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Luis de Molina
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Luis de Molina
Luis de Molina SJ (29 September 1535 – 12 October 1600) was a Spanish Jesuit priest, jurist, economist and theologian renowned for his contributions to philosophy and economics within the framework of the second scholasticism.
A prominent member of the School of Salamanca, pioneered a distinctive theory of divine grace and human freedom known as Molinism, which defends human autonomy in the face of divine omniscience.
His pro-liberty perspectives influenced not only theological debates on free will but also extended to economic and political thought, making him an intellectual precursor to individual rights and market dynamics. His work in developing early economic principles, particularly regarding human action, voluntarism, and property rights, laid a foundation that later contributed to Austrian economic theory and the evolution of modern libertarian thought.
Born into a noble and wealthy family in Castile, Luis de Molina followed the aspirations of his parents who wanted him to become a jurist. After learning Latin and literature at the Cathedral School of Cuenca, he enrolled at the University of Salamanca.
During his studies, Molina discovered the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola, which led him to join the Society of Jesus and abandon his law studies. In 1553, he became a novice in Alcalá de Henares, where he showed a taste and talent for Christian philosophy. In 1554, he was sent by his superiors to study philosophy at the university of Coimbra.
Following the advice of Pedro da Fonseca, he continued his studies after obtaining his master's degree in 1558 in order to become a priest and obtain a doctorate in theology. Between 1563 and 1567, he was a professor of philosophy and theology in Coimbra. At the request of their superiors, Molina and Fonseca then left to teach at the University of the Holy Spirit in Évora.
After expounding his theological views in his work Liberi Arbitrii cum Gratiae Donis, Divina Praescientia, Providentia, Praedestinatione et Reprobatione Concordia, better known simply as Concordia and which was a commentary on the first part of the Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas, he was violently attacked by Tomas de Lemos and Domingo Báñez. The latter went so far as to denounce Molina to the Spanish Inquisition. As a result, he returned to his village of Cuenca to serve as a parish priest and write his major work, De iure et iustitia.
In 1597, Pope Clement VIII asked Cardinal Michele Bonelli to gather theologians to verify the conformity of Molinism with the Catholic faith. Taking the name of Congregatio de Auxiliis, this assembly would sit until 1607, when Paul V declared this doctrine acceptable.
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Luis de Molina
Luis de Molina SJ (29 September 1535 – 12 October 1600) was a Spanish Jesuit priest, jurist, economist and theologian renowned for his contributions to philosophy and economics within the framework of the second scholasticism.
A prominent member of the School of Salamanca, pioneered a distinctive theory of divine grace and human freedom known as Molinism, which defends human autonomy in the face of divine omniscience.
His pro-liberty perspectives influenced not only theological debates on free will but also extended to economic and political thought, making him an intellectual precursor to individual rights and market dynamics. His work in developing early economic principles, particularly regarding human action, voluntarism, and property rights, laid a foundation that later contributed to Austrian economic theory and the evolution of modern libertarian thought.
Born into a noble and wealthy family in Castile, Luis de Molina followed the aspirations of his parents who wanted him to become a jurist. After learning Latin and literature at the Cathedral School of Cuenca, he enrolled at the University of Salamanca.
During his studies, Molina discovered the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola, which led him to join the Society of Jesus and abandon his law studies. In 1553, he became a novice in Alcalá de Henares, where he showed a taste and talent for Christian philosophy. In 1554, he was sent by his superiors to study philosophy at the university of Coimbra.
Following the advice of Pedro da Fonseca, he continued his studies after obtaining his master's degree in 1558 in order to become a priest and obtain a doctorate in theology. Between 1563 and 1567, he was a professor of philosophy and theology in Coimbra. At the request of their superiors, Molina and Fonseca then left to teach at the University of the Holy Spirit in Évora.
After expounding his theological views in his work Liberi Arbitrii cum Gratiae Donis, Divina Praescientia, Providentia, Praedestinatione et Reprobatione Concordia, better known simply as Concordia and which was a commentary on the first part of the Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas, he was violently attacked by Tomas de Lemos and Domingo Báñez. The latter went so far as to denounce Molina to the Spanish Inquisition. As a result, he returned to his village of Cuenca to serve as a parish priest and write his major work, De iure et iustitia.
In 1597, Pope Clement VIII asked Cardinal Michele Bonelli to gather theologians to verify the conformity of Molinism with the Catholic faith. Taking the name of Congregatio de Auxiliis, this assembly would sit until 1607, when Paul V declared this doctrine acceptable.
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