List of Turkish flags

The list of Turkish flags catalogs the official national, governmental, and military ensigns employed by the Republic of Turkey, encompassing designs formalized in the Republican period while rooted in Ottoman precedents from the 18th and 19th centuries.^[1] The core national flag features a red field with a white crescent and five-pointed star positioned toward the hoist side, adopted via Law No. 2995 on 29 May 1936 to standardize proportions and symbolism evoking Turkish sovereignty and Islamic heritage.^[1][2] Key variants include the presidential standard, a square red banner incorporating the national emblem alongside a yellow 16-pointed sun surrounded by 16 stars denoting historical Turkic empires, and specialized military flags for ranks and commands, such as naval admiral pennants with anchors or army corps standards with geometric crescents, underscoring hierarchical distinctions within the Turkish Armed Forces.^[3][4] These flags reflect a consistent use of red as the dominant color, symbolizing the blood of martyrs in Turkish martial tradition, and serve functional roles in state ceremonies, naval operations, and command identification without significant alterations since the mid-20th century.^[1]

Historical Flags

Ottoman Empire Flags

The Ottoman Empire, ruling from 1299 to 1922, employed diverse flags for military units, naval vessels, and imperial representation, evolving from rudimentary horsetail standards known as tughs—used by the Oghuz Turks of the Kayi tribe as symbols of rank—to more standardized textile banners incorporating Islamic symbols such as crescents, stars, and the zulfikar sword.^[5] Tughs predominated in early periods, with no widespread use of fabric flags until the feudal era (1299–1517), when a white flag was granted by the Seljuk Sultan to the Kayi Turks, signifying vassalage and retained until Sultan Selim I's conquest of Egypt in 1517 ended that status.^[5] Military flags developed significantly with the Janissary corps, established under Sultan Murad I (r. 1362–1389), featuring red swallow-tailed gonfalons emblazoned with a white hand and double-bladed zulfikar sword—the oldest surviving example held in the Istanbul Military Museum and linked to influences from the Harzem Turks and Bektaşi Dervish Order.^[5] Reforms under Hayrettin in 1518 introduced specialized flags for infantry, cavalry, and artillery, often in green over red with gold borders and unit-specific emblems like cannons or the zulfikar; pasha flags included Qur'anic inscriptions, while the sultan's personal banner displayed elaborate tughras (calligraphic seals).^[5] Following the 1826 abolition of the Janissaries by Sultan Mahmud II, the modernized army adopted darker flags inscribed with regiment names and verses from the Quran, transitioning by 1876 under the Ottoman Constitution to red silk standards bearing the sultan's seal and a sunburst motif.^[5] Naval ensigns emphasized red fields, with the national flag serving dual roles as ensign and jack by the late 19th century, typically featuring a white crescent and multi-pointed star—depicted in 19th-century sources like Dutch flag books and encyclopedias as a vertical red-white division or plain red with an eight-pointed white star and crescent until standardization around 1844 shifted to a five-pointed star.^[6][1] The imperial standard at sea included a red background with a foul anchor and four white bomb-like devices (or 20-point stars) in the corners, used into the World War I era (1914–1918), alongside rank pennants for admirals distinguished by star devices and swallow-tailed commodore flags.^[7] Merchant variants occasionally appeared in period charts as red with a bordered canton containing a white star, though their historical use remains debated.^[6]

• Zulfikar Flags: Double-bladed sword emblem on red or green fields, associated with Janissaries and cavalry units, as seen in silk damask examples dated 1810–1811 from Istanbul.^[8][5]
• Sultan's Banners: Elaborate designs with tughras and Islamic phrases, evolving from plain red to include crescents post-18th century.^[5]
• Unit Standards: Corps-specific symbols like mortars for artillery, standardized after 1518 reforms.^[5]

These designs laid groundwork for Republican Turkish flags, particularly the red field with white crescent and star adopted nationally in 1844.^[1]

Turkish War of Independence Flags

The Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) featured the red flag with a white crescent moon and five-pointed star as the principal banner of the Turkish National Movement. This design originated as the Ottoman civil ensign, officially decreed on 21 July 1844 during the Tanzimat reforms under Sultan Abdülmecid I, replacing earlier irregular variants and standardizing the symbol for merchant ships and civilian use.^[9] The nationalists in Ankara adopted it to evoke Ottoman heritage while rejecting the sultan's authority in Istanbul, which collaborated with Allied occupation forces following the 1918 Armistice of Mudros.^[1] On 23 April 1920, the flag was hoisted over the Grand National Assembly (TBMM) building upon its opening, marking the formation of the provisional revolutionary government and the formal launch of organized resistance against the Treaty of Sèvres' partition plans.^[10] This event, attended by 115 deputies, underscored the flag's role in symbolizing sovereignty and unity amid civil strife, including suppression of loyalist uprisings. The banner flew over key victories, such as the Battle of Sakarya (23 August–13 September 1921), where Turkish forces halted Greek advances, contributing to the eventual Lausanne Treaty of 1923.^[11] No unique flags were devised exclusively for the war; Ottoman military standards, often incorporating the crescent-star on red with added regimental devices or tughras for commanders, persisted in nationalist armies. Post-war, the design persisted without alteration into the Republic era, with legal codification in Article 3 of the 1924 Constitution designating it the national flag, and precise proportions (height-to-length ratio of 2:3, star enclosure by crescent) set by 1936 legislation.^[12] This continuity reflects pragmatic symbolism over innovation, prioritizing recognizable emblems for mobilization and legitimacy in the face of 253,000 estimated Turkish casualties.^[11]

National and Civil Flags

Current National Flag Design

The national flag of the Republic of Turkey consists of a red rectangular field with a white crescent moon and a five-pointed star positioned near the center, offset slightly toward the hoist side so that the star lies within the curve formed by the crescent's horns.^[1] The flag's proportions are set at a height-to-width ratio of 2:3.^[1] The design elements adhere to precise geometric specifications established by Turkish Flag Law No. 2995, enacted on May 29, 1936, and published in the Official Gazette on June 5, 1936.^[1] This legislation defined the measures of the crescent and star, including their relative sizes and positions relative to the flag's dimensions, as well as the standardized tone of red.^[13] The law retained the essential form of the Ottoman naval ensign adopted in 1844, adapting it for the republican era without substantive alteration.^[1] Subsequent regulations, including Law No. 2893 dated September 22, 1983, govern the flag's usage, display protocols, and prohibitions against desecration, but preserve the 1936 design standards.^[13] Article 2 of Law No. 2893 explicitly describes the flag as "a red flag with a white moon-star which is in the shape and proportions shown in the attached table," referencing the codified geometry.^[14] The white elements symbolize purity and the Islamic heritage reflected in the crescent and star motifs, while the red background evokes the bloodshed in Turkey's struggle for independence.^[14]

National Flag Variants and Standards

The Turkish national flag's design, proportions, and usage are strictly regulated by Law No. 2893 (Türk Bayrağı Kanunu), enacted on September 22, 1983, and effective from March 24, 1984, which replaced the 1936 flag law. This legislation defines the flag as a red rectangular field with a centered white crescent moon and five-pointed star, serving uniformly as the civil, state, and war flag on land, as well as the national and civil ensign at sea.^[14][13][1] No design alterations are permitted for these standard applications; violations, including production or display of non-compliant versions, are penalized under Turkish Penal Code Article 526.^[14] The law establishes precise geometric proportions based on the flag's width G (hoist-side dimension), with length L equal to 1.5 G, yielding a 2:3 ratio. The crescent has an outer diameter of 0.5 G and inner diameter of 0.4 G, with centers separated by 0.0625 G. The star fits within a circle of diameter 0.25 G, centered 0.333 G from the crescent's inner arc center, and both emblems are outlined by a white band of width 0.033 G. The red field uses a standardized shade, Pantone 186 C (CMYK 0-90-80-5; RGB 227-10-23), to ensure uniformity in production.^[14] Material standards require durable, colorfast fabrics suitable for hoisting, with an implementing charter specifying construction details, including for symbolic pennants and official variants derived from the national design. The flag must be hoisted ceremonially on public buildings and vehicles, flown at half-mast on November 10 (anniversary of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's death) and other dates designated by the prime minister, and used to drape coffins in state funerals for presidents, military martyrs, and national figures. Misuse—such as allowing it to become torn, soiled, or faded, or employing it as clothing or political insignia—is prohibited.^[14][13]

Military Flags

Land Forces Flags

The flags of the Turkish Land Forces primarily serve as command standards for various operational echelons within the army branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. The central flag is that of the Land Forces Command, featuring a claret red field with the command emblem at the center, comprising a white crescent and star, crossed swords, a galloping lancer, and four stars. The crescent and star symbolize service to the Turkish people, the crossed swords denote the continuous, strong, and determined nature of the command, the lancer represents courage, dynamism, and continuity, while the four stars signify the command's hierarchical level within the armed forces.^[15] Subordinate units employ variants of this design, typically square red flags with specific branch or unit insignias in the center, such as for corps commands, division commands, logistics commands, and training doctrine commands. These flags maintain the red background consistent with the Land Forces' color scheme, derived from the emblem's claret red field linking to national symbolism. Army aviation elements, integral to the Land Forces, use specialized flags for their commands, regiments, and schools, incorporating aviation motifs alongside standard elements. The emblem underpinning these flags traces origins to B.C. 209, marking the founding of the earliest Turkic military forces, with additional symbols like 16 small stars for historical Turkish states and Atatürk's silhouette emphasizing foundational principles.^[16]

Naval Ensigns and Flags

The naval ensign of the Turkish Naval Forces is the national flag of Turkey, a red field with a centered white crescent moon opening towards the fly side and a five-pointed star positioned such that one of its points lies on the inner curve of the crescent.^[1] This flag also serves as the naval jack, flown at the bow of warships.^[1] The commissioning pennant mirrors the national flag's design in a triangular form, displayed from the masthead of active ships.^[17] Distinguishing flags for naval commands and senior officer ranks consist of square red banners featuring white naval bombs—stylized representations of explosive ordnance—and other emblems, hoisted to indicate presence aboard or authority over vessels.^[4] The flag of the Turkish Naval Forces Command displays a white fouled anchor centered amid four white bombs positioned one in each corner.^[4] Vice admirals and rear admirals employ analogous designs with progressively fewer bombs to denote lower seniority, while flotilla admirals and other commodore-equivalent ranks use variants incorporating additional command symbols.^[17] These flags, derived from Ottoman naval traditions but standardized in the Republican era, emphasize hierarchical distinction without altering the core national symbolism.^[17]

Air Force Flags

The Turkish Air Force employs a series of command flags distinguished by their blue field, reflecting the branch's traditional color association with the sky, and featuring the Air Force emblem—a stylized white crescent and star within wings—centered or in a white square. These flags vary in shape (square, swallow-tailed, or triangular) and are adorned with one to four white five-pointed stars above the emblem to denote rank or command level, as standardized by the Turkish General Staff. The designs emphasize hierarchy, with higher ranks using square shapes and more stars, while lower commands adopt triangular pennants.

• Air Force Commander Flag: A square blue flag bearing the Air Force emblem in a white square, surmounted by four white stars, used by the General commanding the entire Air Force.
• Lieutenant-General Command Flags: Swallow-tailed blue flags with the emblem in a white square and three white stars above, flown by commanders of major formations such as the 1st or 2nd Tactical Air Force Command, Air Training Command, or Air Logistics Command.
• Major-General Command Flags: Triangular blue pennants featuring the emblem in a white square and two white stars, associated with commands like the 2nd Main Jet Base Command, Air Force Academy Command, Air Service School Command, or Air Supply and Maintenance Center Command.
• Brigadier-General Command Flags: Triangular blue pennants with the emblem in a white square and one white star, utilized at brigade or air base command levels.

Unit-specific flags include:

• Regiment Command Flag: A square blue flag with the Air Force emblem centered, without stars, for regimental-level aviation units.
• Battalion or Squadron Command Flag: A triangular blue pennant with the centered Air Force emblem, for squadron or fleet-level commands.

Support and logistics flags deviate slightly by incorporating branch-specific insignia rather than the full emblem:

• Support Unit Command Flag: Square blue with central branch insignia (e.g., for maintenance or supply units).
• Brigade or Base Support Command Flag: Triangular blue with central branch insignia, for support echelons at brigade or base level.

These flags, derived from Turkish General Staff regulations, are hoisted at headquarters and during ceremonies to signify authority, with the blue field and star motifs aligning with national symbolism adapted for aerial defense roles. Variations may exist for specialized commands like the Air Force Support Continental Command, which follows similar emblematic patterns.^[19]

Gendarmerie Flags

The Gendarmerie General Command maintains a distinct set of command flags, utilized for official and ceremonial purposes within Turkey's gendarmerie forces, which operate under the Ministry of Interior while retaining military status as a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces. These flags incorporate red, white, and blue colors, symbolizing national and organizational identity, with designs differing from those of the Land Forces to denote the gendarmerie's unique rural policing and security mandate. The primary flag of the Gendarmerie General Command is square in proportion, divided per saltire (diagonally like a saltire cross) into alternating white and red quarters, overlaid by a horizontal blue stripe across the center. This design serves as the institutional standard for the command headquarters. Rank-specific flags follow a red-blue color scheme, with shapes indicating seniority: the lieutenant general's flag is swallow-tailed and divided horizontally red over blue; the major general's is triangular and similarly divided red over blue; and the brigadier general's is triangular, divided red-blue-red horizontally. Subordinate unit flags include the square regimental command flag, solid red with a centered blue square, and the triangular battalion command flag, red with a superimposed blue square. Support commands employ variants such as the square division support flag, red with a blue square bearing branch-specific insignia, and the triangular brigade support flag, featuring a blue square with analogous insignia. These designs, documented in official Turkish Armed Forces references, emphasize hierarchical distinction and operational roles without specified adoption dates beyond general military usage protocols.

Coast Guard Flags

The Turkish Coast Guard Command (Sahil Güvenlik Komutanlığı), established in 1982, utilizes orange as its primary flag color to denote maritime security and law enforcement roles along Turkey's coasts. These flags feature symbolic elements such as fouled anchors representing naval heritage, black stripes for distinction, and white "bombs" (artillery projectiles) akin to naval traditions.^[20] The main command flag consists of an orange field with the Coast Guard emblem—a stylized anchor and lifebuoy—centered on a white shield. Rank and unit command flags follow a structured system based on Turkish Armed Forces conventions, adapted for Coast Guard operations under the Ministry of Interior in peacetime and the Navy in wartime.^[20] Regional commands, such as those for the Black Sea, Marmara and Straits, Aegean, and Mediterranean areas, employ orange flags with their respective coats of arms centered, maintaining uniformity in color and style. The Gendarmerie and Coast Guard Academy flag deviates with a diagonal division of red over blue, featuring the joint badge in the center, reflecting its integrated training role. Vessels typically fly the national flag or naval ensigns alongside these, but command flags signal hierarchy during operations.^[20]

Official and Governmental Flags

Presidential and Vice-Presidential Standards

The presidential standard of Turkey serves as the official flag denoting the presence of the President as head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. It modifies the national flag by incorporating the presidential emblem in the upper hoist canton. The emblem consists of a central 16-pointed sun in gold, encircled by 16 five-pointed stars, all rendered in gold on a red field matching the national colors. The sun represents the Republic of Turkey, while the surrounding stars symbolize the 16 historically recognized great Turkic empires or states, tracing the lineage of Turkish sovereignty from ancient times through the Ottoman era.^[3] This design traces its origins to September 1922, when a precursor flag bearing a similar emblem adorned the vehicle of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk during his arrival in Ankara following the Turkish War of Independence. The standard was officially adopted on May 1, 1925, via presidential decree, initially featuring the national flag bordered by a gold fringe for distinction; subsequent regulations standardized the emblem's placement without the fringe by 2012. The emblem's 16-pointed sun evokes the eternal rising sun of Turkish mythology and state continuity, with the stars corresponding to entities such as the Great Hun Empire, Western Hun Empire, and Eastern Roman Empire under Turkish rule, as enumerated in official symbolism.^[3] The standard is flown atop the Presidential Complex in Ankara, on presidential vehicles, aircraft, and vessels during official duties, and at ceremonies where the President is present. Protocol mandates its precedence over other flags, with half-masting only upon the President's death or national mourning decreed by the office. No distinct standard exists for the Vice President of Turkey; the position, established under the 2017 constitutional amendments shifting to an executive presidential system, employs the national flag for representation.^[3]

Ministry and Agency Flags

Turkish ministries employ a standardized flag design introduced during Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's third cabinet, spanning 6 July 2011 to 29 August 2014, following the abolition of prior distinct minister flags under the presidential system.^[21] This uniform pattern consists of a white field charged with a circular seal: the ministry's specific emblem in white on a central red disc, surrounded by the full name of the ministry in red Turkish lettering and 16 red five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, symbolizing national unity or the 16 Great Turkic Empires in some interpretations.^[21] The design mirrors elements of the presidential standard, emphasizing centralized executive authority.^[21] Each ministry adapts the template with its unique emblem. For example, the Ministry of National Education's flag incorporates an emblem of a white torch with black outlining superimposed on an open book, all within the red disc.^[22] Similarly, other ministries such as the Ministry of Interior or Ministry of Justice use their respective institutional symbols—often derived from official seals depicting scales, keys, or thematic icons—integrated into the shared format.^[21] These flags are hoisted at ministry headquarters, official events, and ministerial representations, typically measuring proportions akin to the national flag (2:3 ratio where specified).^[21] Government agencies under ministerial oversight generally lack fully distinct flags, instead utilizing the national flag augmented with agency emblems or employing ministry-style variants for ceremonial purposes. Notable exceptions include specialized bodies like the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD), which may display emblem-bearing standards in operational contexts, though these are not codified as unique national variants and often conform to broader governmental protocols.^[21] Official usage adheres to Turkish Flag Law No. 2893 (1983, amended), which prioritizes the national flag but permits emblematic additions for state institutions without altering core proportions or colors.^[21] As of the fourth Erdoğan cabinet formed on 10 July 2018, this system persists across the 17 principal ministries, including Culture and Tourism, Foreign Affairs, and Treasury and Finance.^[21]