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Oregon State Capitol
Oregon State Capitol, view from Capitol Mall
Oregon State Capitol is located in Salem OR
Oregon State Capitol
Location in Salem, Oregon
Oregon State Capitol is located in Oregon
Oregon State Capitol
Oregon State Capitol (Oregon)
Location900 Court Street NE, Salem, Oregon, U.S.
Coordinates44°56′18″N 123°01′49″W / 44.938466°N 123.030374°W / 44.938466; -123.030374
BuiltOctober 1, 1938; 87 years ago (October 1, 1938)
ArchitectTrowbridge & Livingston
Architectural styleArt Deco, Stripped Classicism
NRHP reference No.88001055
Added to NRHPJune 29, 1988[1]

The Oregon State Capitol is the building housing the state legislature and the offices of the governor, secretary of state, and treasurer of the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located in the state capital, Salem. Constructed from 1936 to 1938 and expanded in 1977, the current building is the third to house the Oregon state government in Salem. The first two capitols in Salem were destroyed by fire, one in 1855 and the other in 1935.

New York architects Trowbridge & Livingston conceived the current structure's Art Deco stripped classical design in association with Francis Keally. Much of the interior and exterior is made of marble. The Oregon State Capitol was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 29, 1988.[1][2]

The federal government's Public Works Administration partially financed construction which was completed during the Great Depression in 1938. The building was erected at a cost of $2.5 million for the central portion of the building, which includes a cupola of 166 feet (51 m). The wings, which doubled the floor space of the building to about 233,750 square feet (21,716 m2), were added later for $12.5 million. The grounds outside the capitol building contain artwork, fountains, and flora, including the state tree (Douglas fir) and state flower (Oregon grape).

History

[edit]

Before the creation of the Oregon Territory in 1848, the Oregon Country provisional government, through legislation on June 27, 1844, and December 19, 1845, selected Oregon City as Oregon's first capital.[3] J. Quinn Thornton described an early capitol building as 20 by 40 feet with a platform at one end for the president.[4] One of the private buildings this government used was constructed by John L. Morrison in 1850; it served as a capitol until the government moved to Salem.[5] Governor Joseph Lane affirmed Oregon City's status as capital by proclamation. In 1850, the legislature passed an act designating Salem the capital. However, Governor John P. Gaines refused to relocate, on the basis that the same act located the university in Corvallis and the penitentiary in Portland; he declared the act unconstitutional, on the grounds that the authority to locate those institutions was his, and the Territorial Supreme Court concurred; the governor and most of the Supreme Court remained in Oregon City. Justice Orville C. Pratt, who had dissented, relocated to Salem; on May 14, 1852 an act of the United States Congress settled the matter in Salem's favor.[6][7]

The building used as the capitol in 1855, when the territorial capital was briefly located in Corvallis

On January 13, 1855, the Oregon Territorial Legislature passed a bill moving the seat of government from Salem to Corvallis. Governor George Law Curry and many others objected to the move, since public buildings in Salem were already under construction. Curry sent the matter to the Secretary of the Treasury in Washington, D.C., where Secretary James Guthrie declared the move invalid unless acted on by the United States Congress. Thereafter, Curry and Oregon Secretary of State Benjamin Harding moved back to Salem.[6]

On December 3, 1855, the legislature convened in Corvallis and quickly introduced legislation to move the capital back to Salem. This bill passed on December 15, 1855. Three days later, the legislature re-convened in Salem. However, the statehouse burned down on the 29th, and the legislature re-opened debate about where to seat the capital. They decided to ask the people of the territory to vote on the question. A vote was to be held in June 1856, after which the two cities receiving the most votes would have a runoff. The initial vote set up a runoff between Eugene and Corvallis, but after some ballots were invalidated due to not being cast in accordance with the law, the two winners were Eugene and Salem. An October runoff gave Eugene the most votes, but the earlier vote-tossing led to a low turnout. With such low public participation, the election was ignored, and the capital remained in Salem.[6]

A permanent resolution of the capital location issue came in 1864. In 1860, the legislature put the question once again to a popular vote. On a vote in 1862, no city received the 50 percent minimum required by law. In an 1864 election, Salem received 79 percent and was declared the state capital.[6] The Oregon Constitution lists the seat of state government in Article XIV as Marion County,[8] of which Salem is the seat.

First capitol (1855)

[edit]
Artist's rendering of the 1855 building

The land developed for the permanent capitol buildings was Salem block 84, sold to the state for this purpose by pioneer and Salem founder W. H. Willson.[9] Construction of the first capitol building began in 1854,[10] shortly after Congress confirmed Salem as the capital city. However, with the capital moving to Corvallis the next year, construction was temporarily halted. After the capital's return to Salem, the building was nearly completed by late 1855.[10] This territorial capitol, of Greek Revival-style,[11] stood 50 feet (15 m) wide and 75 feet (23 m) long (15 by 23 m), with a stone facade and a 10-foot (3 m) portico. Built of native ashlar blocks, the exterior walls, two stories high, ranged in color from a deep sky blue to white. The first floor was 19 feet (5.8 m) tall and the second 15 feet (4.6 m) tall with an eight-foot (2.4 m) entablature. The building was decorated with four Ionic columns on the front (west) end. The building housed a variety of rooms, including a federal courthouse with a chamber measuring 20 by 27 feet (6 by 8 m) and an executive office of 18 by 20 ft (5.5 by 6 m) on the first floor. Also on the first floor was the House chamber, measuring 36 by 46 feet (11 by 14 m) and having three entrances. The first floor also held the main hall, which included an entrance 15 feet (5 m) wide. On the second floor was the Senate chamber, 26 by 36 feet (8 by 11 m). Additionally, the Territorial Library was housed in a room that was 20 by 36 feet (6 by 11 m). The second story also had a gallery viewing area for the House, three committee rooms, and several rooms for government clerks.[9] The capitol was designed by Captain Charles Bennet, who participated in the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848, and construction supervised by William H. Richter at a total cost of $25,000.[12]

Fire

[edit]

On the evening of December 29, 1855, a fire destroyed the first capitol building and many of the territory's public records.[10] Starting in the unfinished northeast corner of the structure, still unoccupied by the government, the fire was not discovered until around 12:30 am. Arson was suspected, but no one was arrested.[13]

The site of the burned-out capitol building remained a pile of stones for several years after the fire. A downtown building, Nesmith's Building (later named the Holman Building), served as a temporary capitol from 1859 until 1876. The legislature met on the second and third floors of that building, which also housed the other state offices.[14]

Second capitol (1876–1935)

[edit]
Second Oregon capitol, 1876–1935
Capitol in 1909
Damage to the capitol from 1935 fire
Surviving pillars of the second capitol in 2007

Plans for a new building began to take shape in 1872 when the state legislature appropriated $100,000 ($ 2.6 million as of 2024) towards a new capitol building.[15] This second capitol, built between 1873 and 1876, was a two-story structure with an additional first level that was partly underground; the total cost was $325,000[16] ($ 9.6 million as of 2024). The cornerstone for the building was laid on October 5, 1873, during a ceremony that included a speech by Governor Stephen F. Chadwick and the music of several bands. Construction, on the same site as the 1855 building, was partly accomplished with convict labor from the Oregon State Penitentiary. Architects Justus F. Krumbein and W.G. Gilbert designed the building.[17]

Built of stone and five million bricks, Oregon's new capitol measured 275 by 136 feet (84 by 41 m) with a dome of 180 feet (55 m).[17] The ground story was of native Oregon sandstone from the Umpqua region.[11] The structure had a square rotunda on the interior that was 54 feet (16 m) tall. Also inside was a Senate chamber measuring 75 by 45 feet (23 by 14 m) and a House chamber of 85 by 75 feet (26 by 23 m). On the top floor was the Oregon Supreme Court with a courtroom measuring 54 by 45 feet (16 by 14 m) and the Oregon State Law Library, 75 by 70 feet (23 by 21 m). Also on the top floor was a viewing gallery for the House. On the exterior were ornamental pilasters and two-story porticos on the east and west ends.[16][17] The building included a lunch counter.[18] Additionally, the building had mullion-windowed wings.[16] The large copper-clad dome was constructed with an iron and steel framework. This dome rose 54 feet (16 m) above the rest of the building and was 100 feet (30 m) tall. The building was of Renaissance style[17] with Corinthian columns on the front entrance[19] and was patterned after the United States Capitol.[20] At that time, the capitol faced west toward the Willamette River.[16] The government began using the building in August 1876, before the dome was built. Originally, plans called for towers on both sides of the dome (a tower on both ends of the building with the dome in the middle), but they were left out to save money.[17] Oregon's second capitol building stood from 1876 to 1935.

1935 Fire

[edit]

On April 25, 1935, at 6:43 pm, a custodial engineer called the Salem Fire Department to report smoke. Citizens helped to remove items from the smoky building, but when firefighters arrived, they ordered everyone to leave the structure, which was soon engulfed in flame. Among the helping citizens was twelve-year-old Mark Hatfield, who later became governor of Oregon. The fire was determined to have started in the basement of the east wing and quickly spread to piles of old records stored there. A strong updraft in the hollow columns enclosing the dome's eight supporting steel lattice girders rapidly pulled the flames through the rotunda to the upper stories.[11] The heat was so intense it destroyed even the copper dome and brightly lit the night sky.[21]

The flames could be seen as far away as Corvallis, 40 miles to the southwest.[18] One volunteer firefighter, Floyd McMullen, a student at Willamette University, was killed by the fire, which drew firefighters from as far away as Portland.[13] Salem sent seven fire trucks to the scene; three more came from Portland.[18] Only the outer walls were left standing after the fire was extinguished.[16] Losses were estimated at $1.5 million ($ 34.4 million as of 2024), and the state did not carry insurance. The losses, which included historic artifacts such as the portraits of the previous governors, could have been worse had the state not used fire-proof vaults in the basement to store valuables such as more than $1 million ($ 22.9 million as of 2024) in stocks and bonds. During the blaze, firefighters poured water on these vaults to help keep them cool and prevent the contents from disintegrating.[18] Years earlier, the state had turned over many historical documents to the Oregon Historical Society in Portland for preservation, and those records were preserved.[18] Although the Supreme Court had moved to the Oregon Supreme Court Building in 1914, the two buildings were connected by tunnels used for electricity and heating.[22] At the time of the fire, the Oregon State Library was in the basement and first floor of the Supreme Court Building. Many books and documents in the basement suffered water damage when water used to fight the fire flooded tunnels and seeped into the Supreme Court Building.[22] Offices previously housed in the capitol were moved temporarily to other government buildings and to leased space in downtown Salem until a new building was built.[16]

Third capitol (1938–present)

[edit]
Current Oregon capitol
Back of capitol in 1939
Back of capitol in 2006

Construction of the newest building began on December 4, 1936.[16] The third state capitol was completed June 18, 1938[1] and is the fourth-newest capitol in the United States. The capitol was dedicated on October 1, 1938, with speeches from President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Leslie M. Scott, Robert W. Sawyer, and Oregon Governor Charles Henry Martin. Chosen from 123 entries in a countrywide competition, the design of the new building deviated from the normal design of state capitol buildings. The design was labeled a combination of Egyptian simplicity and Greek refinement.[21] Overall it is Art Deco in style, and is one of only three state capitols in the United States constructed in that architectural style.[23]

Controversy occurred before construction began when Governor Martin suggested the new building be sited on a hill south of downtown (Candalaria Heights) and away from the busy center of town. Another proposal called for the purchase of the Willamette University campus and relocation of the capitol to that site.[24] However, downtown merchants were able to keep the capitol building in downtown at the original location, though some Victorian homes were subsequently leveled to make way for the building. Another early complaint about the structure was that the cupola resembled a "paint can" rather than traditional domes on other capitols, including the earlier Oregon structures. It was even called a "squirrel cage", lacking in majesty. Additionally, the public was slow to admire the gold Oregon Pioneer atop the dome.[21] Installation of the statue began on September 17, 1938, and took several days and heavy-duty equipment.[25]

The building cost $2.5 million ($ 57 million as of 2024), of which the federal government paid 45 percent through the Public Works Administration. Upon completion, the new capitol was 164 feet (50 m) wide, 400 feet (120 m) long, and 166 feet (51 m) tall (50 by 122 by 51 m) and contained 131,750 square feet (12,240 m2) of usable space.[8][16] The exterior was finished with Vermont marble. The lobby, rotunda, and halls were lined with a polished rose travertine stone quarried in Montana.[19] The rotunda's staircases and floor used Phenix Napoleon Grey Marble quarried in Phenix, Missouri, and had borders of Radio Black marble that, like the exterior stone, is from Vermont.[1]: 7–14 [19] There are 158 names of notable Oregonians inscribed on the walls of the legislative chambers; of these, only six are women. The original cost estimate for the building was $3.5 million ($ 79 million as of 2024), but the state legislature only appropriated $2.5 million; committee rooms were subsequently removed from the plans.[26] These rooms were added in 1977 as part of a $12.5 million ($ 65 million as of 2024) expansion project to add new wings containing legislative offices, hearing rooms, support services, a first floor galleria, and underground parking.[26] This addition doubled the space of the capitol building.[27] In 2002, the wings were remodeled at a cost of $1.3 million ($ 2.3 million as of 2024) to upgrade items such as antiquated wiring and to install new carpeting and lighting.[27]

On March 25, 1993, the magnitude 5.6 Scotts Mills earthquake damaged the cupola, requiring closure for repairs. The rotunda area remained closed for approximately two years for these repairs.[28] This "Spring Break Quake" shook the building enough to shift the statue on top and crack the cupola. Additionally, the quake created a three-foot (one-meter) bulge on the west end of the building.[29] Repairs cost $4.3 million ($ 9.4 million as of 2024) and included reinforcing the structure with additional concrete and steel bars.[30]

State Senate chamber
House of Representatives chamber

In April 2002, the building became the first state capitol in the United States to produce solar power through the use of 60 photovoltaic panels generating 7.8 kilowatts.[31] One-third of the power is used to light the Oregon Pioneer at night; the remaining electricity is sent into the power grid.[31]

On December 31, 2007, the Oregon State Capitol hosted its first authorized wedding between Oregon State Representative Tobias Read and Heidi Eggert. At Read's encouragement, the Legislature created a policy authorizing up to four public events a year.[32] On August 30, 2008, the building caught fire around 12:30 in the morning and was quickly extinguished with damage to the Governor's offices on the second floor on the south side.[33] The governor was forced to relocate some of his offices, including some time at the Oregon State Library across the street.[34]

During a special session in December 2020, armed protesters demonstrated at the capitol against health restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon.[35][36] In January 2021, a security video was released showing Representative Mike Nearman allowing protesters to enter the Capitol Building.[37] As a result of his action, Nearman pleaded guilty to one count of official misconduct in the first degree[38] and the Oregon House of Representatives voted 59–1 to expel him on the grounds of "disorderly behavior."[39]

The Capitol Accessibility, Maintenance and Safety project was approved by the legislative assembly in 2016 at a cost of $59.9 million. This project was designed to address Americans with Disabilities Act deficiencies; at-risk mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems; and security and life-safety issues in the Oregon State Capitol building. A second phase of this project was approved at a cost of $70.8 million by the legislative assembly in 2020 to address seismic upgrades, historic restoration, and additional ADA accessibility issues at the building's south entrance. A final phase, approved in 2022 at a cost of $465 million, focuses on upgrades to the oldest parts of the building, including seismic upgrades, adding four hearing rooms, adding a café, lead pipe and asbestos removal, and upgrading facilities for journalists and lobbyists.[40] The total cost of the project is nearly $600 million and includes inserting 160 base isolators in the 160-million-pound building's foundation to avoid damage during seismic activity in the Cascadia subduction zone, with the new system being rated to limit damages even while the earth moves up to 2 feet in any direction.[41][42]

The project has been criticized for cost overruns and for quiet approval of $90 million of additional funding; the project's budget is now nearly double the anticipated $375 million initially estimated.[40] The building has continued to be used for legislative purposes during construction at a cost of $20 million, although parts of the building continue to be closed off.[43] The renovation should be complete by 2026, with the full building opening to the public by April 2025.[44]

Exterior and interior

[edit]
Interior ceiling of the dome above the rotunda

The Oregon State Capitol is home to both branches of the state legislature, the House and Senate, and has offices for the governor, treasurer, and the secretary of state. In its center, the floor of the prominent rotunda features an embedded Oregon State Seal sculpted in bronze by Ulric Ellerhusen. Ellerhusen also sculpted the Oregon Pioneer that rests atop the capitol dome's exterior. The dome rises 106 feet (32 m) above the state seal. The interior of the dome was painted by Frank H. Schwarz and features 33 stars, symbolizing Oregon's place as the 33rd state to join the Union. Eight medallions are painted near the top of the walls of the rotunda that represent the eight objects in the state seal.[19] An inscription on the rotunda south wall, facing the entrance from the north, reads:

In the souls of its citizens will be found the likeness of the state which if they be unjust and tyrannical then will it reflect their vices, but if they be lovers of righteousness confident in their liberties so will it be clean in justice bold in freedom.

Also encircling the interior of the rotunda are four murals depicting moments from Oregon history.[20] One mural depicts Captain Robert Gray's exploration of the Columbia River in 1792, another shows the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and two others portray covered wagons from pioneer times. These four murals were painted by Schwarz and Barry Faulkner. Other murals include the Provisional Government of Oregon's salmon and wheat seal, the Oregon Territory's seal, and depictions of Oregon's industries, all located in the rotunda's wings along the grand staircase. The capitol's galleria area on the first floor includes hearing rooms, display cases, and the visitor information area.[19]

Oregon's House chamber floor is covered with a custom carpet; the carpet's pattern incorporates a depiction of the state tree, the Douglas-fir, representative of forestry. The furniture and paneling of the chamber is made of golden oak. A large mural painted by Faulkner, depicting the 1843 Champoeg Meetings at which the provisional government was formed, is behind the desk of the Speaker of the House. The Senate chambers use black walnut for the paneling and furniture. Another custom carpet lines the floor, featuring Chinook salmon and wheat, representative of fishing and agriculture. The Senate's large mural was painted by Schwarz and depicts a street scene showing news of statehood reaching Salem. Lining the walls of both chambers are 158 names, inscribed in friezes, of prominent people in Oregon's history. On the second floor of the capitol is the Governor's suite, consisting of a ceremonial office and private offices for the state's chief executive. As in the Senate chamber, the paneling is of black walnut. The ceremonial office includes a fireplace with a painting by Faulkner. In the suite's reception area is a table made of 40 tree species.[19] This table is inlaid with a replica of Oregon's second capitol building, the state flower (Oregon-grape), and the state bird (western meadowlark).[45]

Leo Friedlander's relief sculpture Covered Wagon (1934) outside the main entrance

A variety of artwork is displayed on the exterior of the building. Sculptor Leo Friedlander used Vermont marble for the large relief sculptures on both sides of the main entrance. One sculpture depicts Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and Sacagawea, with a map of their expedition's route on the reverse (Lewis and Clark); the other (Covered Wagon) shows pioneers and a covered wagon, with a map of the Oregon Trail on the reverse. Additionally, Ellerhusen created five marble relief sculptures on the exterior, and a metal sculpture by Tom Morandi sits above the south entrance. Ellerhusen also cast six bronze sculptures arranged above the building's main entrance, three on the inside and three on the outside.[19]

The building measures 693 by 259.5 ft (211.2 by 79.1 m). The older main portion of the building is 53.5 feet (16.3 m) tall, while the newer wings added in 1977 are 68.7 feet (20.9 m) tall. Inside, the building has approximately 233,750 square feet (21,716 m2) of floor area and 3.2 million cubic feet (90,600 cubic meters) of volume.[45]

In 1997, the Legislative Assembly established the non-profit Oregon State Capitol Foundation in order to "create a living history, enhance the dignity and beauty of the Capitol, and foster cultural and educational opportunities." In 2005, the foundation completed the Walk of the Flags project, a display in Willson Park on the capitol grounds of all 50 flags of the U.S. states.[46]

In 2007, the capitol wings closed for a restoration project to upgrade items such as furniture, plumbing, and electrical systems.[47] The $34 million project became an issue in the 2008 Senate campaign between Gordon Smith and Jeff Merkley when Smith used the price of the project in ads attacking Merkley who was the Speaker of the Oregon House when the remodel was approved.[48] Part of the attack involved the cost of new desks for legislators and staff that were manufactured by Oregon prison inmates.[49] Renovations were completed in November 2008.[50]

Grounds

[edit]
Walk of Flags on the capitol grounds
Aerial view of the Capitol and surrounding area

The capitol grounds cover three city blocks and include Willson and Capitol parks.[11] Near the west entrance of the capitol is a replica of Philadelphia's Liberty Bell. This bell is one of 53 full-sized replicas made in France and donated by the United States government to each state.[45] Oregon received its copy on July 4, 1950.[51] Throughout the grounds are native trees and shrubs, including blue spruce, Oregon-grape (the state flower), giant sequoia, coast redwood, Japanese maple, dogwood species, Bradford pear, cherry tree species, English holly, rhododendron, and magnolia tree species. One Douglas-fir tree was grown using a seed that rode aboard Apollo 14 to the Moon in 1971 and was transplanted to the capitol in 1976 from Oregon State University.[51]

East Capitol Park

[edit]

On the east side of the building is Capitol Park, which includes a bronze equestrian statue by A. Phimister Proctor called The Circuit Rider, statues of Jason Lee (Jason Lee) and John McLoughlin (John McLoughlin) by Gifford Proctor, and portions of the Corinthian columns of the second capitol building.[19][52] Lee established the Methodist Mission and what would become Willamette University. McLoughlin, of the Hudson's Bay Company, was proclaimed the Father of Oregon. The Circuit Rider was added in 1924 as a monument to early preachers.[51] During the Columbus Day Storm in 1962, this statue was knocked over and damaged but restored in 1963.[53] There is also a memorial to Oregon's recipients of the Medal of Honor, dedicated on September 18, 2004.[54]

West Willson Park

[edit]

To the west of the building is Willson Park, named for Salem founder William H. Willson and sited roughly at the center of his former landholdings.[55] From 1853 to 1965 it was a Salem city park. After the park was turned over to the state, Lloyd Bond and Associates were asked to redesign the park.[11] Willson Park features the Oregon World War II Memorial, the Waite Fountain, a gazebo built in 1982, and Peter Helzer's sculpture, A Parade of Animals (1991),[19] which was designed as a play structure. Waite Fountain was donated in honor of Oregon businessperson E. M. Waite in 1907 by his wife.[51] The Breyman Fountain, added in 1904 as a memorial to Werner and Eugene Breyman,[56] is at the far west end of the park.[51] It was originally decorated with a statue of a soldier from the Spanish–American War and also served as a lamp post and horse trough.[56] Today the statue holds no water and is sometimes planted with flowers.[57] In 2005, a Walk of Flags feature was added that displays the flags of every state in the Union. In 2009, the nine flags of Oregon's federally recognized Native American tribes were added to the Walk of Flags.[58]

Other features on the capitol grounds include Sprague Fountain and the Wall of Water. The Wall of Water is located across Court Street from the main entrance. It was added in 1990 and has 22 nozzles shooting water 12 feet (3.7 m) into the air in a plaza that also has slabs of stone with information about Oregon's history. Added in 1985, the Capitol Beaver Family sculpture represents the state animal. Additional features of the grounds include a peace pole donated by the Society of Prayer for World Peace, a large boulder that once lay along the Oregon Trail, a planter that spells out "Oregon" using shrubs, and a rose garden maintained by the Salem Rose Society.[51]

360° panorama showing the Oregon State Capitol and the Capitol Mall

See also

[edit]
The gold Oregon Pioneer by Ulric Ellerhusen, 1938

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Oregon State Capitol

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Oregon State Capitol is the seat of government for the U.S. state of , located in the capital city of Salem. The present structure, constructed from 1936 to 1938 after a 1935 fire razed the prior capitol building, embodies a modernist interpretation of in the style, designed by the New York firm Trowbridge & Livingston in association with . Sheathed in Georgia marble and topped by a gilded bronze Pioneer statue symbolizing the state's frontier heritage, the capitol houses the bicameral along with offices for the , , and . Erected during the with federal assistance, it represents a significant project that preserved employment while establishing a durable emblem of state authority amid economic hardship.

Historical Development

First Capitol and Its Destruction (1855-1860)

In January 1855, the Territorial Legislature relocated temporarily to Corvallis amid ongoing disputes over the capital's location and to evade federal marshals enforcing court orders in Salem. The session convened in a wood-frame on Second Street, serving as the provisional capitol for the duration of the assembly, which lasted until late December. This move stemmed from political tensions, including opposition to Governor John P. Gaines, but the U.S. Congress refused to recognize Corvallis as the official capital, prompting the legislature's return to Salem. Construction of Oregon's first purpose-built territorial capitol in Salem had begun in 1853 on Block 84 of Willson’s Addition, designed by architect O. W. Ferguson in the Greek Revival style. Originally planned with stone facing, budget constraints of $50,000 led to a simpler wood-frame structure with a two-story rectangular form, Doric columns forming a temple-front porch facing west, and no dome as initially envisioned. Completed under contractor William H. Rector in , the building was occupied by the legislature shortly after their return from Corvallis, marking its brief role as the territory's . On the night of December 29, 1855, just weeks after occupancy, fire gutted the structure, originating in the unfinished basement and rapidly consuming the wooden frame, territorial , furnishings, and numerous . was widely suspected due to the political volatility surrounding the capital's location, but a formal investigation found no of intentional setting, attributing it to accidental causes. The destruction left the territory without a dedicated capitol, forcing subsequent sessions into rented spaces such as the Methodist Church and commercial buildings in Salem. Following the fire, the capital remained in Salem despite further relocation attempts, with affirming its status in 1856. The territorial government operated from temporary quarters through the period leading to Oregon's admission as the 33rd state on February 14, 1859, after which legislative sessions continued in leased facilities until construction of a permanent statehouse decades later. No new capitol building was erected immediately, as fiscal priorities shifted amid the transition to statehood and economic challenges extending into 1860.

Second Capitol Era and 1935 Fire (1876-1935)

Construction of Oregon's second state capitol in Salem began in 1873 with site excavation on block 84, following legislative appropriations after prolonged debates over the capital's permanent location. The building, designed by Portland architects Justus F. Krumbein and W.G. Gilbert in a Classical Revival style incorporating and elements, opened for legislative use in at an initial cost of $100,000, though projected expenses reached $550,000 before simplifications reduced outlays. Featuring a plan measuring 264 feet in length, it initially lacked a dome, which was added and completed in 1893 under Krumbein's modifications, reaching a height of 190 feet with a copper-clad . Over the subsequent two decades, the structure underwent phased expansions, repairs, and improvements funded by intermittent legislative allocations, reflecting chronic underfunding typical of 19th-century . The capitol served as the primary seat of for nearly six decades, housing the bicameral , the until its relocation in 1913, and various executive departments. It was the venue for pivotal legislation, including the 1903 enactment limiting women's factory workdays to ten hours and debates on initiatives like direct legislation and . Facing westward toward Salem's core, the building symbolized state stability amid Oregon's growth, though maintenance lagged, contributing to its vulnerability after 58 years of intensive use. On April 25, 1935, at approximately 6:43 p.m., a janitor reported smoke emanating from the basement storeroom-service area, igniting what investigations deemed an accidental fire that rapidly spread upward through wooden interiors to the dome. The blaze, first noticed by residents shortly before 7:00 p.m., consumed the structure overnight despite firefighting efforts, resulting in total destruction, the loss of one life, and the of numerous irreplaceable records. No evidence of was found, underscoring the building's outdated amid aging materials. The catastrophe prompted immediate plans for a replacement, completed in 1938.

Planning, Design Controversies, and Construction of the Current Building (1935-1938)

The Oregon State Capitol Reconstruction Commission was formed in the immediate aftermath of the April 25, 1935, fire that destroyed the previous capitol building, initiating planning for a replacement amid the Great Depression. The commission's efforts included site surveys, land acquisitions for an expanded capitol mall, and realignment of surrounding streets like Summer Street to accommodate a north-facing axis. These preparations emphasized fireproof construction using reinforced concrete and non-combustible materials, informed by the repeated losses from prior blazes. To select a design, the commission launched a nationwide architectural competition in 1936, attracting around 125 submissions ranging from traditional classical schemes to avant-garde modernist proposals. The winning entry was by New York-based Francis Keally, in collaboration with the established firm Trowbridge & Livingston, featuring a stripped classical style that integrated modernist simplification with symbolic elements like a prominent rotunda and Pioneer statue. Local architects Whitehouse & Church were engaged as associates to supervise on-site adaptations. The design's modernist leanings—eschewing ornate detailing for geometric forms and cladding—sparked discussion among contemporaries accustomed to neoclassical capitols, representing a transitional moment from to functionalism in public , though it garnered professional praise for its restraint and regional adaptation. No major political or public uproars delayed the project, unlike earlier capitol debates over location and funding. Construction began on December 4, 1936, with groundwork and structural erection progressing under federal oversight, culminating in substantial completion by June 18, 1938. The $2.5 million project drew 45 percent of its financing from the , enabling employment of local labor and use of durable materials like Georgia granite for the base and white Vermont marble for the facade. Blueprints detailed chambers, suites, and , with progress reports tracking bids, payrolls, and milestones to ensure timely execution. The building was dedicated later that year, symbolizing recovery from through pragmatic engineering and aesthetic innovation.

Architectural Features

Exterior Design and Materials

The Oregon State Capitol's exterior exemplifies stripped classical modernism, characterized by simplified geometric forms derived from without ornate detailing. Designed primarily by in association with the firm Trowbridge & Livingston, the structure was completed in 1938 following a statewide design competition. The building features unadorned, angular elevations with rectilinear massing, a four-story height, and a prominent cylindrical tower rising to enclose the interior rotunda. The structure employs a frame sheathed in white Danby marble, with panel thicknesses varying from 10 inches at the base to 6 inches higher up, providing a smooth, monolithic appearance. A base courses the lower level, sloping to accentuate the ground story on the west side while maintaining a terraced effect overall. The north entrance lacks a traditional or grand staircase, instead presenting low terraced steps flanked by minimal pilasters, emphasizing horizontal lines and functional simplicity. Atop the ribbed sits the , a 23-foot-tall, 8.5-ton hollow figure coated in 23-karat , depicting a frontiersman with an axe and facing westward to symbolize 's settlement history. The overall building measures 394 feet in length and 162 feet in width, with the lantern and extending the total height to 168 feet. Subtle exterior ornamentation includes a carved bas-relief eagle over the entrance and grilles, but these are restrained to align with the modernist restraint.

Interior Spaces and Symbolic Elements

The central rotunda of the Oregon State Capitol serves as the building's primary interior gathering space, featuring a rendition of the state seal embedded in the floor. This seal incorporates symbolic elements such as the date "1859," marking Oregon's , alongside representations of the state's natural resources, , and governance structures. Surrounding the rotunda are murals depicting pivotal events in Oregon , including explorations, interactions with Native peoples, pioneering migrations, and landscapes that highlight the state's heritage. Access to the second-floor legislative chambers branches from the rotunda via marble staircases lined with murals illustrating Oregon's key industries of the 1930s, such as , , and . The Senate chamber contains a mural titled "Bringing the News to Salem March 17, 1859" by artist Frank H. Schwarz, completed in 1938, which portrays the announcement of Oregon's statehood to early residents. Encircling the chamber's upper walls are friezes inscribed with the names of 69 individuals influential in Oregon's formative years, accompanied by paintings symbolizing the state's pioneer origins and native , particularly bird species. In the House of Representatives chamber, the mural "Champoeg, 1843" by Barry Faulkner depicts the provisional government's organizing vote at Champoeg, a foundational event in 's territorial development. Friezes around the chamber bear the names of men and women prominent in Oregon history. These Depression-era artworks, integrated during the Capitol's 1936–1938 construction, emphasize themes of pioneering spirit and state heritage. Inscriptions and medallions throughout the interior further reinforce historical narratives tied to Oregon's establishment.

Grounds and Surroundings

East Capitol Park Layout and Features

East Capitol Park, situated immediately east of the State Capitol building in Salem, comprises the eastern segment of the 21-acre T-shaped Capitol Mall. Bordered by Court Street to the north, State Street to the south, and extending eastward to the Oregon Department of Justice complex along Waverly Street, the park features formal pathways and open green spaces designed for public gatherings and reflection. Elements of its early 20th-century landscape, including mature trees, shrubs, and original sidewalks, remain intact, reflecting the vision of Ellis Lawrence who contributed to the site's planning in the 1930s. A key monument is the bronze equestrian statue The Circuit Rider by sculptor Alexander Phimister Proctor, installed in 1924 as a tribute to Methodist circuit preachers who traveled Oregon's frontiers. Dedicated by timber magnate Robert Booth's son, the statue portrays a rider on horseback symbolizing evangelism and pioneer spirit; it was relocated to the park after the 1938 capitol construction. Nearby, salvaged fluted columns from the of the previous capitol building (destroyed by fire in 1935) are arranged as a historical exhibit, preserving architectural remnants from the 1876-1935 era. The park includes the Walk of Flags, an avenue displaying flags of U.S. states and territories, which underwent restoration planning as of to enhance visibility and maintenance. Ornamental cherry trees, planted for seasonal appeal, bloom vibrantly from late to early , drawing visitors alongside other such as Douglas representing Oregon's state tree. Additional statues and markers commemorate Oregon's historical figures, contributing to the park's role as an educational outdoor space integrated with functions.

West Willson Park and Adjacent Areas

West Willson Park, situated immediately west of the in Salem, forms a key component of the 16-block State Capitol State Park, which encompasses landscaped grounds surrounding state government facilities. Named for William H. Willson, the Methodist lay missionary who platted Salem's original townsite in 1846 on his donation land claim, the park roughly centers on the footprint of Willson's former homestead along Willson Avenue, historically bounded by Court, Church, State, and Capitol Streets. The park features the Waite Fountain, positioned directly west of the Capitol building, alongside monuments and statues that commemorate 's historical figures and events, including memorials and stone plaques embedded in sidewalks detailing state milestones. These elements integrate with broader park landscaping, such as cherry trees and native plantings favored in , contributing to the site's role in preserving and interpreting regional history since the Capitol Mall's designation as State Capitol State Park in 2008. In September 2025, state officials proposed a redesign of Willson Park to improve accessibility, event space, and visual coherence, with certain features like established monuments remaining untouched while others, including pathways and planters, would be relocated or modernized. Adjacent areas to the north and south include clustered state buildings, such as the General Services Building, State Archives, and State Library, within the Capitol Mall's boundaries defined by State, Capitol, Winter, and D Streets. Southward, the park transitions toward and nearby cultural institutions like the Hallie Ford Museum of Art, facilitating pedestrian connections between government, educational, and downtown Salem districts.

Renovations and Modern Adaptations

Post-Construction Modifications Through the 20th Century

Following the completion of the Oregon State Capitol in 1938, the building underwent relatively minor modifications until the mid-1960s, primarily involving mechanical upgrades to address growing operational needs. In 1968, seven air distribution systems were added to the original structure, incorporating chilled coils for offices and lounges to improve climate control without altering the architectural envelope. The most substantial expansion occurred in 1977, when $12.5 million wings were constructed to accommodate expanding legislative functions. These marble-clad additions, designed by Wolff Zimmer Gunsul Frasca architects in collaboration with and offset from the southeast and southwest corners of the main building, included new legislative offices, hearing rooms, a connecting Galleria, and underground parking. The wings featured concrete pan construction, hot , slate-paved courtyards, and full sprinkler systems, maintaining visual continuity with the original marble facade while providing practical enhancements for security and accessibility. Subsequent changes in the focused on resilience and site improvements. In 1990, an underground parking structure was created by excavating the central mall terrace over two city blocks, designed by Guthrie Slusarenko Associates to alleviate surface parking demands without disrupting the grounds' aesthetics. The following year, the structure's surface was re-landscaped as a formal greensward planted with Japanese cherry trees by Walker Macy landscape architects. The 1993 Scotts Mills earthquake prompted urgent repairs, including reinforced to the rotunda walls and broader structural reinforcement and restoration of the rotunda and dome, completed by 1995 as initial seismic upgrades. Mechanical systems were modernized in 1996 with new high-pressure steam and hot boilers, plus chiller and replacements. Interior reconfigurations included 1998 remodels of the room (converted from a hearing space), the café service area, and third-floor offices (demolished for a caucus room and staff space), alongside 1999 replacement of buried service piping near the 1938 building and 2000 updates to electrical panels and relocation of legislative media facilities to Room 35. These interventions addressed wear from decades of use while preserving the building's modernist integrity.

21st-Century Seismic Retrofit and Accessibility Upgrades (2016-2026)

The Capitol Accessibility, Maintenance and Safety (CAMS) project, approved by the in 2016, addresses longstanding deficiencies in seismic resilience, accessibility under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), mechanical-electrical- (MEP) systems, and overall life safety in the Oregon State Capitol complex. Initial funding for Phase I totaled $59.9 million, focusing on immediate upgrades to , electrical , and ADA-compliant features such as new stairs and exits while maintaining legislative operations. Subsequent phases expanded to seismic of the 1938 core building and 1977 extensions, with total project costs escalating to approximately $596 million by 2025 due to overruns exceeding $90 million amid supply chain issues and unforeseen structural challenges. Phase II, approved in 2020 for $70.8 million and completed in December 2022, targeted seismic enhancements for the connector structure, historic restoration, and additional at the south entrance, including temporary ADA paths to sustain building use during . Phase III, authorized in 2022 with $465 million allocated for the original structure, introduced base isolation systems to decouple the building from ground motion, incorporating 655 micropiles for foundation reinforcement, over 145 shoring towers, secant walls, and soldier piles to mitigate earthquake risks in the seismically active . These measures, designed by Forell/Elsesser Engineers, encompass the building, connector, and new courtyard elements, prioritizing preservation of the neoclassical architecture while achieving performance levels resistant to magnitude 9.0 events. Accessibility upgrades across phases include ADA-compliant entrances on all four sides of the building, renovated bathrooms with adult changing stations, and redesigned public spaces to facilitate participation by individuals with disabilities. The basement was fully reconfigured to add four new hearing rooms, a café, and improved circulation, enhancing functionality without altering the historic envelope. Security protocols were integrated with hardware and life safety systems, addressing vulnerabilities identified in prior assessments. By September 2025, the project reached a milestone with the rotunda reopening to the public after three years of restoration and safety enhancements, though full operational completion is projected for 2026. Legislative sessions continued in temporary facilities during peak construction, underscoring the balance between modernization and uninterrupted governance.

Role in Governance and Public Life

Housing State Government Functions

The State Capitol serves as the primary venue for the state's legislative functions, housing the bicameral comprising the and the . The consists of 30 members elected to four-year terms, while the has 60 members serving two-year terms, with each house district representing approximately 70,621 residents. The legislative chambers are situated within the central structure of the building, facilitating debates, bill readings, and voting during sessions that convene annually in February at the Capitol in Salem. In odd-numbered years, sessions may extend up to 160 days; in even-numbered years, they are limited to 35 days. Positioned between the two legislative chambers on the second floor is the Governor's Ceremonial Suite, which includes a reception room and a public office used for official state ceremonies, bill signings, and gubernatorial addresses to the . This suite underscores the Capitol's role in integrating ceremonial executive functions with legislative proceedings, though the governor's operational offices are maintained in separate facilities nearby. The 1977 expansion added dedicated and office wings, along with hearing rooms in area, providing space for meetings, legislative staff administration, and individual offices. These accommodations support the assembly's workflow, including bill drafting, policy research, and constituent services, with administrative coordination handled from offices such as Room 140A. The Capitol does not house judicial functions, as the and other courts operate from distinct buildings in Salem.

Security Protocols and Visitor Access

All visitors to the Oregon State Capitol in Salem must undergo security screening upon entry, a policy implemented on January 27, 2022, to enhance protection following prior incidents including threats and disruptions. This requires passing through metal detectors at designated checkpoints, typically located at the public entrances, with bags, packages, and personal items subjected to scanning or visual/hand by up to two guards per entrance. Access is conditional on consenting to , with no exceptions for any entrants, including employees and lawmakers; refusal results in denial of entry but allows retrieval of belongings if no threats are identified. Prohibited items include firearms (except under specific exceptions in ORS 166.370(3), such as for certain licensed peace officers), knives with blades longer than 3.5 inches, tasers, , electronic defense weapons, facsimile weapons, explosives, , noxious chemicals, and any objects deemed disruptive or a security risk under ORS 173.720. Concealed handgun licenses do not permit carry inside the building per ORS 166.370(1)(b). Limited exceptions apply for legislators and staff, who may carry knives under 3 inches in length and personal . The Capitol operates Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. year-round for general visitation, with extended hours during legislative sessions and special events. Visitors are advised to allocate additional time for screening delays, particularly at the primary State Street public entrance during ongoing renovations that have temporarily restricted other access points until fall 2025. Free tour options include self-guided explorations available year-round, guided tours during sessions, and virtual/video alternatives, focusing on legislative processes and building history, though the historic interior remains partially closed for seismic retrofitting. During non-session periods, access emphasizes public observation galleries and exhibits, subject to session-specific restrictions when the legislature is in operation from January to June in odd-numbered years or February in even-numbered years.

Significance, Achievements, and Criticisms

Architectural Innovation and Endurance

The Oregon State Capitol, dedicated on October 1, 1938, represents a pivotal example of architecture adapted to public monumental design, selected from a competition won by New York architect . Constructed primarily of with an exterior sheathing of white marble, the building's rectilinear form and four-story height incorporate a large central rotunda capped by a flattened dome, fusing classical with modernist in ornamentation. This approach, one of only five state capitols in the United States, emphasized geometric precision and vertical emphasis through setbacks and bronze detailing, reflecting the era's shift toward functionalism amid the , at a construction cost of approximately $2.5 million. Innovative for its time, the structure integrated shear walls on shallow strip footings to provide initial lateral resistance against wind and moderate seismic forces, a forward-thinking element given Oregon's tectonic location, though not to contemporary standards. The design's endurance is evidenced by its survival without since completion, contrasting with the 1935 fire that destroyed the prior capitol; the marble facade and robust concrete core have weathered environmental exposure effectively, preserving the building's integrity through decades of use. Ongoing seismic retrofits, initiated in phases from and advancing toward completion, further enhance endurance through base isolation systems using triple-friction-pendulum bearings and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wraps on columns, aiming for operational recovery within 30 days post-major . These upgrades, part of a $595 million project, preserve historic elements like the exterior and rotunda while addressing vulnerabilities in the original footings and connections, ensuring the capitol's continued role in governance amid risks.

Key Events, Protests, and Vandalism

In late May 2020, amid demonstrations protesting police brutality following the death of George Floyd, vandals spray-painted profanity-laced messages on two 81-year-old marble Pioneer sculptures and their granite pedestals outside the Oregon State Capitol. The defacement occurred between 10:00 p.m. on May 30 and 12:30 a.m. on May 31, during one of the first large gatherings at the site. Restoration efforts commenced promptly, employing specialized masonry techniques to remove the without damaging the stone surfaces. On December 21, 2020, protesters opposing Oregon's restrictions, including individuals linked to the group, breached security barriers at the Capitol during a one-day special addressing relief measures. The crowd removed construction tarps covering marble reliefs, entered the building unauthorized, vandalized interior and exterior elements, and assaulted journalists covering the event. declared an , leading to clashes and multiple arrests for charges including , criminal mischief, and . State Representative Mike Nearman, a Republican, facilitated the incursion by providing entry codes to demonstrators via encrypted communications, resulting in his expulsion from the in June 2021 following an investigation revealing coordinated planning.

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