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Hollow mortising chisel and bit

A mortiser or morticer is a specialized woodworking machine used to cut square or rectangular holes in a piece of lumber (timber), such as a mortise in a mortise and tenon joint.

Square chisel mortiser

[edit]
Lever mortising machine, now disused and placed as a monument

The square chisel mortiser (also called hollow chisel mortiser), similar to a drill press in many respects, combines the cutting of a four-sided chisel with the action of a drill bit in the center. The bit clears out most of the material to be removed, and the chisel ensures the edges are straight and clean. This device was invented in 1874 by Robert and Ralph Greenlee (founders of the Greenlee Company).

The first square chisel lever mortisers were purely manual and relied on the operator pulling down on a large lever to push the chisel through the timber. An improvement was to place a rotating cylindrical auger inside a hollow chisel. This helps to clear chips up the centre of the chisel. As electric power became easily available, the auger developed as a drill bit and became the main means of removing waste timber from the mortise. These mortisers now used much shorter hand levers, as the manual work was only in cleaning up the mortise to be square-cornered.

Square chisel mortising bits can also be fitted to normal drill presses using a mortising attachment.

The Greenlee Company still manufactures mortisers, as do a large number of other power tool manufacturers. It is a common tool in the woodshop of professional woodworkers, but because of its specialized nature, many amateur woodworkers would not make enough use of it to justify the moderately high cost and space this tool takes up in the woodshop. Some smaller and less expensive models, suitable for cutting only narrow mortises are available.

Horizontal mortiser (slot mortiser)

[edit]

A more recent innovation is the horizontal mortiser, which incorporates a router mounted statically on its side with the workpiece clamped to a multi-axis sliding table. This type of mortiser can produce either traditional mortise and tenon pairs, however it excels at floating (or 'loose') tenons. A floating tenon is where both the pieces of wood that are to be joined have aligned mortises cut into them and a separate piece of wood is milled into a fitted tenon which is glued into the two mortises.

Chain mortiser

[edit]
A chain mortiser used in timber framing

For cutting larger mortises such as those used in timber frame construction, chain mortisers are commonly used. A chain with cutters (similar to a chainsaw chain) rotating within a frame clamped to the work is successively plunged into the workpiece to mortise out the required volume. The Makita 7104L is such a tool. These chains are made in varying widths, with numbers of chains in parallel. The teeth are often solid or tipped tungsten carbide. They are thus very expensive, sometimes as much as the rest of the mortiser.

Other methods of cutting mortises

[edit]
The Reuleaux triangle rotating inside a constant sized square

Traditionally, a mortise would be cut by hand, using a chisel and mallet. However, due to the precision of fit required for a mortise and tenon joint, this can be a difficult and time-consuming task.

Other tools such as a router could be used for the task, but the router usually requires special attachments, jigs or templates and the router bit leaves rounded corners that might need to be squared by hand with a chisel. Alternatively, the tenon can be rounded with a rasp to achieve an equally strong joint.

For cutting small mortises, a normal drill bit can be used. However, for larger mortises, a common type of bit in modern mortisers is a Harry Watt square drill bit, in which a bit with a Reuleaux triangle cross section is allowed to "wobble" while it rotates within a square with rounded corners[citation needed]. This type of bit removes all but the corners of the material to be removed, leaving very little to be cut by the chisel.

See also

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Mortiser

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A mortiser is a specialized used to cut square or rectangular holes, known as mortises, in pieces of to facilitate strong connections such as joints. It typically employs a hollow chisel combined with an auger bit, driven by a high-torque mechanism similar to a drill press but optimized for precision square cuts rather than round holes. Mortisers have evolved significantly since their mechanized origins in the mid-19th century, when early models were powered manually or by foot, progressing to and then electric operation by the late 1800s and early 1900s for improved speed and reliability. Common types include benchtop models for hobbyists and small projects, floor-standing units for professional workshops handling larger workpieces, hollow-chisel mortisers for clean square cuts, chain mortisers for longer slots in end grain, and modern CNC variants for automated production. Key features across these types often encompass adjustable tables, depth stops, hold-down clamps, and variable speed controls to accommodate different woods and mortise sizes, ensuring accuracy in furniture making, , and framing applications. In contemporary woodworking, mortisers remain indispensable for producing durable, interlocking joints that outperform alternatives like biscuits or dowels in load-bearing structures, with advancements such as pneumatic systems and digital interfaces enhancing efficiency in both small-scale and industrial settings.

Overview

Definition and Purpose

A mortiser is a specialized woodworking machine designed to cut square or rectangular holes, known as mortises, in wood. These machines enable the precise formation of mortises, which are essential for creating robust joinery in various woodworking applications. The primary purpose of a mortiser is to produce mortises for joints, which deliver strong, durable connections superior to simpler alternatives. These joints are widely used in furniture, , doors, and , where they provide mechanical interlock and ample glue surface area for enhanced stability—outperforming weaker butt or joints in strength tests. In professional shops, mortisers are indispensable for traditional , ensuring accurate and efficient production of high-quality, long-lasting assemblies. At its core, a mortiser typically features a to hold cutting bits or chisels, a worktable or clamp to secure the workpiece, and a vertical plunge mechanism to drive the tool into the . This configuration allows for controlled, repeatable cuts that align precisely with tenon counterparts, minimizing errors in joint fabrication.

History

Mortising techniques have been integral to woodworking since ancient times, with evidence of joints dating back over 7,000 years to the era in structures like ancient dwellings near , . These early methods relied on manual chiseling and boring to create rectangular slots for interlocking wooden components, as seen in Egyptian relics such as the from around 2500 BCE, where planks were joined without adhesives or nails. Mechanized approaches began emerging in the , transitioning from hand-powered tools to more efficient designs driven by the Industrial Revolution's demand for faster furniture and construction production. The pivotal invention of the hollow chisel mortiser occurred around 1874, patented by brothers Robert L. and Ralph S. Greenlee in the United States (U.S. Patent No. 199,285, granted January 15, 1878), who founded the Greenlee Company to manufacture this innovation. Their design combined a rotating inside a square hollow , allowing for precise, square mortise cuts in a single operation, revolutionizing by reducing labor compared to separate and chiseling. This tool, initially hand-powered, marked the first successful commercial mortiser and established Greenlee as a pioneer in machinery. By the early 20th century, mortisers evolved with the adoption of electric power, enabling consistent speeds and greater productivity in workshops; , founded in 1919, became a key producer of such electric models alongside Greenlee. In the mid-20th century, chain mortisers emerged around 1887 with designs from Machine Company, using a small chainsaw-like bar for deep cuts in , later electrified by in 1926 as the first portable electric chain mortiser. These developments continued into automated systems in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, with computer numerical control (CNC) integration becoming widespread by the 2010s for enhanced precision in manufacturing as of 2025. Prominent manufacturers include the original Greenlee Company, acquired by Emerson in 2018 and continuing under its umbrella, as well as Delta (now part of Chang Type Industrial), Powermatic (established 1921 for heavy-duty woodworking tools), and (originating in 1915 and expanding into electric mortisers post-World War II). These firms drove technological shifts from manual and pneumatic drives to fully electric and automated systems, reflecting broader advancements in power tools and digital integration.

Types of Mortisers

Hollow Chisel Mortiser

The hollow mortiser is a specialized designed to cut precise square mortises in wood, featuring a four-sided hollow square that encases a central auger bit. The auger bit, functioning like a , bores into the wood to remove the bulk of the material and evacuate chips through the hollow center, while the 's sharpened edges shear the sides clean, producing straight, square walls without additional paring. This concentric design ensures the bit and work in tandem, with the slightly larger to account for its thickness, typically requiring matched sets for optimal performance. In operation, the workpiece is securely clamped to the machine's table using hold-downs and a for accurate positioning, while the motorized head assembly—driven by a 1/2 to 1 HP motor—plunges vertically via a hand or foot pedal to drive the bit and into the wood. Adjustable depth stops control the plunge depth, typically up to 4 inches on benchtop models and 6 inches or more on floor-standing versions, and the table often allows for lateral and longitudinal movement to create longer mortises by overlapping cuts. Spindle speeds commonly range from 1,700 to 3,400 RPM, with lower speeds preferred for hardwoods to reduce heat and binding. Invented in by the Greenlee brothers, this machine operates similarly to a drill press but is optimized for mortising tasks. To prevent chip packing, which can cause binding, operators should take shallow plunges and fully retract the chisel and auger between cuts to allow chips to escape through the chisel slot. Orienting the chisel slot toward the already-cut portion of the mortise facilitates chip ejection into the open space. Polishing the interior of the chisel and the flutes of the auger, as well as deburring the chisel's inner surface if needed, can promote smoother chip ejection. If chips become packed, turn off the machine and use compressed air or a brush to remove debris; do not use hands. Key advantages of the hollow chisel mortiser include its ability to produce exact square-ended mortises quickly and accurately with minimal post-cut cleanup, making it ideal for furniture and applications where multiple identical joints are needed. It excels in solid hardwoods and softwoods up to 4-inch depths, reducing the time required for tenon preparation compared to manual methods. However, disadvantages encompass its limitation to smaller workpieces due to clamping constraints on benchtop models, frequent dulling that necessitates or replacement after 50-100 mortises in dense woods, and a relatively high initial cost, with benchtop units starting around $300 and floor models exceeding $1,000. Accessories for the hollow chisel mortiser primarily consist of interchangeable and auger bit sets, with common sizes ranging from 1/4 inch to 1/2 inch in diameter to accommodate typical joints in furniture stock. These must be precisely matched—such as a 3/8-inch with a slightly undersized auger—to prevent binding, and larger sizes up to 3/4 inch or 1 inch are available for floor models handling bigger components. Additional hold-down clamps and extension tables enhance versatility for irregular shapes.

Chain Mortiser

The chain mortiser features a closed-loop chain equipped with carbide-tipped cutters, functioning similarly to a but in a rigid configuration powered by electric or hydraulic motors, with the chain driven between two sprockets along a guide bar. This design ensures stable, high-speed cutting suitable for heavy-duty applications in large timbers, where the chain's teeth engage the wood in a continuous loop to remove efficiently. In operation, the machine is mounted on a robust frame allowing for horizontal or vertical plunging action, enabling the chain to rotate at speeds of 1,000 to 2,000 feet per minute and produce mortises up to 12 inches deep, often used for creating multiple aligned mortises in structural framing. The workpiece is secured in an adjustable vise, and the plunging mechanism advances the chain into the timber, producing clean rectangular slots ideal for timber framing joints. Key advantages include its ability to handle hardwoods and large stock dimensions up to 12 by 12 inches, rapid production rates for high-volume work, and minimal vibration during operation, which reduces operator fatigue. However, chain mortisers are costly, with machines priced over $5,000 and replacement chains exceeding $100 each; they also require regular to prevent chain wear, and the resulting mortise finish is rougher, making them less ideal for fine furniture applications. Variants include handheld models such as the 7104L, which offer portability for on-site while maintaining the core chain-driven mechanism for depths up to 6-1/8 inches per pass.

Horizontal Mortiser

The horizontal mortiser, also known as a slot mortiser, features a horizontally mounted router or spindle equipped with straight or spiral bits, paired with a sliding table that allows the workpiece to be fed into the cutter. This design includes precision-ground cast-iron tables, adjustable hold-down clamps, and indexing guides for repeatable positioning, often with ball-bearing slides for smooth operation. Typical motors range from 1/2 to 2 HP, operating at speeds around 3,000 to 3,500 RPM for efficient cutting. In operation, the workpiece is clamped and advanced horizontally into the fixed cutter, producing elongated slots suitable for loose or floating tenons rather than deep square mortises. Adjustable angles enable mortises on beveled or irregular edges without complex jigs, and longer slots may require multiple passes. Capacities typically support mortise widths from 1/8 inch to 3/4 inch and depths up to 3-4 inches, with maximum stock thickness around 10 inches. This machine offers versatility for loose tenon on irregular shapes, a compact footprint suitable for small shops, and lower costs ranging from $500 to $2,000, making it more accessible for beginners compared to specialized vertical models. However, it produces rounded-end slots that often require manual cleanup for square fits, offers less precision for traditional square mortises, and has limited depth capabilities. Horizontal mortisers are ideal for applications like chair legs, picture frames, and incorporating floating tenons, where quick setup and clean slotting enhance efficiency in custom or production woodworking.

CNC Mortiser

A CNC mortiser is a computer () designed for automated mortise cutting in , typically featuring 3 to 5 axes for precise multi-directional movement. These machines include components such as a high-rigidity , automated spindles for hollow or milling tools, pneumatic or hydraulic clamps for workpiece securing, and servo-driven feed systems for controlled positioning. Integrated control systems use CAD/CAM software to program intricate mortise patterns, allowing for the input of geometric data and tool paths directly from digital designs. Many models, such as those from Deltawood KEI, incorporate 1 to 3 independent CNC heads with programmable X, Y, and Z axes, often combined with tenoning units for end-to-end joint fabrication in production lines. Operation begins with digital input via the machine's software interface, where parameters for mortise dimensions, depth, spacing, and orientation are specified to generate optimized tool trajectories. Servo then drive the spindle and feed mechanisms to execute cuts, with real-time monitoring ensuring alignment through sensors and feedback loops. For high-volume tasks, automated features like hopper loaders or conveyor systems handle sequential processing of multiple workpieces, such as door stiles or frame components, achieving positional accuracy of ±0.01 mm in well-calibrated setups. Parametric programming tools, like D-WOOD in KEI models, simplify setup for repetitive jobs by allowing graphical previews and automatic adjustments. The primary advantages of CNC mortisers lie in their efficiency for mass production, particularly for furniture elements like cabinets, doors, and window frames, where they enable complex geometries including dovetails, curves, and angled mortises that would be labor-intensive manually. Automation reduces human error and labor needs, supporting five-axis capabilities for enhanced flexibility in processing irregular shapes while maintaining consistent quality across batches. However, these machines carry high initial costs, typically ranging from $10,000 for basic models to over $100,000 for advanced multi-head systems, and demand programming expertise with a steep learning curve that limits their suitability for small-scale or custom one-off projects. Modern examples include oscillating CNC mortisers equipped for tenon shaping alongside mortising, widely adopted in furniture factories since the early to streamline production for items. The Pillar HPM series, with 8 total axes across four carriages, exemplifies industrial applications for precise slotting in and gate components, while Deltawood KEI RDC A models use hopper feeding for high-volume door and frame processing.

Alternative Methods for Cutting Mortises

Manual Chiseling

Manual chiseling represents a foundational technique in for creating mortises, the rectangular slots that accommodate tenons in traditional . This method relies entirely on hand tools to shape the wood, offering woodworkers precise control over the cut. The primary tools for manual chiseling include specialized mortise chisels, which are thick and robust to withstand heavy strikes and levering. These chisels come in square or slightly bevel-edged designs, typically ranging from 1/4 inch to 1 inch in width, with common sizes like 1/4 inch, 3/8 inch, and 1/2 inch for most applications. A wooden provides the striking force, while a —used with a or —ensures accurate layout of the mortise boundaries on the workpiece. The technique begins with marking the mortise location and depth on both faces of the wood to prevent misalignment. To remove bulk waste efficiently, woodworkers often drill a series of pilot holes within the marked boundaries using a brace and bit or hand drill, staying slightly undersized to leave material for the chisel. The chiseling process then proceeds by positioning the chisel bevel facing the waste side, striking it with the mallet in controlled blows to pare away wood incrementally—starting from the ends and working toward the center. For through-mortises, the work alternates between both sides of the board to minimize splitting and ensure clean walls; the chisel is rocked and twisted to refine the edges, with final paring done at a low angle to achieve square, smooth surfaces. This approach is particularly suited for small or custom mortises in hardwoods, where precision is paramount. One key advantage of manual chiseling is its accessibility, requiring no machinery and thus being highly portable and low-cost for hobbyists or field work. It provides full control, allowing for irregular or angled mortises that machines might struggle with, and fosters development in traditional craftsmanship. However, the method is labor-intensive, often taking several hours per mortise depending on size and density, and demands considerable to avoid tear-out or uneven walls, especially in interlocked . It is imprecise for high-volume production, where consistency across multiple pieces is challenging without mechanical aids. Historically, manual chiseling was the primary method for cutting mortises from at least the mid-18th century through the pre-1870s era, as evidenced by tool inventories and texts like Joseph Moxon's Mechanick Exercises (1703), which detail mortise chisels as essential joiner tools. English mortise chisels, with their thick blades and forged bolsters, evolved for this purpose during this period, remaining the standard until early woodworking machines like Bentham's reciprocating mortiser emerged around 1800—though widespread adoption of mechanized options did not occur until later in the . Today, it persists in fine and restoration projects, where handcrafted authenticity is valued.

Router and Drill-Based Methods

Router-based methods for cutting mortises utilize a plunge router equipped with a straight bit and a dedicated to guide the tool along the desired path. The jig typically consists of a template or system that secures the workpiece and directs the router's movement, allowing for precise control over the mortise location and dimensions. To form the mortise, the operator makes an initial plunge cut at one end, followed by multiple overlapping passes along the length to remove waste and widen the slot to the required size. Upcut spiral bits are preferred for this process, as their helical flutes provide efficient chip evacuation and produce cleaner side walls compared to straight bits. After routing, the rounded ends are squared using a sharp to achieve crisp corners suitable for tenon fit. Drill-based approaches employ a drill press fitted with Forstner or bits to bore a series of overlapping round holes that approximate the mortise shape, followed by chiseling to square the sides and ends. Forstner bits are ideal due to their flat-bottomed design and rim-guided stability, which ensure clean entry and minimal wander when aligned with a fence on the drill press table. The technique involves setting the bit diameter slightly smaller than the mortise width, drilling full-depth holes spaced to overlap by about half their diameter, and adjusting the fence for consistent positioning. bits serve as a budget alternative but offer less precision and may require more cleanup. Once the waste is removed, a wide pares the walls to the layout lines, and a mortise squares the ends in a single pass if the bit size matches closely. These methods are particularly accessible for hobbyists, as a basic plunge router or drill press setup can be assembled for under $200 using entry-level tools from reputable brands. They provide versatility across various woodworking projects without requiring a dedicated machine footprint, making them suitable for small workshops. However, the resulting mortises often have rounded ends that necessitate finishing for square joints, and setup can add significant time to the preparation process. Accuracy diminishes for deeper cuts, typically limited to 2-3 inches due to plunge depth constraints and bit length, beyond which multiple repositionings or extended bits are needed. For optimal results, secure the workpiece and firmly with clamps to prevent movement during operation, and place sacrificial blocks beneath the to minimize tear-out and splintering on the exit side.

Safety Considerations

General Safety Practices

When operating a mortiser, (PPE) is essential to mitigate risks from flying debris, noise, and airborne particles. glasses or compliant with ANSI Z87.1 standards should be worn to shield the eyes from wood chips and fragments. Hearing protection, such as earmuffs or earplugs, is required when noise levels exceed 85 dBA to prevent from machine operation. Dust masks or respirators, particularly NIOSH-approved models, are necessary to guard against inhalation of fine wood dust, which can cause respiratory issues; fitted clothing without loose sleeves or jewelry is recommended to avoid entanglement, while gloves should only be used for non-operating tasks like to prevent them from being caught in moving parts. The workspace must be configured to minimize hazards and ensure safe operation. A well-lit area with adequate ventilation, including local exhaust systems at the dust source, is critical to reduce airborne particulates; high-efficiency particulate air () filters or equivalent local exhaust ventilation (LEV) can capture 75-90% of emissions. Secure, non-slip footing on clean, debris-free floors prevents slips and falls, and machines should be positioned to allow clear access to emergency stop buttons or switches for immediate shutdown. extraction systems must be regularly maintained to avoid buildup that could lead to risks or impaired visibility. Routine is vital for safe mortiser use and involves inspecting components for wear or damage. Bits and chisels must be checked regularly for dullness, cracks, or chips, as compromised tools can cause binding or breakage; dull or damaged cutters should be replaced or sharpened by qualified personnel. Moving parts, such as chains or spindles, require lubrication per manufacturer specifications to ensure smooth operation and prevent overheating or seizing. Guards must always be securely in place and never removed or operated with loose components, as this violates OSHA standards under 29 CFR 1910.213 and increases the risk of contact with hazardous areas. procedures (29 CFR 1910.147) should be followed during maintenance to de-energize the and prevent accidental startup. Proper and operational discipline are foundational to preventing accidents. Operators must thoroughly review and understand the machine's manual, including setup and adjustment procedures, before use; employers are required to provide documented on hazards, practices, and responses. Initial practice should occur on scrap wood to build familiarity without risking valuable material, and distractions such as mobile devices must be avoided to maintain focus during operation. Key common risks include dust inhalation and material kickback, which can be addressed through proactive measures. Fine wood dust poses long-term health threats like , necessitating consistent use of ventilation and respirators with filtration to capture respirable particles. Kickback, where the workpiece is forcefully ejected due to improper clamping or feed, can cause severe ; workpieces must be firmly secured with clamps or vises to prevent movement, and anti-kickback devices should be employed where applicable.

Machine-Specific Hazards

In hollow chisel mortisers, a primary hazard arises from chisel binding or improper alignment of the auger bit within the chisel, which can lead to sudden ejection of the bit or workpiece, potentially causing severe lacerations or impact injuries. This is exacerbated if the bit and chisel sizes are mismatched, allowing the bit to walk out during operation. Chip packing within the chisel can contribute to binding and increase these risks. To mitigate these issues, operators must always use precisely matched bit and chisel sets as specified by the manufacturer and initiate plunges slowly to allow chips to clear and prevent binding. To prevent chip packing, make shallow incremental plunges (such as 1/2 to 1 inch depths), fully retract the chisel between cuts to permit chip escape, and orient the chisel slot toward the already-cut portion of the mortise to facilitate ejection. If chips become packed, turn off the machine, disconnect it from power, and use compressed air or a brush to remove debris—never use hands due to risks from sharp edges or accidental startup. Additionally, accidental contact with the sharp or auger, even when the machine is switched off, poses a of deep cuts or amputations due to the exposed cutting edges. Chain mortisers present unique dangers from chain breakage due to or , which can propel links or at high speeds, resulting in penetrating injuries or fractures. Daily visual inspections of links for cracks, , or dullness are essential, and full guards must enclose the chain and drive mechanism to contain potential flying fragments. In hydraulic chain mortiser models, fluid leaks from worn seals or hoses introduce slip hazards and risks of chemical exposure or injection injuries under pressure. Regular checks for leaks and adherence to manufacturer maintenance schedules help prevent these failures. Workpiece ejection is another concern if clamping is inadequate, as the chain's aggressive cutting action can dislodge suddenly. Horizontal mortisers, often featuring router-based cutting systems, are susceptible to table slippage during workpiece feed, which can cause uncontrolled movement and lead to kickback or operator entanglement. Ensuring all table locks and clamps engage fully before starting cuts is critical to maintain stability. Another specific risk is router collet failure from overheating due to prolonged use without cooling breaks or inadequate , potentially ejecting the bit and causing flying hazards or loss of control. Operators should monitor collet temperature and follow recommended duty cycles to avoid this. For CNC mortisers, software errors such as incorrect toolpath programming or miscalculations can result in collisions between the tool, workpiece, or machine components, leading to structural damage, flying debris, or severe injuries from sudden stops. Verifying programs through dry-run simulations and post-processor checks before production mitigates this by identifying errors preemptively. Complex in these automated systems heightens risks of shocks, short circuits, or fires from faulty connections or overloads. Routine electrical inspections and proper grounding as per manufacturer guidelines are necessary to address these hazards. Across all mortiser types, implementing (LOTO) procedures during maintenance—such as isolating energy sources, applying locks and tags, and verifying de-energization—prevents unexpected startups that could cause crushing or cutting injuries. Operators must never reach over or across running cutters to adjust workpieces or clear debris, as this exposes hands to immediate contact hazards from the high-speed mechanisms.

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  60. https://www.cpopowertools.com/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-cpo-master-catalog/default/dwb4605172/product_media/pwm/pwmn1791264k/documents/pwmn1791264k_manual.pdf
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  62. https://www.wealdentool.com/acatalog/safe_use.html
  63. https://www.yumeihardware.com/blog/9-common-causes-of-tool-collisions-in-cnc-machining-centers-and-how-to-prevent-them/
  64. https://amfg.ai/2024/02/22/cnc-program-failures-how-to-prevent/
  65. https://www.acctekgroup.com/what-are-the-risks-of-using-cnc-routers/
  66. https://www.osha.gov/control-hazardous-energy
  67. https://northcastlehw.com/blogs/wood/woodworking-safety-101-tips-to-prevent-common-injuries
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