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Birch bark being used as tinder in a campfire

Tinder is easily combustible material used to start a fire. Tinder is a finely divided, open material which will begin to glow under a shower of sparks. Air is gently wafted over the glowing tinder until it bursts into flame. The flaming tinder is used to ignite kindling, which in turn is used to ignite the bulk material, to produce a fire.[1][2]

Tinder can be made of any flammable substance, as long as it is finely divided and has an open structure.

Technique

[edit]

Any flammable material may be used as long as it is finely divided. As the tinder gets thinner, the surface area and edges increase, making it ignite more easily.

Wood tinder can be made by carefully shaving thin slivers off a larger piece. Another method is to make a feather stick, in which the slivers are kept together. The driest wood, which makes the best tinder, is that of dead branches that have not yet fallen to the ground.

If a fire is to be lit by sparks rather than matches, char cloth, punkwood, fungus or down are commonly used to catch the sparks. However, fungi should be selected with care as some release toxic fumes on combustion.[original research?] Char cloth can be made by placing plant-based fabric (usually cotton) in a tin box into a campfire; like charcoal, it is the product of anhydrous pyrolysis. It is very fragile, and should usually be prepared only in small quantities.

Pitchwood is the resinous wood which decays last from dead conifers. It can be found on the ground where conifer tree trunks have fallen and decayed. The parts of the deadwood that would form the knots in lumber, i.e. the places where branches entered the trunk, are impregnated with resin which has the combustibility of wood soaked in lighter fluid. Pitchwood can also be found in the stumps left in the ground when conifers die. These stumps contain spires of resin-impregnated wood, called fatwood, which can easily be lighted using only a single match or lighter. Pitchwood that has been shaved into small splinters is easy to ignite, and it does not absorb water, so it remains easy to ignite in any weather as long as the flame is sheltered from rain and wind. In the southeastern United States, pitchwood is known as "fat lighter" or "lighter'd" (a shortening of lighter-wood).[3]

Embers of burned paper, leaves and other sheetlike materials are easily carried off by air currents, where they can alight upon other objects and ignite them. In outdoor campfires, paper can be wadded up to reduce this hazard; wadded paper also burns more quickly.

Magnesium is sold in stores in shaved or bar form. Shavings burn white-hot, are impossible to smother with carbon dioxide or sand, and can ignite even wet kindling. Solid bars are impossible to ignite under normal conditions (and difficult even with a welding torch), and are thus very safe to carry. Magnesium powder and shavings are pyrophoric (they oxidise rapidly when exposed to the air). It is dangerous to carry pre-shaved magnesium — at best, it loses potency, at worst, it can spontaneously ignite and is then nearly unquenchable. Magnesium bars are sometimes sold with a length of ferrocerium cast into one edge.[4]

The gathering of tinder, and perhaps more importantly, its dry storage is one of the most critical aspects of many survival situations.

Materials

[edit]

Materials used as tinder around the world include:[5]

See also

[edit]

The dictionary definition of tinder at Wiktionary

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Tinder

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Tinder is any easily combustible, finely divided material used to start or kindle a , such as dry grass, leaves, , bark, wood shavings, or charred cloth, which catches a spark or and sustains it until it develops into a . It forms the first stage of fire building, igniting to light kindling and larger , and has been essential in fire-making since prehistoric times.

Etymology and Definition

Origin of the Term

The word "tinder" originates from tynder, referring to a dry, flammable substance used to kindle or ignite a . This term is akin to the Old English verb tendan ("to kindle") and derives from Proto-Germanic tundrą, a root connected to ignition and burning. The earliest documented uses of "tinder" appear in texts from the period before 1150, where it described materials essential for starting s. By the era, the term gained prominence in literature, including 14th-century manuscripts that reference fire-making practices involving such substances. In related languages, the French term amadou, first recorded in the late (1791), derives from amadou(r) ("lover"), from Latin amātor, so named because the spongy fungal material used as tinder ignites readily, evoking the passion of love. Similarly, the English term "touchwood," first attested in the 1570s, combines "touch" and "wood" to describe soft, decayed or fungal wood that ignites easily upon contact, serving a comparable function. Semantically, "tinder" has shifted over centuries to emphasize its role as the initial, finely divided material that readily catches and holds a spark, distinct from "kindling"—small branches or twigs that sustain an into a —and "," larger wood for prolonged burning. This highlights tinder's specialized position in the hierarchical process of building.

Definition and Characteristics

Tinder is a highly flammable material used in fire starting, characterized by its ability to ignite easily from a spark, , or to produce an initial or small that can transfer to kindling. It serves as the foundational element in the fire-building process, requiring minimal external heat due to its low ignition temperature, often around or below the autoignition point where begins without an open . Key physical characteristics of effective tinder include a high surface area-to-volume achieved through fine, shredded, or fibrous structures, which facilitates rapid absorption and oxidation. It must possess very low content—ideally bone dry—to ensure ignition, as even slight dampness can prevent sparking by absorbing needed for . is essential, allowing oxygen to flow freely through air pockets in the material to support quick burning, while initial typically produces minimal smoke to avoid smothering the nascent flame. Chemically, tinder is primarily composed of cellulose-based organic compounds derived from plant materials, which decompose through —a breakdown process—at temperatures between 200 and 300°C, releasing flammable volatile gases such as levoglucosan and other hydrocarbons that sustain . This occurs in stages, starting with and at lower temperatures, leading to the production of ignitable vapors without requiring full initially. Tinder differs from kindling, which consists of slightly larger twig-like pieces designed to sustain a once ignited by the tinder, and from fuel wood, which includes larger logs for prolonged burning and heat output. While tinder burns rapidly and hot to initiate the , kindling provides a transitional steady burn, and ensures long-term duration.

History

Prehistoric and Ancient Use

Archaeological evidence reveals that early humans employed natural fungi as tinder for fire-starting during the period, with remains of dried species discovered at the La Draga settlement in northeastern , dated to 5300–4900 BCE. These non-edible fungi, such as adspersum and Coriolopsis gallica, were selectively harvested from nearby forests, cut into small pieces, and dried to serve as highly flammable material capable of catching sparks from struck flint and pyrite or marcasite. The discovery of 86 such fungal remains, some showing cut marks and signs of charring, indicates deliberate preparation for repeated fire ignition and possibly transport between sites. Further evidence from the Copper Age comes from the mummy of the Iceman, preserved in the and dated to circa 3350–3105 BCE, who carried two chunks of tinder fungus () in a leather pouch alongside flint tools. This , as the prepared fungal material is known, was valued for its ability to smolder without flame, allowing early humans to preserve and transport embers over long distances in societies. Such practices underscore tinder's critical role in survival, enabling reliable fire for cooking, warmth, and protection during and migrations across . Prehistoric fire-starting often integrated tinder with methods, including hand drills—where a wooden spindle was rotated against a —and later bow drills, which used a cord-wrapped bow for faster motion. Embers generated by these techniques were transferred to natural tinders like punk wood, a soft, decayed form of wood from fungi-infested trees that readily accepts heat, or bundles resembling bird nests crafted from dry grasses, bark fibers, and seed heads. These materials, abundant in forested and grassland environments, facilitated quick ignition in diverse habitats, from European caves to African savannas, as inferred from tool residues and analyses at sites. In ancient Egyptian civilization, fire-making relied on bow drills documented from the Middle Kingdom onward (circa 2000 BCE), where wooden sticks coated in produced hot embers that ignited dry plant fibers or leaves as tinder. Tomb artifacts, such as those from Tutankhamun's (circa 1323 BCE), include drill sets with resin-filled holes designed to spark nearby tinder, highlighting fire's centrality to daily rituals, mummification, and agriculture in Valley societies. Greek and Roman texts further attest to tinder's use in the classical world, with describing in his (77 CE) how fungal material excelled as tinder, catching sparks more readily than dry leaves when struck with flint. He noted its preparation into compact lumps for portability, reflecting widespread adoption in Mediterranean households for lighting lamps and hearths. Among cultures, Australian Aboriginal practices exemplify tinder's adaptive role, where dry spear grass or spinifex was gathered into fine bundles to receive embers from fire-saw or drill methods using wood. This grass tinder, processed by rubbing to separate fluffy fibers, was blown into for signaling, cooking, and controlled burning of landscapes, sustaining and mobility across the continent for over 65,000 years.

Medieval to Modern Development

During the in , from the 12th to 15th centuries, charred or —known as —emerged as a primary tinder material, valued for its low ignition temperature and ability to catch sparks reliably. This advancement was integrated with flint-and-steel strikers, which had become common household tools for igniting in domestic and monastic settings. Historical records indicate that char cloth production involved pyrolyzing natural fibers in low-oxygen environments, making it a staple for fire starting across the continent. In the 18th and 19th centuries, innovations shifted tinder use amid growing industrialization. The introduction of phosphorus-based matches around 1805, developed by French chemist Jean Chancel, allowed for friction ignition without traditional tinder, thereby reducing dependence on natural or charred materials for initial spark capture. The further influenced tinder evolution through processed variants, such as paraffin-waxed , which enhanced water resistance and portability for urban and rural applications. These changes reflected broader mechanization in textile and chemical production, making fire starting more efficient and less labor-intensive. The 20th century saw tinder adaptations driven by wartime needs and postwar commercialization. During , the U.S. Army issued fuel cubes as compact fire starters, composed of wood shavings bound with , enabling soldiers to ignite fires quickly in adverse conditions for cooking and signaling. Post-1950s, commercial fire starters proliferated, with products like wax-impregnated blocks and synthetic tinder tabs becoming standard in and gear, broadening access beyond contexts. As of 2025, contemporary developments emphasize in tinder design, with eco-friendly kits integrated into outdoor equipment. These include vegetable wax-infused tinders derived from agricultural byproducts like sugarcane waste, promoting reduced environmental impact while maintaining high flammability even in wet conditions, in line with global movements toward biodegradable outdoor tools.

Materials

Natural Tinder Sources

Natural tinder sources encompass a variety of fungi, , and animal-derived materials that occur in the wild and can ignite readily with minimal heat, such as a spark from flint and steel. These materials are prized for their low moisture content when dry, fine texture, and ability to sustain an long enough to transfer to kindling. Fungal sources, in particular, are notable for their durability and prevalence on trees in forested ecosystems. Among fungal sources, chaga () is a parasitic sclerotium that grows on birch trees, featuring a hard, black exterior that protects its dry, powdery orange-brown interior, which ignites easily due to its fibrous, carbon-rich composition and relative resistance to moisture absorption. Similarly, the hoof fungus (), a bracket fungus on hardwoods like and , provides a tough, woody body with a spongy inner layer that holds embers well, owing to its porous structure and rot-resistant properties that keep it viable in damp environments. These fungi are commonly found year-round on living or dead trees in temperate and boreal forests across , , and . Plant-based materials offer abundant, regionally variable options for tinder, often requiring no alteration beyond drying. The inner bark of birch trees (Betula spp.), particularly paper birch, consists of thin, fibrous layers rich in resins that burn hot and fast, making it effective even when slightly damp; it is widely available in northern forests of North America and Eurasia. Cedar inner bark (Thuja spp.), with its stringy, oily fibers, similarly provides quick ignition and is prevalent in western North American woodlands and eastern Asian regions. Dried grass such as mullein (Verbascum thapsus) forms fuzzy, low-density bundles that catch sparks readily, thriving in open fields and disturbed areas across temperate zones worldwide. Seed pods like milkweed floss (Asclepias syriaca) yield silky, hollow fibers that flare up instantly due to their air-filled structure, harvested primarily from late summer to fall in North American prairies and meadows. Animal-derived tinders are less common but highly effective due to their fine, lightweight composition. Abandoned bird nests, composed of down feathers, fine twigs, and plant down, create loose, airy structures that ignite rapidly and burn steadily, often sourced from shrubs or trees in various habitats after nesting season. Environmental factors significantly influence the suitability of natural tinder sources, as they perform best when gathered in dry conditions to minimize , which hinders ignition. Seasonal availability enhances reliability; for instance, autumn leaves in temperate zones, such as those from or , dry quickly after falling and serve as widespread tinder during cooler months, though they must be collected post-rain to avoid dampness.

Synthetic and Processed Materials

Synthetic tinder materials, engineered for reliability in fire-starting, include commercially produced options that offer controlled properties superior to variable natural sources. One widely used product consists of balls saturated with , a simple yet effective tinder that ignites readily and burns steadily for several minutes due to the jelly's role as a sustained source. This provides an accessible DIY solution for emergency kits. Another established commercial variant is trioxane tablets, cyclic oligomers of developed for U.S. military ration heating in the mid-20th century, which serve as compact, high-energy fire starters capable of igniting in damp conditions. Chemical treatments further enhance synthetic tinder by incorporating oxidizers to accelerate ignition. Potassium nitrate-infused paper, for instance, decomposes upon heating to release oxygen, promoting rapid of the substrate and allowing even thin sheets to sustain a flame without external airflow. Similarly, waxed jute twine, treated with paraffin or , creates a durable cord that unravels into fibrous tinder, burning for 1-2 minutes per segment while resisting moisture penetration. These treatments boost ignition speed, enabling quick transition from spark to flame in challenging environments. As of 2025, modern innovations emphasize sustainability alongside functionality, with biodegradable hemp-based tinder emerging from eco-conscious brands. Hemp rope tinders, such as those from Squatch Rope, are non-toxic, windproof, and waterproof, leveraging the plant's natural fiber strength for eco-friendly fire initiation that decomposes harmlessly post-use. These options are particularly compatible with ferrocerium rods, catching high-temperature sparks (up to 3,000°C) to produce reliable ignition without synthetic additives. Compared to natural tinders, synthetic and processed variants provide key advantages in consistency, as their uniform composition ensures predictable burn rates regardless of environmental variability; portability, with compact forms like tablets or fitting easily into survival pouches; and weather resistance, exemplified by paraffin waterproofing that maintains efficacy in or .

Preparation

Gathering and Selection

Gathering suitable tinder begins with identifying materials that are dry, fibrous, and non-resinous to ensure they ignite quickly and produce a sustained without excessive or residue. Ideal candidates include dry grass, leaves, bark shavings, and rotted wood known as punk, which must be finely divided to catch a spark effectively; materials should crumble easily when crushed, indicating sufficient dryness, while avoiding any green or damp substances that resist ignition, or resin-heavy substances that burn too quickly and produce excessive or residue. In practice, a test—bending the material to check if it snaps or crinkles without flexibility—helps confirm viability, as does a preliminary on a small sample to verify rapid burning. Seasonal and habitat-specific strategies enhance success in , with dry conditions in late summer or autumn yielding abundant options like dead grasses in open meadows or punk wood from the decayed interiors of standing dead trees in forests, where sheltered undersides protect materials from moisture. In wetter seasons or rainy habitats, focus on elevated sources such as the undersides of fallen logs or inner bark from dead snags to avoid saturated ground cover, steering clear of living vegetation or overly humid areas that harbor green growth. These approaches prioritize naturally available, downed or dead materials to maintain balance. Quantity guidelines emphasize practicality for immediate needs and portability, typically aiming for a fist-sized bundle—roughly a handful or volume—to support one fire start, with additional amounts gathered in damp conditions to account for potential inefficiencies. In survival scenarios, this scale balances effectiveness against the need to carry lightweight loads, ensuring enough to ignite kindling without overburdening mobility. Tools for gathering remain minimal to promote and low impact, relying on hands for collecting loose fibers like dry grasses or a basic to shave fine pieces from bark or punk wood without damaging live trees. Emphasis is placed on principles, such as only dead or downed materials from dispersed locations to minimize and habitat disruption, thereby preserving the environment for future use.

Processing and Treatment

Basic processing of raw tinder begins with shredding or apart natural fibers, such as bark or material, to increase surface area and facilitate easier ignition by exposing more material to or sparks. This mechanical breakdown creates fine, fluffy structures that catch more readily than compact forms. A key advanced technique is , where tinder is heated in a low-oxygen environment—typically inside a sealed metal container over a —until smoke production ceases, driving off moisture and volatiles to lower the ignition temperature without fully combusting the material. This process results in or similar blackened tinder that ignites from a single spark. To enhance performance, tinder undergoes treatments with accelerants, such as applying pine resin scraped from tree bark, which adds highly flammable hydrocarbons to boost burn speed and reliability even in damp conditions. Similarly, incorporating or resin-rich shavings provides a sustained, oily source that helps propagate flames from an initial . is essential prior to or after these applications; techniques include spreading tinder in direct sun exposure for natural evaporation or arranging it in areas with good air circulation to accelerate moisture removal and prevent mold. For long-term storage, processed tinder is bundled loosely to retain its structure and placed in waterproof containers like metal tins, which shield it from environmental . Including desiccants, such as packets, within these containers helps maintain low moisture levels, ensuring the tinder remains viable for extended periods by absorbing ambient . Advanced home preparations expand on these methods, such as cotton balls in a similar setup to create compact, spark-sensitive tinder suitable for kits. Alternatively, infusing balls or other fibers with melted produces waterproof variants that resist light rain while providing a waxy for quicker ignition in field conditions.

Usage

Basic Fire-Starting Methods

Basic fire-starting methods primarily rely on generating sufficient through or sparks to ignite tinder, creating an initial that can be coaxed into a . -based techniques, among the most ancient and reliable primitive approaches, involve rubbing wooden components together to produce glowing embers via localized buildup. The method uses a straight wooden spindle twirled between the palms against a flat fireboard, typically carved from softwoods like or aspen, to create in a small depression; the resulting fine collects and smolders into an ember after sustained , often placed directly into a tinder nest for ignition. A variation, the , enhances efficiency by employing a curved bow with a taut cord wrapped around the spindle, allowing reciprocal sawing motion to maintain high-speed without relying solely on hand strength; this setup, using similar softwoods for the fireboard and a harder spindle, generates darker, fuzzier indicative of effective formation. Spark-generating methods offer a quicker alternative by producing hot particles that land on and ignite prepared tinder. The traditional flint and technique strikes a piece of high-carbon against sharp-edged flint or similar hard stone, such as chert or , at a shallow angle to eject incandescent sparks reaching temperatures around 2,500°F; these sparks are directed into a tinder bundle or , where they smolder into an ember. In modern contexts, disposable lighters or safety matches serve as reliable backups, providing an instant or spark to the tinder without the need for specialized tools, though they require or chemical components that may degrade over time. Once an ember forms—whether from friction sawdust or a captured spark—it must be transferred carefully to sustain combustion. A tinder nest, constructed from loosely fluffed natural fibers like dry grass, birch bark shavings, or processed char cloth, cradles the ember to prevent dispersal; gentle, steady blowing oxygenates the nest, fanning the ember's glow into wisps of smoke and eventually a self-sustaining flame, often within seconds if the materials are dry and fine-textured. This process draws on tinder preparation techniques, such as shredding and fluffing, to maximize surface area for rapid ignition. Success in these methods hinges on several environmental and preparatory factors, including protection from to avoid cooling the ember prematurely and selection of bone-dry materials to ensure low ignition thresholds. For friction techniques, practiced users typically achieve an in 5-15 minutes under ideal conditions, though beginners may require longer due to inconsistencies in , speed, or wood quality; high or damp tinder can extend this timeframe significantly or prevent ignition altogether.

Integration with Other Fire Components

Tinder functions as the foundational element in the fire triangle—comprising fuel, heat, and oxygen—by providing the initial combustible material that rapidly generates heat upon ignition, thereby facilitating the transition to kindling for sustained flame development. Specifically, tinder supplies the fine fuel that catches a spark or flame, producing enough heat to ignite kindling, which consists of twigs approximately 1-2 cm in diameter, while oxygen is maintained through proper airflow in the arrangement. This progression ensures the fire's heat output escalates gradually, preventing the loss of the initial ignition source before larger materials can sustain combustion. Common layering techniques begin with a central bundle or pile of tinder, surrounded by kindling in configurations such as the teepee or to optimize oxygen circulation and . In the teepee method, tinder is loosely placed in the center, encircled by a cone of kindling twigs leaning inward, which directs flames upward and outward to efficiently catch the kindling as the tinder burns; once established, larger fuel logs are added around the exterior. The arrangement, alternatively, forms a square frame of kindling around the tinder bundle, with successive perpendicular layers building upward, topped by additional tinder or kindling, allowing controlled burning from the inside out before incorporating fuel logs atop the structure for longevity. These methods emphasize starting small to conserve tinder, as it burns quickly, and gradually adding fuel only after the kindling sustains a steady . Fire size is scaled according to purpose, with minimal tinder used for brief signal fires that produce quick bursts of or , contrasting with larger setups for cooking that require more tinder to establish a robust base for prolonged heat. For efficiency, practitioners often prepare double the estimated tinder to account for rapid consumption, ensuring the transition to kindling without waste, particularly in resource-scarce environments. Troubleshooting transition failures, such as tinder burnout before kindling ignites, involves ensuring adequate by avoiding dense packing and gently blowing on the embers to intensify , while having extra dry kindling ready to add immediately. If the tinder extinguishes prematurely, relocating glowing embers to fresh tinder or using a fire starter can reinitiate the process without losing momentum toward integration.

Safety and Variations

Precautions and Risks

Using tinder for fire-starting carries significant risks of uncontrolled fire spread, particularly in dry or windy conditions, where embers or sparks can ignite surrounding vegetation and escalate into wildfires. To mitigate this, establish a clear zone of at least 10 feet in radius around the fire site by removing all flammable materials such as dry grass, leaves, or branches, and keep a bucket of water or other extinguishing agent nearby for immediate use. Always fully extinguish the fire by dousing with water, stirring ashes, and confirming they are cold to the touch before leaving the area. Health hazards associated with tinder use include burns from hot embers that can scatter during fire-building or wind gusts, potentially causing second- or third-degree injuries to . For minor burns, immediately cool the affected area under running cool (not cold) for at least 20 minutes to reduce pain, swelling, and tissue damage, then cover with a sterile dressing; seek medical attention for severe cases. Inhalation of from resinous tinder materials, such as pine needles or bark, poses respiratory risks due to irritants like particulate matter and volatile organic compounds that can inflame airways and exacerbate conditions like . Overharvesting natural tinder sources, such as dry , bark, or dead wood, can disrupt ecosystems by depleting for and microorganisms, altering nutrient cycles, and reducing overall in forested areas. Legal restrictions on collecting such materials often intensify during droughts to prevent ignition, with many U.S. regions implementing burn bans in 2025 that prohibit open fires and associated gathering, as seen in where restrictions ran from October through November due to extreme dry conditions. Storage of oily or resinous tinder, like or pitch-impregnated materials, risks through oxidation processes that generate heat and potentially ignite if piled or enclosed without ventilation. To prevent this, spread such materials out to dry in a well-ventilated area away from flammables, store in metal containers with self-closing lids, and dispose of used tinder by fully extinguishing and scattering remnants to avoid re-ignition.

Regional and Specialized Variations

In Arctic regions, Inuit traditions emphasize the use of dried , , and willow catkins as tinder, often combined with animal fats like seal oil for enhanced ignition in extreme cold and damp conditions, ensuring reliable starting for warmth and cooking. These materials' low moisture absorption and fat's slow-burning properties make them particularly suited to sub-zero temperatures where conventional tinder might fail. In tropical environments, Pacific Island cultures, including those in and , utilize coconut husk fibers—known as —for tinder due to their fibrous, oily structure that ignites readily even when slightly damp, facilitating friction-based starting in humid climates. Specialized applications of tinder appear in survival training programs, such as the U.S. military's (SERE) courses, which stress the preparation and use of natural and synthetic tinder—like charred cloth or commercial tabs—to build fires under duress, prioritizing quick ignition to prevent or signal for rescue. In , minimal synthetic options such as vaseline-impregnated balls or compact fire tabs are favored for their low weight—often under 1 ounce—and weatherproof reliability, allowing hikers to start fires with ferro rods while adhering to leave-no-trace principles.

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  62. https://wgfd.wyo.gov/About-Us/Wyoming-Wildlife/Articles/10-Ways-to-Spend-the-Summer-with-Children
  63. https://readyforwildfire.org/prevent-wildfire/campfire-safety/
  64. https://www.doi.gov/blog/10-tips-prevent-wildfires
  65. https://smokeybear.com/campfire-safety
  66. https://www.webmd.com/first-aid/thermal-heat-or-fire-burns-treatment
  67. https://www.redcross.org.uk/first-aid/learn-first-aid/burns
  68. https://www.epa.gov/burnwise/wood-smoke-and-your-health
  69. https://forestecosyst.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40663-020-00255-y
  70. https://www.13abc.com/2025/10/01/burn-bans-back-effect-ohio/
  71. https://www.nps.gov/articles/fire-prevention-52-spontaneous-combustion.htm
  72. https://www.nfpa.org/downloadable-resources/safety-tip-sheets/safety-with-oily-rags-wet-with-flammable-or-combustible-liquid
  73. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/53531/53531-h/53531-h.htm
  74. https://www.krabarchive.com/ralphmag/IH/eskimo.html
  75. https://ulukau.org/chd/
  76. https://sofrep.com/news/sere-survival-starting-fire-survival-situation/
  77. https://sectionhiker.com/best-firestarters-and-tinders-for-backpacking/
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