) in reusable mode, increasing to around 1,500 kg when flown expendably, though these figures prioritized validation of processes over maximizing lift capability. Development of began shortly after Relativity Space's founding in 2015, with the vehicle first publicly revealed in 2019 as the company's inaugural orbital launch system. Key milestones included full vehicle stack assembly in 2022 at the company's Long Beach factory and successful hot-fire testing of the first stage at NASA's later that year, confirming structural integrity under flight-like conditions. The program emphasized end-to-end production speed, with the entire vehicle assembled in under 60 days using in-house additive . Terran 1 incorporated several innovative features to streamline operations and reduce complexity, including a heliumless autogenous pressurization system that used vaporized propellant to maintain tank pressure, eliminating the need for external helium supplies. Additionally, the rocket relied on fully autonomous flight software developed in-house, incorporating guidance, navigation, and control algorithms tested via hardware-in-the-loop simulations for real-time decision-making without ground intervention. These elements supported the vehicle's role as a pathfinder for scalable production. Its sole launch attempt in March 2023 from Cape Canaveral's Launch Complex 16 reached the Karman line but failed to achieve orbit due to a second-stage engine anomaly. Following the flight, Relativity Space retired in April 2023, having successfully validated its core manufacturing and technology goals, though its payload capacity proved insufficient to compete effectively in the small-lift market. Data from the program, including performance and propulsion insights, directly informed the pivot to the larger vehicle.

Terran R launch vehicle

The is a two-stage, medium-to-heavy-lift developed by Relativity Space, designed as a fully reusable with a focus on high-volume production and cost-effective access to . The stands 86.6 tall with a of 5.4 for both the core stages and , constructed primarily from high-strength aluminum alloys such as 7140 and 7050 to balance durability and manufacturability. Its first stage is powered by 13 Aeon R engines arranged in an octagonal pattern, each delivering 269,000 pounds of thrust at using a and combination in a , while the second stage employs a single Aeon V vacuum-optimized engine producing 323,000 pounds of thrust. In terms of performance, is capable of delivering 23,500 kilograms to (LEO) in reusable mode with downrange landing of the first stage, or 5,500 kilograms to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO), establishing it as a scalable option for satellite constellations and interplanetary missions. In expendable configuration, the payload capacity increases to 33,500 kilograms to LEO, providing flexibility for missions requiring maximum mass to orbit. The total liftoff reaches 3,497,000 pounds, enabling reliable insertion of large s while prioritizing reusability from the outset as a pathfinder toward more advanced systems like full rapid reusability. As of 2025, significant milestones have advanced the program toward its inaugural flight. The first stage thrust section, one of the vehicle's most complex components, was completed in August 2025 using precision-machined aluminum rings and tested to withstand loads exceeding 3.7 million pounds in tension, with integration of brackets, fluid systems, and now underway. First stage tank welding progressed rapidly, with all eight structural barrels joined by August and assembly into the full body ongoing, while the second stage tank section was finalized and painted in September. In October 2025, the program completed 11 component-level reviews, released designs for second stage fluids components and , finished first stage friction stir welding and barrel painting, installed second stage downcomer and forward test adapter, began interstage fabrication, and advanced Launch Complex 16 construction including HIF siding, water tower, and foundations. Engine development included a 475-second hot-fire test of the first flight-ready Aeon R, validating performance under mission conditions, and the program targets a maiden launch in the second half of 2026 from Launch Complex 16 at . Reusability is integral to Terran R's design, with the first stage engineered for downrange landings using four grid fins for atmospheric reentry control and four deployable landing legs for touchdown, complemented by a base heat shield incorporating advanced thermal protection materials to endure reentry heating. Engine relight capability and throttle valves enable precise deceleration and landing burns, aiming for at least 20 flights per booster through robust component design and streamlined refurbishment processes. This approach, supported by 3D printing for select complex parts, reduces production complexity and supports goals of rapid turnaround integrated with Relativity's Stargate automation platform. Variants of include an expendable mode that sacrifices the first stage post-separation to maximize payload for demanding missions, while the baseline reusable configuration emphasizes sustainability for frequent LEO deployments. These options allow adaptation to diverse customer needs, from commercial satellite operators to payloads, without altering the core vehicle architecture.

rocket engines

The engine family, developed by Relativity Space, consists of liquid engines designed to power the company's Terran launch vehicles, utilizing liquid (CH4) and liquid (LOX) as propellants. These engines emphasize additive to reduce part counts and enable rapid iteration, with the majority of components produced via . The family includes the 1 for smaller applications and the more powerful R series for medium-lift operations, both incorporating restart capabilities to support reusable flight profiles. The Aeon 1 engine, a single-chamber design intended for the first stage of the vehicle, delivers approximately 25,000 pounds-force (lbf) of vacuum thrust. Over 90% of the engine's components, including the thrust chamber, are 3D-printed, allowing for integrated channels that circulate to manage thermal loads during operation. The engine's first full-duration hot-fire test occurred in late , with subsequent qualification involving more than 190 hot-fire tests accumulating over 10,900 seconds of runtime by early 2023. A key feature is its helium-free autogenous pressurization system, which uses heat exchangers to vaporize propellants for pressurization, simplifying and reducing dependency on external gases. The engine represents an evolution for higher-thrust applications on the vehicle, with sea-level thrust uprated to 269,000 lbf per engine following iterative development from earlier targets around 115,000–165,000 lbf. It employs a for reliable power delivery, with the first-stage variant optimized for atmospheric performance and a vacuum-optimized version, designated Aeon V, providing 323,000 lbf of thrust for second-stage duties. Like its predecessor, the is predominantly 3D-printed, with extensive use of the technology for complex geometries in the injector and nozzle assembly. Qualification testing at NASA's , ongoing through 2025, has included over 60 hot-fires simulating full mission profiles, such as 475-second burns at varying throttle levels, with October 2025 activities encompassing engine and high-flow thermal shock testing on stage press valves. Across the family, engines are engineered for restartability, enabling multiple firings in flight to facilitate reusability and precise orbital insertions. Testing has been conducted primarily at , where hot-fire campaigns validate performance under simulated flight conditions up to 2025. Cumulative development efforts have surpassed 200 hot-fire tests by mid-2025, demonstrating reliability and iterative improvements in design. Innovations include integrally printed channels within the thrust chamber walls, which enhance heat transfer efficiency without additional welds, and AI-assisted optimization of injector patterns to achieve stable combustion across a wide range of operating conditions. These advancements contribute to a high exceeding 100, supporting efficient vehicle performance.

Operations

Launch history

Relativity Space conducted its first and only launch with the rocket on March 22, 2023, from Launch Complex 16 at in . The mission, designated as a demonstration flight under the Federal Aviation Administration's commercial space transportation license, lifted off successfully using nine Aeon 1 engines on the first stage, achieving main engine cutoff and stage separation while passing through maximum (). The vehicle reached an apogee of approximately 134 kilometers, crossing the Kármán line into space, but the second stage experienced an engine ignition anomaly due to fuel pressure and timing issues, preventing orbital insertion. The second stage reentered the atmosphere and splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean, providing recovery data that informed subsequent reusability designs for Relativity's next-generation vehicles. Despite the failure to reach , the flight validated key technologies, including the performance of the 3D-printed first stage and overall integration, marking it as a successful . Following the Terran 1 flight, Relativity Space retired the program without additional launches, redirecting resources to accelerate development of the larger rocket. The company has obtained FAA licenses for operations, planning the no earlier than late 2026 from the same LC-16 pad, with all missions focused on uncrewed commercial and government payloads under commercial space regulations.

Contracts and customers

Relativity Space has secured several contracts with U.S. government entities to provide launch services, primarily for responsive and missions. In March 2021, the company was awarded its first orbital launch contract by the U.S. Department of Defense for low-cost, responsive access to space using the vehicle. Later that year, in August 2021, Relativity received an indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract under the U.S. Space Force's Orbital Services Program-4 (OSP-4), enabling rapid procurement of up to approximately 20 missions for payloads over 400 pounds, with a ceiling value of $986 million over nine years. In 2020, selected Relativity for the Venture-Class Launch Services Demonstration 2 program to deploy CubeSats into . Additionally, in April 2024, the U.S. Air Force awarded Relativity an $8.7 million contract to advance real-time flaw detection in additive for production. On the commercial side, Relativity has signed multi-launch agreements with satellite operators focused on (LEO) constellations and (GTO) missions. In June 2022, the company entered a multi-year, multi-launch deal with OneWeb to deploy LEO satellites starting in 2025 using the vehicle. In October 2023, Intelsat agreed to multiple launches for its satellites, beginning as early as 2026, to support GTO operations. Earlier, in July 2022, Impulse Space contracted Relativity for a dedicated launch of its Mars Cruise Vehicle and Mars Lander, marking the first commercial . In November 2025, SES expanded its multi-launch agreement with Relativity for to include services for GEO and MEO satellites, with launches planned starting in late 2026. As of late , Relativity's contract backlog exceeded $3 billion across more than a dozen customers, encompassing both dedicated missions and rideshare opportunities primarily on the vehicle. The company maintains partnerships to enhance integration and mission support, including a 2020 collaboration with to launch a cryogenic fluid management demonstration under NASA's Tipping Point program. Relativity's customers span government agencies and commercial entities, with a focus on LEO satellite deployments for constellations, GTO missions for , and interplanetary probes such as Mars landers. While the majority of launches target commercial needs, the firm actively pursues opportunities to diversify its revenue.

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