Hubbry Logo
Apple communityApple communityMain
Open search
Apple community
Community hub
Apple community
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Apple community
Apple community
Apple community
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

The Apple community consists of the users, media, and third party companies interested in Apple Inc. and its products. They discuss rumors, future products, news stories, and support of Apple's products. Apple has a devoted following, especially for the Apple II, Mac, iPod, iPhone, and luminary staff members. The personal computer revolution, mixed with Apple's vertical integration of its products and services,[1] has increased popularity. Apple's corporate policy of extreme secrecy about future products intensify interest in the company's activities.

Magazines

[edit]

Before the popular use of the internet, early Apple-related publications were available in traditional print media form, often but not always moving later to online publication.

MacLife (stylized as Mac|Life) is a San Francisco-based American publication, originally known as MacAddict between September 1996 and February 2007. Published by Future US, it started as a monthly magazine, focusing on the Macintosh personal computer and other related Apple products. While originally a print publication, it is now exclusively a digital–only product, or available through their app which can be obtained via the App Store.[2]

MacUser is a print magazine that was published biweekly and then monthly by Dennis Publishing Ltd. and licensed by Felden in the UK. Its content is for Mac users in the design sector, with its Masterclass tutorials and technical advice. It began publishing in 1985, ceasing publication in 2015.[3] In 1985, Felix Dennis's Dennis Publishing, the creators of MacUser in the UK, licensed its name and mouse-rating symbol to Ziff-Davis Publishing for use worldwide as a completely separate publication, later consolidated into Macworld.[4]

Macworld is one of the oldest magazine publications focused on Apple products and software, starting in 1984. It received competition with the launch of the US version of MacUser magazine the following year. The two magazines merged as Macworld in 1997. In September 2014, it discontinued its print edition, instead focusing on its website and YouTube coverage.[5]

Online publishers

[edit]

9to5Mac[6] was founded in 2007 by Seth Weintraub as an Apple news website originally focused on Macs in the enterprise. Since then, the website has expanded to covering all things Apple. 9to5Mac is known as the leading website within the Apple News Community in terms of breaking impactful news.[7] The site gained fame in its earlier years for publishing the first photos of the third-generation iPod nano, the original iPod touch, early photos of the first iPhone, and details about Apple's still-in-use aluminum manufacturing process for laptops. In recent years, 9to5Mac published the first accurate details about the iPhone 4S, Siri, Apple's move from Google Maps to Apple Maps, new health and fitness applications, OS X/macOS updates, and the Apple Watch. The site also published the first photos of the white iPad 2, iPhone 5, and the iPad Air.[8]

AppleInsider launched in 1997 as a news and rumor website for Apple products and services at appleinsider.com. It includes a forum for discussion of news stories and other community news. In the late 1990s, Apple successfully sued John Doe from AppleInsider's boards with the username "Worker Bee" for revealing information on what became the Apple Pro Mouse. It is a rare case of Apple following through on threats of a suit. The case was settled out of court.[9]

iMore was an Apple-enthusiast website founded in 2008, previously as Phonedifferent, with its main focus on all aspects of Apple devices (also featuring sections on several other platforms). Gerald Lynch was the final editor in chief.[10] It was run by editor-in-chief Rene Ritchie with a small editing staff until 2020; Joseph Keller was the editor until mid-2022.[11] Along with the usual news and rumors, iMore often featured in-depth technical details of Apple software and operating systems, aimed at explaining to readers how and why certain things have been done by Apple, in their wider context of achieving better usability and design goals.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] It ceased publication and closed its member forums on November 1, 2024.[19]

Low End Mac is an Apple-centric website founded in 1997 to support Mac users with early Mac hardware and growing over time to cover the entire range of Macs, as each line eventually had model years falling into the “vintage and obsolete” category. Low End Mac's primary focus is on aging Apple gear, primarily Macs, but touching on iPhone, iPad, iPod, Apple TV, and other devices as well.[20] It is published by its founder Daniel Knight with a small volunteer writing staff.[21]

MacDailyNews launched in September 2002.[22] MacDailyNews was cited by CNet as its source for the launch of the first Verizon (CDMA-capable) iPhone after Christmas, 2010;[23] the phone was announced by Verizon in early 2011.[24] It was cited by MacRumors with a forecast for the second generation Mac Pro in April 2013;[25] Apple announced it in June.[26]

MacOS Rumors was founded by Ethan C. Allen in 1995 as the first known "Apple rumors" website on the early web. His early work was noticed and referenced by other print media including CNET,[27] Forbes,[28] and Mac the Knife in MacWEEK. Allen was only 16 at the time but had developed extensive source contacts. Apple was unhappy with some of the releases on the site which proved to be early and accurate. Apple requested several times that he stop releasing data from his sources. After a brief shutdown of the site at the request of Apple, MacOS Rumors was obtained by Ryan Meader after a domain expiration within two years of its creation. Originally with Ethan, the site posted most of its rumors based on screenshots and info sent via email from followers. With Ryan at the helm, MacOS Rumors collected content from message boards and Usenet posts but later claimed (unsubstantiated) to have developed contacts inside Apple. After several successful years, MacOS Rumors gained a reputation for being inaccurate.[29] After the MacOS Rumors site was obtained by Ryan in 1997, Ethan tried to briefly return to Apple rumors with his sources by creating a new website titled Mac Rumor Mill. Apple quickly caught onto the new site and was able to shut it down with threatened legal action.[30]

MacRumors was launched in February 2000 by Arnold Kim, as an aggregator of Mac-related rumors and reports around the web. MacRumors attempts to keep track of the rumor community by consolidating reports and cross-referencing claims, along with having extensive online forums for most Apple products and services.[31]

SecureMac was founded in 1999 as a Mac-oriented security news portal. The site has expanded to cover a wide range of digital security and privacy topics, but has retained its focus on Apple products and software. In 2016, SecureMac launched The Checklist,[32] a weekly security-themed podcast aimed at iOS and macOS users. SecureMac has been credited with discovering several significant macOS threats, including the Boonana Trojan,[33] a new variant of the rogue security program Mac Defender.[34]

Think Secret launched in 1999. Apple filed a lawsuit against the company alleging it printed stories containing Apple trade secrets.[35] In December 2007, the lawsuit was settled with no sources being disclosed; however, the site was shut down, finally closing on February 14, 2008.[36] In the year leading up to the closing of the site, Think Secret correctly predicted an aluminum shell iMac, development of a touchscreen based iPod starting in 2006, and the relative BlackBerry-esque form factor of the new iPod Nano. However, there were still some reports that turned out to be false, such as its prediction of the demise of the Mac Mini, when it received an upgrade in mid-2007.[37]

TidBITS[38] was founded by Adam Engst and Tonya Engst in April 1990,[39] making it the oldest online Apple publication and the second-oldest Internet publication. TidBITS covers Apple news and publishes detailed technical advice for users. It started as an email newsletter before the rise of the Web, began publishing on the Web in 1994,[40] and continues to provide information via both the Web and weekly email distribution.

The Unofficial Apple Weblog (TUAW) was founded in 2004, and claimed to be "a resource for all things Apple and beyond". TUAW published news stories, credible rumors, and how-tos covering a variety of topics daily.[41] TUAW was known for its rumor roundups, seeking to dispel false Apple rumors from around the web. On February 3, 2015, TUAW was shut down by its owners, Weblogs, Inc.[42] In July 2024, its domain name was sold to ad agency Web Orange Limited (WOL) and was reused as an AI-generated content farm.[43]

The Mac Observer publishes Mac, iPhone, and Apple related news, reviews, tips, and podcasts. The site was launched on December 29, 1998, by Dave Hamilton and Bryan Chaffin. The site has evolved from just providing news and reviews to now hosting popular podcasts, columns, and more.[citation needed]

Macintosh User Groups

[edit]

Macintosh User Groups (MUGs) are groups of Macintosh users, that started after the 1985 creation of the Apple User Group Connection (AUGC).

France

[edit]

Former Macintosh division lead Jean-Louis Gassée, a Frenchman, was an advocate in France for personal computing, and contributed to Apple's "remarkable" success in that country.[44]

Until 2007, the Apple Expo trade show was held yearly in Paris, and attended by Apple to hold several keynotes.[45]

French Apple news sites include Mac4Ever, MacBidouille, MacGeneration, and MacPlus.[46]

In 1996, Macworld bought Golden magazine, and renamed it Macworld France. Two years later, it was renamed Univers Macworld after merging with the Univers Mac magazine; in 2003, the French version of the magazine changed its name to Macworld.[47][48][49] Bernard Le Du, a French Macworld journalist, later started his own magazine, Vous et votre Mac.[50][51] Àvosmac is another notable French magazine, which went online-only in 2017.[52]

Apple evangelists

[edit]
Further information: Marketing of Apple Inc.

We worked with at least two or three of the Apple evangelists along the way, and that was a very different experience for us. We hadn’t realized that technology could be a secular religion ... Believe me, if you haven't contacted the Mac zealots, you haven't lived. It's literally a secular religion, and they are deadly serious. They've forgotten it’s a computer program somewhere along the line.

— Dave Fulton of Fox Software, 1988[53]

An Apple evangelist is a technology evangelist for Apple products. The term "software evangelist" was coined by Mike Murray of the Macintosh division.[54] Apple's first evangelist was Mike Boich, a member of the original Macintosh development team.[55] Alain Rossmann succeeded him. Their job was to promote Apple products, primarily by working with third-party developers. Boich and Rossmann later cofounded Radius.

One prominent Apple evangelist is Apple Fellow Guy Kawasaki. He is credited as one of the first to use evangelism marketer of a computer platform through a weblog.[56][57] Apple formerly had a "Why Mac?" evangelist site.[citation needed] The company subsequently ran Get a Mac, which gave numerous reasons why "PC users" should switch to Macs. Several third-parties still host and maintain Apple evangelism websites, many of which are listed above. The AppleMasters program was a similar endeavor in the late nineties.[58]

In the early days of the Macintosh computer, the primary function of an evangelist was to convince software developers to write software products for the Macintosh. When software developers need help from within Apple, evangelists will often act as go-betweens, helping the developers to find the right people at Apple to talk to. This role is now filled by the Apple Developer program, led by Phil Schiller.

Apple's response

[edit]

Apple's official stance on speculation around future product releases is to refrain from discussing any products or outside speculation until release.[59] Historically, Apple has often used legal means, such as cease and desist orders, in order to retain trade secrets, intellectual property, or confidential corporate information, when needed. Typically, Apple has primarily pursued the leakers of information themselves, rather than any sites containing rumors on their products.[citation needed] However, Apple's suit against Think Secret in 2005 targeted whether these sites have the right to knowingly publish this protected information.[60] Staff are also required to sign non-disclosure clauses within the company.

During his January 10, 2006, keynote address to the Macworld Conference & Expo in San Francisco, Apple CEO Steve Jobs lampooned the rumor community by pretending to create a "Super Secret Apple Rumors" podcast during his demonstration of new features in GarageBand.[61]

On October 16, 2014, at an Apple Special Event keynote, Craig Federighi pretended to "triple down on secrecy" by hiring Stephen Colbert as Supreme Commander of Secrecy. He lampooned the "spaceship" rumors.[62]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Apple community

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Apple community refers to the global collective of users, developers, educators, and enthusiasts engaged with 's ecosystem of hardware, software, and services, fostering collaboration, support, and innovation around products like the Macintosh, , , and macOS. Its roots trace to the late 1970s with early user groups, while the Macintosh segment originated in the with the emergence of independent groups such as Mac Nexus and Berkeley Macintosh Users Group (BMUG), which provided early resources through meetings, newsletters, and clinics; the community has grown into a multifaceted network spanning online forums, professional development platforms, and local gatherings. Central to this community are Apple's official platforms, including the Apple Support Communities, a forum where users worldwide search for solutions, ask questions, and share experiences related to Apple products like , Mac, and . Complementing this are the Apple Developer Forums, a dedicated space for programmers to discuss app development, collaborate on topics such as Swift programming and AI integration, and network with peers. For educators, the Apple Education Community serves as a professional learning hub, offering free resources like tutorials, lesson plans, and a forum for sharing innovative teaching methods using Apple technologies, with programs such as Apple Teacher to build skills and earn recognition. Independent user groups form another pillar, with hundreds operating globally to connect members across all experience levels, providing hands-on help, social events, and access to special offers; these volunteer-run organizations, independent from Apple but supported by its resources, emphasize "members helping members" and have adapted to include virtual meetings since the . The community's enduring strength lies in its role in enhancing user experiences, driving feedback to Apple, and contributing to broader societal efforts, such as disaster relief initiatives by groups like the Apple Users Society.

History

Origins in the 1970s and 1980s

The , established on March 5, 1975, in , by Gordon French and Fred Moore, emerged as a seminal gathering for personal computing enthusiasts in the . The club's informal meetings, initially held in garages and later at facilities like the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, attracted hobbyists sharing circuit designs, programming tips, and visions for accessible computers. and became active participants, with Wozniak debuting the prototype—a with 4K of RAM—at a 1976 meeting, an event that directly inspired the duo to co-found Apple Computer Inc. in April 1976 and commercialize the design. The release of the in June 1977, engineered by Wozniak as Apple's first fully assembled complete with a color display, keyboard, and built-in , ignited widespread grassroots enthusiasm among hobbyists. This machine's and expandability encouraged the proliferation of user groups starting in the late , where members exchanged custom software, hardware expansions like disk drives and printers, and modifications to enhance functionality. These clubs, often meeting in homes or community centers, fostered a collaborative culture that extended the Apple II's reach beyond technical elites to educators, small business owners, and home users. The Macintosh's debut on January 24, 1984, revolutionized personal computing with its and , prompting the swift organization of dedicated Macintosh user groups across the . The Berkeley Macintosh Users Group (BMUG), formed in 1984 by students including Reese Jones, Raines Cohen, and Tom Chavez, exemplified this trend by distributing , hosting workshops, and incubating early Macintosh software ventures. Just days later, on January 30, 1984, ' public demonstration at the Computer Society meeting—attended by hundreds—culminated in the announcement of the society's new Macintosh subgroup, potentially the world's first official one, which strengthened networks through technical demos and peer support. Events like the Apple II Forever conference in April 1984 at San Francisco's further solidified community connections by uniting and emerging Macintosh users with developers for product unveilings and knowledge-sharing sessions. By the late 1980s, this momentum had resulted in approximately 600 Apple user groups nationwide, encompassing over 200,000 members who relied on in-person gatherings for and . Publications such as MacUser, debuting in 1985, contributed initially to this ecosystem by offering Macintosh-specific news, hardware reviews, and tutorials that bridged isolated users.

Expansion in the 1990s and 2000s

During the , Apple faced severe corporate challenges, including a significant decline in to around 3 percent by the decade's end and near-bankruptcy, a period often termed the "dark ages." The 1994 transition from 68000-series processors to the PowerPC architecture, developed in collaboration with and , sought to enhance performance but exacerbated software compatibility issues and failed to reverse the company's fortunes amid fierce competition from Windows PCs. Macintosh user groups became vital lifelines for the community, offering , software sharing via floppy disks, educational classes, and social gatherings that sustained enthusiasm and loyalty in a PC-dominated market. At their peak in the mid-, several thousand such groups existed worldwide, including international chapters like the London Mac User Group, providing grassroots advocacy and resources during Apple's struggles. Steve Jobs' return as interim CEO in 1997 marked a turning point, reinvigorating the Apple community through strategic shifts and inspirational messaging. The "Think Different" advertising campaign, launched later that year, celebrated rebels and innovators, resonating deeply with loyal fans and fostering a renewed sense of identity and purpose amid ongoing recovery efforts. This era also saw organized events like the annual Apple Expo conferences in , which drew thousands of attendees for product demonstrations, third-party exhibits, and networking, strengthening community ties from the mid-1980s through the . By 2000, the global network of user groups had stabilized with a substantial number of active chapters, reflecting sustained international expansion despite economic pressures. The early 2000s brought further maturation with the launch of Mac OS X in 2001, which spurred the growth of developer communities by introducing a Unix-based foundation compatible with open-source tools. Over 10,000 developer organizations worldwide were actively building more than 20,000 applications for the platform by early 2001, including contributions from major firms like , , and . Apple's release of in 2003 further empowered this ecosystem, offering an that streamlined coding for Cocoa and other frameworks, accelerating app creation fivefold compared to prior tools. Culturally, Apple's campaigns against , such as the 1995 "Truth" ads mocking Windows 95's stability, highlighted community defiance, while the iPod's 2001 debut attracted creative professionals by enabling seamless digital music integration into workflows, expanding Apple's appeal beyond traditional computing.

Modern Developments Since 2010

The launch of the in 2007 catalyzed a surge in digital connectivity within the Apple community, with significant growth accelerating throughout the 2010s as smartphones became ubiquitous. Online forums like , which reached 438,000 registered members by May 2010—more than double the figure from just 21 months earlier—served as central hubs for discussions on hardware rumors, software updates, and troubleshooting, fostering a sense of shared enthusiasm among enthusiasts worldwide. Similarly, Reddit's r/Apple subreddit, established as an unofficial gathering place for Apple product discourse, expanded rapidly during the decade, attracting users eager to debate innovations like updates and accessory integrations. The App Store's introduction in 2008 further invigorated the community by empowering independent developers, leading to the formation of local meetups and indie creator groups focused on app collaboration and skill-sharing. Apple's developer events, such as invite-only sessions for small teams in , highlighted efforts to support indie creators navigating subscription models and platform policies, strengthening grassroots networks. In parallel, events like the (WWDC) emphasized community building, offering thousands of developers opportunities to network across tracks on application frameworks and internet technologies, while workshops expanded access through hands-on sessions on topics from to coding, with the "Today at Apple" program launching in to provide structured educational experiences globally. By 2020, the Apple community had ballooned to millions of active participants across and developer platforms, exemplified by Apple's official accounts amassing over 12 million followers and the ecosystem supporting hundreds of thousands of developers, many of whom formed subgroups for specialized interests. This era also saw the rise of inclusive initiatives, such as the Apple Teacher program launched in 2016, a free professional development resource offering badges and tutorials to help educators integrate iPad and Mac tools into classrooms, promoting accessibility and among diverse users. Challenges emerged amid rapid innovation, including heated privacy debates in the 2010s, such as the 2016 FBI dispute over , where the community largely rallied behind Apple's stance on user data protection, viewing it as a defense of against government overreach. Product launches like the in 2015 elicited mixed responses in forums, with excitement over health features tempered by concerns about battery life and availability delays, prompting Apple to adjust delivery estimates and engage directly with user feedback to build trust. Since , the community has adapted to global challenges like the , with many user groups shifting to virtual meetings and online collaboration tools, further emphasizing digital platforms. The transition to in 2020 has spurred new developer discussions around performance and compatibility, while initiatives like expanded Apple Developer Academies have supported thousands more creators worldwide as of 2025.

Publications and Media

The print magazine era for the Apple community began with the launch of Macworld in 1984, coinciding with the debut of the original Macintosh computer, providing early users with in-depth coverage of hardware, software, and practical applications. This publication quickly became a cornerstone, offering reviews of peripherals and applications, step-by-step tutorials for tasks like , and features highlighting user experiences and community innovations. Similarly, MacUser debuted in late 1985 as a monthly title focused on Macintosh enthusiasts, emphasizing general-interest articles on tools, gaming, and customization tips to foster hands-on engagement among readers. By the 1990s, these magazines had solidified their role in the , with Macworld achieving a peak circulation of approximately 300,000 copies during the decade, reflecting the growing popularity of Macintosh systems in creative and professional fields. Content evolved to include community-driven stories, such as profiles of innovative user projects and advice columns addressing common troubleshooting, which helped bridge individual hobbyists with broader networks. Magazines like these often collaborated with local Macintosh user groups, co-sponsoring events such as workshops and product demos to enhance and knowledge sharing. International editions expanded the reach, with licensed versions of Macworld and MacUser appearing in (e.g., and German adaptations) and (e.g., Japanese and Australian publications) starting in the late 1980s, adapting content to regional hardware availability and cultural contexts while maintaining a focus on global Apple trends. Niche titles emerged to serve specialized segments, such as CreativePro in the 2000s, targeting design professionals with tutorials on tools integrated with Mac hardware. The shift toward in the 2000s contributed to a decline in print viability, as online resources offered faster updates and interactivity, leading Macworld to cease its print edition in after three decades, marking the end of an era for physical Apple publications.

Online Publishers and Blogs

AppleInsider emerged in 1997 as one of the pioneering online platforms dedicated to , offering updates, rumors, and analysis that quickly attracted a dedicated following within the community. The site positioned itself as a comprehensive resource for leaks and product insights, filling a gap left by traditional media during Apple's turbulent late-1990s period. MacRumors followed in February 2000, founded by Arnold Kim as a personal project while he completed ; it aggregated rumors and reports from across the web, emphasizing timely aggregation to keep enthusiasts informed. Both sites played pivotal roles in shaping community discourse by providing real-time information on hardware developments and software updates, often sparking widespread speculation and discussion among users. These platforms integrated interactive elements like forums to enhance user engagement, allowing the Apple community to contribute feedback and debate emerging trends. For example, ' forums became a hub for reactions to major announcements, such as the original iPhone's reveal in 2007, where members analyzed its interface and carrier exclusivity, influencing public perception and anticipation ahead of its June launch. This user-driven interaction distinguished online publishers from static print media, fostering a collaborative environment that amplified rumors and critiques. Influential blogs further diversified the landscape in the early 2000s. Daring Fireball, launched in 2002 by , adopted a distinctive opinion-driven approach, delivering sharp commentary on Apple's strategies, design choices, and ecosystem integrations that resonated deeply with tech-savvy readers. Gruber's essays often dissected key events, such as product launches, blending with cultural critique to elevate blog-style writing within the community. The 2010s marked explosive growth for online Apple coverage, driven by the era's rapid innovations. 9to5Mac, established in 2007 by Seth Weintraub initially as a part-time blog focused on and rumors, particularly around the , expanded significantly after 2011 when it became a full-time operation; it grew into a leading source for exclusive reports on and software betas, frequently cited by outlets like . Similarly, The Verge, founded in 2011 under , devoted extensive sections to Apple, covering everything from WWDC keynotes to privacy policies with in-depth reviews that helped build its reputation as a authority on consumer tech. These sites reached broad audiences through syndication and social sharing, solidifying their influence on how the community consumed and discussed . This period also saw a broader evolution from text-heavy static pages to dynamic formats, incorporating and video content to deepen engagement. MacPower Users, a launched in 2009 by David Sparks and Fehrenbacher, exemplified this shift by offering focused episodes on Apple tools, , and workflows, evolving into a staple for power users seeking practical insights beyond written articles. This integration allowed publishers to explore complex topics like app development and in more accessible, conversational ways, enhancing the overall vibrancy of the online Apple community.

Books and Other Media

The Apple community has been shaped by several seminal books that chronicle the company's early history and innovations. Michael Moritz's The Little Kingdom: The Private Story of Apple Computer, published in 1984, provides one of the first comprehensive accounts of Apple's founding and growth from a garage startup to a major corporation, drawing on interviews with key figures like and . Similarly, Steven Levy's Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything, released in 1994, details the development of the Macintosh computer, highlighting its revolutionary and the creative tensions within Apple's design team. For developers within the Apple community, the Inside Macintosh manuals, first published in 1985 by Apple Computer Inc., served as essential references, often referred to as the "bibles" for programming the Macintosh's operating system and hardware architecture. These multi-volume sets, updated through the , offered detailed technical documentation on APIs, toolkits, and system resources, enabling independent developers and hobbyists to create software that expanded the Macintosh ecosystem. In the , Apple user groups frequently produced self-published zines and newsletters, which were xeroxed, low-budget publications sharing tips, hardware hacks, and software reviews among enthusiasts. These efforts, often distributed at local meetings, fostered a collaborative and preserved before the rise of formal publications. Beyond books, other media forms have engaged the Apple . The 2008 documentary Welcome to Macintosh, directed by Robert Baca and Josh Rizzo, explores the Macintosh's cultural impact through interviews with fans, critics, and industry observers, blending history with commentary on Apple's design philosophy. Podcasts have also become a staple, with John Gruber's The Talk Show, which debuted in April 2010, offering in-depth discussions on Apple products, technology trends, and company strategy, attracting a dedicated listener base of developers and users. In the modern era, the Apple Books Store (formerly iBooks) has enabled community authors to self-publish e-books on topics ranging from programming tutorials to historical analyses of Apple innovations, with tools like the Publishing Portal allowing direct uploads of files and 70% royalty rates. These publications and media have profoundly influenced community narratives, particularly Walter Isaacson's 2011 biography , which became a and shaped fan perceptions by revealing Jobs's complex personality, leadership style, and role in Apple's resurgence, though it drew criticism from insiders for emphasizing his flaws over collaborative achievements. Into the 2020s, new works continue to engage the community, such as Make Something Wonderful (2023), a curated collection of Steve Jobs's speeches, interviews, emails, and photographs compiled by the Steve Jobs Archive, offering insights into his life and creative philosophy.

User Groups and Organizations

Macintosh User Groups

Macintosh user groups, often abbreviated as MUGs, are independent, non-profit organizations formed by enthusiasts of Apple's Macintosh computers to foster knowledge sharing, , and among users. These groups emerged shortly after the Macintosh's introduction in January 1984, with early examples including the Berkeley Macintosh Users Group (BMUG), founded in September 1984 by students to serve as a hub for the burgeoning user base. Their primary purpose is to assist members with troubleshooting hardware and software issues, offering advice on peripherals and applications, and creating a for exchanging ideas on Macintosh usage. As volunteer-driven entities, MUGs emphasize and camaraderie, helping users maximize their systems in an era before widespread online resources. Typically structured as local or regional chapters, these groups operate through regular monthly meetings where members elect leaders, present demonstrations on software and hardware, and host hands-on sessions such as installfests for setting up new systems. Activities often include swap meets for trading equipment and disks, vendor showcases, and social events like picnics or training workshops to build skills and community ties. In the pre-internet age, members shared via floppy disks and advocated for product improvements by relaying feedback directly to Apple, influencing features through collective input. For instance, groups like the Computer Society (BCS), established in 1977 and evolving to include a major Macintosh subgroup, hosted seminal events such as the first public demonstration of the Macintosh in 1983, drawing thousands and underscoring their role in early adoption. Key networks supporting MUGs include Apple's User Group Connection (AUGC), launched in 1985 to connect groups and distribute resources, and the later Apple User Group Advisory Board, formed in the late to gather community feedback and provide exclusive offers like merchandise for events. Global directories, maintained through Apple's official resources, help users locate nearby chapters and facilitate international collaboration. At their height in the early to mid-1990s, several thousand MUGs existed worldwide, reflecting the Macintosh's growing popularity and the absence of alternative support channels. Following the internet's rise in the late 1990s and early 2000s, MUG membership declined sharply as online forums and Apple Stores offered easier access to information and assistance. By the mid-2010s, only a few hundred groups remained active, with many, including the BCS, disbanding in 1996 after peaking at over 30,000 members. To adapt, surviving groups shifted toward hybrid and virtual formats, incorporating live streams of Apple s, online Q&A sessions, and Zoom-based meetings to sustain engagement amid reduced in-person attendance. This evolution has allowed dedicated communities, such as the London Mac User Group, to maintain traditions like keynote bingo while reaching broader audiences.

Developer and Professional Groups

The Apple Developer Connection, launched in 1998 (building on earlier developer support initiatives from the ), provides resources, tools, and technical support for developers building apps across Apple's platforms. This program evolved to include access to beta software, documentation, and forums, enabling professional coders to integrate with Apple's ecosystem from the early days of PowerPC transitions. Complementing this, the (WWDC) features dedicated labs where coders engage in hands-on sessions with Apple engineers, focusing on implementation, , and platform-specific optimizations during annual events. Independent organizations like CocoaHeads, founded in 2000, foster collaboration among developers specializing in and macOS using Apple's Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks. These groups host regular meetups for sharing code samples, troubleshooting, and exploring framework updates, serving as grassroots hubs for technical exchange outside official channels. Similarly, User Groups cater to creative professionals who rely on Apple hardware and software for design and media production, organizing sessions on integrating tools with macOS workflows such as or . Key activities within these communities include hackathons that encourage rapid prototyping of Apple-centric apps, such as the Swift Student Challenge, where participants develop interactive playgrounds to demonstrate innovative uses of Apple's frameworks. API discussions form a core element, with members dissecting updates to or Metal in virtual and in-person forums to address implementation challenges. Certification meetups prepare professionals for Apple-endorsed credentials, like those through the Apple Developer Academy, by reviewing exam topics and best practices for enterprise-level development. The introduction of the Swift programming language in 2014 catalyzed significant growth in the Apple developer community, expanding from hundreds of thousands to over 20 million registered developers by 2018, and growing to over 51 million as of 2024. Events like NSConference (NSSpain), held annually in Europe since 2012, exemplify this momentum by gathering hundreds of iOS and macOS developers for workshops on advanced topics such as concurrency and machine learning integration with Apple Silicon. Professional networks also extend to graphics and visualization communities with ties to , where Apple hardware like powers rendering pipelines for film and animation professionals using tools such as Reality Composer Pro. These connections highlight how Apple's ecosystem supports specialized workflows in , with developers leveraging Metal APIs for tasks presented at conferences.

Regional and International Variations

The Apple community in has historically emphasized design and education, with early user groups forming in the 1980s alongside Apple's global expansion efforts through the Apple User Group Connection program launched in 1985. A prominent example is the annual Apple Expo , a major technology exposition and sales conference that served as a hub for European Apple enthusiasts, running for 25 years until its discontinuation in 2008 after the event that year. The expo, held from September 12-16 in 2006, featured keynotes and demonstrations of new products, fostering community engagement across the continent. In , Mac enthusiast clubs have long attracted creative professionals who favor Apple's hardware for its reliability in digital illustration and workflows. These groups often integrate Apple's tools into artistic practices tied to Japan's creative industries, highlighting a cultural adaptation where community activities blend technology with traditional creative expression. India's Apple community has seen significant growth in iOS developer groups since the early , driven by the country's entrepreneurial ecosystem and Apple's increasing support for local talent. By 2016, India was described as home to one of the world's most vibrant iOS development communities, with over 1 million developer jobs supported by 2023 and App Store payouts tripling since 2018. Early international Apple communities in the faced challenges such as import restrictions and logistical barriers that limited hardware access in non-US markets, complicating user group formation outside . Language barriers further hindered global knowledge sharing until the 2000s, when the enabled coordinated efforts among user groups worldwide, allowing for shared resources, forums, and virtual events that bridged regional divides. In , the 2018 implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) spurred the formation of privacy-focused advocacy groups that scrutinized Apple's data practices, with organizations like filing complaints against the company for alleged breaches in user tracking within apps. These groups emphasized compliance and user rights, influencing community discussions on in the region. Latin American Apple communities have addressed localization needs through efforts, including fan-led of and resources to support Spanish and speakers, complementing Apple's official support for Latin American variants in features like text-to-speech and apps. Regional variations in Apple communities reflect local priorities, with Asian groups often centering on enterprise applications and integration due to robust corporate adoption, contrasted by the focus on creative arts and individual innovation.

Key Figures

Apple Evangelists

The role of an Apple evangelist emerged as a dedicated position within the company to passionately promote its innovative products and foster developer and user enthusiasm, particularly during the launch of the Macintosh in the early 1980s. , hired in 1983, became the of this role as Apple's chief software evangelist from 1983 to 1987, where he conducted nationwide tours to persuade software developers to build applications for the Macintosh platform, emphasizing its revolutionary and potential to disrupt the computing industry. Complementing these efforts, , who joined Apple in 1981 to lead its French operations and later oversaw global product development as president of Apple Products from 1985 to 1990, spearheaded international outreach initiatives in the 1980s that established Apple's presence in and beyond, including educational programs and localized marketing to build regional loyalty. Unofficial evangelists also played a vital role; for instance, original Macintosh team member , an early adopter and software engineer, has preserved and disseminated the foundational stories of Apple's creative culture through his website folklore.org, launched in the early 2000s, which chronicles anecdotes from the 1979-1984 Macintosh project to inspire ongoing community engagement. Kawasaki's evangelism tactics, outlined in internal resources like the 1983 evangelist guidelines he helped develop, focused on authentic , demoing prototypes to spark excitement, and creating a "religious" fervor among developers—strategies that aligned with Apple's broader marketing push, including the iconic 1984 advertisement directed by . These combined efforts drove significant initial sales momentum for the Macintosh, with over 70,000 units sold in the first 100 days post-launch, exceeding Apple's projections and establishing the product as a cultural phenomenon despite later challenges. In the post-Steve Jobs era, this evangelistic tradition endures through executive keynotes, such as those delivered by CEO Tim Cook since 2011, which highlight Apple's humanitarian initiatives and product innovations to sustain community zeal and reinforce the brand's aspirational ethos.

Community Leaders and Influencers

The Apple community has been profoundly influenced by independent leaders and influencers who have fostered engagement, provided critical analysis, and driven advocacy outside of official Apple structures. These figures often balance enthusiasm with constructive criticism, distinguishing them from corporate evangelists by their autonomy and willingness to challenge company decisions. Bill Atkinson, a key member of the original Macintosh software team at Apple, emerged as a prominent community leader through his extensive speaking engagements at user groups. He demonstrated groundbreaking tools like HyperCard at gatherings such as the Stanford Macintosh User Group (SMUG) in 1987 and the Berkeley Macintosh Users Group (BMUG), captivating audiences and inspiring developers and hobbyists to explore creative computing applications. Atkinson's presentations helped build grassroots enthusiasm for Macintosh technology during its early adoption phase, emphasizing user empowerment over commercial promotion. Atkinson died on June 5, 2025, at the age of 74. In the modern era, influencers like , known as MKBHD, have shaped public discourse on Apple products through detailed, balanced reviews on . Brownlee launched his channel in 2009 and began covering Apple devices shortly thereafter, with his analyses of iPhones, Macs, and accessories reaching over 20.5 million subscribers as of November 2025 and influencing consumer purchasing decisions globally. His content often highlights both innovations and shortcomings, such as battery life or , providing an independent voice that contrasts with promotional narratives. Similarly, blogger Shawn Blanc has impacted the community since 2007 via shawnblanc.net, where his thoughtful essays and reviews on macOS, apps, and productivity tools have guided user preferences and sparked discussions on design philosophy. Blanc's work, including co-hosting The Sweet Setup , has cultivated a niche following focused on practical integration. These leaders and influencers have demonstrated tangible impact through organized efforts during pivotal moments. In the 1990s, amid Apple's financial struggles under CEOs like and successors, community figures from user groups rallied support, including advocacy for OS licensing and public campaigns to bolster the company's survival, helping sustain loyalty when official prospects seemed dim. More recently, in the , influencers like Brownlee have amplified calls for diversity in tech, highlighting underrepresented voices in and product feedback to promote inclusivity within the Apple enthusiast base. Recognition through outlets like Macworld, which has honored contributors via expo awards and features, underscores their role in elevating independent perspectives. Unlike official Apple evangelists, these individuals maintain editorial independence, frequently offering critiques—such as on features or hardware durability—that encourage Apple to evolve while strengthening bonds.

Apple's Engagement

Official Responses and Programs

Apple's engagement with user groups began in the mid-1980s with the establishment of the Apple User Group Connection, a program designed to provide resources, , and support for group leaders to foster growth around Macintosh and systems. During the , as Apple faced severe financial challenges and neared , the company implemented broad cost-cutting measures, including workforce reductions of hundreds of employees. User group numbers declined sharply from thousands to a few hundred by the decade's end. In response to these challenges, Apple relaunched its User Group Program in 2002 under new leadership, aiming to rebuild ties through dedicated resources and an to represent interests. In the modern era, Apple has introduced structured programs to support community development and education. The Apple Developer Academy, launched in 2013 in and expanded globally, offers free tuition in coding, app design, and to aspiring developers, with sites now in over a dozen countries; the program added locations such as in 2024. Apple's Community Education Initiative, launched in 2019, partners with nonprofits and schools to deliver coding, creativity, and workforce training using Apple tools, reaching more than 600 communities across 99 countries by 2022; the initiative has continued to expand, including partnerships with organizations like in 2025. Apple has also responded to community feedback on hardware standards, such as the push for ports in the , by adopting the connector starting with MacBooks in 2015 for improved data transfer and charging capabilities, ahead of broader implementation in 2023 driven by regulatory and user demands. To maintain brand integrity, Apple enforces strict policies on use by user groups, allowing word marks like "Macintosh" in titles or descriptions (e.g., "Conference for Macintosh Users") but prohibiting standalone Apple logos, color alterations, or implications of endorsement without proper attribution and disclaimers. Violations, including unauthorized use at events, prompt legal enforcement through oppositions, cease-and-desist notices, or litigation to protect .

Events and Support Initiatives

The Apple (WWDC), first held in 1983 as the Apple Independent Software Developers Conference, has long included community sessions fostering interaction among developers and enthusiasts. These sessions evolved to provide hands-on training and discussions on Macintosh software, evolving into a key platform for . Starting in 2023, WWDC adopted a hybrid format, combining online access with limited in-person attendance at . Macworld Expo, launched in 1985, served as a prominent gathering for Apple fans through exhibitor booths, keynotes, and informal meetups until its conclusion in 2014. The event peaked in attendance during the , drawing over 50,000 participants annually, including record crowds of more than 93,000 in 2001 at the edition. In response to the , Apple shifted WWDC to a fully virtual format starting in , enabling global participation through online keynotes and sessions. This transition continued into 2021, broadening access for the developer community while maintaining interactive elements like forums and video sessions. Apple's Today at Apple program, introduced in 2016 during the iPhone 7 launch event, offers free in-store workshops on creative skills such as , coding, and production. These sessions, held at Apple Stores worldwide, emphasize hands-on learning and , with expansions in 2017 to include over 60 session types launched globally in May. Community-led initiatives like the 360iDev conference, started in 2009 in , provide independent forums for and Mac developers to share knowledge through talks and hackathons. Regional user group events, including swap meets and computer fairs organized by local Apple user groups, further support gatherings across various locations. To promote inclusivity, Apple has sponsored Women in Tech efforts since , including meetups and events through its Diversity Network Associations, which connect over 55,000 employees and allies in supportive communities. These initiatives focus on fostering belonging and professional development for women in technology.

References

  1. https://www.apple.com/usergroups/
  2. https://www.appleusergroupresources.com/
  3. https://www.appleusergroupresources.com/blast-from-the-past-apple-user-groups-on-the-apple-user-group-connection/
  4. https://discussions.apple.com/welcome
  5. https://developer.apple.com/forums/
  6. https://education.apple.com/
  7. https://www.appleusergroupresources.com/maui-apple-users-society-apple-user-group-assistance-and-refurb-program/
  8. https://www.wired.com/2009/03/march-5-1975-a-whiff-of-homebrew-excites-the-valley-2/
  9. https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/312
  10. https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/personal-computers/17/300
  11. https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/sites/mac/userg.html
  12. https://time.com/1847/steve-jobs-mac/
  13. https://apple.fandom.com/wiki/Apple_Special_Events_in_1984
  14. https://eamon.wiki/images/0/02/Apple_User_Groups.pdf
  15. https://appleinsider.com/articles/15/01/16/long-running-apple-rag-macuser-magazine-shuts-its-doors-after-30-years
  16. https://historyofapple.com/apple-history/apple-the-decline/
  17. https://www.macworld.com/article/2826153/goodbye-intel-the-chips-keep-changing-but-the-mac-remains-the-mac.html
  18. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/09/technology/personaltech/apple-mac-user-groups-devotees-press-on.html
  19. https://www.forbes.com/sites/onmarketing/2011/12/14/the-real-story-behind-apples-think-different-campaign/
  20. https://www.creativereview.co.uk/apple-think-different-slogan/
  21. https://apple.fandom.com/wiki/Apple_Expo
  22. https://appleinsider.com/articles/21/03/24/apple-launched-its-revolutionary-os-x-20-years-ago
  23. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/03/21More-than-10-000-Developers-Working-on-Mac-OS-X-Solutions/
  24. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/06/23Apple-Introduces-Xcode-the-Fastest-Way-to-Create-Mac-OS-X-Applications/
  25. https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/aug/25/apple-has-some-fun-at-microsofts-expense/
  26. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/oct/23/20-years-of-the-ipod-how-music-and-tech-new-era-steve-jobs
  27. https://www.macrumors.com/2010/05/29/macrumors-reaches-ten-million-forum-posts/
  28. https://www.reddit.com/r/apple/
  29. https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-secret-meeting-developers-new-york-subscriptions-app-store-2018-7
  30. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2010/05/24Steve-Jobs-to-Kick-Off-Apples-Worldwide-Developers-Conference-2010-with-Keynote-Address-on-Monday-June-7/
  31. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2017/04/today-at-apple-bringing-new-experiences-to-every-apple-store/
  32. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/pdfs/apple-app-store-study-2020.pdf
  33. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/apples-different-approach-marketing-unorthodox-social-andy-phan
  34. https://www.edsurge.com/news/2016-09-07-apple-announces-everyone-can-code-initiative-and-new-apple-teacher-program
  35. https://theconversation.com/in-fbi-versus-apple-government-strengthened-techs-hand-on-privacy-55353
  36. https://www.macrumors.com/2015/04/13/apple-watch-deliveries-sooner-than-estimated/
  37. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/11/apple-unveils-m1/
  38. https://developer.apple.com/academies/
  39. https://www.macworld.com/article/2406758/macworld-helps-launch-the-mac-1984.html
  40. https://technologizer.com/2024/01/20/the-inside-story-of-pc-magazine-pc-world-and-macworlds-origins-as-told-by-david-bunnell/index.html
  41. https://adage.com/article/the-media-guy/steve-jobs-sidelined-apple-s-cheerleader/133711/
  42. https://www.macworld.com/article/158467/05mugs.html
  43. https://apple.fandom.com/wiki/Macworld
  44. https://archive.org/details/atari-interface-complete-collection
  45. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/11/business/media/macworld-to-end-its-print-edition-and-lay-off-many-of-its-employees.html
  46. https://9to5mac.com/about/
  47. https://archive.org/details/littlekingdompri00mori
  48. https://www.stevenlevy.com/insanely-great
  49. https://vintageapple.org/macbooks/pdf/Inside_Macintosh_Volumes_I-II-III_1985.pdf
  50. https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/mac/pdf/Text.pdf
  51. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1247703/
  52. https://daringfireball.net/thetalkshow/
  53. https://authors.apple.com/
  54. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/nov/01/steve-jobs-biography-tops-bestsellers
  55. https://venturebeat.com/ai/apples-bitter-fight-to-define-the-legacy-of-steve-jobs
  56. https://book.stevejobsarchive.com/
  57. http://images.apple.com/se/usergroups/pdf/mug_faq.pdf
  58. https://www.appleusergroupresources.com/questions-and-answers-about-user-groups/
  59. https://computerhistory.org/press-releases/bcs-series/
  60. https://www.appleusergroupresources.com/find-a-group/
  61. https://apple.fandom.com/wiki/Apple_Developer_Connection
  62. https://developer.apple.com/wwdc25/labs/overview/
  63. http://cocoaheads.org/
  64. https://www.adobe.com/communities/user-groups.html
  65. https://developer.apple.com/swift-student-challenge/
  66. https://developer.apple.com/events/developer-centers/
  67. https://venturebeat.com/ai/apple-has-paid-100-billion-to-developers
  68. https://www.apple.com/legal/more-resources/docs/2024-App-Store-Transparency-Report.pdf
  69. https://nsspain.com/
  70. https://forums.appleinsider.com/discussion/44702/siggraph-hardware
  71. https://s2025.siggraph.org/
  72. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2008/12/rip-apple-expo-paris-shutting-down/
  73. https://www.macrumors.com/2006/04/25/apple-expo-paris-2006/
  74. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jaysomaney/2016/05/18/apples-tim-cooks-trip-to-india/
  75. https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/16/apple-tops-1-million-developers-in-india-excited-to-build-on-our-long-standing-history-says-tim-cook/
  76. https://www.businessinsider.com/how-apple-really-lost-its-lead-in-the-80s-2012-12
  77. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/08/the-golden-age-of-computer-user-groups/
  78. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/24/technology/europe-gdpr-privacy.html
  79. https://www.adexchanger.com/privacy/meta-and-apple-face-fines-and-privacy-headwinds-in-europe/
  80. https://discussions.apple.com/thread/255454199
  81. https://www.campaignasia.com/article/nike-apple-and-google-are-asian-creative-agencies-dream-clients-the-talent-bus/317898
  82. https://guykawasaki.com/the-art-of-evangelism/
  83. https://www.cnbcafrica.com/2019/guy-kawasaki-at-apple-you-had-to-prove-yourself-every-day-or-steve-jobs-got-rid-of-you/
  84. https://mondaynote.com/joining-apple-40-years-ago-805114536a2
  85. https://computerhistory.org/profile/jean-louis-gassee/
  86. https://www.folklore.org/
  87. https://www.mac-history.net/2022/12/22/andy-hertzfeld-the-software-wizard/
  88. https://www.forbes.com/sites/allenstjohn/2012/02/02/the-super-bowl-ad-that-almost-killed-apple/
  89. https://www.cnbc.com/2013/10/04/apple-ceo-tim-cook-reflects-on-steve-jobs-life-and-legacy.html
  90. https://blog.ceos.io/2020/10/03/last-meeting-bill-atkinson-and-hypercard/
  91. https://punyamishra.com/2025/06/09/the-stranger-who-changed-my-life-a-tribute-to-bill-atkinson/
  92. https://www.wired.com/story/bill-atkinson-apple-engineer-dies/
  93. https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/marketing-strategies/video/marques-brownlee-interview/
  94. https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCBJycsmduvYEL83R_U4JriQ
  95. https://www.macstories.net/stories/an-interview-with-shawn-blanc/
  96. https://thesweetsetup.com/shawn-blancs-sweet-mac-setup/
  97. https://lowendmac.com/2013/think-different-ad-campaign-restored-apples-reputation/
  98. https://www.macworld.com/article/188937/bos-2.html
  99. https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/09/28/marques-brownlee-tech-review/16172199/
  100. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/01/16/Apple-cuts-costs-jobs/7262632466000/
  101. https://lists.apple.com/archives/augd/2002/Nov/msg00058.html
  102. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2021/05/coders-designers-and-entrepreneurs-thrive-thanks-to-apple-developer-academy/
  103. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2024/04/apple-developer-academy-expands-to-bali/
  104. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/10/community-education-initiative-catalyzes-learning-in-more-than-600-communities/
  105. https://www.teachforamerica.org/press/news-release/apple-and-teach-for-america-launch-coding-app-design-clubs-across-the-country
  106. https://www.benq.com/en-us/business/resource/trends/why-did-apple-switch-to-usb-c.html
  107. https://www.apple.com/legal/intellectual-property/guidelinesfor3rdparties.html
  108. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/11/technology/apple-trademarks.html
  109. https://techland.time.com/2012/06/11/wwdc-keynote-video/
  110. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2009/05/13Apple-Worldwide-Developers-Conference-to-Kick-Off-with-Keynote-Address-on-Monday-June-8/
  111. https://www.macworld.com/article/224350/remembering-macworld-expo.html
  112. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/01/16Macworld-San-Francisco-Draws-Record-Crowd/
  113. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/drmac/article/Macworld-Expo-The-memories-linger-13527386.php
  114. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/03/apples-wwdc-2020-kicks-off-in-june-with-an-all-new-online-format/
  115. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/05/apple-to-host-virtual-worldwide-developers-conference-beginning-june-22/
  116. https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2016/09/highlights-from-apples-september-2016-event/
  117. https://www.engadget.com/2009-09-29-tuaw-live-from-the-360idev-denver-iphone-development-conference.html
  118. https://www.apple.com/careers/us/life-at-apple/dna.html
  119. https://women-in-tech.org/apple/
  120. https://www.apple.com/diversity/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.