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PPD-40
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PPD-40
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The PPD (Russian: Пистоле́т-пулемёт Дегтярёва, romanized: Pistolet-pulemyot Degtyaryova, lit. 'Degtyaryov's machine pistol') is a submachine gun originally designed in 1934 by Vasily Degtyaryov. The PPD had a conventional wooden stock, fired from an open bolt, and was capable of selective fire. It was replaced by the PPSh-41.

Key Information

History

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Soviet soldier holding a PPD-40 with two-part wooden stock.

Developed in the Soviet Union by arms designer Vasily Degtyaryov, the PPD was designed to chamber the new Soviet 7.62×25mm Tokarev pistol cartridge, which was based on the 7.63×25mm Mauser cartridge used in the Mauser C96 pistol. The later PPD models utilized a large drum magazine for ammunition feeding.

The PPD officially went into military service with the Red Army in 1935[3] as the PPD-34, although it was not produced in large quantities. Production issues were not solved until 1937; in 1934 only 44 were produced, in 1935 only 23; production picked up in 1937 with 1,291 produced, followed by 1,115 produced in 1938 and 1,700 produced in 1939.[4] It saw use with the NKVD internal forces as well as border guards.[citation needed] The PPD was decommissioned entirely in 1939 and factory orders cancelled following a directive of the People's Commissariat of Defence Industry; the decision was quickly reversed, though, after the personal intervention of Degtyaryov with Stalin, with whom he had a good personal relationship.[4][5] During the Winter War in 1939 with Finland, an acute lack of individual automatic weapons even led to the reintroduction of the stockpiled Fedorov Avtomats into service.[6]

In 1938 and 1940, modified versions were designated PPD-34/38 and PPD-40 respectively, and introduced minor changes, mostly aimed at making it easier to manufacture. Mass production began in 1940, a year in which 81,118 PPDs were produced. Nevertheless, the PPD-40 was too labor- and resource-expensive to mass-produce economically, most of its metal components being produced by milling.[4] Although it was used in action in World War II, it was officially replaced by the superior and cheaper PPSh-41 by the end of 1941.[citation needed] Shpagin's great innovation in Soviet automatic weapons manufacturing was the large-scale introduction of stamped metal parts, particularly receivers; the PPSh also had a muzzle climb compensator which significantly improved accuracy over the PPD. In 1941 only 5,868 PPDs were made, compared to 98,644 PPSh and in the following year almost 1.5 million PPSh were produced.[4]

PPDs captured by Finnish forces during the Winter War and Continuation War were issued to coastal and home guard troops and kept in reserve until approximately 1960.[7] PPD-34/38 and PPD-40 submachine guns captured by the Wehrmacht were given the designations MP.715(r) and MP.716(r) respectively.

A number of PPD-like submachine guns were also manufactured in a semi-artisanal way by gunsmiths among the hundreds of thousands of Soviet partisans. These guns, even when made as late as 1944, used milling because metal stamping requires large industrial facilities that were not available to the partisans. There are no firm numbers about how many were made, but there were at least six partisan gunsmiths each making his own model series. One of them is known to have produced 28 such sub-machine guns in approximately two years.[8]

Users

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Sailors of the Baltic Fleet armed with PPD-40 (left two), PPSh-41 (rightmost) and a child in May 1943.

See also

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References

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PPD-40

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The PPD-40 (Pistolet-pulemyot Degtyaryova, or "Degtyaryov submachine gun model of 1940") was a Soviet blowback-operated submachine gun chambered in 7.62×25mm Tokarev, designed by Vasily Alekseyevich Degtyaryov and adopted for service in 1940 as the Red Army's first mass-produced submachine gun. It featured a fixed wooden stock with a cutout to accommodate the drum magazine, and primarily fed from a 71-round double-stack drum magazine inspired by the Finnish Suomi KP/-31, with an effective range of approximately 200 meters and a cyclic rate of fire around 800 rounds per minute. Weighing about 3.2 kilograms empty or 5.4 kilograms loaded with the drum magazine, the weapon measured 788 millimeters in overall length with a 273-millimeter barrel, and it utilized a simple open-bolt, selective-fire mechanism that prioritized reliability in harsh conditions over precision. Development of the PPD series began in the early 1930s, evolving from Degtyaryov's initial 1934 prototype (PPD-34), which was initially limited to NKVD border guards and saw limited combat testing in the Spanish Civil War. The PPD-34/38 variant, introduced in 1938, incorporated improvements like the Suomi-style drum magazine, but production remained small-scale until the Winter War (1939–1940) against Finland highlighted the need for more submachine guns, prompting the simplified PPD-40 redesign with a stamped metal body for easier manufacturing. Approximately 81,000 to 90,000 units were produced between 1940 and 1941, primarily in Leningrad, before the German invasion disrupted output and led to its replacement by the cheaper, more robust PPSh-41 in late 1941. In operational use, the PPD-40 equipped Soviet infantry, partisans, and security forces during the initial phases of in 1941, providing close-quarters firepower despite its complexity and high production costs, which limited widespread distribution. Captured examples were redesignated by German forces as the MP.715(r) and saw service on the Eastern Front, while post-war, the design influenced Finnish and other Allied adaptations, with remnants used by North Korean and Albanian forces into the mid-20th century. Its legacy lies in bridging the gap between early experimental Soviet automatics and the iconic mass-produced weapons that defined tactics in , paving the way for the more widely produced PPSh-41.

Development and Production

Design Origins

Vasily Degtyaryov, a prominent Soviet firearms designer renowned for inventions such as the DP-27 light machine gun and anti-tank rifle, turned his attention to development in the early 1930s. Motivated by the lessons of trench warfare, which highlighted the need for compact weapons effective in close-quarters combat, Degtyaryov sought to create a reliable for Soviet forces. His work responded to emerging tactics emphasizing rapid fire in confined spaces, drawing inspiration from foreign models like the American and the German and MP 28 designs, which he studied during Soviet evaluations of imported weapons. In 1934, Degtyaryov produced the initial PPD-34 prototype, adapted specifically for the Soviet pistol cartridge to leverage its high velocity and penetration. This design marked a departure from earlier experimental efforts, incorporating a simple blowback operating system firing from an to ensure reliability under harsh conditions. The weapon featured a wooden stock for improved stability during sustained fire and a perforated barrel jacket for cooling, reflecting practical considerations for use. Early iterations used a 25-round curved box magazine; the 71-round was later introduced in the PPD-34/38 variant in , inspired by the Finnish , to enhance firepower in prolonged engagements. Prototypes underwent rigorous testing between 1934 and 1935 as part of Soviet military trials evaluating multiple submissions. These evaluations revealed significant challenges, including the design's mechanical complexity—stemming from the drum magazine's intricate feeding mechanism—and high production costs, which raised concerns about scalability for mass issuance. Despite these issues, the PPD-34's robust construction and controllable around 800-1,000 rounds per minute demonstrated its potential, leading to its provisional acceptance for limited service in 1935. Key decisions, such as retaining the open-bolt configuration to prevent cook-offs and the wooden stock to aid balance, addressed feedback from field tests and solidified the foundational elements of the PPD series.

Adoption and Production

The PPD-34 was formally adopted into Soviet service in 1935, initially for limited use by the border guard units and select elite formations within the , marking the first official in the Soviet arsenal. Production began on a small scale in 1934 at state arsenals, with only a few hundred units manufactured by 1935 due to ongoing design refinements and limited demand. In , amid concerns over its high manufacturing costs and mechanical complexity relative to standard rifles, the of Defense issued an order to decommission the PPD-34/38 entirely and cancel all factory production runs. This decision was swiftly reversed in late following personal intervention by designer with , leveraging their established rapport, which reinstated the program just before the highlighted the need for close-quarters firepower. The updated PPD-40 variant entered full production in early 1940, primarily at the and Sestroryetsk Arsenal, achieving a peak output of 81,118 units that year alone. Wartime conditions exacerbated manufacturing challenges for the PPD-40, as its reliance on machined steel components—without stamped —demanded skilled labor and resources that became scarce after the 1941 German invasion. Total production across all variants reached approximately 90,000 units by early , when output ceased in favor of the simpler, cheaper , which better suited mass mobilization efforts under material shortages and industrial strain.

Design and Features

Operating Mechanism

The PPD-40 employs a simple blowback operating mechanism, relying on the generated by the cartridge to cycle the action and chamber subsequent rounds. The bolt is held open when not firing, which facilitates cooling and prevents —unintended ignition of the cartridge due to residual heat in the chamber during sustained automatic fire. This open-bolt configuration, combined with a fixed barrel, ensures reliable extraction and ejection without the need for a locking system, making the design straightforward and cost-effective for . The weapon features selective fire capability, allowing the operator to switch between semi-automatic and full-automatic modes using a paddle-style located above the on the receiver. In semi-automatic mode, the bolt locks open after each shot, requiring a manual recock for the next round, while full-automatic mode delivers a cyclic rate of approximately 800 to 1,000 rounds per minute, enabling rapid in close-quarters combat. The is integrated into the bolt face, striking the primer upon forward bolt travel, with early testing revealing occasional issues that led to refinements in the pin's cam-operated mechanism for consistent ignition. Ammunition is fed from a 71-round , an improved adaptation of the Finnish that eliminates the need for an internal found in prior models. Loading the drum requires winding a spring mechanism after inserting cartridges through a side-loading port, a process complicated by the high spring tension that demands careful handling to avoid damage. The open-topped drum , while providing high capacity for extended engagements, exposes the rounds to environmental contaminants, potentially leading to jamming from dirt or debris accumulation during field use, particularly in muddy or dusty conditions. Ergonomically, the PPD-40 integrates a molded into the receiver for intuitive control during firing, paired with a fixed two-piece wooden with a separate buttstock and . This two-piece assembly—comprising a separate buttstock and —allows for easier field stripping and maintenance compared to earlier one-piece wooden designs. Sighting is provided by basic , featuring an adjustable front post protected by a hood and a rear L-shaped leaf sight graduated for 100 and 200 meters, supporting an of up to 200 meters for aimed fire.

Specifications

The PPD-40 is chambered for the cartridge, a high-velocity round that provides a of 488 m/s and approximately 650 joules of from the weapon's barrel. This ammunition enables an effective firing range of 200 meters, suitable for close-quarters combat. The design emphasizes reliability in adverse conditions, including cold weather operations, with a chrome-lined chamber and bore enhancing durability. Key physical and performance characteristics of the standard PPD-40 are summarized below:
SpecificationDetails
Overall length (stock extended)788 mm
Barrel length273 mm
Weight (unloaded)3.2 kg
Feed system71-round detachable drum magazine; compatible with 25-round box magazine
Rate of fire800–1,000 rounds per minute
SightsFixed iron front and rear; tangent rear adjustable to 500 m
The two-piece wooden stock, featuring a cutout to accommodate the , aids in recoil management during sustained automatic fire, helping to stabilize the weapon despite its high cyclic rate.

Variants

PPD-34

The PPD-34, developed by , was introduced in 1935 as the first production model of what would become the PPD series of submachine guns, marking the Soviet Union's initial adoption of a dedicated for non-commissioned officers and select officers. Its construction featured complex machined steel components, with some stamped parts, including a distinctive vertical front grip for improved control during automatic fire, drawing design influences from earlier light machine guns like the DP-27 while adapting to the cartridge. This intricate fabrication process, involving numerous machined and welded parts, prioritized functionality but complicated efforts. The PPD-34 primarily utilized a 71-round , adapted from the Finnish design with an added feed tower to align cartridges properly, though early versions also supported a 25-round box magazine. However, the drum's intricate folding mechanism—intended to make it more compact for storage and transport—proved unreliable in field conditions, often leading to jams and stoppages from misalignment or debris accumulation during unfolding. These issues were exacerbated by the weapon's open-bolt blowback operation, which, while simple in principle, was sensitive to from the pistol cartridge's residue. Production of the PPD-34 remained limited, with approximately 3,400 units manufactured between 1935 and 1938, primarily allocated for military testing and trials by the rather than widespread issuance. The model's high manufacturing cost, stemming from its labor-intensive machined assembly, and its vulnerability to dirt and fouling in practical use highlighted significant limitations for a peacetime army seeking economical armament solutions. These drawbacks prompted Degtyaryov to pursue redesigns aimed at simplification and improved reliability.

PPD-34/38

The PPD-34/38 emerged in 1938 as an interim redesign of the original PPD-34, aimed at mitigating the earlier model's excessive manufacturing complexity through targeted simplifications. Key alterations included a revised receiver design and an updated barrel with fewer but longer cooling holes, both intended to streamline production processes while maintaining the weapon's core blowback-operated mechanism. Magazine compatibility was expanded for greater versatility: the PPD-34/38 retained the 25-round box magazine from its predecessor for simpler logistics and production but introduced a new 71- or 73-round , adapted from the Finnish design, to boost sustained fire capability. This dual-option system addressed field reliability issues with the drum while prioritizing the box magazine's ease of manufacture during limited pre-war output. Production ramped up modestly from 1938 to 1940, yielding approximately 1,700 to 4,000 units, which were allocated primarily to Soviet border guards and special forces for defensive and internal security roles. These changes lowered overall production costs and time relative to the PPD-34—though the weapon still exceeded the expense of a standard Mosin-Nagant bolt-action rifle at around 900 rubles per unit—but output remained constrained by the machined construction methods.

PPD-40

The PPD-40, introduced in early 1940 as the final major iteration of the Degtyaryov series, represented a significant redesign aimed at facilitating during the escalating tensions leading into . This variant eliminated the complex detachable of earlier models, replacing it with a detachable 71-round that integrated via a simplified top-loading slot into the receiver, thereby reducing manufacturing complexity and improving field reliability over the side-fed designs of predecessors. Additionally, the vertical wooden foregrip was removed in favor of a simpler horizontal forearm, streamlining the overall assembly while maintaining ergonomic handling for close-quarters combat. Construction of the PPD-40 incorporated several efficiencies, including a milled steel receiver with reduced component count—such as a two-piece wooden in place of the one-piece design from the PPD-34/38—to accelerate factory output without resorting to full stamped . These changes, including the neckless drum integration and minimized machined parts, allowed for quicker assembly lines despite the weapon's retention of precision-milled elements, making it more viable for wartime scaling than its forebears. Production of the PPD-40 reached its zenith in 1940 with 81,118 units manufactured, establishing it as the most prolific variant of the series before the supplanted it in 1941 due to even greater production advantages. This output peak underscored the PPD-40's role as the Soviet Union's primary during the initial phases of the war, equipping frontline units until the more robust successor became dominant. The design's emphasis on wartime manufacturability provided key benefits in rapid assembly, though its and open-bolt mechanism remained susceptible to jamming in muddy conditions relative to competitors like the , which featured enhanced tolerances for harsh environments.

Operational History

Pre-World War II Conflicts

The PPD-40 entered production in 1940, following lessons from the (1939–1940) where earlier PPD variants had seen limited use by Soviet forces. Initial units were distributed to border guards and select formations, with minor deployment in the closing stages of the and subsequent border security roles before the German invasion in 1941.

World War II

The saw its heaviest deployment by Soviet forces during the initial phases of in 1941 and into 1942, serving as a key close-quarters weapon amid the German advance. With production reaching approximately 81,000 units in 1940 and continuing at a reduced rate into 1941, the weapon was distributed to frontline infantry units facing the Wehrmacht's tactics, contributing to defensive efforts in key engagements such as the . Its high cyclic , ranging from 800 to 1,000 rounds per minute, proved advantageous in ambushes and short-range engagements, allowing Soviet troops to deliver effectively against advancing German formations. In urban defensive operations during 1941–1942, the PPD-40's compact design and 71-round capacity enabled rapid bursts in confined spaces, though its 25-round box magazine option often limited sustained fire. However, the weapon's complex machined construction made it prone to jamming in harsh winter conditions and difficult to mass-produce under wartime pressures, leading to its gradual replacement by the simpler, stamped-metal submachine gun starting in early 1941. By 1942, additional production in besieged Leningrad yielded around 42,870 units, bringing total service numbers to over 120,000, but the PPD-40 was largely phased out of frontline use by 1943 in favor of the more reliable , which better suited evolving Soviet assault tactics. Captured PPD-40s played a notable role for Axis forces; the redesignated them as the MP.716(r) and integrated them into second-line units from 1942 to 1944, valuing their firepower despite ammunition compatibility issues with German 9mm rounds. Similarly, Finnish forces seized several hundred PPD-40s during the (1941–1944), issuing them primarily to coastal defense and units for rear-area security, where they supplemented indigenous submachine guns until ammunition shortages rendered them obsolete by 1944. Overall, the PPD-40's contributions to Soviet defensive successes in 1941–1942 highlighted the tactical shift toward submachine gun-equipped , even as its limitations accelerated the Red Army's weapon standardization efforts.

Post-War Use

Following the end of in 1945, surplus PPD-40 submachine guns were distributed to Soviet allies, including , , and , where they supplemented local arsenals in the immediate postwar period. These exports extended the weapon's beyond Soviet borders, as the PPD-40 had already been fully replaced in inventories by the more producible by the war's conclusion. In the (1950–1953), North Korean forces employed the PPD-40 in guerrilla and close-quarters roles, drawing from Soviet-supplied stockpiles, while Chinese volunteers utilized similar imported examples during their interventions. The weapon's appearance in these operations highlighted its continued utility in asymmetric warfare, though it was overshadowed by the more numerous variants. Appearances in other conflicts were sporadic; for instance, the and North Vietnamese Army used captured or aid-derived PPD-40s during the , often in jungle ambushes and defensive positions. Within the , the PPD-40 was confined to second-line and reserve units post-1945, but in some countries, such as , it persisted in training and militia roles into the due to ongoing reliance on wartime surplus. By the , however, it had been largely phased out across the region in favor of updated designs, though isolated stocks remained in storage. The PPD-40's legacy endured through its influence on subsequent Soviet submachine guns, notably the simplified PPS-43, which adopted comparable blowback mechanics and chambering for enhanced manufacturability. As of the , the PPD-40 attracts significant interest among military collectors, with well-preserved examples fetching high prices at auctions due to their as an early Soviet automatic weapon.

Users

Soviet and Allied Forces

The PPD-40 was officially adopted by the Soviet in January 1940 as a standard infantry weapon, marking a shift toward incorporating automatic firepower at the squad level following experiences in the . It was issued primarily to select infantry squads, where each was theoretically equipped with two PPD-40s alongside rifles and a , as outlined in the April 1941 rifle squad organization. Additionally, the weapon was allocated to tank crews for close-defense in armored units and to engineer units for breaching and urban assault roles, with production enabling around 81,000 units manufactured in 1940 alone to support these distributions. By 1943, as the simpler entered , the PPD-40's issuance to frontline units tapered off, though remaining stocks continued limited service. The , as the primary user of earlier PPD variants since 1935, continued to rely heavily on the PPD-40 for , including border patrols and guards. Its drum magazine and reliable operation in subzero temperatures made it suitable for harsh frontier duties, where NKVD border troops used it to counter incursions along Soviet borders from the to the . This emphasis on cold-weather performance stemmed from the weapon's tested durability in Siberian and conditions, allowing guards to maintain during patrols without frequent malfunctions. The PPD-40 remained a staple for NKVD units through , outlasting its Red Army frontline role due to the organization's focus on security rather than mass infantry assaults. Soviet aid extended limited distributions of the PPD-40 to allied partisan groups during , including approximately 5,000 units supplied to between 1944 and 1945 to bolster their guerrilla operations against Axis forces. These distributions underscored the weapon's in supporting Soviet-aligned forces in asymmetric and conventional s. In Soviet , the PPD-40 was integrated into close-combat manuals emphasizing tactics, particularly in urban environments where high-volume automatic fire could pin down enemies during advances. Training stressed short bursts from the hip or shoulder to control 71-round drum magazines, enabling squads to lay down covering fire for riflemen maneuvering through buildings or trenches. This approach, refined after the 1939–1940 , prioritized the submachine gun's rapid rate of fire—around 800 rounds per minute—for shock assaults, influencing later emphasis on "" in . By 1941, PPD-40-equipped units practiced these techniques in exercises simulating Stalingrad-like scenarios, though doctrinal shifts soon favored the more producible for widespread adoption.

Captured and Other Users

The German captured numerous PPD-40 submachine guns during the 1941 invasion of the (), redesignating them as the MP.715(r) for issue to rear-echelon troops and units amid shortages of automatic weapons; these remained in limited service until at least 1944. The captured several hundred PPD-40s primarily during the (1941–1944), issuing them to coastal defense units, home guard formations, and some frontline troops until Soviet 7.62×25mm ammunition supplies were exhausted. These weapons were integrated into Finnish logistics through experimental modifications, including prototypes converted to fire 9×19mm rounds using adapted barrels and domestic magazine designs, though the project did not advance beyond small-scale testing due to production priorities for native submachine guns like the Suomi KP/-31. Post-war, remnants of the PPD-40 were used by North Korean and Albanian forces into the mid-20th century.
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