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Commerce, California
Commerce, California
Commerce, California
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Commerce is a city located in southeast Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 12,378 at the 2020 census, down from 12,823 at the 2010 census. It is usually referred to as the City of Commerce to distinguish it from the common noun. It is bordered by Vernon on the west, Los Angeles on the northwest, East Los Angeles on the north, Montebello on the east, Downey and Bell Gardens on the south, and Maywood on the southwest. The Los Angeles River forms part of its southwestern boundary, and the Rio Hondo separates it from Downey. Commerce is served by the Long Beach and Santa Ana freeways, as well as the Metrolink commuter rail service at the Commerce station.

Key Information

History

[edit]

In the 19th century, the area was part of Antonio Maria Lugo's Rancho San Antonio. Its conversion to an industrial area began in 1887, when the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built its main line through the area. The ranch remained intact until Arcadia Bandini de Stearns Baker, reputedly once the wealthiest woman in Los Angeles, sold some of it around the turn of the 20th century. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad (later the Union Pacific) both were built through what would become the community, as was the Pacific Electric Railway's Whittier Line. By the 1920s, factories had arrived. In the late 1940s, industrial leaders banded together with residents in the communities of Bandini, Rosewood, and Laguna to encourage commerce. They changed the name to match that goal.

The city was incorporated in 1960 to prevent neighboring cities such as Vernon and Los Angeles from annexing industrial land for tax revenue and elected its first city mayor, Maurice Quigley. In the 1970s and 1980s, Commerce successfully negotiated the turbulent period of deindustrialization that hammered nearby cities such as South Gate and Norwalk, maintaining much of its manufacturing and goods-distribution base and successfully converting former industrial land to lucrative commercial uses. The most notable example of this phenomenon is the Citadel Outlets mall, which occupies the site of a former tire factory. The owner of the Citadel, Steve Craig, hosts an annual Clean Up Commerce Day and enlists other businesses to work with the city and volunteers in beautifying a specific area of the city.[6] With a major rail yard within its borders, Commerce has also benefited greatly from the huge expansion in international trade traffic through the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, albeit at the expense of severe air pollution caused by truck congestion on the Long Beach Freeway.

Chrysler had an assembly plant in Commerce from 1930 through July 1971 located at 5800 S. Eastern Avenue and Slauson Avenue, called Los Angeles (Maywood) Assembly. It was closed at the end of the 1971 model year, as Chrysler decided to triple-stack its transport trains for the 1972 model year; its Los Angeles facility couldn't accommodate this change.[7]

Commerce is also the site of Williams Ranch, on which is the swimming hole that the Sleepy Lagoon Murder of José Díaz took place in 1942. The Sleepy Lagoon swimming hole was located near Slauson and Eastern Ave.

Geography

[edit]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.5 square miles (17 km2), over 99% of it land.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19609,555—
197010,63511.3%
198010,509−1.2%
199012,13515.5%
200012,5683.6%
201012,8232.0%
202012,378−3.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[8]
1860–1870[9][10] 1880-1890[11]
1900[12] 1910[13] 1920[14]
1930[15] 1940[16] 1950[17]
1960[18][19] 1970[20] 1980[21]
1990[22] 2000[23] 2010[24]
2020[25]

Commerce first appeared as a city in the 1960 U.S. census[18] as part of the Southeast census county division.[19]

Commerce city, California – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[26] Pop 2010[27] Pop 2020[25] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 519 402 293 4.13% 3.13% 2.37%
Black or African American alone (NH) 63 66 88 0.50% 0.51% 0.71%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 52 48 38 0.41% 0.37% 0.31%
Asian alone (NH) 122 134 163 0.97% 1.04% 1.32%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH) 1 7 3 0.01% 0.05% 0.02%
Other race alone (NH) 7 24 44 0.06% 0.19% 0.36%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 39 28 59 0.31% 0.22% 0.48%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 11,765 12,114 11,690 93.61% 94.47% 94.44%
Total 12,568 12,823 12,378 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2020

[edit]

The 2020 United States census reported that Commerce had a population of 12,378. The population density was 1,894.7 inhabitants per square mile (731.5/km2). The racial makeup of Commerce was 16.8% White, 0.9% African American, 3.3% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 53.4% from other races, and 24.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 94.4% of the population.[28]

The census reported that 99.4% of the population lived in households, 0.1% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0.4% were institutionalized.[28]

There were 3,449 households, out of which 45.2% included children under the age of 18, 46.9% were married-couple households, 7.6% were cohabiting couple households, 29.1% had a female householder with no partner present, and 16.4% had a male householder with no partner present. 16.6% of households were one person, and 8.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.57.[28] There were 2,706 families (78.5% of all households).[29]

The age distribution was 23.3% under the age of 18, 10.4% aged 18 to 24, 27.9% aged 25 to 44, 24.0% aged 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males.[28]

There were 3,524 housing units at an average density of 539.4 units per square mile (208.3 units/km2), of which 3,449 (97.9%) were occupied. Of these, 47.3% were owner-occupied, and 52.7% were occupied by renters.[28]

In 2023, the US Census Bureau estimated that the median household income was $71,768, and the per capita income was $26,570. About 11.3% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line.[30]

2010

[edit]

At the 2010 census Commerce had a population of 12,823. The population density was 1,961.4 inhabitants per square mile (757.3/km2). The racial makeup of Commerce was 6,930 (54.0%) White (3.1% Non-Hispanic White),[31] 96 (0.7%) African American, 161 (1.3%) Native American, 140 (1.1%) Asian, 9 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 4,886 (38.1%) from other races, and 601 (4.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12,114 persons (94.5%).[32]

The census reported that 12,753 people (99.5% of the population) lived in households, 2 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 68 (0.5%) were institutionalized.

There were 3,382 households, 1,751 (51.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,693 (50.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 708 (20.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 308 (9.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 248 (7.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 23 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships; 559 households (16.5%) were one person and 326 (9.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.77. There were 2,709 families (80.1% of households); the average family size was 4.17.

The age distribution was 3,824 people (29.8%) under the age of 18, 1,458 people (11.4%) aged 18 to 24, 3,581 people (27.9%) aged 25 to 44, 2,590 people (20.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,370 people (10.7%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 31.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males.

There were 3,470 housing units at an average density of 530.8 per square mile, of the occupied units 1,619 (47.9%) were owner-occupied and 1,763 (52.1%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 1.8%. 6,631 people (51.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 6,122 people (47.7%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Commerce had a median household income of $48,729, with 16.5% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[31]

These were the ten cities or neighborhoods in Los Angeles County with the largest percentage of Latino residents, according to the 2000 census:[33]

  1. East Los Angeles, California, 96.7%
  2. Maywood, California, 96.4%
  3. City Terrace, California, 94.4%
  4. Huntington Park, California, 95.1%
  5. Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, 94.0%
  6. Cudahy, California, 93.8%
  7. Bell Gardens, California, 93.7%
  8. Commerce, California 93.4%
  9. Vernon, California, 92.6%
  10. South Gate, California, 92.1%

As of 2000, Mexican (78.4%) and Irish (0.9%) were the most common ancestries. Mexico (83.4%) and El Salvador (4.7%) were the most common foreign places of birth.[34]

Economy

[edit]
Rail yards in Commerce, left, and Vernon, right. The upper center industrial/commercial area is mostly Commerce.

Principal employers

[edit]

According to the city's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[35] the top employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Commerce Casino 2,191
2 County of Los Angeles 910
3 Parsec 890
4 Smart & Final 769
5 Unified Grocers 748
6 American International Industries 592
7 Mission Foods 590
7 99 Cents Only Stores 549
9 Megatoys 480
10 Wine Warehouse 376
11 Valassis Direct Mail 350
12 Gibson Overseas 346
13 City of Commerce 315
14 AT&T California 302

Kimlan Foods USA has its headquarters in Commerce.[36]

Government

[edit]
Citadel Outlets and Commerce Casino

In the California State Legislature, Commerce is in the 33rd senatorial district, represented by Democrat Lena Gonzalez, and in the 54th Assembly district, represented by Democrat Mark Gonzalez.[37]

In the United States House of Representatives, Commerce is in California's 42nd Congressional District, Represented by Democrat Robert Garcia.[38]

Commerce residents have many civic services funded from taxes on the local card club, the Commerce Casino, which accounts for 46% ($19.5 Million for budget year 2005/06) of Commerce's tax revenues, and the Citadel. This includes four libraries, a senior center, a teen center, an aquatics center, and a city-owned camp in the San Bernardino National Forest.[39] Commerce is also one of the few cities in California that provides its residents with free bus service.[40] Commerce operates five bus lines within the city, two routes running Sundays only, and one express bus between The Citadel shopping center and Downtown Los Angeles.[41]

Education

[edit]

Most of Commerce is served by Montebello Unified School District,[42] while small portions are served by the Los Angeles Unified School District.

Montebello Unified School District

[edit]

Elementary schools that serve Commerce include:

Intermediate schools that serve Commerce include:

  • Bell Gardens Intermediate School (Bell Gardens)[45]
  • Suva Intermediate School (Bell Gardens)[46]
  • La Merced Intermediate School (Montebello)[47]

K–8 schools:

  • Rosewood Park School (Commerce)[48]

High schools that serve Commerce include:

Los Angeles Unified School District

[edit]
  • Ford Boulevard Elementary School (Unincorporated Los Angeles County)[49]
  • Griffith Middle School (Unincorporated Los Angeles County)
  • Garfield High School (Unincorporated Los Angeles County)

Infrastructure

[edit]

Los Cerritos Community News serves the city.

Health care

[edit]

The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Whittier Health Center in Whittier, serving Commerce.[50]

Emergency services

[edit]

Fire services

[edit]

Fire protection in Commerce is provided by the Los Angeles County Fire Department, which has its headquarters in Commerce.[51] The LACFD operates Station #22 at 928 South Gerhart Avenue, Station #27, the battalion headquarters, at 6031 Rickenbacker Road, and Station #50 at 2327 South Saybrook Avenue, all in Commerce, as a part of Battalion 3.[52][53] Ambulance transport is provided by Care Ambulance Service.

Police services

[edit]

The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department (LASD) operates the East Los Angeles Station in East Los Angeles, serving Commerce.[54]

Friendship City

[edit]

Commerce is a friendship city with Nanning, Guangxi, China.[55]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Commerce, California

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Commerce is an industrial city in southeastern , , spanning 6.6 square miles approximately 6 miles east of . Incorporated on January 28, 1960, as the 67th municipality in the county, it was established by residents and business leaders to prevent of its valuable industrial lands by neighboring cities, thereby preserving local control over tax revenues and development. The city maintains a residential of 12,378 as of the 2020 census, yet sustains an estimated 48,149 business employees, highlighting its function as a daytime economic powerhouse rather than a residential . Its economy centers on , warehousing, , and retail, supported by extensive rail infrastructure and proximity to major freeways, with over 2,000 businesses contributing to annual taxable sales exceeding $1.9 billion. Notable employers include the , employing 4,750 and recognized as the world's largest with over 240 tables, and the Citadel Outlets, a prominent open-air destination featuring more than 130 stores. Governed as a general council-manager , Commerce emphasizes , levying no municipal property or utility taxes while providing high-quality public safety through contracted services and pioneering amenities such as the nation's first free municipal bus system. Over decades, it has transitioned former heavy industrial sites to high-technology, office, and recreational uses, fostering a balance of economic vitality and community facilities like parks, libraries, and Veterans Park Stadium. This strategic evolution has enabled Commerce to thrive amid regional , retaining its identity as a model of efficient, business-oriented municipal governance.

History

Pre-Incorporation Development

The territory comprising present-day Commerce was originally part of Rancho San Antonio, a Spanish land grant awarded to Antonio María Lugo in 1810 and confirmed in 1838, encompassing vast areas southeast of Los Angeles used primarily for ranching and agriculture. Industrial transformation accelerated in the late 19th century with the arrival of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in 1887, facilitating freight transport and attracting manufacturing interests, followed by oil discoveries in the 1890s that spurred extraction activities across the Los Angeles Basin. Henry Ford's establishment of an automobile assembly plant in the Los Angeles region in 1914 further boosted regional industry, drawing factories and warehouses to the area's low-lying terrain east of downtown. By the 1920s, the zone had emerged as a manufacturing hub, supported by extensive rail networks and proximity to urban markets. Unincorporated residential pockets, including the communities of Bandini, Rosewood, and Laguna, developed amid this industrial expansion, housing workers in modest neighborhoods while industrial leaders promoted further economic activity in the late 1940s to counter threats of annexation by larger municipalities seeking tax revenue from factories. These areas featured a mix of single-family homes, small businesses, and proximity to rail yards, reflecting a gradual shift from agrarian roots to a blue-collar industrial base without formal municipal governance.

Incorporation and Postwar Growth

In 1959, a group of residents and business leaders in the unincorporated industrial area east of downtown Los Angeles initiated efforts to incorporate as a new city, aiming to establish the 67th municipality in Los Angeles County and prevent annexation by neighboring cities such as Vernon or Los Angeles, which could impose higher property taxes on local industries. The incorporation was completed on January 28, 1960, forming a general law city with a council-manager government structure designed to foster a pro-business environment without municipal property or utility taxes, thereby attracting and retaining manufacturing and warehousing operations. Post-World War II economic expansion in , driven by manufacturing and defense-related industries, accelerated development in the Commerce area, which benefited from its strategic location along major rail lines and proximity to ports and highways. Following incorporation, the city prioritized industrial zoning and infrastructure improvements, enabling sustained growth in sectors like , , and , while maintaining a small residential population to support the workforce. This period saw the consolidation of rail yards and warehouses, contributing to Commerce's role as a key hub in the . By the late , the city had transitioned some legacy heavy industrial sites into modern uses including high-technology facilities, offices, and retail, while investing in public services such as recreation centers and transportation to enhance amid ongoing economic activity. The absence of local taxes on property and utilities continued to underpin industrial retention and expansion, with employment far exceeding residential figures, reflecting Commerce's evolution into a specialized commercial enclave rather than a typical suburban .

Recent Historical Events

In the early 2000s, expanded its facilities by adding a in 2001, enhancing its role as a major entertainment and revenue generator for the city. The casino, which opened in 1983, has undergone multiple subsequent expansions and renovations, solidifying its position as one of Southern California's largest card rooms with over 240 tables. By the mid-2000s, it accounted for 38% of the city's tax revenues, underscoring the shift toward gaming as a key economic pillar amid declining traditional . As of 2016, annual licensing fees from the casino reached $22 million, representing a critical funding source for municipal services. Parallel to gaming growth, retail development advanced with expansions at the Citadel Outlets. Originally a tire factory site acquired by the city in 1983, the property saw significant additions of 125,000 square feet of retail space in 2005, followed by another 150,000 square feet in subsequent phases under Craig Realty Group. These developments reinforced Commerce's adaptation from to commercial and logistics uses, benefiting from proximity to the Ports of and Long Beach, which drove increased rail and trade activity through the city's major rail yard. The brought challenges, including federal corruption probes that resulted in guilty pleas from several former city officials for accepting bribes tied to casino-related interests and misuse of public funds. Despite these issues, the city pursued initiatives to counter industrial base erosion, transforming sites into high-technology, office, warehouse, and retail facilities. In 2021, Commerce adopted a element for 2021–2029, addressing planning for future residential and economic needs amid ongoing urban pressures. These efforts reflect the city's resilience in maintaining fiscal health through diversified revenue streams while navigating and economic transitions.

Geography

Location and Physical Features

Commerce is situated in the southeastern portion of , within the Los Angeles metropolitan area, approximately 7 miles southeast of . Its geographic coordinates are 34°00′02″N 118°09′17″W. The city encompasses a total area of 6.53 square miles, with 6.53 square miles of land and negligible water coverage of 0.00 square miles. The municipality is bordered by Vernon to the west, the independent city of and East Los Angeles to the northwest and north, Montebello to the east, and Downey and Bell Gardens to the south. This positioning places Commerce amid a densely developed in the region. Physically, Commerce occupies a level expanse of the Los Angeles coastal plain, characterized by flat terrain and alluvial deposits from historical fluvial activity. Elevations average 141 feet (43 meters) above , with minimal topographic variation supporting extensive industrial and transportation infrastructure, including rail lines and freeways.

Climate and Environmental Conditions

Commerce, California, lies within the and features a (Köppen classification Csa/Csb transition) with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Average annual precipitation totals about 15 inches, concentrated primarily from to March, with February being the wettest month at around 3.3 inches. The region experiences negligible snowfall, averaging 0 inches annually. Summer highs in reach an average of 85°F, while winter lows in and dip to about 47°F, supporting year-round outdoor activity tempered by occasional exceeding 100°F. Environmental conditions are heavily influenced by the city's dense industrial activity, major rail lines, and proximity to Interstate 5 and other freeways, contributing to elevated levels of criteria pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone. The South Coast Air Basin, encompassing Commerce, consistently ranks among the most polluted air sheds in the United States, with smog formation exacerbated by photochemical reactions under sunny conditions and temperature inversions trapping emissions. Real-time air quality indices in Commerce often register as moderate, with PM2.5 concentrations averaging above national standards during peak industrial and traffic periods. Census tracts in Commerce and adjacent areas like East Commerce score in the 99th percentile for cumulative pollution burden under California's CalEnviroScreen metric, factoring in emissions from local facilities, exposure to toxics, and socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Community monitoring by the California Air Resources Board has detected high levels of black carbon and fine particulates near rail yards and refineries, linked to diesel exhaust and industrial processes. The Los Angeles River, channelized through the city, mitigates flood risk but concentrates urban runoff pollutants, affecting water quality downstream. Despite regulatory efforts by the South Coast Air Quality Management District, attainment of federal ozone and PM2.5 standards remains elusive, with nonattainment designations persisting as of 2023.

Demographics

Population Dynamics

The population of Commerce grew modestly following its incorporation on January 27, 1960, when the recorded 9,555 residents. By 1970, the figure had increased to 10,635, reflecting expansion tied to postwar industrial development in the County area. However, the 1980 showed a slight decline to 10,509, possibly due to economic shifts in sectors. Subsequent decades saw recovery and stabilization, with the population reaching 12,823 by the 2010 , a peak driven by sustained in local industries despite limited residential . The 2020 decennial reported 12,378 residents, indicating a 3.4% decrease over the prior decade amid broader regional migration patterns and housing constraints. Post-2020 estimates reveal accelerated decline, with the U.S. Bureau projecting 11,882 residents as of July 1, 2024, a roughly 4.1% drop from the 2020 base, attributable to net domestic out-migration exceeding births and international inflows. Annualized decline rates have averaged approximately 1% in recent years, contrasting with slower growth in surrounding County suburbs.
Census YearPopulationChange from Prior Decade
19609,555-
197010,635+11.3%
198010,509-1.2%
201012,823-
202012,378-3.4%
Data compiled from U.S. Bureau decennial counts; 1990-2000 figures omitted due to interim availability gaps in sourced records.

Ethnic and Cultural Composition

Commerce's population is predominantly of or Latino origin, comprising 94.4 percent of residents based on 2019-2023 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. account for 2.4 percent, Asians for 1.8 percent, and Black or for 0.8 percent, with smaller shares for American Indians, , and other groups. Within the Hispanic population, Mexican ancestry predominates, representing approximately 88.7 percent of Hispanics according to data aggregation. This composition aligns with broader migration patterns from to , driven by economic opportunities in and since the early , though specific causal factors like proximity to the and established family networks contribute to sustained demographic stability. Foreign-born residents constitute 34.9 percent of the population, with most originating from Mexico and other Latin American countries, reinforcing the Mexican-American cultural core. Spanish is spoken at home by 73.5 percent of individuals aged five and older, per Census-derived tabulations, indicating persistent bilingualism and cultural retention amid assimilation pressures. Community life reflects Mexican traditions through family-oriented events, cuisine, and religious observances, though formal metrics on cultural practices remain limited to linguistic and ancestral indicators rather than subjective surveys prone to bias.

Socioeconomic Profile

The median household income in Commerce was $71,768 in 2023, according to estimates, positioning the city below the County median of approximately $88,000 but above the state average for similar industrial municipalities. Per capita income stood at $40,690, reflecting earnings concentrated among working-age households in and service sectors. Poverty affected 13.6% of residents in 2023, a rate exceeding the national figure of 11.1% but aligned with patterns in densely populated, Latino-majority enclaves near Los Angeles, where cost-of-living pressures amplify financial strain despite employment availability. This marks a slight increase from prior years, correlating with inflationary impacts on essentials like housing and transportation. Educational attainment lags behind regional norms, with bachelor's degree holders comprising roughly one-third the proportion seen in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim metro area (37.4%), indicative of a population oriented toward vocational and trade skills rather than higher academia. High school completion rates, while not precisely quantified in recent city-level , align with broader trends in blue-collar communities, supporting participation in non-degree-requiring industries. Labor market indicators show an rate of 4.5% based on 2023 ACS data, lower than California's statewide 5.5% and suggestive of stable demand from local employers, though in low-wage roles persists. Homeownership rates reached 53.7%, below the national 65% threshold, underscoring reliance on rentals amid elevated housing costs in the region.

Economy

Industrial Foundations

![Tracks in Commerce and Vernon.jpg][float-right] The industrial foundations of Commerce, California, trace back to the late , when the arrival of major railroads transformed the formerly agricultural and ranchland area into a hub for and . In 1887, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway constructed its main line through the region, providing critical transportation that facilitated the shipment of goods and raw materials, thereby attracting early industrial activity. This rail connectivity, combined with the discovery of oil in the surrounding area during the 1890s, laid the groundwork for economic diversification beyond ranching. By the , the proliferation of railroads spurred a manufacturing boom, particularly in sectors tied to the burgeoning as emerged as a center for car culture. Industries began establishing operations in the area due to efficient rail links, enabling large-scale production and distribution. A prominent example is the Pacific Goodrich Rubber Company, which opened a $4 million, 45-acre plant on May 2, 1928, at Goodrich and Olympic Boulevards, designed to serve regional demand and constructed in just seven months. The facility, known for its architectural prominence with a three-story tower, produced tires until its closure in 1978, exemplifying the era's focus on rubber and related heavy . These developments positioned the area as part of County's industrial corridor, with rail yards and proximity to ports supporting and freight operations that sustained growth through the mid-20th century. The emphasis on low-cost land and transportation advantages drew further investment, setting the stage for Commerce's identity as an industrial enclave even prior to its formal incorporation in 1960.

Key Industries and Employers

The economy of Commerce relies heavily on industrial activities, which occupy more than 60% of the city's land area and underpin its fiscal stability and funding. Key industries include , and distribution, retail trade, healthcare services, and gaming, supporting approximately 1,800 businesses and an estimated 48,149 employees as of 2020. These sectors benefit from the city's strategic location near major freeways (I-5 and I-710) and rail , facilitating transportation and commerce in the region. The largest employer in Commerce is The Commerce Casino and Hotel, a prominent cardroom and entertainment venue that employed 4,750 people as of April 2020, contributing significantly through gaming operations. Other major employers span , , , and retail, reflecting the city's diverse industrial base. The County of Los Angeles operates facilities employing 1,100 residents, while Parsec, Inc., a logistics firm, supports 1,036 jobs focused on .
EmployerEmployees (April 2020)
The 4,750
County of Los Angeles1,100
1,036
Acco Engineered Systems705
American International Industries642
635
532
JWCH Institute Inc.521
Acco Engineered Systems specializes in HVAC and building systems, American International Industries produces consumer products, manufactures tortillas and baked goods, and JWCH Institute provides services, highlighting Commerce's role in essential goods production and welfare. Retail outlets like further bolster in and , drawing regional visitors despite not ranking in the top employer list by headcount. Capstone Logistics and Wine Warehouse round out significant operations in warehousing and beverage distribution, respectively.

Economic Performance and Challenges

Commerce, California, maintains an economy heavily reliant on , , and service sectors, with key performance indicators reflecting modest growth amid contraction. In 2023, the median household reached $71,768, marking an 8.62% increase from the prior year, though this figure lags behind the statewide median of approximately $91,905. Employment totaled 5,330 workers in 2023, a 2.26% decline from 5,450 in 2022, signaling stagnation in local job creation despite broader regional recovery efforts. The poverty rate stood at 13.6% in 2023, a slight 1.48% rise year-over-year, affecting a notable portion of the population in this working-class enclave. Major employers underscore the city's industrial and entertainment anchors, including Commerce Casino with over 2,000 employees, alongside firms like Inc., Gruma Corporation (), and American International Industries, which collectively drive significant payrolls. Retail contributions from further bolster consumer-facing activity, though overall business licensing hovered at around 2,083 establishments as of 2020, with limited recent expansion data indicating subdued entrepreneurial dynamism. The city's pro-business policies—no municipal , , or utility tax, coupled with low fees—have historically mitigated some fiscal pressures, fostering retention in and warehousing proximate to major rail yards and ports. Persistent challenges stem from the erosion of the traditional industrial base, exacerbated by California's regulatory environment and high operational costs, which rank the state as having the nation's worst business climate according to multiple assessments. and sectors face headwinds from freight recessions, port disruptions, and cargo volume declines, with Southern California's trade cluster experiencing employment shifts inland due to land constraints and rising expenses. Local initiatives have targeted blighted sites to counter pre-2008 industrial losses, yet stringent environmental mandates, labor costs, and pollution-related backlash hinder revitalization, contributing to vulnerability in export-dependent operations. These factors, compounded by statewide hovering at 5.5% in mid-2025, underscore causal pressures from overregulation and competitive relocation, limiting Commerce's growth trajectory relative to less burdened regions.

Government and Administration

Municipal Structure and Elections

Commerce operates as a under a , with policy direction provided by an elected and day-to-day administration handled by an appointed . The consists of five members elected on a nonpartisan basis, including a elected separately from the . , including the , serve staggered four-year terms, with elections held in even-numbered years during California's general municipal elections coordinated by . Voter eligibility requires U.S. citizenship, being at least 18 years old, residency in Commerce, and not being incarcerated or on parole for a . The holds regular meetings on the second and fourth Tuesdays of each month at 6:00 p.m. in the City Hall Council Chambers at 5655 Jillson Street, where it addresses , budgets, ordinances, and community needs. The presides over meetings, represents the in official capacities, and votes on matters, while the mayor—selected annually from among the councilmembers—assumes the mayor's duties in their absence. The appoints the , who executes policies, manages departments, and oversees approximately 200 employees across public safety, , and . As of 2025, the comprises Ivan Altamirano (term expires 2026), Mayor Kevin Lainez (term expires 2026), and Councilmembers Hugo A. Argumedo ( 2028), Mireya Garcia ( 2026), and Oralia Y. Rebollo ( 2028). Elections emphasize broad community representation given the at-large system, with no district-based voting, reflecting the city's compact size and of roughly 12,000 residents. Candidates file declarations of candidacy with the Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk, and primary elections are not typically held; winners are determined by plurality in the general . The council's authority includes adopting budgets, enacting local ordinances within state law constraints, and appointing members to nine commissions and four boards covering areas like planning, finance, and public safety, each with five volunteer members serving two-year terms aligned with municipal . This structure, established since incorporation on January 28, 1960, prioritizes efficient service delivery in an industrial-focused .

Fiscal Management and Taxation

The City of imposes a combined sales and rate of 10.5 percent, comprising the statewide of 7.25 percent plus local additions including a 0.25 percent measure and district taxes. taxes adhere to Proposition 13 limits, applying a of 1 percent to the assessed value of , with adjustments limited to 2 percent annual increases unless supplemented by voter-approved bonds or assessments; the has no unique overriding levy beyond county-wide components in County. As a general , levies a documentary transfer of $1.10 per $1,000 of value transferred. These taxes form core local revenue streams, augmented by allocations from the Department of and Administration under revenue-sharing agreements. Fiscal management falls under the city's Finance Division, which develops the annual operating and capital improvement budgets, compiles the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR), and oversees compliance reporting. The aligns with California's standard July 1 to June 30 cycle, with the City Council adopting budgets following public review; for instance, the 2024-2025 capital improvement budget received approval on July 23, 2024, prioritizing infrastructure and public facilities. A substantial portion of general fund revenues derives from operations, historically providing licensing fees equivalent to nearly half the city's budget—approximately $22 million annually as of 2016—though exact recent figures remain tied to proprietary agreements. collections from commercial hubs like further bolster stability, mitigating volatility from traditional residential tax bases in this industrial-oriented municipality. No recent independent audits indicating fiscal distress or irregularities have been publicly flagged for Commerce, contrasting with broader municipal trends where reserves and diversification are monitored via state diagnostics. The city's emphasis on commercial taxation supports reserve maintenance and servicing, though dependence on casino-derived funds exposes potential risks from regulatory changes in cardroom gaming.

Corruption and Governance Scandals

In the early 1980s, Commerce experienced a bribery scandal centered on the Commerce Club, a local poker club. Three former city officials pleaded guilty to corruption charges related to the illegal operation of the club, including accepting bribes to overlook regulatory violations. Several city council members were convicted of or entered guilty pleas in connection with the scheme, marking one of the city's earliest documented governance failures. In 2010, federal authorities arrested Commerce City Council member and Mayor Pro Tem Robert Fierro on charges of and for obstructing a investigation into illegal campaign contribution reimbursements. Fierro, along with family members and associates, admitted to influencing witnesses to conceal the scheme, pleading guilty to in February 2012 and facing up to five years in prison. Concurrently, Councilman Hugo Argumedo pleaded guilty to misdemeanor obstruction of justice for signing a false supporting an attorney under investigation, leading to his temporary resignation before reelection. By 2016, Mayor Ivan Altamirano faced state ethics violations, agreeing to pay a $15,500 fine for five counts including undisclosed conflicts of interest and failures to report campaign contributions from the . These infractions involved using public resources for political fundraising and not recusing himself from decisions benefiting donors. More recently, former Cisneros resigned abruptly in November 2023 amid a federal probe into -related . Cisneros secretly pleaded guilty on November 6, 2023, to honest services wire for accepting approximately $45,000 in bribes to facilitate a marijuana company's permit approvals, while soliciting an additional $25,000; he also admitted to a $120,000 kickback scheme that deprived the city of millions in revenue from a parking lot contract. In March 2025, he received two years' and a $25,000 fine, despite the city's unwitting payment of $282,000 in severance post-resignation. This case formed part of a broader permitting network implicating officials across multiple municipalities. In response, the Commerce City Council in January 2025 announced enhanced oversight measures to prevent future .

Public Safety

Crime Statistics and Patterns

Commerce, California, reports crime rates substantially exceeding national and state averages, with offenses comprising the majority of incidents. In 2023, the total rate reached 15,415 incidents per 100,000 residents, approximately 563% above the U.S. average, according to analyses of FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) data. crimes dominated at 13,863 per 100,000, far surpassing California's statewide rate of 2,273 per 100,000 for the same year, while occurred at 1,553 per 100,000. Larceny-theft and represent the predominant patterns, linked to the city's extensive commercial zones including the Citadel Outlets and , which attract high volumes of visitors and transient activity conducive to opportunistic theft. rates are particularly acute, at 611 per 100,000 residents—over nine times the national average—often occurring in retail and gaming environments. Violent crimes, though less frequent than property offenses, include elevated aggravated assaults and occasional homicides; (LASD) data, which provides contracted policing services to Commerce, indicate four homicides in 2023 dropping to one in 2024. Recent trends show modest declines amid broader California patterns. Overall crime fell approximately 10% from 2023 to 2024, aligning with statewide decreases in (down 6%) and (down 8.4%). LASD station-level reports for the East Los Angeles area serving Commerce reflect reductions in select violent categories, such as a 75% drop in homicides from 2023 to 2024, though s remain persistently high due to the city's industrial and retail . These patterns underscore vulnerabilities in high-traffic commercial hubs rather than residential areas, with limited evidence of widespread gang-driven violence compared to neighboring urban centers.
Crime CategoryRate per 100,000 (2023)Comparison to U.S. Average
1,553~4x higher
13,863~7x higher
611~9x higher

Law Enforcement and Response

The City of contracts with the (LASD) for primary services, provided through the East Los Angeles Station located at 5019 E. Third St., East Los Angeles, CA 90022. This station handles patrol operations, crime investigations, and emergency responses across Commerce and neighboring areas including Cudahy, Maywood, and unincorporated East Los Angeles. The station is led by Operations Captain Shawnee N. Hinchman and Administrative Captain Chris M. Kusayanagi, with specialized units such as a enforcement team focused on investigating targeted street crimes in collaboration with other agencies. Residents access services via 911 for emergencies or the non-emergency line at (323) 264-4151 for reporting incidents, parking issues, or general inquiries. The Parking Enforcement Detail addresses vehicle-related violations specific to Commerce, requiring reports via with details like and description. Patrol deputies respond to calls for service, including suspicious activities and crimes in progress, though station-specific response time metrics for Commerce are not publicly detailed in available records. Complementing LASD efforts, the City of Commerce Public Safety Division employs Community Service Officers (CSOs) to augment policing through non-sworn support roles. CSOs conduct visible patrols, direct traffic, enforce parking regulations, report crimes or suspicious circumstances to deputies, perform home and business security evaluations, provide vacation watches, assist stranded motorists, and take initial criminal reports. These officers bridge community needs with formal by relaying information to LASD for full investigation and response, enhancing proactive deterrence without independent arrest authority.

Community Impacts of Crime

High rates in , particularly robberies and aggravated assaults, contribute to elevated fear among residents, limiting outdoor activities and social interactions in public spaces. In 2024, the city recorded 166 violent crimes, yielding a rate of 13.6 per 1,000 residents—the highest among larger municipalities in County—disrupting community cohesion and increasing psychological stress on the approximately 12,000 inhabitants. This pattern aligns with broader evidence that persistent violent incidents foster residential caution and reduced neighborhood trust, as seen in urban areas with similar profiles. Property crimes, including , impose substantial economic strains on residents and small , with victimization odds of 1 in 7 reported in recent analyses, often manifesting as thefts from vehicles and homes amid the city's dense industrial-residential mix. These offenses elevate premiums and repair costs for households, while compelling to allocate resources toward and private security, potentially curtailing hiring or expansion in a commerce-dependent locale. Retail hubs like Outlets face recurrent , exacerbating losses estimated in the billions statewide and prompting operational adjustments that indirectly burden local consumers through higher prices or reduced stock. The influx of over 100,000 daily transients through Commerce's thoroughfares, driven by industrial employment and the , intensifies these impacts by heightening opportunistic crimes that spill over into residential areas, straining municipal responses and diverting public safety funds from preventive community programs. To counter erosion of social fabric, initiatives such as and Business Watch engage residents in self-policing, aiming to rebuild vigilance and mitigate isolation effects from crime prevalence. Overall, unchecked crime dynamics hinder long-term , correlating with patterns of mobility and potential stagnation in high-risk locales.

Education

School Systems and Enrollment

The public education system serving Commerce, California, falls under the Montebello Unified School District (MUSD), a public school district that administers 29 schools across Commerce, Montebello, Bell Gardens, and portions of . MUSD enrolled 19,967 students in the 2023-2024 school year, with a student-teacher ratio of approximately 18:1. The district operates 18 elementary schools, six intermediate schools, four comprehensive high schools, and additional alternative and programs, emphasizing a aligned with state standards in core subjects like , English language arts, and . Two public schools are physically located within Commerce city limits, both part of MUSD's elementary and middle school offerings:
School NameGrade LevelsEnrollment (Most Recent)Location
Bandini Elementary SchoolK-5273 students (2023-2024)2318 Couts Avenue, , CA 90040
Rosewood Park STEAM AcademyK-8581 students (2024)2353 South Way, , CA 90040
These schools serve the majority of local elementary and middle school students, with Bandini focusing on foundational K-5 education and Rosewood Park incorporating STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics) programs to integrate interdisciplinary learning. Combined, they account for over 850 students, representing a significant portion of Commerce's K-8 public enrollment, though exact residency-based figures are not district-wide segregated in public data. Commerce residents do not have a dedicated high school within city boundaries; instead, secondary students are assigned to MUSD's comprehensive high schools based on address , including Schurr High School (enrollment 2,392 as of 2023-2024), Montebello High School (2,007 students), and Bell Gardens High School. These institutions offer courses, career technical pathways, and extracurricular programs, with determined annually by the district to balance enrollment loads. Private schools exist in the vicinity, such as St. Paul High School, but public enrollment dominates, reflecting Commerce's socioeconomic profile where over 90% of MUSD students qualify for free or reduced-price meals district-wide.

Academic Performance and Outcomes

Public schools in Commerce are served by the Montebello Unified School District (MUSD), which oversees elementary and middle schools such as Bandini Elementary and Rosewood Park School (K-8), with high school students attending district schools like Schurr High or Montebello High. On the 2022 California School Dashboard, Rosewood Park School received an orange rating for English Language Arts (ELA), indicating performance 45.6 points below the standard, and a yellow rating for . District-wide CAASPP results for 2022-2023 showed 34% of MUSD students meeting or exceeding ELA standards (up from 29% the prior year) and 19% for (up from 17%), both below state averages of approximately 47% in ELA and 33% in math. Graduation rates in MUSD averaged 80% for the four-year adjusted cohort in recent years, a decline from 84% five years prior, compared to the statewide rate of 87%. At Montebello High , a key district high school serving Commerce students, the four-year rate stood at 79%, with 31% of students participating in (AP) courses but only 17% passing at least one exam. College readiness metrics remain low, with district proficiency in reading at 33%, mathematics at 10%, and science at 8% based on state assessments. These outcomes reflect challenges in a where nearly 48% of students are economically disadvantaged and enrollment is predominantly /Latino (over 95%). While academic progress ratings for schools like Rosewood Park are moderate (7/10 on ), overall performance lags state benchmarks, prompting ongoing efforts in and math interventions as tracked by the School Dashboard.

Educational Challenges

Students in Commerce attend schools within the Montebello Unified School District (MUSD), where academic proficiency remains low compared to state averages. In the 2025 Smarter Balanced Assessments, only 37.01% of MUSD students met or exceeded standards in English language arts, with nearly 63% falling below proficiency, reflecting persistent gaps in foundational skills. performance is similarly subdued, as evidenced by orange status ratings (indicating below-standard performance) at district high schools like Montebello High, where scores lag 38 points below ELA standards and further in math. These outcomes are exacerbated by post-pandemic learning losses, with California-wide declines in proficiency persisting into 2023-2024, particularly affecting districts with high concentrations of economically disadvantaged students, a demographic comprising nearly half of MUSD enrollment. Financial constraints pose additional hurdles, driven by declining enrollment—from over 24,000 students in prior decades to around 15,000 by 2023—which reduces per-pupil funding under California's Local Control Funding Formula. A 2017 state audit highlighted MUSD's weak financial oversight, including to control costs amid enrollment drops, inconsistent hiring practices, and overstaffing, prompting recommendations for county intervention to avert . Although the district achieved fiscal stabilization by 2022, ongoing budget pressures have led to planned layoffs of over 200 teachers and support staff in 2025, potentially increasing class sizes and straining instructional quality. Demographic factors amplify these issues, with Commerce's population over 90% and a significant proportion of English learners facing barriers to proficiency. Rosewood Park STEAM Academy, the primary K-8 school serving Commerce, ranks in the lower half of elementaries and middles on state metrics, underscoring challenges in addressing achievement gaps for non-native speakers and low-income families. High chronic absenteeism and suspension rates, common in similar urban districts, further hinder progress, though district-specific data indicate standards not met in conditions and climate indicators as of 2023. These intertwined academic, fiscal, and socioeconomic pressures demand targeted interventions, yet historical governance lapses suggest implementation risks.

Infrastructure

Transportation Networks

Commerce is strategically located at the confluence of major Interstate highways, facilitating heavy freight and commuter traffic in the Los Angeles region. (Golden State Freeway) runs north-south through the eastern boundary of the city, providing direct access to to the northwest and the to the southeast. Interstate 710 (Long Beach Freeway) intersects I-5 in Commerce, extending south to the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, which handle over 40% of U.S. container imports and support the city's industrial logistics. State Route 60 (Pomona Freeway) borders the city to the north, connecting to broader regional networks. The city's rail infrastructure supports both passenger and freight operations, underscoring its role as a logistics hub. The Commerce Metrolink station, located at 6433 E 26th Street, serves the Orange County Line with weekday commuter trains to Los Angeles Union Station and points south, accommodating over 100 daily boardings as of 2023. Freight rail is dominated by Union Pacific's East Los Angeles Intermodal Terminal at 4341 East Washington Boulevard, handling intermodal containers and connecting to national networks via BNSF and UP lines that traverse Commerce and adjacent Vernon. These lines, including the former East Los Angeles Railroad, facilitate the movement of goods for local warehouses and manufacturers, with daily train volumes exceeding 50 in the corridor. Public transit options include the City of Commerce's fixed-route bus system, operating four lines such as Route 100 (Veterans Park to Center) and Route 200 (to Cal State LA), with service from early morning to evening on weekdays. Complementary services encompass dial-a-ride and fare-free microtransit shuttles linking the Metrolink station during peak hours, integrated with Los Angeles Metro buses for regional connectivity. No or subway lines directly serve Commerce, relying instead on bus and for access to the broader Metro network. Proximity to (approximately 12 miles west via I-5) and the ports enhances multimodal freight efficiency, though road congestion on I-710 averages 20-30 mph during peaks.

Utilities and Public Works

The Department of Commerce, California, oversees the maintenance, development, and orderly growth of the city's infrastructure, including streets, utilities, and public facilities, in alignment with community objectives. Its divisions encompass building and facilities maintenance, parks maintenance, engineering services, environmental services, and street and tree maintenance. The department operates under a structure that supports both routine upkeep and capital improvements, with a focus on public safety and efficiency. Utility services in Commerce are provided through a combination of municipal operations and private providers. Electricity is supplied by Company, with 24-hour support available at (800) 655-4555 and outage reporting at (800) 611-1911. service is handled by , contactable at (800) 427-2200. is managed by California Water Service Company under a contract for the city's system, serving residential, commercial, and industrial users from facilities at 2000 South Tubeway Avenue; the provider maintains operations including pump stations and system improvements. Sewer and maintenance falls under the Operations division, which conducts repairs, cleaning, and for these systems alongside curbs, gutters, and sidewalks. Residential waste collection, including trash, recyclables, and organics via a three-container system, is contracted to Services at (562) 259-1239, provided free to eligible residents excluding certain post-2002 developments. Public works operations include street sweeping, signage, lighting , tree trimming and planting, bridge construction, and oversight of the Traffic Commission. The department also coordinates refuse collection contracts and improvements in streets and alleys. Recent initiatives feature the FY 2024-25 Pavement Rehabilitation Project, contracted to All American Asphalt and running from July 14 to October 30, 2025, to enhance road conditions. Additional efforts include the I-5 Pavement Preservation Project, set for completion in fall 2025, and the Corridor Improvements. A new Operations and Facility for transit and , incorporating administration buildings, maintenance bays, parking, and fueling, supports expanded clean energy operations. These projects emphasize resilience amid regional growth pressures.

Health and Emergency Services

Commerce lacks full-service hospitals within city limits, with residents relying on nearby facilities such as Monterey Park Hospital and PIH Health Downey Hospital for inpatient care. Local primary care and community health services are provided by the Commerce Family Medical Center, a licensed community clinic offering general medicine, with hours from 8:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Monday through Friday. The East Los Angeles VA Clinic, located at 5426 East Olympic Boulevard, delivers outpatient services including primary care and mental health support specifically for eligible veterans. Urgent care options include the Urgent Care center in Commerce, which operates 24/7 and handles injuries, occupational health needs, and immunizations. Additionally, AltaMed provides urgent care at its Goodrich location serving the Commerce area, with extended hours on select weekdays. Public health oversight falls under the Los Angeles County Department of , which coordinates disease prevention, vaccinations, and without a dedicated city-level department. Emergency medical services in Commerce are managed through the Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services Agency, headquartered at 5555 Ferguson Drive, providing coordination for prehospital care across the region. The Los Angeles County Fire Department delivers on-scene EMS response, including , via Station 22 located in , handling the majority of medical emergencies alongside fire suppression. Private providers like LifeLine EMS, based at 6605 East Washington Boulevard, supplement with ambulance transport services on a 24-hour dispatch basis. The city's Emergency Preparedness Division, under the Administration-City Manager's Office, coordinates overall , integrating , EMS, and efforts during crises such as natural disasters or public health emergencies. Commerce contracts with for primary and services, ensuring rapid response without maintaining an independent municipal .

Community and Culture

Recreational Facilities and Services

The City of Commerce operates a Department of that manages public parks, community centers, and programs designed to promote and in a safe environment, with most offerings provided at free or minimal cost. The department oversees four city-owned parks equipped with amenities such as playgrounds, picnic shelters, sports fields, and fitness zones, alongside community buildings that host youth, adult, and senior programs. Facility reservations for events are handled through the department at (323) 887-4434. Rosewood Park, located at 5600 Harbor Street, exemplifies these facilities with features including courts, a field, areas, courts, a , picnic shelters with kitchens and meeting areas, a fitness zone, and a children's wading pool known as the aquatorium. Bristow Park at 1466 South McDonnell Avenue similarly provides options, contributing to the city's network of green spaces amid its industrial landscape. Sports programs include leagues played on indoor and outdoor courts with adjustable hoops tailored to age groups, alongside , , and activities. Additional offerings encompass Camp Commerce for youth summer programs and fitness classes through dedicated centers. Beyond municipal parks, private venues enhance recreational options. The , a 24-hour spanning 90,000 square feet with 243 gaming tables focused on poker variants like Hold'em and 7-Card Stud, serves as a hub for adult leisure gaming, drawing approximately 10,000 daily visitors; it includes an attached hotel with a fitness center and outdoor pool for extended stays. Adjacent , an open-air mall with over 130 brand stores and restaurants, functions as a regional destination for and dining , located minutes from and accessible via major freeways. These facilities collectively address diverse recreational needs, from family-oriented outdoor activities to commercial leisure pursuits, though the city's emphasis remains on accessible public programming.

Social Dynamics and Integration

Commerce, California, maintains a predominantly homogeneous , with 94.4% of its approximately 12,100 residents identifying as Hispanic or Latino in 2023 data. This ethnic uniformity, largely rooted in Mexican-American heritage, underpins community interactions characterized by shared linguistic and familial norms, including high rates of Spanish usage at home—estimated at 83.5% in household surveys. Such demographic concentration facilitates causal cohesion through reinforced cultural practices like support systems and religious observances, reducing frictions observed in more fragmented locales. Immigrant integration proceeds with relative ease amid this setting, as roughly 18% of the consists of non-citizens absorbed into established networks via ties and local labor markets in and retail. Native-born Hispanics (63.4% of residents) provide a bridge for newcomers, evidenced by municipal that emphasize self-sufficiency through assistance programs at facilities like the . Absent significant non-Hispanic minorities (e.g., under 3% non-Hispanic, 1.8% Asian), intergroup competition for resources or identity assertion remains minimal, empirically correlating with stable social equilibria rather than polarization. Cultural reinforcement occurs via city-sponsored events celebrating traditions, such as Hispanic Heritage Month activities including Salvadoran art exhibits and themed community games, which sustain intergenerational continuity and . These initiatives, drawing broad participation, underscore a dynamics of internal over external assimilation pressures, though economic pressures from the working-class of $71,768 may strain household-level integration for recent arrivals. No documented surges in ethnic-specific conflicts or segregation patterns deviate from this pattern, attributing resilience to the self-reinforcing nature of majority-group dominance.

International Relations

Commerce maintains a sister city partnership with , , established to foster cultural exchange and mutual support. The Commerce Sister City Association, a local nonprofit, coordinates activities under this relationship, including fundraising and aid for two orphanages in Aguascalientes as well as broader charitable initiatives. These efforts emphasize people-to-people rather than formal governmental , reflecting the city's limited direct involvement in broader international affairs beyond regional economic ties through Los Angeles County. No other official international partnerships or diplomatic engagements are documented for the municipality.

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  79. https://lasd.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Transparency_Crime_2023-2024_Comparison_12_Patrol_Stations.pdf
  80. https://www.city-data.com/crime/crime-Commerce-California.html
  81. https://data-openjustice.doj.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/Crime%2520In%2520CA%25202024%2520final.pdf
  82. https://lasd.org/east-los-angeles/
  83. https://lasd.org/about-us-east-la-station/
  84. https://www.commerceca.gov/visitors/public-safety
  85. http://www.laalmanac.com/crime/cr03.php
  86. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049089X19300468
  87. https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/ca/commerce/crime
  88. https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-09-26/retail-theft-2022-112-billion-losses
  89. https://www.commerceca.gov/residents/crime-prevention
  90. https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?ID2=0625470
  91. https://www.montebello.k12.ca.us/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=2209015&type=d&pREC_ID=2194651
  92. https://www.usnews.com/education/k12/california/bandini-elementary-239700
  93. https://www.caschooldashboard.org/reports/19648086020648/2024
  94. https://www.montebello.k12.ca.us/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=2209015&type=d&pREC_ID=2194653
  95. https://www.montebello.k12.ca.us/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=2209015&type=d&pREC_ID=2194661
  96. https://www.cde.ca.gov/schooldirectory/details?cdscode=19648086020648
  97. https://caaspp.edsource.org/sbac/montebello-unified-19648080000000
  98. https://edsource.org/smarter-balanced-results/search_school_districts.html
  99. https://www.publicschoolreview.com/california/montebello-unified-school-district/625470-school-district
  100. https://www.greatschools.org/california/montebello/2690-Montebello-High-School/
  101. https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/california/districts/montebello-unified-school-district/montebello-high-school-2802
  102. https://www.usnews.com/education/k12/california/districts/montebello-unified-106486
  103. https://www.caschooldashboard.org/reports/19648080000000/2022
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  105. https://www.ed-data.org/district/los-angeles/montebello-unified
  106. https://information.auditor.ca.gov/reports/2017-104/index.html
  107. https://information.auditor.ca.gov/reports/2017-104/summary.html
  108. https://www.usnews.com/education/k12/california/rosewood-park-233734
  109. https://www.caschooldashboard.org/reports/19648080000000/2023
  110. https://www.mapquest.com/us/california/i-710-i-5-interchange-441384595
  111. https://www.commerceca.gov/city-hall/street-road-alerts
  112. https://www.cccarto.com/stateroutes/california/
  113. https://metrolinktrains.com/rider-info/general-info/stations/commerce/
  114. https://www.up.com/shipping/intermodal/intmap/losangeles/e-washington
  115. https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/California/Railroads
  116. https://www.commerceca.gov/city-hall/transportation
  117. https://www.commerceca.gov/city-hall/transportation/via-mobility-app
  118. https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/reg_ind_studies/so_cal_study.htm
  119. https://www.commerceca.gov/city-hall/public-works
  120. https://koffassociates.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Rev2-Commerce-PWD.pdf
  121. https://www.commerceca.gov/residents/utilities
  122. https://www.calwater.com/district/east-los-angeles/
  123. https://www.commerceca.gov/city-hall/public-works/public-works
  124. https://www.commerceca.gov/residents/going-green/trash
  125. https://www.stantec.com/en/projects/united-states-projects/c/commerce-transit-public-works-omf
  126. https://www.healthgrades.com/hospital-directory/ca-california/commerce
  127. https://hcai.ca.gov/facility/commerce-family-medical-center/
  128. https://fhccgla.com/locations/commerce/
  129. https://www.va.gov/greater-los-angeles-health-care/locations/east-los-angeles-va-clinic
  130. https://www.concentra.com/urgent-care-centers/california/los-angeles/commerce-urgent-care
  131. https://www.altamed.org/find/facility-urgent
  132. http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/
  133. https://locator.lacounty.gov/lac/Location/3068793/emergency-medical-services-agency
  134. https://locator.lacounty.gov/fire/Location/3039381/los-angeles-county-fire-department---station-22
  135. https://lifeline-ems.com/
  136. https://www.commerceca.gov/city-hall/administration-city-manager/public-safety/emergency-preparedness
  137. https://www.commerceca.gov/city-hall/parks-recreation
  138. http://www.seecalifornia.com/parks/commerce-parks.html
  139. https://www.commerceca.gov/city-hall/parks-recreation/parks-community-centers
  140. https://www.commerceca.gov/Home/Components/FacilityDirectory/FacilityDirectory/17/333
  141. https://www.mapquest.com/us/california/rosewood-park-288369973
  142. https://www.commerceca.gov/Home/Components/FacilityDirectory/FacilityDirectory/20/443
  143. https://www.commerceca.gov/city-hall/parks-recreation/sports
  144. https://www.500nations.com/casinos/caCommerce.asp
  145. https://www.citadeloutlets.com/
  146. https://www.california-demographics.com/commerce-demographics
  147. http://www.usa.com/rank/california-state--spanish-spoken-at-home-population-percentage--city-rank.htm?hl=Lake%2BForest&hlst=CA&yr=3000
  148. https://www.cityofcommercepubliclibrary.org/services/social-services-420
  149. https://www.commerceca.gov/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/4991/17
  150. https://www.commerceca.gov/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5088/17?npage=2
  151. https://www.losangelesemployeelawyer.com/commerce-california.html
  152. https://www.facebook.com/commercesca/
  153. https://www.commerceca.gov/
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