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Common linnet
Common linnet
Common linnet
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Common linnet
Male in breeding plumage
Female
Song
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genus: Linaria
Species:
L. cannabina
Binomial name
Linaria cannabina
Range of L. cannabina
  Breeding
  Resident
  Non-breeding
Synonyms
  • Fringilla cannabina Linnaeus, 1758
  • Carduelis cannabina (Linnaeus, 1758)

The common linnet (Linaria cannabina) is a small passerine bird of the finch family, Fringillidae. It derives its common name and the scientific name, Linaria, from its fondness for hemp seeds and flax seeds—flax being the English name of the plant from which linen is made.

Taxonomy

[edit]

In 1758, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus included the common linnet in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name, Acanthis cannabina.[2][3] The species was formerly placed in the genus Carduelis but based on the results of a phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences published in 2012, it was moved to the genus Linaria that had been introduced by the German naturalist Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1802.[4][5][6]

The genus name linaria is the Latin for a linen-weaver, from linum, "flax". The species name cannabina comes from the Latin for hemp.[7] The English name has a similar root, being derived from Old French linette, from lin, "flax".[8]

There are seven recognised subspecies:[4]

  • L. c. autochthona (Clancey, 1946) – Scotland
  • L. c. cannabina (Linnaeus, 1758) – western, central and northern Europe, western and central Siberia. Non-breeding in north Africa and southwest Asia
  • L. c. bella (Brehm, CL, 1845) – Middle East to Mongolia and northwestern China
  • L. c. mediterranea (Tschusi, 1903) – Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Greece, northwest Africa and Mediterranean islands
  • L. c. guentheri (Wolters, 1953) – Madeira
  • L. c. meadewaldoi (Hartert, 1901) – western and central Canary Island (El Hierro and Gran Canaria)
  • L. c. harterti (Bannerman, 1913) – eastern Canary Islands (Alegranza, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura)
  • L. c. mediterranea, male
    L. c. mediterranea, male
  • L. c. mediterranea, female
    L. c. mediterranea, female
  • L. c. mediterranea, juvenile
    L. c. mediterranea, juvenile

Description

[edit]

The common linnet is a slim bird with a long tail. The upper parts are brown, the throat is sullied white and the bill is grey. The summer male has a grey nape, red head-patch and red breast. Females and young birds lack the red and have white underparts, the breast streaked buff.

Distribution

[edit]

The common linnet breeds in Europe, the western Palearctic and North Africa. It is partially resident, but many eastern and northern birds migrate farther south in the breeding range or move to the coasts. They are sometimes found several hundred miles off-shore.[9] It has been introduced to the Dominican Republic.

Behaviour

[edit]
Eggs
Linaria cannabina mediterranea - MHNT

Open land with thick bushes is favoured for breeding, including heathland and garden. It builds its nest in a bush, laying four to seven eggs.

This species can form large flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes mixed with other finches, such as twite, on coasts and salt marshes.

The common linnet's pleasant song contains fast trills and twitters.

It feeds on the ground, and low down in bushes, its food mainly consisting of seeds, which it also feeds to its chicks. It likes small to medium-sized seeds from most arable weeds, knotgrass, dock, crucifers (including charlock, shepherd's purse), chickweeds, dandelions, thistle, sow-thistle, mayweed, common groundsel, common hawthorn and birch. They have a small component of Invertebrates in their diet.

Conservation

[edit]

The common linnet is listed by the UK Biodiversity Action Plan as a priority species. It is protected in the UK by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.

In Britain, populations are declining, attributed to increasing use of herbicides, aggressive scrub removal and excessive hedge trimming; its population fell by 56% between 1968 and 1991, probably due to a decrease in seed supply and the increasing use of herbicide. From 1980 to 2009, according to the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme, the European population decreased by 62%[10]

Favourable management practices on agricultural land include:

Cultural references

[edit]
[edit]
  • Young in nest
    Young in nest
  • ID composite
    ID composite

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Common linnet

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Common linnet (Linaria cannabina) is a small, slim bird belonging to the finch family , typically measuring 13–14 cm in length with a of 21–25 cm and weighing 15–20 g. It features streaky brown overall, with males displaying a distinctive grey head, crimson , and rosy during the breeding season, while females and juveniles are duller brown without the red accents. Known for its melodious, twittering song often delivered from a or in flight, the species is partially migratory, with northern populations wintering in milder regions. Native to a wide range across , , the , and western , the Common linnet's extent of occurrence spans approximately 27,300,000 km², though it is absent from dense forests and extreme deserts. It prefers open habitats including lowland heaths, moorlands, coastal dunes, scrublands, farmlands, and edges of woodlands or parks, where thorny bushes provide nesting sites and food sources. Primarily granivorous, its diet consists of seeds from plants like dandelion and , supplemented by buds in winter and for feeding nestlings; it forages in flocks outside breeding season, exhibiting a bounding flight. Breeding occurs from mid-April to early August in temperate regions, with pairs building a neat cup-shaped nest of twigs and grass in dense vegetation, laying 4–6 pale blue eggs speckled with brown that hatch after 12–14 days of incubation by the female. Historically popular as a cage bird in Europe due to its song, the species has faced population declines from agricultural intensification, loss of hedgerows, and herbicide use reducing seed availability, though its global estimate of 50–100 million mature individuals (as of 2012) justifies a Least Concern status on the IUCN Red List. In the UK, where it is widespread but red-listed due to a 57% decline between 1970 and 2014, conservation efforts focus on creating seed-rich habitats through agri-environment schemes.

Taxonomy

Etymology and classification

The scientific name of the common linnet is Linaria cannabina, originally described by in 1758 as Fringilla cannabina in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae. The genus name Linaria derives from the Latin linum, meaning "flax," reflecting the bird's preference for flax seeds in its diet. The specific epithet cannabina comes from cannabis, Latin for "hemp," alluding to its fondness for hemp seeds as well. The common English name "linnet" originates from the linette, a of lin ("flax"), again tied to the ' seed-eating habits, with traceable to Middle English lintwhite and linetwige. In taxonomic classification, the common linnet belongs to the family Fringillidae (true finches) and the subfamily . It was long placed in the genus Carduelis following earlier classifications, but molecular phylogenetic analyses using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences revealed that the linnets form a distinct lineage separate from other Carduelis species. This led to its reclassification into the resurrected genus Linaria in 2012, based on the study by Zuccon et al., which redefined generic limits within Fringillidae to better reflect evolutionary relationships. The type locality for Linnaeus's original description is , drawn from his earlier work (1746).

Subspecies

The common linnet (Linaria cannabina) comprises seven recognized subspecies, differentiated primarily by subtle variations in body size (e.g., wing length), bill morphology (length, depth, and width), and plumage intensity, reflecting adaptations to diverse habitats from temperate grasslands to arid steppes and islands. These forms are classified within the Fringillidae family, with distributions spanning Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and central Asia; insular subspecies often exhibit reduced size due to island effects. Overlaps occur in transitional zones, such as between the nominate and eastern forms in western Turkey and the Caucasus, where intergradation may happen, though hybridization is not well-documented.
SubspeciesGeographic RangeDiagnostic Traits
L. c. cannabina (nominate)Western, central, and (southern to northern , , northeastern , western , ); western and south-central (to upper Yenisei River, southern , northern Altai); winters in and southwestern AsiaReference form with standard body size (wing 75–82 mm), conical bill, and vibrant breeding in males ( forehead and breast); more intense coloration than eastern forms.
L. c. autochthonaSlightly smaller overall (wing 70–77 mm) with marginally duller tones compared to nominate.
L. c. mediterranea (except northern ), , southern , , , , ; northwest ( to northern , northern )Larger bill dimensions suited to varied types in Mediterranean scrub; similar to nominate but with warmer tones in some populations.
L. c. bella, west-central , , to , , southern , northwest and northeast , southern and eastern (southwest Altai, Tarbagatay, Tien Shan), western , northwest (northern and northwest ); winters south to Larger size (wing 80–85 mm) and paler, greyer adapted to arid and environments; reduced red intensity in breeding males.
L. c. guentheri (including Porto Santo and Desertas)Small insular form (wing ~70 mm) with shorter, stubbier bill; subdued due to isolation. Synonym: L. c. nana.
L. c. meadewaldoiWestern and central (El Hierro east to )Compact size (wing 72–78 mm) with broader bill for local flora; slightly darker upperparts than eastern island forms.
L. c. hartertiEastern (Alegranza, , )Similar to meadewaldoi but marginally smaller (wing 70–76 mm) and paler overall, reflecting drier eastern habitats.
Taxonomic stability has been maintained since the genus shift to Linaria in the 2010s, with no major splits proposed in recent genetic analyses, though molecular studies continue to assess clinal variation across continental ranges.

Physical characteristics

Morphology and plumage

The common linnet (Linaria cannabina) is a small, slim characterized by a relatively and a grey, conical bill adapted for seed-eating. Adults typically measure 12–14 cm in length, with a of 21–25 cm and a body weight ranging from 13–20 g. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced, particularly during the breeding season, with males displaying vibrant plumage to attract mates. In breeding plumage, males feature a distinctive crimson forehead, breast, and rump, complemented by a grey head and nape, a brown back streaked with darker markings, and prominent white wing bars formed by pale edges on the greater coverts and tertials. Females and non-breeding males, in contrast, exhibit a duller, overall brown appearance with streaked underparts, lacking the bright red elements; their upperparts are similarly brown and streaked, while the underparts show buffish tones with fine dark streaks on the breast and flanks. Juveniles resemble females but possess fresher with buff fringes on the feathers of the upperparts and coverts, giving a scaled or edged appearance that wears off over time. Age-related changes occur through post-juvenile and annual molts; first-year birds in autumn show a mix of juvenile and adult feathers, while adults undergo a complete post-breeding molt in late summer to early autumn, transitioning males from bright breeding colors to the subdued winter where patches are obscured by buff tips. This seasonal variation enhances outside the breeding period.

Vocalizations and calls

The male common linnet delivers a distinctive characterized by twanging, twittering phrases, often performed during an undulating flight display that serves dual roles in territorial defense and attracting mates. This vocalization is typically pleasing and musical, featuring rapid, lively sequences of short units that incorporate melodic whistling interspersed with bright trills and cheerful chirps. The 's structure allows for variation, with males repeating and combining phrases to create a fluid, engaging performance usually heard from perches or in aerial displays during the breeding season. Call notes of the common linnet include a sharp "tsip" or "chink" emitted as an alarm signal to warn of potential threats, and a softer "hueet" or rising "dweet" produced by individuals in flight flocks for contact and coordination. These calls are dry and tittering in quality, frequently uttered while foraging or moving in groups outside the breeding period. Acoustic studies indicate that song phrases generally last 2-3 seconds and occupy a frequency range of approximately 2-8 kHz, facilitating clear transmission across open habitats. Female common linnets produce only simple calls, such as contact or alarm notes, without the elaborate song repertoire of males.

Range and habitat

Geographic distribution

The common linnet (Linaria cannabina) is native to a broad expanse across , where its range extends from the and in the west to in the east, and from southern in the north to the , , and in the south. This distribution encompasses temperate and Mediterranean zones, with the species occupying diverse lowlands and uplands within these boundaries. In western Asia, the linnet's native range reaches eastward to , , and parts of , including the and Tien Shan regions, while in , it is found from through and to northwestern Libya. The overall extent of occurrence spans approximately 27,300,000 km², reflecting its widespread presence in open habitats across these continents. Different delineate regional variations, such as L. c. cannabina in northern and and western Siberia, L. c. mediterranea in the Mediterranean basin including Iberia and , and L. c. bella in the , , and central Asian steppes. Vagrant individuals have been recorded outside the core range, including in the (notably the ). Additional vagrants appear in , , and . No populations are established from introductions, despite historical attempts in regions like during the 1860s, which failed to persist. Recent eBird data through 2025 indicate stable core ranges in western and , with consistent occurrence in key areas like the , , and , showing no major contractions or expansions.

Habitat preferences

The common linnet (Linaria cannabina) prefers open and semi-open landscapes, including lowland heaths, commons, moorlands, hills with scattered trees, light woodlands, coastal dunes, and farmland edges characterized by shrubs and hedgerows. These habitats provide the sparse vegetation and structural diversity essential for the ' activities, with populations typically occurring at elevations below 2,000 m, though breeding has been recorded up to 2,300 m in some regions like . Nesting sites are selected for their protective cover, often in thorny bushes such as gorse (Ulex spp.) or blackthorn (), as well as dense hedgerows and scrub patches along field boundaries. These locations, usually 0–2 m above ground, offer concealment from predators while remaining accessible in open terrain. For , the common linnet favors weed-rich fields, stubbles, and areas abundant in small , which form the bulk of its diet, while avoiding dense interiors that lack suitable open ground. The species has adapted well to human-modified landscapes, utilizing agricultural features like set-aside fields, uncultivated margins, and oilseed rape crops to compensate for declines in natural weed sources.

Ecology and behavior

Diet and foraging

The common linnet (Linaria cannabina) is primarily granivorous, with its diet consisting mainly of small seeds from a variety of plants, including (Linum usitatissimum), (Cannabis sativa), (Taraxacum officinale), and (Cirsium spp.). Its stout, conical bill is specifically adapted for efficiently husking and extracting these seeds from husks and capsules. During the breeding season, the linnet supplements its seed-based diet with and other to obtain essential proteins, though these form a minor proportion of overall intake. typically occurs on the ground or in low , where individuals search for fallen among weeds and stubbles, often in loose flocks that facilitate efficient location during non-breeding periods. Seasonally, the diet shifts in winter toward a greater reliance on buds, green shoots, and split grains alongside seeds, reflecting the scarcity of ripe seed sources.

Reproduction and breeding

The common linnet (Linaria cannabina) typically breeds from mid-April to early August in its European range, forming monogamous pairs that last for the duration of the breeding season, although is occasionally observed. Pairs may nest solitarily or semi-colonially, with no strong territorial defense. begins with males performing aerial song flights and ground displays to attract s; during these displays, males ruffle their crown and breast feathers to accentuate the patches, drop their wings, spread their , and hop near the female while singing. The nest is a cup-shaped constructed primarily by the female using small twigs, grass, , roots, and fibers, lined with softer materials such as , , feathers, or down; it is typically placed low in dense bushes, hedgerows, or saplings, 0.5–2 m above ground. The female lays a clutch of 4–6 pale bluish eggs speckled with reddish-brown markings, with an average clutch size of 4.7. Incubation is performed solely by the female for 12–14 days, during which the male feeds her seeds at the nest. The altricial chicks hatch blind and downy, remaining in the nest for 12–15 days before fledging; both parents provision the nestlings with , with the male often contributing significantly. Females typically raise 2–3 broods per season, with later clutches sometimes smaller due to seasonal declines in resources. Fledglings are dependent on parents for several weeks post-fledging, learning to on .

Migration patterns

The common linnet (Linaria cannabina) is a partial migrant, with northern populations, such as those in the and , undertaking southward movements to wintering grounds around the Mediterranean Basin, while southern European populations tend to be resident or exhibit only short-distance dispersal. Ringing recoveries indicate that individuals from breeding areas in , , and commonly relocate to the Apennine Peninsula and , mixing with local residents during the non-breeding season. Migration timing is well-defined, with autumn departures typically occurring from to in northern latitudes, peaking in October across much of , followed by spring returns between and May. These movements can span distances of up to 2,000 km, as evidenced by recoveries of ringed birds traveling from to . During passage, flocks often consist of small to medium-sized groups, with mean sizes around 2-3 individuals but occasionally reaching dozens, particularly in autumn when juveniles predominate. In winter, common linnets form large communal flocks, numbering up to 1,000 birds, which facilitate efficient roosting and foraging across open habitats like farmland and coastal marshes. These aggregations often include other species and enable synchronized searching for resources, enhancing in resource-variable environments.

Conservation

The common linnet (Linaria cannabina) is classified as Least Concern on the as of 2018, owing to its extremely large global range and population estimated at 50–100 million mature individuals. In the , the breeding population has experienced a 22% decline between 1995 and 2023, based on data from the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO). Across , trends indicate a moderate overall decline between 1980 and 2013 according to the European Bird Census Council (EBCC), though populations remain stable or show increases in select regions. Monitoring efforts by the EBCC and national censuses, such as the BTO's Breeding Bird Survey, reveal consistent declines in farmland areas, where the species is particularly vulnerable. Agricultural intensification is identified as the primary driver influencing these population trends, through changes in that reduce suitable breeding and habitats.

Threats and conservation measures

The common linnet faces significant threats from habitat loss due to intensive agricultural practices, which have reduced suitable breeding and feeding areas such as hedgerows, scrub, and fields. Mechanisation and in farming further fragment these habitats, limiting nesting sites and access to , the linnet's primary source. Pesticide use, particularly herbicides, exacerbates this by diminishing weed and seed availability in arable fields, directly impacting seed-eating like the linnet. Climate change poses an additional risk by altering breeding , with warmer springs potentially causing mismatches between peak breeding times and food availability, as observed in broader avian trends including multi-brooded finches. Other risks include nest predation by domestic cats, which contribute to high nest failure rates in rural and suburban areas. Collisions with , such as roads and power lines, also threaten populations, particularly during migration when birds may concentrate near human developments. Conservation efforts focus on agri-environment schemes that incentivise farmers to maintain seed-rich habitats. In the UK, the Countryside Stewardship scheme promotes options like AB9 (winter bird food) and OP2 (hedgerow management), including planting wild bird seed mixes tailored for linnets, such as those with millet, sunflower, and oilseed radish to provide year-round food. These measures have supported local population stabilisations by enhancing winter food resources during the 'hungry gap'. Protected areas under the EU's Natura 2000 network designate sites across nine member states for the linnet, safeguarding key breeding and foraging habitats in scrublands and farmlands. Success stories include population recoveries in regions implementing and strips since the , where agri-environment provisions have increased linnet densities by providing overwinter stubbles and cover mixtures, countering declines linked to habitat loss. Ongoing into impacts informs adaptive strategies, such as minimising use to bolster resilience.

Cultural significance

In literature and folklore

The common linnet has appeared in Romantic poetry as a symbol of natural beauty and melodic joy. In John Keats's Endymion (1818), the bird is evoked in Book I as part of an enduring "thing of beauty," with the "chuckling linnet" imagined singing to perpetuate delight across generations. Similarly, Keats describes a linnet flitting among bushes in Sleep and Poetry (1817), capturing its lively presence amid scenes of spring renewal and poetic inspiration. William Wordsworth further immortalized the species in The Green Linnet (1807), portraying the bird's song under blossoming fruit trees as an emblem of unclouded spring happiness and vitality. William Blake referenced the linnet in his early poem Song: Memory, Hither Come (1783), where the speaker dreams by a stream, listening to the bird's song as a soothing accompaniment to reverie and emotional reflection. In Blake's work, the linnet's melody evokes a sense of innocent , aligning with his themes of childlike wonder and spiritual purity. These poetic depictions often highlight the linnet's cheerful call and modest form to symbolize simplicity and unadulterated delight. In 18th-century natural history writing, the common linnet features prominently in Gilbert White's The Natural History of Selborne (1789), where he documents its behaviors as part of everyday rural observation. White notes vast winter flocks that exceed local breeding numbers, suggesting migratory influxes, and describes their spring assemblies on sunlit trees, where they in unison before dispersing to breeding grounds. He further observes the bird's persistent whistling from breeding season through , resuming in autumn flocks and early spring, underscoring its role in the seasonal rhythm of English countryside life. This association extends to modern children's literature, notably in Oscar Wilde's fairy tales. In The Devoted Friend (1888), a linnet serves as the moralistic narrator, recounting a fable of selfless friendship to critique selfishness among water-rat and duck characters. Likewise, in The Selfish Giant (1888), the linnet's song outside the giant's window heralds spring's arrival, awakening him to regret and redemption after years of isolation. The bird recurs in poetry anthologies for young readers, such as The Cambridge Book of Poetry for Children (1932), where its song is celebrated alongside the thrush's as a declaration of love in nature.

In art and media

The common linnet has been a subject of artistic representation in ornithological illustrations, particularly during the . Renowned naturalist included detailed depictions of the species in his multi-volume work The Birds of (1873), where hand-colored lithographs by artist Henry Constantine Richter captured the male's crimson forehead and breast against naturalistic backgrounds, highlighting its role in British avifauna studies. In music, the linnet features prominently in British music hall traditions, such as the 1919 song "Don't Dilly Dally on the Way," subtitled "The Cock Linnet Song" and popularized by performer Marie Lloyd. The lyrics portray a pet cock linnet walking alongside a family during a hasty relocation, evoking themes of everyday resilience and companionship in working-class life. The species appears in BBC wildlife media, including the Radio 4 series Tweet of the Day, where environmentalist Tony Juniper reflected on linnets as cherished caged songbirds in his East Anglian childhood, noting their melodic calls and vibrant plumage that made them favored pets in the mid-20th century. Episodes of Springwatch have showcased the linnet's behaviors in heathland habitats, emphasizing its twittering flight and social flocks as icons of British countryside biodiversity. Among collectibles, Victorian of the common linnet, typically mounted on branches within glass domes, exemplifies 19th-century preservation practices, with specimens valued for their educational and decorative appeal in private collections.

References

  1. https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/common-linnet-linaria-cannabina
  2. https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/linnet
  3. https://www.bto.org/learn/about-birds/birdfacts/linnet
  4. https://www.gbif.org/species/8104397
  5. https://www.etymonline.com/word/linnet
  6. https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/eurlin1/cur/introduction
  7. https://www.worldbirdnames.org/
  8. https://www.oiseaux.net/birds/common.linnet.html
  9. https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/updates/subspecies-2/
  10. http://blascozumeta.com/specie_files/16600_ENG_Linaria_cannabina_aranzadi.pdf
  11. https://a-z-animals.com/animals/linnet-2/
  12. https://avibirds.com/linnet/
  13. https://animalia.bio/common-linnet
  14. https://luontoportti.com/en/t/1683
  15. https://xeno-canto.org/species/linaria-cannabina
  16. https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/sounds-of-spring/sounds-of-heathlands
  17. https://ebird.org/species/eurlin1
  18. https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-common-linnet.html
  19. https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/hunting-utopia/
  20. https://www.gwct.org.uk/farming/big-farmland-bird-count/farmland-birds-to-count/linnet/
  21. https://bou.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/LFB-1-18-Moorcroft-Wilson.pdf
  22. https://scottishwildlifetrust.org.uk/species/linnet/
  23. https://www.birdwatchireland.ie/birds/linnet/
  24. https://www.songbird-survival.org.uk/songbirds/linnet
  25. http://ornis.hu/articles/OrnisHungarica_vol8-9_p1-12.pdf
  26. https://migrationatlas.org/node/1783
  27. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/34747957_The_causes_of_the_decline_in_the_Linnet_Carduelis_cannabina_within_the_agricultural_landscape
  28. https://www.habitas.org.uk/priority/species.asp?item=117
  29. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1617138120301801
  30. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2017.1710
  31. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.13614
  32. https://lgseeds.co.uk/product/linnet/
  33. https://www.gov.uk/find-funding-for-land-or-farms/cab12-supplementary-winter-bird-food
  34. https://biodiversity.europa.eu/species/437384
  35. https://poets.org/poem/endymion-book-i-thing-beauty-joy-ever
  36. http://www.john-keats.com/gedichte/sleep_and_poetry.htm
  37. https://www.tweetspeakpoetry.com/the-green-linnet-by-william-wordsworth/
  38. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43685/song-memory-hither-come
  39. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20933/20933-h/20933-h.htm
  40. https://www.wilde-online.info/the-devoted-friend.html
  41. https://www.wilde-online.info/the-selfish-giant-page2.html
  42. https://archive.org/download/cambridgebookofp00grahiala/cambridgebookofp00grahiala.pdf
  43. https://www.maryevans.com/contributors/nhm/carduelis-cannabina-common-linnet-47574656.html
  44. https://folksongandmusichall.com/index.php/dont-dillydally-on-the-way/
  45. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b09ppwds
  46. https://www.gildings.co.uk/auction/lot/lot-327---taxidermy-a-common-linnet/?lot=28542
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