Hubbry Logo
Alcoy, SpainAlcoy, SpainMain
Open search
Alcoy, Spain
Community hub
Alcoy, Spain
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Alcoy, Spain
Alcoy, Spain
Alcoy, Spain
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Alcoy (Spanish: [alˈkoj]; Valencian: Alcoi [alˈkɔj]; officially: Alcoi / Alcoy) is an industrial and university city, region and municipality located in the Valencian Community, Spain. The Serpis river crosses the municipal boundary of Alcoy. The local authority reported a population of 61,135 residents in 2018.[2][3][4]

Key Information

History

[edit]

The first traces of human presence in the area date to c. 60,000 years ago, when Neanderthal hunters settled here, in a site now called El Salt.[5] A site with rock paintings, dating to c. 10,000/6,500 years ago, has been discovered near la Sarga. From around the mid-3rd millennium BC people started to move from the caves to the plain where cereals were grown, while mountain fortifications were erected (Mola Alta de Serelles, Mas del Corral, Mas de Menente, El Puig).

After the Roman conquest of the Iberians, several rural villas were built in the area, as well as a necropolis. The town was established in 1256 by James I of Aragon, with the construction of a castle on a strategic position over the Serpis river, to secure the southern frontier of the Kingdom of Valencia during the Reconquista.

In 1291 the town was donated by King James II of Aragon to the Sicilian admiral Roger of Lauria; it did not return to royal possession until 1430.

During the War of Spanish Succession, Alcoy sided for the cause of archduke Charles, and was therefore besieged and stripped of numerous privileges, which started a period of decline.[citation needed]

In 1873 the workers of Alcoy revolted in the Petroleum Revolution.

Main sights

[edit]

Many outdoor rock paintings exist in Alcoy, and there are some ruins of an Iberian settlement with fragments of Greco-Roman pottery.

Iglesia Santa Maria of Alcoy

Buildings with an artistic or historical interest in the city include:

Main article: Art Nouveau in Alcoy

Museums

[edit]

Natural parks

[edit]

Economy

[edit]

Alcoy has important industries related to textile, paper, food and metal. Furthermore, Alcoy has many factories that manufacture matches. Today, Alcoy is the financial, commercial and cultural center of the surrounding area.

Celebrations

[edit]

Alcoy hosts the oldest Cavalcade of Magi in the world. The Jesuset del Miracle is commemorated on the last day of January. The most important touristic celebration is Moros i Cristians, in April.

Sport

[edit]

The local football club CD Alcoyano is famous across Spain for a proverbial match in which they were facing a very adverse score. When the referee was about to close, the Alcoyano players kept asking for more time to score back and reach a draw.[6] Thus the phrase tener más moral que el Alcoyano ("to have greater morale than Alcoyano") ponders an indefatigable person. Currently, they play in the Segunda División B at El Collao Stadium.

The city is also home to PAS Alcoy, a Spanish roller hockey club, which plays in the OK Liga, the first division of roller hockey in Spain.

Notable residents

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Alcoy, Spain

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Alcoi (Alcoy in Spanish) is a city and municipality in the within the of , situated in the rugged foothills of the Serra de Mariola at the confluence of the two headstreams of the Serpis River. With a population of 60,447 inhabitants as of 2024, it serves as a regional industrial center. Historically, Alcoi emerged as a key manufacturing hub in the late , specializing in textiles and production, bolstered by a royal textile factory established in 1800 and later expansions into related sectors such as food processing and metalworking. The city is particularly renowned for its Moors and Christians festival, held annually from 22 to 24 April in honor of Saint George, featuring elaborate parades, mock battles, and ; this event, with roots traceable to the , represents one of 's most traditional and extensively documented celebrations of Reconquista-era reenactments.

Geography and Environment

Location and Physical Features

Alcoy is a municipality located in Alicante province within the , eastern . Geographically, it lies inland, approximately 50 kilometers northwest of city and 110 kilometers south of . The city's coordinates are 38°41′51″N 0°28′23″W. It occupies an elevation of 554 meters above . The physical setting features a narrow in the Alcoy Basin, part of the inner Prebetic domain of the Betic . This basin is enclosed by mountain ranges such as the Menegador, Mariola, and Benicadell, contributing to a rugged, elevated terrain with steep slopes. The urban fabric spans the confluence of the Molinar and Riquer rivers, which unite to originate the Serpis River, fostering a of gorges and requiring extensive bridging infrastructure across the waterways. This riverine and mountainous configuration has historically influenced settlement patterns and industrial development reliant on .

Climate

Alcoy features a hot-summer (Köppen Csa), marked by mild winters, hot and dry summers, and concentrated in the cooler months, with influences from its inland position at 562 meters in the Serpis River valley. This results in more continental characteristics than coastal , including cooler nights, greater diurnal temperature ranges, and occasional winter frosts, though rare accumulation. Average annual temperatures hover around 15–16°C, with extremes rarely dipping below -3°C or exceeding 30°C. Winters (December–February) are cool and relatively wet, with average highs of 12–14°C and lows of 2–4°C in , the coldest month; during this period accounts for much of the annual total, often from Atlantic fronts bringing cloudy, windy conditions averaging 8–10 km/h. Summers (–) are warm and arid, with and highs reaching 27–29°C and lows around 16–17°C, minimal rainfall (under 20 mm monthly), clear skies over 80% of the time, and brief periods of high making conditions feel muggy on about 10–12 days per summer month. Transitional seasons see the highest rainfall, peaking in at around 60–70 mm, contributing to an annual average of 500–600 mm, though interannual variability can lead to or flash floods in the mountainous .
MonthAvg. High (°C)Avg. Low (°C)Precipitation (mm)
January12240–50
April18740–50
July2817<20
October201060–70
These values derive from long-term observations, reflecting a regime where summer dryness supports like almonds and olives, while winter rains recharge aquifers, though trends since 1950 indicate slight warming and potential shifts toward drier conditions in eastern .

Natural Resources and Parks

Alcoy's natural resources are primarily centered on its abundant sources and forested landscapes, which support local ecosystems and historical industries such as paper production. The Serpis River and its tributaries, including the Riquer, Benisaidó, and Molinar, traverse the municipal territory, providing vital freshwater for , industry, and . These hydrological features originate from karstic springs in the surrounding mountains, contributing to the region's . Forested areas, dominated by Mediterranean species like holm oaks and pines, have historically supplied timber and grass, though extraction is now limited to sustainable levels within protected zones to preserve ecological balance. The encompasses significant portions of two major , covering nearly 20,000 hectares in total and representing about 70% of Alcoy's territory. The Carrascal de la Font Roja , spanning 2,200 hectares primarily within Alcoy's boundaries, protects a Levantine holm (carrascal) featuring kermes groves, alongside diverse such as griffon vultures, reptiles, and mammals. Named for its iron-rich red spring, the park offers marked hiking trails, picnic facilities, and interpretive centers highlighting human-modified landscapes from past production and . Adjacent to the south, the Serra Mariola Natural Park extends over 16,000 hectares across multiple municipalities including Alcoy, featuring rugged peaks like Montcabrer (1,109 meters) and ecosystems of pine forests, holm oaks, and perennial springs. Designated in , it supports active recreation through trails for and , while conserving endemic and habitats amid a Mediterranean mountain environment. These parks collectively safeguard Alcoy's against pressures, emphasizing preservation over resource exploitation.

History

Ancient and Medieval Foundations

The region encompassing modern Alcoy exhibits evidence of continuous human occupation beginning in the era, around 60,000 years ago, when hunter-gatherers utilized caves such as El Salt as seasonal camps for exploiting local resources. Mesolithic adaptations included rudimentary agriculture and Levantine-style in shelters like those at Sarga, dated between 10,000 and 6,500 years ago, depicting hunting scenes and symbolic motifs. communities, from approximately 3,000 to 2,500 BC, transitioned to lowland settlements with cave burials at sites like Les Llometes, reflecting early sedentism and ritual practices. In the Late Bronze Age, early in the , fortified hilltop enclosures such as Serrella Mola emerged, supporting grain-based economies amid increasing social complexity. The Iberian period, spanning the 6th to 1st centuries BC, saw the establishment of oppida like El Puig, a defended settlement of the Contestania influenced by Phoenician and Greek , with archaeological artifacts including ceramics and tools preserved in local museums. Roman colonization from the 2nd to 4th centuries AD introduced rural villas, such as La Major with its tegula-covered burials, and hamlets like Uixola integrated into broader agrarian networks linked to nearby Castellar. Following the Visigothic interlude and the Muslim invasion of 711 AD, the area fell under , forming part of the kingdoms with agricultural and defensive continuities from prior eras, though specific urban precursors to Alcoy remain sparsely documented archaeologically. The advanced with James I of Aragon's conquest of Valencia in 1238, but local Moorish resistance under Zayyan ibn Mardanish (Al-Azraq) triggered revolts from 1248 to 1258 and a resurgence in 1276, delaying full Christian consolidation. The formal Christian foundation of Alcoy dates to 1256, when James I ordered the construction of a frontier castle straddling the Serpis River to anchor repopulation efforts and secure the border against residual Muslim holdings. This nucleated the medieval villa, enclosed by walls featuring towers such as Na Valora (erected in the late 13th century), l'Andana, and n'Aiça, with the Tower-Gate of Riquer serving as the primary access from Castile. Urban expansion commenced in 1305, creating the extramural suburb of Pobla Nova de Sant Jordi (later Vilanova d'Alcoi), which by the incorporated broader carriage-accessible gates like the Arc de Sant Roc. In 1291, granted the lordship to Roger de Lauria, who fortified it further, though it reverted to direct royal administration by 1430, stabilizing its feudal status amid ongoing frontier tensions.

Industrial Revolution and 19th-Century Growth

The mechanization of Alcoy's began around 1820 with the installation of the first carding and spinning machines, accelerating the shift from the domestic to centralized factories specializing in production, alongside emerging paper and metallurgical sectors. This transition positioned Alcoy as one of Spain's early industrial centers, with local entrepreneurs driving output expansion through imported machinery and water-powered mills along the Serpis River. By the late and early , the city entered a phase of rapid growth fueled by heavy investments in processing, which capitalized on regional raw material supplies and export markets. By the mid-19th century, Alcoy had evolved into a predominantly industrial economy, where textiles accounted for 39% of the local workforce's occupations, supplemented by paper mills and foundries that employed thousands in specialized production. Industrial employment expanded further, reaching over 80% of the active by 1900, reflecting sustained and diversification. This economic surge attracted rural migrants, contributing to a of approximately 30% between 1860 and 1910, which intensified to around 900 inhabitants per in core areas. The resultant prosperity manifested in infrastructural developments, including factory complexes and bourgeois residences that later exemplified modernist architecture, as industrial profits funded urban expansion and public works. Alcoy's and outputs gained renown for quality, supporting regional trade networks despite national economic constraints, and establishing the city as a key node in Spain's nascent industrialization.

Cantonal Rebellion and Political Upheavals

In July 1873, during the First Spanish Republic, Alcoy experienced acute political and social upheaval amid widespread national instability following the abdication of King Amadeo I earlier that year. The city's rapid industrialization in textiles, paper, and related sectors had fostered strong worker organizations affiliated with the anarchist-influenced Spanish Regional Federation of the International Workingmen's Association, leading to escalating class conflicts over wages and conditions. These tensions erupted in the Petroleum Revolution, a brief but violent workers' uprising named for the use of petroleum-soaked torches in arson attacks on factories and public buildings. On July 9, 1873, a by thousands of workers protesting low pay and harsh oversight turned confrontational when Republican Agustí Albors—reportedly influenced by owners' bribes of 60,000 pesetas—ordered civil guards to fire on demonstrators gathered at the town hall. Enraged workers stormed the building, killed Albors, and mutilated his body in a display of revolutionary fury, subsequently proclaiming Alcoy's independence and establishing governance under a provisional Committee dominated by syndicalist leaders. This act aligned with emerging cantonalist sentiments for decentralized , though Alcoy's revolt predated the formal Canton of Cartagena declaration by days and reflected more libertarian worker control than strict territorial autonomy. Federal troops under republican authority arrived by July 13, 1873, restoring order after clashes that resulted in dozens of deaths and the arrest of insurgent leaders, effectively ending Alcoy's brief self-proclaimed canton. The suppression highlighted the fragility of President and later Francisco Pi y Margall's federalist experiments, as cantonal uprisings strained resources amid the ongoing . In Alcoy, the events exacerbated local divisions, reinforcing anarchist influence among workers but also prompting reprisals against radicals, contributing to a cycle of unrest that persisted into the republic's collapse in 1874.

20th Century: Civil War, Francoism, and Transition

During the (1936–1939), Alcoy remained under Republican control until its fall to Nationalist forces on March 29, 1939, two days before the official end of hostilities. As a key industrial hub producing textiles, paper, and munitions for the Republican government, the city became a frequent target for aerial bombings by Italian fascist aircraft, including Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 bombers. Between September 1938 and February 1939, Alcoy endured seven such raids, resulting in 43 civilian deaths, 234 injuries, and extensive damage to factories and infrastructure. In response, residents constructed over 25 air-raid shelters, including the prominent Refugio de Cervantes, capable of holding up to 2,500 people and exemplifying local efforts amid the conflict's intensification. The early Francoist period (1939–1959) brought severe repression to Alcoy, as in much of Republican-held eastern , with summary executions, forced labor, and property confiscations targeting former Republicans, anarchists, and leftists who had dominated local unions like the CNT. Industrial output, vital to the city's 43,000 inhabitants in 1936, stagnated under autarkic policies that prioritized national self-sufficiency over exports, exacerbating postwar shortages and rationing. Recovery was gradual, aided by limited under Franco's regime, though projects like a proposed Maigmó railway extension—intended to bolster transport—remained incomplete due to earlier war disruptions and fiscal constraints. By the , modest liberalization and foreign investment revived manufacturing, but political dissent persisted underground, with Francoist institutions like the enforcing conformity. The Transition to democracy following Franco's death in 1975 unfolded in Alcoy amid national reforms, including the 1977 Political Reform Act and legalization of parties. Locally, the mayor resigned as head of the Movimiento's branch on January 23, 1977, signaling the erosion of Francoist structures and paving the way for free municipal elections that year. The attempted coup of February 23, 1981 (23-F), elicited swift rejection in Alcoy, where radio broadcasts and public gatherings affirmed loyalty to King Juan Carlos and the emerging democratic order, mirroring broader Valencian support for . Economic liberalization post-1975 spurred a "second Spanish miracle," boosting Alcoy's industries through , though it also exposed vulnerabilities in traditional sectors like textiles to global competition. The period culminated in Spain's 1978 Constitution and Valencian autonomy statutes, integrating Alcoy into regional governance while preserving its industrial heritage.

Post-1975 Developments

The death of Francisco Franco on November 20, 1975, initiated Spain's transition to democracy, a process that encompassed Alcoy through the restoration of King Juan Carlos I, the Political Reform Act of 1976, and the holding of the country's first democratic elections in June 1977. In Alcoy, this shift manifested in the establishment of pluralistic local governance under the Organic Law on Local Regime (Ley de Bases de Régimen Local) of 1985, enabling competitive municipal elections and the participation of parties such as the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the People's Party (PP), which alternated in local power alongside regional Valencian formations. The 1978 Spanish Constitution and subsequent Statute of Autonomy for the Valencian Community in 1982 devolved competencies to regional and municipal levels, allowing Alcoy to manage urban planning and cultural policies amid national reforms. Economically, the post-1975 era brought to Alcoy, an erstwhile hub of , , and metallurgical production, as global competition, oil shocks, and Spain's 1986 entry into the eroded traditional sectors. Numerous factories closed during the 1970s and 1980s, transforming the industrial fabric and displacing much of the , with peaking in line with national trends exceeding 20% by the early 1980s. Population growth stalled, with residents numbering approximately 58,880 in 1981, rising modestly to 61,037 by 2001 before declining to 57,686 in 2021, reflecting and low birth rates amid economic contraction. Adaptation strategies emphasized diversification, with growth in services, logistics, and tourism leveraging the Moros y Cristianos festival—commemorating the 13th-century and attracting over 100,000 visitors annually—which received national tourist interest status in 1969 but expanded post-transition through improved infrastructure. Niche industries like fireworks manufacturing persisted, while educational investments, including the 1998 establishment of a campus, fostered innovation in design and engineering. EU structural funds supported urban renewal and transport enhancements, stabilizing the economy by the 2000s despite the , which further pressured construction-dependent growth.

Demographics

As of 1 January 2024, Alcoy had a resident population of 60,372, according to official figures from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). This marked an increase of 879 inhabitants from the previous year and 1,412 from 2022, reflecting a recent reversal of prior declines despite a negative natural growth rate (more deaths than births). The stood at approximately 465 inhabitants per square kilometer, given the municipality's area of 129.9 km². Historical data indicate steady growth through much of the , fueled by industrial expansion in textiles, paper, and related sectors, which attracted workers from rural areas. The rose from 32,053 in 1900 to 61,371 by 1970, surpassing 65,000 in the and peaking at 66,312 in 1987. Post-peak, and economic shifts led to a prolonged decline, with the figure dropping below 60,000 by the mid-1990s and bottoming at 58,960 in 2022. The recent uptick to 60,372 in 2024 represents the highest level in over a decade, though still well below the maximum, with net migration offsetting demographic aging and low birth rates. Key population milestones are summarized below:
YearPopulation
190032,053
193038,739
195043,880
197061,371
199065,082
200060,423
201061,417
202059,354
202460,372
Data sourced from INE Padrón Municipal records. This trajectory aligns with broader patterns in Spain's inland industrial municipalities, where early-20th-century booms gave way to mid-century peaks followed by stagnation or contraction amid structural economic changes.

Ethnic Composition and Migration Patterns

Alcoy's is ethnically homogeneous, consisting primarily of individuals of Spanish origin, with foreign nationals representing a growing but minority share. Official padrón data indicate that as of 2022, 92.4% of residents held Spanish nationality, totaling 54,452 out of 58,960 inhabitants, while foreigners numbered 4,508 (7.6%). By 2024, the foreign proportion had increased to 8.9% (5,315 individuals in a of 59,563), and preliminary 2025 estimates show it at 10.4% (6,275 foreigners out of 60,447 residents). Among foreign residents in 2022, formed the largest group at 1,641 (36.4% of foreigners), followed by (677, or 15.0%), with smaller contingents from (243), (240), (136), (105), and (99). This distribution reflects economic migration tied to Alcoy's manufacturing base, particularly in textiles and paper industries, which attract low-skilled labor from and . Latin American groups, though smaller, often arrive via or skilled opportunities. Migration patterns since the early 2000s have driven this diversification, with net positive inflows of foreigners amid Spain's broader surge post-2000 EU enlargement and economic booms. Alcoy experienced a 6.2% rise in foreign residents from 2022 to 2024, outpacing national averages but lagging behind Province's coastal areas, where tourism draws more Europeans (e.g., British retirees). Internal Spanish migration supplements this, with approximately 26% of residents born outside Alcoy proper, primarily from other Valencian or Andalusian provinces, contributing to urban growth without altering the core ethnic Spanish majority.

Linguistic Demographics

In Alcoy, Spanish and Valencian are the predominant languages, with Valencian recognized as co-official alongside Spanish under the 1983 Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Community. According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística's (INE) 2021 Survey on Essential Characteristics of Population and Housing (ECEPOV), 90.5% of Alcoy's residents aged 15 and older report speaking Valencian well or with some difficulty, a notably higher proficiency rate than the 59.2% in Alicante city or the provincial average. This reflects the municipality's location in the Alcoià comarca, an inland area with historically stronger Valencian vitality compared to coastal Alicante zones influenced by Spanish-speaking migration. Social use of Valencian remains significant but secondary to Spanish in daily contexts. The Generalitat Valenciana's 2021 Survey on Knowledge and Social Use of Valencian, drawing from 921 interviews in the Alcoi-Gandía region (encompassing Alcoy), found that 37.9% of respondents always use Valencian at home, contrasting sharply with the Alicante province's 7.5% rate and indicating robust familial transmission in the local dialect. Usage with friends and at external workplaces hovers lower, at around 4% always in Valencian, with Spanish dominating due to intergenerational shifts and economic integration. Bilingual signage and municipal communications employ both languages, as formalized in the bilingual denomination Alcoi/Alcoy. Educational preferences underscore ongoing bilingualism, with a March 2025 parental consultation yielding 59.66% support for Valencian as the vehicular in Alcoy's schools (from 4,683 votes), aligning with the 60% regional approval in L'Alcoià. This choice reflects policy debates on immersion models, though actual habitual use lags behind knowledge levels, influenced by urban-industrial demographics and limited immigrant multilingualism beyond Spanish.

Government and Politics

Administrative Organization

Alcoy operates as a sovereign within Spain's decentralized administrative framework, forming the basic unit of local governance as defined by the Spanish Constitution of 1978 and the Municipal Regime Law (Ley 7/1985). It belongs to the Alcoià comarca, the , and the autonomous region, with ultimate oversight from the national in . The encompasses an area of 129.9 km² and had a population of 60,447 residents as of 2023, qualifying it for a city council () with 25 elected councilors (concejales). The ayuntamiento's legislative body is the Pleno, comprising the 25 concejales elected every four years via in municipal elections. The Pleno, presided over by the (), holds ultimate authority over major decisions, including approval, modifications, taxation ordinances, and personnel appointments. It convenes monthly on the first , except in , to exercise oversight and approve binding resolutions. are delegated to the Junta de Gobierno Local, consisting of the and eight concejales, which handles operational matters such as public (up to 10% of the municipal or €6 million), urban licensing, police administration, and emergency responses; it meets weekly. The , Antonio Alfonso Francés Pérez of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE), has held office since 2007 and serves as the municipality's chief executive, representing Alcoy in legal and ceremonial capacities while directing administrative coordination. Supported by a coalition pact between PSOE (9 seats) and Compromís (3 seats) in the 2023–2027 term, the government assigns portfolios to councilors covering sectors like finance, urbanism, education, culture, economic promotion, and public safety. A vicealcalde, Alexandre Cerradelo García of Compromís, oversees , commerce, and equality policies. Administrative operations are structured into specialized departments aligned with these portfolios, ensuring decentralized management of services. For internal organization, Alcoy divides into statistical and administrative (districtes) and sections (seccions) for tracking, service delivery, and electoral purposes, with six principal urban barrios separated by ravines and bridges: Ensanche, Santa Rosa, Zona Nord, Batoi-Sargento-Baradello, and others in the historic core. These facilitate targeted in areas like infrastructure maintenance and community services, though the retains centralized authority.

Political History and Affiliations

Alcoy's political history is marked by early republican and working-class activism, rooted in its industrial base. During the in 1873, the city served as a hub for the First International of Workers and was central to the Cantonal Revolution, with republican mayor Agustí Albors leading efforts for federalist autonomy before his brutal death amid the Petroleum Revolution—a worker uprising against economic grievances that highlighted tensions between local authorities and radical labor groups. This era established Alcoy's affiliation with libertarian and syndicalist movements, influencing subsequent left-leaning politics despite the city's conservative Catholic traditions. In the , Alcoy aligned with republican forces during the Second Republic and , retaining republican governance until March 29, 1939, when control shifted to Francoist authorities via the local Falange delegation, ending formal republican rule two days before the war's official close. Mayors like Evaristo Botella Asensi, who served under the Republic, embodied this progressive stance, later honored by the municipality in 2025 for his role. Under Francoism, political expression was suppressed, with affiliations limited to the regime's single-party system, though underground labor networks persisted from pre-war traditions. The post-1975 saw a resurgence of multipartism, with the 1979 municipal elections delivering a PSOE victory of 11 councilors against UCD's 10, reflecting Alcoy's enduring socialist leanings tied to its proletarian heritage. Contemporary affiliations center on national and regional parties, with PSOE maintaining dominance through coalitions. In the 2023 municipal elections, PSOE secured 9 councilors by a narrow 23-vote margin over PP's 8, enabling Francés Pérez (PSOE) to form a minority bipartition with Compromís, a Valencian regionalist party emphasizing environmental and left-leaning policies, for his fourth term. PP has gained ground in recent cycles, doubling seats from 2019, signaling competitive center-right challenges amid economic recovery debates, while Vox holds minor representation without coalition influence. Local politics remains pragmatic, focused on industrial legacy issues rather than separatist , distinguishing Alcoy from coastal Valencian dynamics.

Local Governance Challenges

Alcoy's municipal government faces significant fiscal pressures, with public debt reaching approximately 38 million euros as of early 2025, the highest in Alicante province despite a per capita figure of around 630 euros, lower than some smaller municipalities like Daya Vieja. This debt, financed largely through bank loans amid a 64.2 million euro annual budget, allocates about 5 million euros to amortization and interest payments, straining resources for services and investments. Contributing factors include loans for infrastructure like the Rosaleda sports complex renovation and efforts to match European Union funding requirements, amid ongoing de-industrialization from the textile sector that has eroded the tax base. Political contention exacerbates this, with the opposition Partido Popular (PP) accusing the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE)-led administration of mismanagement, while the latter attributes rises to necessary projects and notes debt stability relative to population. Administrative inefficiencies compound fiscal woes, including the absence of a comprehensive municipal process map integrating strategic, service, and support functions, leading to fragmented operations and slow bureaucratic procedures that delay business licensing and continuity. tools, such as the citizen mailbox, suffer from accessibility barriers requiring prior registration and lack integration with inter-municipal processes, limiting transparency and participation. Citizen engagement platforms remain unintegrated and underutilized, with repetitive input from the same groups and poor follow-through on participatory outcomes, hindering diverse feedback on policy. No centralized repository exists for tracking strategic progress across departments, fostering silos and accountability gaps. Governance of infrastructure presents ongoing challenges, particularly in and risk management within Alcoy's steep . The maintains a dedicated for emergencies, yet riverbed restorations continue post-failed projects, and urban barriers from terrain disrupt fabric continuity. Accessibility deficits affect 70% of residential buildings, lacking adaptations for disabilities, while 4.53% of housing stock is in poor condition—twice the Valencian average—and the historic center degrades, eroding residential and commercial viability. Mobility governance struggles with only 4% usage for daily trips and no bike lanes feasible due to slopes, alongside limited industrial land constraining business expansion and risking economic outflows. Corruption risks, though not systemic at the local level, have surfaced through associations with national probes; in 2025, a contractor for the Rosaleda works was implicated in the 'Koldo' case involving PSOE figures Santos Cerdán and José Luis Ábalos, prompting PP demands for transparency despite the firm's December 2024 exit from the project and no formal municipal charges. Historical precedents include a 2003 court-ordered 85,000 euro payout to architect for an unbuilt bridge, reflecting procurement lapses. The Valencian Community's broader history of graft, including PP-linked urban scandals, underscores vigilance needs, though Alcoy reports no pending anti-fraud agency claims as of 2023. Budget reliance on 980,000 euros in 2025 fines revenue highlights enforcement dependencies over sustainable taxation.

Economy

Historical Industrial Base

Alcoy's industrial foundation originated in the , when it became a leading producer of in the Kingdom of Valencia, leveraging local from the Serpis River for hydraulic mills. By 1780, the region around Alcoy hosted 35 paper factories, spurred by the establishment of the Tobacco Stamp monopoly, which demanded specialized papers including early forms of cigarette rolling paper. This sector expanded parallel to textiles, with woolen cloth production mechanizing through water-powered looms, positioning Alcoy as the foremost industrial hub in the by the late 1700s. In the early , the Real Fábrica de Paños de Alcoy, a royal initiative, formalized and established the Escuela de Bolla in 1840 as Spain's inaugural technical school, granting it official status in 1853 under the Ministry of Fomento. Advancements included the introduction of Jacquard looms in 1841, enabling complex weaving patterns and boosting output in a sector that employed thousands by mid-century. Metallurgical industries emerged to support machinery needs, while paper production specialized in durable, mould-made varieties for export, solidifying Alcoy's role in Spain's nascent . By the late , textiles faced crises from onward due to market losses and competition, yet the combined base of over 5,500 workers in textiles and 2,500 in paper mills underscored Alcoy's preeminence, with surviving chimneys and factories attesting to hydraulic and steam-powered operations through the early . This legacy of resource-driven, export-oriented manufacturing laid the groundwork for Alcoy's economic identity, though vulnerable to shortages and global shifts.

Current Economic Sectors

Alcoy's economy remains anchored in , with industry comprising approximately 28% of in the l'Alcoià region as of 2025, surpassing the average of 14%. This sector generates significant , with local firms contributing to 406 million euros in annual exports from the area. Key strengths include a diverse industrial base, established companies (39% over 25 years old), and robust international orientation, with 68% of derived from exports and 60% from proprietary brands. The leads with 30% of industrial revenue, building on historical expertise in fabric production and innovation through institutions like the AITEX research center, which spans 31,000 m² and supports and related fields. Other prominent manufacturing subsectors include (12% of revenue), plastics (12%, particularly in nearby Ibi for toys and consumer goods), and / (10%, specializing in cigarette paper). , (3%), automotive components (5%), and machinery (3%) further diversify output, with active firms in , textiles, and metals participating in regional competitiveness initiatives as of October 2025. Services, including and linked to cultural festivals, complement industry but hold secondary weight, while contributes 7% to industrial revenue. The sector, tied to local traditions, supports niche but lacks dominant economic scale compared to manufacturing cores. Overall, Alcoy's industrial emphasis fosters higher salaries and stability relative to service-heavy areas.

Labor Market and Industrial Legacy Impacts

Alcoy's labor market reflects the enduring effects of its 19th-century industrialization in textiles and paper production, sectors that once employed a significant portion of the workforce and positioned the city as a key industrial center in . The expansion of wool-based textiles from the and paper manufacturing, including specialized cigarette paper, drove and urban development but also exposed workers to precarious conditions, as evidenced by stagnant biological indicators like physical stature during 1860–1910, suggesting limited gains in and despite economic output increases. The mid-20th-century decline, intensified by global competition and domestic crises in the 1970s–1980s, resulted in widespread factory closures across textiles, paper, and related fields, leading to and outward migration. This transformed the local economy, with traditional sectors shrinking and prompting a shift toward diversification into plastics, , and services, though retains relevance with textiles accounting for about 30% of industrial revenue as of recent assessments. Today, Alcoy's unemployment rate exceeds the national average of approximately 10.5% in 2025, standing at around 16.5% in regional rankings, with 4,394 registered unemployed as of September 2025 amid seasonal fluctuations. affiliations reached a record 17,609 in mid-2025, averaging 43 daily contracts, yet the legacy of skill specialization in legacy industries contributes to mismatches, necessitating retraining programs and entrepreneurial support to integrate workers into emerging sectors. Persistent industrial heritage supports a base of long-established firms—39% of 7,913 local companies operating over 25 years—fostering export-oriented activity worth 406 million euros annually, but challenges include higher youth and long-term , reflecting the causal link between sector-specific job losses and slower adaptation to service-dominated growth.

Society and Culture

Regional Identity and Language Use

Alcoy's regional identity is deeply embedded within the , where residents cultivate a strong sense of local pride as "alcoyanos," emphasizing communal ties forged through historical industrial traditions and the Hoya de Alcoy comarca's distinct cultural landscape. This identity manifests in fervent attachment to Valencian heritage, including festivals and entrepreneurial spirit, distinguishing it from broader Spanish or neighboring Catalan affiliations while reinforcing loyalty to the autonomous community's symbols and governance. Linguistically, Alcoy operates as a bilingual society with dominant in daily social and commercial interactions, reflecting broader patterns in province where Spanish prevails due to historical demographic shifts and migration. Valencian, the co-official and a variety of the Catalan linguistic continuum, enjoys protected status and active promotion through , media, and administration, sustaining its role in cultural expression and identity reinforcement. Recent data underscore Valencian's vitality in Alcoy relative to coastal areas: in the 2021 Encuesta de conocimiento y uso social del valenciano, the Alcoi-Gandia region reported higher competence and usage rates than province averages, with medium-sized cities like Alcoy leading recoveries in social domains such as family and peer communication. A 2025 parental consultation for vehicular yielded 59.66% support for Valencian (out of 4,683 votes), indicating sustained preference amid debates over immersion policies' efficacy in boosting everyday proficiency. This bilingual dynamic supports cultural cohesion, with Valencian integral to local festivals and institutions, though surveys reveal persistent challenges in intergenerational transmission, as Spanish remains the habitual home for most households. Efforts by regional authorities, including sociolinguistic initiatives hosted in Alcoy, aim to counter diglossic pressures favoring Spanish without evidence of coercive overreach in balanced usage.

Religious Traditions and Institutions

Alcoy's religious traditions and institutions are overwhelmingly Roman Catholic, aligned with the historical and cultural fabric of the . The central institution is the Iglesia Arciprestal de Santa María, erected in the mid-18th century in style atop an earlier structure; it was razed during the (1936–1939) and rebuilt in a Classicist design, functioning as the principal site for sacraments, masses, and major feasts. This parish oversees devotional activities tied to the Virgin Mary and hosts relics, including those linked to a reported 1568 involving preserved hosts amid plague. Supporting parishes include the Iglesia de San Jorge, honoring the city's patron saint, Saint George (Sant Jordi), whose cult arose from a 1276 legend of divine intervention against Muslim invaders during the , embedding martial piety in local identity. The Iglesia Parroquial de San Mauro y San Francisco, also reconstructed post-Civil War in , and the Santuario de María Auxiliadora, a 1940s Salesian church, extend sacramental access across neighborhoods. Traditions emphasize liturgical cycles, notably (Semana Santa), featuring processions of penitents and sacred images reenacting Christ's Passion, culminating on Sunday with the "Glòria" proclamation that transitions into Saint George's April 23 feast. These observances, while community-driven without formalized brotherhoods prominently documented, reinforce Catholic orthodoxy amid Spain's secularizing trends, with Saint George's patronage symbolizing triumph over historical adversaries.

Social Structure and Family Life

Alcoy's social structure has been shaped by its industrial past, particularly in textiles and paper manufacturing, fostering a historically dominant working class alongside an emerging middle class of entrepreneurs and professionals. The 1873 Petroleum Revolution, a significant workers' uprising influenced by libertarian and syndicalist ideologies, underscored class tensions and labor organization in the city. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, industrial growth enabled social mobility, with middle-class families constructing modernist residences and factories that integrated economic and residential life. Rural smallholders (minifundios) formed a middle class linked to urban sectors through intermarriage and migration, contributing to a blended agrarian-industrial social fabric. As of recent estimates, Alcoy's stands at 60,447, with 48.9% males and 51.1% females, reflecting a slight female majority typical of aging European municipalities. The supports 25,776 families, yielding an household size of approximately 2.34 persons, smaller than the national Spanish and indicative of predominance amid and low trends. Historical data from 2001 show households distributed as follows: 1-person (about 7.6% of total), 2-person (20.8%), 3-person (25.4%), with larger families less common, a pattern persisting due to economic pressures and delayed family formation. Family life in Alcoy emphasizes traditional Spanish values, where familial bonds provide economic and emotional support, often extending to multi-generational households despite shrinking sizes. Nuclear families prevail, with adult children frequently remaining at home longer—averaging into the late 20s or early 30s—due to housing costs and job market instability. Participation in local festivals, such as Moros y Cristianos, reinforces family and community cohesion through shared rituals and preparations, embedding social roles within extended kin networks. However, broader Spanish trends of declining rates, rising divorces (around 50% of marriages), and below replacement level (1.12 children per woman nationally in 2023) exert pressure on family stability, with Alcoy mirroring regional patterns in the . roles historically featured male breadwinners and female involvement in work during industrialization, contributing to wage and mortality disparities, though contemporary shifts toward dual-income households reflect educational and labor market changes.

Festivals and Traditions

Moros y Cristianos Festival

The Moros y Cristianos festival in Alcoy commemorates the Christian reconquest of the region during the 13th century, specifically the Battle of Alcoy fought on April 23, 1276, which halted Moorish advances and contributed to the expulsion of Muslim forces from the area. Held annually in late April over three days—typically Thursday to Saturday—the event centers on the feast day of Saint George (San Jorge), Alcoy's patron saint, whose legendary intervention is invoked in the historical narrative. The festival draws tens of thousands of participants and spectators, featuring organized filàs (factions) divided into Moorish and Christian groups, each with distinct uniforms, weaponry replicas, and regimental structures modeled on medieval military units. Documented references to the festival first appear in 1511, initially as modest games and competitions that gradually expanded into structured reenactments by the , reflecting the enduring cultural memory of the in eastern . Alcoy's version is regarded as one of the oldest and most elaborate in the , with traditions including the contrabandistas (smugglers' parades symbolizing clandestine Christian resistance) and desembarco (Moorish landing simulations). In 1980, it received official designation as a Festival of International Tourist Interest, recognizing its scale and preservation of historical pageantry. The schedule unfolds with escalating intensity: Thursday features marching bands and preliminary gatherings; Friday hosts the Christian entrada (entry) procession starting early morning, with troops assembling at the Plaza de España before parading through streets lined with fireworks (bòlits) and gunpowder salutes; Saturday brings the Moorish entrada, a vibrant counter-parade emphasizing exotic costumes and simulated invasions. Sunday culminates in mock battles (emboscades) at sites like the Puente de San Jorge bridge, where factions clash in choreographed combat using blank-firing muskets and swords, ending with the Christians' symbolic victory and a religious procession honoring Saint George. Music from dolçainas (oboes) and percussion accompanies all events, underscoring the festival's roots in military and religious ritual rather than mere entertainment. Organized by local associations since the , the festival maintains strict protocols for authenticity, including over 10,000 participants annually across 15-20 filàs, with costs for costumes and exceeding hundreds of thousands of euros per group. It fosters community cohesion in Alcoy, where preparation begins months in advance, but also imposes logistical strains, such as street closures and noise from thousands of discharges. While rooted in historical antagonism, modern iterations emphasize over conflict, though debates persist on balancing tradition with contemporary safety regulations for and crowds.

Fireworks and Other Celebrations

Alcoy maintains a prominent tradition in , with integral to its festive practices since at least the , initially employed in mock battles known as alardos during religious and popular events. By the , restrictions on use during the (1705) and subsequent royal decrees temporarily halted such displays, but they resumed in 1741, underscoring the community's commitment to these explosive elements despite periodic prohibitions. , including elaborate aerial bursts and structured "castillos" (pyrotechnic towers), feature prominently in major gatherings, often launched from sites like the Santa María terrace or Pont de Sant Jordi to synchronize with anthems and processions, consuming significant quantities of powder to create synchronized spectacles of light and sound. Beyond the primary festivals, occasionally punctuate other communal events, though less elaborately, reflecting Alcoy's pyrotechnic heritage rooted in local production for both industrial and celebratory purposes. Semana Santa, observed with six organized by two brotherhoods leading to the dawn Santo Encuentro on Resurrection Sunday, emphasizes solemn religious rites without documented pyrotechnic elements, blending into subsequent festal preparations. The Three Wise Men Parade on January 5 stands as one of Spain's oldest such events, drawing crowds with floats, costumes, and magical pageantry since the , though focused on rather than explosives. Local calendars also include national holidays like Spain's (December 6) or regional observances, where modest may accompany public gatherings, but these lack the scale of Alcoy's signature displays. vendors proliferate during peak seasons, supplying both residents and visitors, with safety protocols governed by municipal regulations to mitigate risks from the town's dense urban layout and historical structures. This integration of and festivity highlights Alcoy's identity as a hub for explosive artistry, evolving from utilitarian mills to sophisticated shows that draw international attention.

Controversies Surrounding Cultural Events

The annual Cabalgata de Reyes (Three Kings Parade) in Alcoy, held on to celebrate Epiphany, has drawn international scrutiny for participants' use of to portray Balthazar, traditionally depicted as a black king from the East. Critics, including activists and some Spanish media outlets, argue that the practice perpetuates racial stereotypes and caricatures, with hundreds of local teenagers observed applying or similar substances to their faces in 2019 events. In 2023, calls intensified for Alcoy to abandon the custom, citing it as offensive to black communities and inconsistent with modern sensitivities, amid broader European debates on cultural traditions. Local organizers and participants defend the as an authentic element of a centuries-old Catholic rooted in medieval European , where Balthazar symbolizes the Magi's diverse origins, rather than an intent to demean. Alcoy's , one of Spain's most elaborate with floats, bands, and candy distribution, maintains the practice despite petitions from groups like SOS Racismo, which in 2018 highlighted concerns over recognition efforts for similar festivals potentially overlooking the optics. Supporters contend that equating with contemporary ignores context, as the event focuses on biblical narrative and community participation, with no evidence of targeted hostility toward actual black residents, who number few in the town. The controversy reflects tensions between preserving regional heritage—Alcoy's events are declared of International Tourist Interest—and external pressures amplified by global media, often framing the issue through a lens prioritizing narratives over empirical analysis of intent or local sentiment. No formal bans have occurred as of 2023, though isolated incidents, such as a 2016 municipal debate, underscore ongoing friction without resolution. Relatedly, Alcoy's Moros y Cristianos festival, while less directly criticized, has prompted academic discourse on its portrayal of Muslim invaders, with some Moroccan immigrant communities viewing the mock battles as echoing Reconquista-era triumphalism, though participant surveys indicate broad local approval as festive rather than ideological statement.

Landmarks and Heritage

Architectural and Historical Sites

Alcoy's architectural and historical sites reflect its evolution from a medieval settlement to an industrial hub, with preserved structures from Andalusí fortifications to early 20th-century feats. The city's core features remnants of defensive walls and towers, alongside religious edifices rebuilt after wartime destruction, and a concentration of modernist buildings emblematic of its prosperity around 1900-1915. The Recinto Amurallado de Alcoy, originating in the 13th century following the Christian reconquest, enclosed the medieval town in three concentric rings that included a now-lost for protection against invasions. Few physical remains endure, but the wall's contour is discernible, with restored elements such as the Torre de Na Valora and traces visible along streets like San Jaime, Fraga, Barbacana, and Agost; an 18th-century portal on Sant Roc street near the Riquer gate and tower further marks its layout. Nearby, El Castellar d'Alcoi exemplifies an elevated Andalusí fortified village from the late 9th to 13th centuries, strategically positioned on rugged terrain for defense amid the transition from Muslim to Christian rule. Religious architecture centers on the Iglesia Arciprestal de Santa María, initially founded in 1256 with the town's establishment but rebuilt in style by the mid-18th century on a prominent site overlooking Plaza de España. Destroyed during the (1936-1939), it was reconstructed postwar in a Classicist design, retaining a tiled dome and tower that dominate the skyline. The modernist era, fueled by Alcoy's paper and textile industries, produced over two dozen notable buildings between 1904 and 1915, blending motifs with local innovation. The Casa del Pavo, constructed 1908-1909 by architect Vicente Pascual Pastor at 15 Calle Sant Nicolau, exemplifies Valencian through its ornate of mosaics, intricate , and nature-inspired details, including turkey emblems on the doors; interior access is restricted, but the exterior showcases floral and organic forms. Adjacent, the Círculo Industrial de Alcoy, established in 1868 as a bourgeois industrial club at 19 Calle San Nicolás, features a modernist added later with Viennese influences, serving as a cultural and social hub amid the city's economic peak. Engineering landmarks include the Puente de San Jorge, a viaduct spanning the River Riquer valley, built from 1925 to 1931 in style to connect divided urban areas. At 42 meters high and 156 meters long, it represented a technical advance as one of Spain's earliest exposed-concrete bridges, facilitating industrial expansion and offering panoramic views of the serrated terrain.

Museums and Cultural Collections

The Museu Arqueològic Municipal Camil Visedo Moltó, founded in 1945 and housed in a Renaissance-style palace constructed between 1572 and 1584 that formerly served as the Casa de la Villa until the early 19th century, preserves artifacts spanning prehistoric to medieval eras, with notable holdings including Neolithic pottery pieces and Iberian inscriptions on lead plates. The building, declared a Monument of National Artistic Interest in 1962, features a portico of columns and detailed window designs, underscoring Alcoy's architectural heritage alongside its archaeological collections. The Museu Alcoià de la Festa (MAF), renovated in 2003 by the Associació de Sant Jordi within the 17th-century Casal de Sant Jordi at Carrer de Sant Miquel 60, maintains extensive collections of festival-related items from Alcoy's Moros y Cristianos celebrations, including costumes, historical posters, fianzas (guarantee bonds), photographs, and symbolic artifacts tied to the Trilogía Alcoyana. Exhibits emphasize the festival's social and historical dimensions, representing diverse participants across classes, enhanced by interactive technologies for sensory immersion into traditions dating back centuries. MUBOMA, the Museo de Bomberos del Consorcio Provincial de Alicante established as the first firefighters' museum in the and opened to the public in 2011 at Carrer dels Alcàssers 64, displays collections of historical equipment, vehicles, tools, and resources illustrating the profession's development, particularly in Alcoy's industrial context where fire risks from textile mills were prevalent. The highlights preventive and operational innovations, drawing from provincial archives to contextualize 's role in regional safety since the . The IVAM CADA Alcoi, operating as Alcoi's art center in a 1909 building originally designed by Vicente Pascual Pastor for the Monte de Piedad offices, hosts modern and exhibitions across three floors, promoting local and regional creators through rotating displays that integrate historical lobby features like large canvases. Managed in collaboration with the Institut Valencià d'Art Modern, it functions as a hub for cultural innovation, featuring programs that extend beyond static collections to temporary installations fostering artistic dialogue.

Infrastructure and Education

Transportation and Urban Development

Alcoy's transportation infrastructure centers on regional roads and bus services, with supplementary rail links. The primary road connection is the CV-70, a 45 km mountain route linking Alcoy to and facilitating access across the Alcoià and Comtat regions, featuring variants to bypass population centers. Intercity buses operated by Vectalia connect Alcoy to (journey time approximately 1 hour 45 minutes, fares €1–9) and multiple times daily. Local public transport comprises five Vectalia bus routes covering urban and peri-urban areas, with tickets available on board or at the . Rail services operate from Alcoi station, a regional terminus offering connections to , Cocentaina, (fares from €11, up to 4 daily departures), and onward to (journey around 7.5 hours). The Játiva-Alcoy line, spanning 64 km, underwent comprehensive renovation starting in 2025, including track replacement and preparation for to enhance reliability. Access to Alicante-Elche Airport (ALC), 67 km away, relies on bus transfers or private vehicles, typically taking 1 hour by car. Urban development in Alcoy has been constrained and defined by its position in a steep river gorge formed by the Barxell, Riquer, and other waterways, necessitating extensive bridge infrastructure for expansion. The city, dubbed the "City of Bridges," features over 20 such structures, including 18th-century examples like Puente del Tossal (1712) and Puente de Alcázares (1780), which supported early industrial growth in textiles. 20th-century additions, such as the (1907, 162 m long, 352 tonnes of steel) and San Jorge Bridge (1931, , style, 245 m span), enabled connectivity across valleys amid population increases from . Contemporary planning emphasizes regeneration and , with the Alcoy Structural Master Plan guiding transformations like road integrations and enhancements. Projects such as the Riquer Gate preserve heritage while demolishing derelict structures for new housing, and the AL-AZRAQ initiative creates central squares to unify fragmented urban fabric. The "Smart City Alcoy" program implements citizen-focused infrastructure, including digital trials and comprehensive urban trials to modernize the industrial-era layout without overriding topographic realities.

Educational Institutions

The primary higher education institution in Alcoy is the Alcoy Campus of the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), which operates as one of the university's three external campuses and specializes in technical and applied sciences. This campus, centered around the Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy (EPSA), delivers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in fields such as , , textile engineering, , and information systems, aligning with the region's historical industrial strengths in textiles and manufacturing. The EPSA emphasizes practical, industry-oriented training, with facilities including laboratories and design workshops housed in emblematic buildings dating to the 19th-century industrialization era. Complementing the UPV campus, the Escuela de Arte y Superior de Diseño de Alcoy offers specialized programs in , , and , fostering creative skills tied to local craft traditions. These institutions serve a student body drawn from the and international exchanges, contributing to Alcoy's role as a hub for technical in Alicante province without hosting a standalone full . Primary and secondary in Alcoy follows Spain's national public system, supplemented by private institutions such as La Salle Alcoy, which provides bilingual instruction up to baccalaureate level, though comprehensive enrollment data reflects standard regional patterns rather than unique outliers.

Sports and Leisure

Local Sports Clubs

Club Deportivo Alcoyano, the foremost football club in Alcoy, was established on 13 September 1928 through the merger of local teams. The club secured promotion to Spain's Primera División in 1944, participating in four seasons there and attaining its highest league finish of 10th place during the 1946–47 campaign. It achieved further prominence by eliminating Real Madrid with a 2–1 victory in the on 20 January 2021, advancing past and Levante in the same tournament. As of the 2024–25 season, the team competes in the , Spain's fourth division. Alcoy supports a diverse array of other sports clubs, as cataloged by the municipal government. In , Club Bàsquet Joventut d’Alcoy, founded in 2013, emphasizes personal and athletic growth through youth programs. Athletics are represented by Club Atletismo Alcoy, which organizes events. Additional clubs cover (e.g., Unión Ciclista Alcoy), (Club Natación Alcoy), (e.g., CD Karate Garyu Alcoy), and amateur football variants (e.g., Club de Fútbol Pista de Alcoy). These organizations contribute to across recreational and competitive levels.

Recreational Facilities

Alcoy features several municipal sports complexes that serve recreational purposes, including the Polideportivo Municipal Francisco Laporta, which offers indoor facilities for activities such as , , and fitness training. Adjacent facilities include the Polideportivo Municipal de Caramanchel Juan Agudo Garat and Polideportivo Municipal Batoi, providing multi-purpose courts and spaces for community leisure events. These complexes, managed by the Ayuntamiento de Alcoy, support both organized sports and casual recreation, with capacities for hundreds of users daily during peak seasons. Outdoor recreational areas emphasize natural settings, with designated zones like the Área Recreativa Font Roja within the Parque Natural del Carrascal de la Font Roja, offering picnic spots, walking paths, and viewpoints accessible year-round. Other municipal recreational areas include Font de la Salut, Font de Serelles, Font del Quinzet, and Hortet del Pobre (also known as Preventori), equipped with benches, tables, and trails for hiking and relaxation, primarily utilized for family outings and low-impact activities. The Racó Sant Bonaventura features outdoor fitness stations with pull-up bars and parallel bars, promoting calisthenics and bodyweight exercises in a public park setting. Swimming facilities contribute to aquatic recreation, highlighted by the Complejo de Piscinas Monte Tossal, an open-air complex with multiple pools for leisure swimming and water aerobics, operational since the early 2000s and accommodating seasonal public access. The Piscina Municipal Aquaval provides indoor options for year-round use, including lanes for casual swimmers. Specialized venues like the Kinetic Trampoline Park, spanning 500 square meters with trampolines, foam pits, and dodgeball areas, cater to youth-oriented recreational jumping and group activities. Urban parks such as Parc la Glorieta offer green spaces with playgrounds and shaded paths for pedestrian leisure.

Notable Individuals

Historical Figures

Onofre Jordá (1510–1570), born in Alcoy, was a philosopher, humanist, and ascetic figure renowned for his mastery of classical languages and evangelical preaching across the Kingdom of . He served as a of Greek and Latin, later retreating to a hermitage near Agres where he embraced a life of and apostolic work, influencing local religious and intellectual circles through sermons emphasizing moral reform. Gregorio Ridaura y Pérez (1641–1704), a native of Alcoy, emerged as a devoted cleric and beneficiary of , earning veneration for his intense focus on charity, conversions, and promotion of the amid 17th-century religious fervor. Orphaned young, he pursued studies in from 1655, prioritizing spiritual guidance over formal ecclesiastical advancement, and his life inspired local hagiographic traditions and images depicting his pious labors. Vicente Carbonell, a 17th-century Alcoy historian and doctor in civil and , documented key local events including the 1620 earthquakes' impact on the cult of Saint George and the theft and recovery of the Blessed Sacrament, contributing foundational texts to the city's ecclesiastical and seismic history. Marcos Serra y Botella (1581–after), an Alcoy-born friar and theologian, authored seven volumes of commentaries on the of , advancing scholastic theology in Valencian intellectual circles during the late . Juan Guerau Mollá, an Alcoy military captain active in the 17th-century conflicts with supporting the Catalan cause, also held the position of jurat in and wrote Arte de formar escuadrones, a treatise on reflecting practical experience in regional warfare.

Contemporary Notables

Camilo Blanes Cortés, known professionally as , was a prominent Spanish singer, songwriter, and producer born on September 16, 1946, in Alcoy. He achieved international fame in the 1970s with romantic ballads such as "Algo de Mí" and "Vivir Así es Morir de Amor," selling millions of records and influencing Latin American music scenes. Sesto's career spanned over five decades, including roles and production work, until his death on September 8, 2019. Francisco José Carrasco Hidalgo, nicknamed "Lobo" Carrasco, is a former professional footballer and coach born on March 6, 1959, in Alcoy. He played primarily as a winger for from 1979 to 1992, appearing in 378 official matches and contributing to four titles and the 1982 . Carrasco earned 35 caps for the national team between 1979 and 1989, scoring five goals, and later pursued coaching roles including with Barcelona's youth teams. Carmen Jordá Buades is a driver born on May 28, 1988, in Alcoy. She competed in series such as GP3 (2013–2015), where she raced for teams like Lotus GP, and Indy Lights, marking her as one of few Spanish women in high-level open-wheel . Jordá has also served as a development driver for Formula 1 teams and advocates for gender diversity in motorsport.

References

  1. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/pag/4294/history-of-alcoy.html?lang=4
  2. https://citypopulation.de/en/spain/comunitatvalenciana/alicante/03009__alcoi/
  3. https://www.spain.info/en/calendar/fiestas-moors-christians-alcoy/
  4. https://en.db-city.com/Spain--Valencia--Alicante--Alcoy
  5. https://www.sitesatlas.com/city/SP-Alcoy/
  6. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Geographic-and-geological-setting-of-the-Alcoy-Basin-showing-the-location-of-the_fig1_281889128
  7. https://fpnvalencia.es/blog/donde-nace-el-rio-serpis/
  8. https://www.levante-emv.com/comunitat-valenciana/2020/02/14/alcoi-encrucijada-puentes-rios-11637264.html
  9. https://nomadseason.com/climate/spain/valencia/alcoy.html
  10. https://weatherspark.com/y/42592/Average-Weather-in-Alcoy-Spain-Year-Round
  11. https://en.climate-data.org/europe/spain/valencian-community/muro-de-alcoy-663810/
  12. https://www.whereandwhen.net/when/europe/spain/alcoy/
  13. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4d69/e1793bf28d68e301494b4f2384e089a5b593.pdf
  14. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/6/862
  15. https://www.visitalcoy.com/en/naturaleza/
  16. https://www.campingarenablanca.com/en/what-to-see-in-alcoy/
  17. https://www.comunitatvalenciana.com/en/mediterranean-in-action/font-roja-natural-park
  18. https://www.spain.info/en/nature/carrascal-font-roja-natural-park/
  19. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/pag/4032/font-roja-natural-park.html?lang=4
  20. https://www.torredecotes.com/en/serra-de-mariola-natural-park
  21. https://www.comunitatvalenciana.com/en/alacant-alicante/banyeres-de-mariola/natural-landscapes/sierra-de-mariola-natural-park
  22. https://masiaelaltet.com/blog/sierra-de-mariola-wildlife/
  23. https://www.serramariola.org/en/serra-mariola-natural-park/
  24. https://www.visitalcoy.com/en/historia/
  25. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/pag/4203/poblado-ibero-el-puig.html?lang=4
  26. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/esdev/796/index.php?contenido=fichaPoi&idPoi=75&id=0&idNivel=4045&lang=4
  27. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345940378_Economic_crises_and_industrialisation_in_Southern_Europe_the_Valencian_cloth-making_town_of_Alcoi_1600_and_1800
  28. https://www.raco.cat/index.php/HistoriaIndustrial/article/viewFile/315813/405894
  29. https://investinalcoi.com/en/industria/
  30. https://edepot.wur.nl/564261
  31. https://alcoytoday.com/modernist-alcoy/
  32. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13545701.2021.1983190
  33. https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/The-Revolution-of-1868-and-the-Republic-of-1873
  34. https://www.diba.cat/en/web/exposicions/-/first-republic-150-years-on
  35. https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/1643-agustin-albors-blanes
  36. https://blogs.ua.es/alcoy/la-localidad-2/
  37. https://educacion.press/historia/valencia/la-ultima-defensa-el-bombardeo-de-alcoy-durante-la-guerra-civil-espanol/
  38. https://alcoyhistoriaytradiciones.blogspot.com/2009/03/la-guerra-civil.html
  39. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/alcoy/Web_php/index.php?contenido=fichaPoi&idPoi=8&id=18&idNivel=4244&mode=folder&order=asc&title=refugio-antiaereo-de-cervantes
  40. https://freedomnews.org.uk/2021/06/25/the-anarchists-in-alicante/
  41. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/alcoy-and-maigmo-greenways
  42. https://www.march.es/es/coleccion/archivo-linz-transicion-espanola/ficha/alcalde-alcoy-dimite-como-jefe-local-movimiento--linz%253AR-38551
  43. https://www.copealcoy.es/es/asi-se-vivio-el-23f-en-alcoy-hace-40-anos/
  44. https://www.alcoyindustrial.es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/debacle-manufactura-alcoy-3.pdf
  45. https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/work-document/fifty-years-after-franco-spains-profound-transformation-1975-2025/
  46. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304679484_Two_Spanish_Cities_at_the_Crossroads_Changing_Identities_in_Elda_and_Alcoy
  47. https://devuelvemelavoz.ua.es/devuelveme-voz/visor.php?fichero=14350.mp3&idioma=en
  48. https://www.foro-ciudad.com/alicante/alcoy-alcoi/habitantes.html
  49. https://www.alcoi.org/es/portal/noticias2024/noticia_0573.html
  50. https://www.informacion.es/alcoy/2023/12/14/alcoy-recupera-500-vecinos-ano-95850122.html
  51. http://documentacion.diputacionalicante.es/4hogares.asp?codigo=03009
  52. https://astialicante.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/INFORME-aproximacion-estadistica-2024.pdf
  53. https://astialicante.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/INFORME-aproximacion-estadistica-2025.pdf
  54. https://www.elnostreciutat.com/es/alcoy-crece-con-diversidad-uno-de-cada-cuatro-vecinos-nacio-fuera-de-la-ciudad/
  55. https://mpt.gob.es/dam/es/portal/politica-territorial/autonomica/Lenguas-cooficiales/Consejo-de-Lenguas-Oficiales/Informes/2024_OficinaLenguas_AnalisisECEPOV.pdf
  56. https://ceice.gva.es/documents/161863132/174616028/enquesta%2B%25C3%25BAs%2Bdel%2Bvalenci%25C3%25A0%2B2021_web_en.pdf/4b7e1bb6-8a95-2847-49f4-06cc6328703e?t=1674558044651
  57. http://documentacion.diputacionalicante.es/mun_disp.asp?codigo=03009
  58. https://cadenaser.com/comunitat-valenciana/2025/03/06/el-valencia-vence-en-la-eleccion-de-la-lengua-base-en-el-comtat-con-un-87-y-en-lalcoia-con-un-60-de-los-votos-radio-alcoy/
  59. https://transparencia.alcoi.org/transparencia-municipal/organos-de-gobierno-y-sus-funciones/
  60. https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/es/demografia/dati-sintesi/alcoy/20249030/4
  61. https://www.alcoi.org/es/ayuntamiento/Corporacion/composicion_corporacion.html
  62. https://transparencia.alcoi.org/transparencia-municipal/organigrama-del-ayuntamiento/
  63. https://www.alcoi.org/export/sites/default/es/ayuntamiento/descarga/8-per-districtes-i-seccions.pdf
  64. https://www.visitalcoy.com/es/historia/
  65. https://www.eldebate.com/espana/comunidad-valenciana/alicante/20240207/violenta-revuelta-obrera-acabo-alcalde-republicano-alcoy-despellejado_172688.html
  66. https://alacantobrera.com/2022/07/04/alcoi-capital-de-la-internacional-la-ciudad-del-buen-acuerdo/
  67. https://www.alcoi.org/es/portal/noticias2025/noticia_0167.html
  68. https://www.copealcoy.es/es/cuarenta-anos-de-las-primeras-elecciones-municipales-de-la-democracia/
  69. https://www.levante-emv.com/comunitat-valenciana/2023/05/28/resultado-elecciones-alcoi-psoe-gana-alcoy-88020111.html
  70. https://cadenaser.com/comunitat-valenciana/2023/05/28/resultados-de-las-elecciones-municipales-2023-en-alcoy-en-directo-ultima-hora-sobre-la-jornada-electoral-radio-alcoy/
  71. https://aquimediosdecomunicacion.com/2023/07/05/arranca-un-nuevo-mandato-politico-en-alcoy/
  72. https://www.informacion.es/elecciones/municipales/2023/05/28/resultado-elecciones-alcoy-2023-ganado-28-m-87819300.html
  73. http://documentacion.diputacionalicante.es/datoselectorales.asp?municipio=009
  74. https://www.elespanol.com/alicante/alcoy/20250311/alcoy-municipio-deuda-alicante-millones-ano-pasado-pago-amortizacion-intereses/930157128_0.html
  75. https://www.elnostreciutat.com/es/alcoy-el-municipio-alicantino-con-mayor-deuda-global/
  76. https://cadenaser.com/comunitat-valenciana/2025/02/21/rifirafe-entre-pp-y-psoe-por-la-deuda-municipal-de-alcoy-radio-alcoy/
  77. https://alicanteplaza.es/alicanteplaza/alcoy-el-comtat/estos-son-los-motivos-del-endeudamiento-de-alcoy-de-completar-los-fondos-europeos-al-prestamo-para-reformar-la-rosaleda
  78. https://www.alcoi.org/export/sites/default/es/ayuntamiento/descarga/DIAGNOSTICO_DEFINITIVO.pdf
  79. https://docuweb.alcoi.org/proteccion_civil/PAM-IN/PAM_riesgo_Inundaciones_Alcoy.pdf
  80. https://www.informacion.es/alcoy/2023/02/16/alcoy-repone-cauces-fluviales-afectados-83055743.html
  81. https://www.alcoi.org/es/areas/urbanismo/dusi/retos.html
  82. https://www.lasprovincias.es/alcoia/empresarios-alcoy-advierten-20211025194624-nt.html
  83. https://alicanteplaza.es/alicanteplaza/alcoy-el-comtat/el-pp-de-alcoy-pide-explicaciones-al-gobierno-al-aparecer-la-empresa-de-la-rosaleda-en-el-caso-koldo
  84. https://www.informacion.es/alcoy/2025/06/18/empresa-investigada-uco-dejo-diciembre-118755051.html
  85. https://www.abc.es/espana/comunidad-valenciana/abci-ayuntamiento-alcoy-pagara-calatrava-puente-no-construyo-200310080300-212482_noticia.html
  86. https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2015/05/06/inenglish/1430932717_848440.html
  87. https://www.alcoi.org/es/portal/noticias/noticia_0563.html
  88. https://www.facebook.com/AlcoyON/posts/el-presupuesto-municipal-de-alcoy-para-2025-incluye-una-previsi%25C3%25B3n-de-980000-euro/122154041486893773/
  89. https://www.iberollingpapers.es/en/about-us/paper-tradition/
  90. https://www.textilalcoyana.com/entidad/historia
  91. https://wiki.alcoyindustrial.es/w/index.php?title=Historia_Industrial_de_Alcoy
  92. https://www.easdalcoi.es/en/school/history/
  93. https://alacantobrera.com/2013/09/24/los-obreros-textiles-a-finales-del-siglo-xix/
  94. https://sct.webs.upv.es/event/ruta-de-las-chimeneas-industriales-de-alcoy/
  95. https://www.elsaltodiario.com/industria/hace-siglo-papel-protagonista-tenia-alcoi
  96. https://alicanteplaza.es/alicanteplaza/alcoy-el-comtat/que-peso-tiene-el-empleo-en-la-industria-el-28-en-lalcoia-42-en-el-comtat-y-51-en-la-foia-de-castalla
  97. https://www.aitex.es/?lang=en
  98. https://alicantextra.com/es/economia/industria-avanza-en-alcoy-principales-medidas-reforzar-competitividad-zona_578342_102.html
  99. https://www.alcoi.org/es/portal/noticias2024/noticia_0464.html
  100. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350862049_Growth_or_stagnation_Well-being_during_the_Spanish_industrialization_in_Alcoy_1860-1910
  101. https://www.raco.cat/index.php/HistoriaIndustrial/article/view/315813
  102. https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/19/inenglish/1550569806_893634.html
  103. https://datosmacro.expansion.com/paro/espana/municipios/valencia/alicante/alcoi-alcoy
  104. https://www.elnostreciutat.com/es/el-desempleo-sube-por-segundo-mes-seguido/
  105. https://alicanteplaza.es/alicanteplaza/alcoy-el-comtat/cifras-record-del-empleo-en-alcoy-17609-afiliados-a-la-seguridad-social-y-una-media-de-43-contratos-al-dia
  106. https://cadenaser.com/comunitat-valenciana/2025/10/02/el-paro-vuelve-a-bajar-en-lalcoia-y-el-comtat-radio-alcoy/
  107. https://cruscat.iec.cat/el-valenciano-se-habla-mas-en-las-ciudades-medias/
  108. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249929973_Spanish_and_Catalan_in_the_Community_of_Valencia
  109. https://ceice.gva.es/es/web/dgplgm/enquestes-situacio-valencia
  110. https://ceice.gva.es/documents/161863132/174616028/enquesta%2B%25C3%25BAs%2Bdel%2Bvalencia%25CC%2580%2B2021_web_es.pdf
  111. https://www.informacion.es/alcoy/2023/03/24/jornada-sociolinguistica-alcoy-explora-exitos-85135411.html
  112. https://www.elespanol.com/alicante/20250225/usa-valenciano-ley-ximo-puig-impuso-escuelas-no-hizo-aumentar-uso-cotidiano/926657520_0.html
  113. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/pag/4081/index.php?contenido=fichaPoi&idPoi=10&id=0&idNivel=4244&lang=4
  114. https://www.turismoalicanteinterior.com/en/descubrir/santa-maria-church/
  115. https://perpetualeucharisticadoration.com/eucharistic-miracle-of-alcoy-spain-1568/
  116. https://www.travelersuniverse.com/moors-and-christians-festival-alcoy-spain/
  117. https://www.comunitatvalenciana.com/en/alacant-alicante/alcoi-alcoy/monuments/san-mauro-and-san-francisco-s-church
  118. https://agendaalcoy.com/en/event/semana-santa-2025/
  119. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/pag/4043/setmana-santa.html?lang=4
  120. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/pag/4294/registro/?lang=4
  121. https://www.britannica.com/place/Alcoy
  122. http://documentacion.diputacionalicante.es/4censo.asp?codigo=03009
  123. https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/spanish-culture/spanish-culture-family
  124. https://www.uspceu.com/en/press-room/new/family-structure-spain-much-weaker-treated-worse-than-years
  125. https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/countries/esp/spain/fertility-rate
  126. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356649900_Gender_Gaps_in_Wages_and_Mortality_Rates_During_Industrialization_The_Case_of_Alcoy_Spain_1860-1914
  127. https://yuliyaexplores.wordpress.com/2019/10/27/alcoy-spain-the-fantasy-comes-alive-in-13th-century-festival/
  128. https://www.barcelo.com/guia-turismo/en/spain/alicante/things-to-do/moros-y-cristianos-alicante/
  129. https://www.comunitatvalenciana.com/en/alacant-alicante/alcoi-alcoy/festivals/moors-and-christians-in-alcoy
  130. https://www.immoabroad.com/spain/moorish-and-christian-festivals-a-spectacular-celebration
  131. https://taniassuitcase.com/event-festival/april-spain-alcoy-the-moors-and-christians/
  132. https://www.hotpaella.com/Traditions-Of-Spain-Moros-y-Cristianos-Festival.aspx
  133. https://www.carnifest.com/moors-and-christians-festival-in-alcoy-2026/
  134. https://www.comunitatvalenciana.com/en/festivities/moorishes-and-christians
  135. https://blogs.ua.es/historiaalcoy/2013/11/12/la-polvora-2/
  136. https://cadenaser.com/comunitat-valenciana/2023/04/24/la-aparicion-y-los-fuegos-artificiales-iluminan-el-punto-final-de-las-fiestas-de-alcoy-radio-alcoy/
  137. https://www.mitaxi.net/eng/blog/moors-and-christians-festival-in-alcoy/
  138. https://www.fiestapopular.com/en/cabalgata-reyes-alcoy
  139. https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/europe/spain-three-kings-parade-blackface-teenagers-alcoy-alicante-a8715211.html
  140. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/6/spains-three-kings-parade-embroiled-in-racism-scandal
  141. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/blackface-spain-three-kings-parade-scli-intl
  142. https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2018/01/11/spains-blacks-want-end-blackface-part-annual-three/
  143. https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2017/12/18/trans_iberian/1513600440_342120.html
  144. https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2016/01/05/inenglish/1451996225_305550.html
  145. https://www.academia.edu/3710464/battles_of_identity_or_playing_Guest_and_Host_the_festivals_of_Moors_and_Christians_in_the_context_of_Moroccan_immigration_in_Spain1
  146. https://www.comunitatvalenciana.com/es/alacant-alicante/alcoi-alcoy/monumentos/recinto-amurallado-de-alcoy
  147. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/pag/3996/index.php?contenido=fichaPoi&idPoi=57&id=0&idNivel=3960&lang=4
  148. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/alcoy/web_php/index.php?contenido=fichaPoi&idPoi=41&id=2&idNivel=3960&mode=folder&order=asc&title=circulo-industrial
  149. https://www.alcoy.org/es/areas/cultura/museo/Elcastellar.html
  150. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/ruta/8/index.php?contenido=fichaPoi&idPoi=10&id=0&idNivel=4014&lang=4
  151. https://www.turismoalicanteinterior.com/en/descubrir/casa-del-pavo/
  152. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/alcoy/web_php/index.php?contenido=fichaComercial&id=20&idContacto=113&mode=folder&order=asc&idNivel=4044
  153. https://informesdelaconstruccion.revistas.csic.es/index.php/informesdelaconstruccion/article/view/5833/6782
  154. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/pag/4078/index.php?contenido=fichaPoi&idPoi=66&id=0&idNivel=4011&lang=4
  155. https://www.asjordi.org/es/museo/88/el-museu-alcoia-de-la-festa-maf
  156. https://muboma.com/
  157. https://muboma.com/museo/
  158. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/pag/4237/index.php?contenido=fichaPoi&idPoi=5&id=0&idNivel=4011&lang=4
  159. https://www.vielca.com/en/proyectos/proyecto-basico-y-proyecto-de-construccion-de-la-variante-de-carretera-cv-70-alcoi-benidorm
  160. https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Alicante/Alcoy
  161. https://alcoi.vectalia.es/en/preguntas-frecuentes/
  162. https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-lines-Alicante-4487-3756176
  163. https://www.raileurope.com/en/destinations/valencia-alcoi-train
  164. https://www.thetrainline.com/en/train-times/alcoi-to-madrid
  165. https://grupoazvinews.com/en/azvi-begins-the-comprehensive-renovation-of-the-jativa-alcoy-railway-line/
  166. https://www.holidaytaxis.com/en/airport-transfers/costa-blanca-alicante-airport/alcoy/
  167. https://www.visitalcoy.com/en/puentes/
  168. https://www.drivalia.es/en/alcoy-the-city-of-bridges/
  169. https://alcoyturismo.com/pag/4003/index.php?contenido=fichaPoi&idPoi=69&id=0&idNivel=4044&lang=4
  170. https://www.europan-europe.eu/en/session/europan-14/site/alcoy-es
  171. https://arquitecturaviva.com/works/urbanizacion-del-portal-de-riquer-alcoy
  172. https://raulsanchezarchitects.com/AL-AZRAQ-PROJECT-details
  173. https://www.upv.es/contenidos/IOFEPSA/
  174. https://www.upv.es/contenidos/IOFEPSA/info/1070043normalc.html
  175. https://www.upv.es/entidades/epsa/
  176. https://www.upv.es/otros/como-llegar-upv/campus-alcoy/index-en.html
  177. https://inclusivemobility.eu/countries/es/heis/769
  178. https://m.yelp.com/search?find_desc=Education&find_loc=Alcoy%252C%2BA
  179. https://cdalcoyano.org/historia/
  180. https://www.transfermarkt.es/cd-alcoyano/startseite/verein/11259
  181. https://www.alcoi.org/es/areas/deportes/clubs.html
  182. https://www.cbjoventutdalcoi.com/
  183. https://www.alcoi.org/es/areas/deportes/instalaciones.html
  184. https://www.alcoi.org/es/areas/medi_ambient/rutes/
  185. https://www.alcoyturismo.com/pag/4052/areas-recreativas.html
  186. https://calisthenics-parks.com/spots/17752-en-outdoor-pull-up-bars-alcoi-alcoy-workout-park-raco-sant-bonaventura
  187. https://m.yelp.com/search?cflt=swimmingpools&find_loc=Alcoy%252C%2BAlicante
  188. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g1064251-d15557330-Reviews-Kinetic_Trampoline_Park-Alcoy_Province_of_Alicante_Valencian_Community.html
  189. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g1064251-Activities-c57-Alcoy_Province_of_Alicante_Valencian_Community.html
  190. https://historia-hispanica.rah.es/biografias/24998-onofre-jorda
  191. https://www.hojadellunes.com/alicante-en-el-humanismo-renacentista-espanol/
  192. https://www.tipografialamoderna.com/la_memoria/mossen-gregorio-ridaura-perez-alcoy-1641-valencia-1704/
  193. https://roderic.uv.es/items/fc95ed90-586e-495d-a833-b8d71010f145
  194. https://blogs.ua.es/historiaalcoy/2013/11/12/galeria-de-ilustres/
  195. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0785975/bio/
  196. https://rfef.es/es/noticias/que-es-del-lobo-carrasco
  197. https://www.888sport.es/blog/lobo-carrasco
  198. https://en.as.com/entertainment/who-is-carmen-jorda-the-driver-signed-by-tom-cruise-n/
  199. https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/formula-1/who-carmen-jorda-you-need-5243284
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.