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Andrott Island, (Malayalam: [ɐn̪d̪roːt̪ːə̆]) also known as Androth, is a small inhabited island in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep, a group of 36 coral islands scattered in the Arabian Sea off the western coast of India.[3] It has a distance of 293 km (182 mi) west of the city of Kochi.

Key Information

History

[edit]

Andrott Island had been known as 'Divanduru' in the past, a name that is found in some old French maps. It belongs to the Laccadive Islands subgroup, which had been historically a part of the Arakkal Kingdom.[4] It was the first island to embrace Islam.

Geography

[edit]

Andrott Island is the nearest to the mainland from all the islands in the group[5] and it is also the longest, as well as the biggest (area-wise) island.

It is located approximately 219 kilometres (136 mi) from Kannur, 234 kilometres (145 mi) from Kozhikode, and 293 kilometres (182 mi) from Kochi.[6] The island has an area of 4.98 square kilometres (1.92 sq mi) and is the only island of the group to have a west–east orientation.[6] It has a lagoon area of 6.6 km2 (2.5 sq mi).

Demographics

[edit]

Most of the inhabitants are Muslims with a presence of Hindu minority. The Saint Ubaidullah who is believed to have preached Islam in Lakshadweep Islands, died here. His remains are entombed in the Jumah mosque.[7]

The island also houses several Buddhist archaeological remains.[6]

Administration

[edit]

The island belongs to the township of Andrott of Andrott Tehsil.[8]

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Andrott
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.3
(86.5) 		30.9
(87.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.8
(91.0) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.9
(85.8) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.0
(87.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.4
(75.9) 		24.8
(76.6) 		25.5
(77.9) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.4
(79.5) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		24.9
(76.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 10.5
(0.41) 		2.4
(0.09) 		6.0
(0.24) 		25.9
(1.02) 		130.4
(5.13) 		401.7
(15.81) 		486.1
(19.14) 		238.6
(9.39) 		182.2
(7.17) 		166.5
(6.56) 		129.8
(5.11) 		90.2
(3.55) 		1,870.3
(73.62)
Source: India Meteorological Department (1965–1979)[9]
[edit]
  • Satellite picture showing the atolls of the Lakshadweep except for Minicoy
    Satellite picture showing the atolls of the Lakshadweep except for Minicoy
  • Map
    Map

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Andrott

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Andrott Island, also known as Androth, is the largest inhabited island in the , a of comprising 36 islands scattered in the approximately 293 kilometers (182 miles) off the southwestern coast of the Indian mainland near . Covering an area of 4.90 square kilometers (1.89 square miles) with a length of 4.66 kilometers (2.89 miles) and a maximum width of 1.43 kilometers (0.89 miles), it is uniquely oriented in an east-west direction among the Lakshadweep islands and features a small surrounded by thick groves. The island is located at coordinates 10° 48′–10° 50′ N latitude and 73° 38′–73° 42′ E longitude, making it the closest island to the Indian mainland while situated 119 kilometers (74 miles) from the territory's administrative capital, . As of the 2011 , Andrott has a population of 11,191 residents, resulting in a high of 2,312 people per square kilometer, predominantly Muslim with a rate of 91.13%. The local economy centers on traditional activities such as and production from palms, alongside a well-developed that ranks second in after and Agatti islands. Historically, Andrott holds significance as the first island to embrace , attributed to the influence of Saint Ubaidullah in the , whose tomb is enshrined at the Juma Mosque and remains a focal point of religious reverence. The island's culture emphasizes respect for religious preachers and blends Malayali influences with indigenous practices, supported by a featuring temperatures between 25°C and 35°C (77°F and 95°F), 70–76% humidity, and annual rainfall of about 1,600 millimeters (63 inches) during the southwest from mid-May to mid-September. Access to Andrott is available by air and sea from the Indian southwest coast, contributing to its role as a serene yet densely populated atoll in the region.

Geography

Location and Extent

Andrott is situated in the , forming part of the archipelago in , approximately 293 km west of on the . The island lies at coordinates 10°49′ N and 73°41′ E , oriented in an east-west direction between 10°48′ and 10°50′ N and 73°38′ and 73°42′ E . With a total land area of 4.90 km², Andrott measures 4.66 km in length and reaches a maximum width of 1.43 km. It features a very small surrounding and a coastline approximately 10.5 km in length. As the largest inhabited island in , Andrott also holds the distinction of being the closest to the Indian mainland.

Physical Features and Landmarks

Andrott Island features a flat , characterized by its low-lying structure formed from deposits, with no significant hills or elevations exceeding 7 meters above mean . The island's surface is predominantly sandy and porous, typical of atolls in the archipelago, spanning an area of 4.90 square kilometers in an east-west orientation. The island's landscape is dominated by thick , primarily extensive coconut groves that cover much of the land, interspersed with other native foliage such as screwpine and . These coconut groves not only define the island's aesthetic but also contribute to in the vulnerable environment. The southern tip of Andrott is separated by a 200-meter narrow channel from the small uninhabited islet of Kalpitti. Key physical landmarks include the Androth East Lighthouse, a modern commissioned in 1967 and located on the eastern side of the island, which serves as a prominent feature amid the flat terrain. Surrounding the island is a system, a narrow barrier that extends close to the shoreline without enclosing a large , protecting the coast from and supporting marine ecosystems essential for local fishing activities. At the island's core lies a central village settlement, Andrott, which occupies the majority of the habitable land and reflects the island's compact, community-focused layout. Freshwater is scarce due to the absence of rivers or springs, with residents relying on limited , from rooftops stored in tanks, and plants to meet daily needs.

History

Early Settlement and Islamization

The earliest evidence of human habitation on Andrott dates back to approximately 1500 BCE, as indicated by archaeological records from the archipelago, where the island served as a key stopover on ancient maritime trade routes connecting , , and . These routes facilitated the transport of goods such as spices, textiles, and , with onshore explorations at Andrott revealing artifacts like medieval-period that underscore its role in early seafaring networks. Local legends further link the initial settlements to the era of , the last king of the in , suggesting that migrants from the mainland established small communities on Andrott and nearby islands like Amini, , and Kalpeni during this pre-Islamic period. Historical records refer to Andrott by the name "Divanduru," a designation appearing on maps from the colonial era, reflecting its longstanding presence in European cartographic knowledge of the subgroup. During this formative phase, Andrott integrated into regional South Indian polities, including the , which exerted influence over the western coastal and island territories through trade and cultural exchanges. By the early medieval period, the island's society began transitioning under the broader umbrella of the , a Muslim sultanate based in , , which incorporated the southern , including Andrott, into its domain around the mid-16th century, marking a shift toward Islamic governance in the region. while the Amini group of northern islands fell under Tipu Sultan's control in 1783, Andrott and the southern islands continued under Arakkal rule until the British period. The pivotal Islamization of Andrott occurred in the CE, making it one of the earliest islands in to adopt the faith, introduced by the Arab saint Ubaidullah following a near Amini. Ubaidullah, traditionally regarded as a descendant of the first caliph , faced initial resistance in Amini but achieved significant conversions upon arriving in Andrott, where he spent his final years preaching and establishing Islamic practices. His , located at the Juma Mosque in Andrott—believed to have been constructed during his lifetime—remains a revered site, symbolizing the island's foundational role in the archipelago's religious transformation and contributing to the enduring Muslim majority observed in later demographic patterns. This process, occurring around 41 Hijra (circa 662 CE), integrated Andrott into the broader network of Islamic communities, with descendants of Ubaidullah continuing to hold spiritual influence.

Colonial Era and Post-Independence Developments

The islands of , including Andrott, experienced external colonial influences starting in the early when explorers arrived and looted resources such as from the region, though their presence was brief and met with resistance from local inhabitants who poisoned invading parties at Amini Island. By the mid-16th century, over Andrott and nearby islands shifted from the Hindu Raja of Chirakkal to the Muslim Arakkal family, vassals of the Kolathiri Rajas. Following the British victory at the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799, the East India Company annexed the Amini group of islands (previously under Tipu Sultan), administering them from Madras and later from Mangalore, while the southern islands including Andrott remained under Arakkal until 1854, integrating them into the Malabar Coast territories as part of broader colonial expansion in the region. A devastating cyclone struck Andrott on April 15, 1847, causing widespread destruction to homes, coconut plantations, and livelihoods across the island, marking one of the earliest recorded natural calamities in Lakshadweep's history. In response, the Raja of Chirakkal visited Andrott to assess the damages and distribute relief supplies, but facing financial strain, he accepted a loan from British officer Sir William Robinson to aid recovery efforts. The inability to repay this loan by 1854 led to the full handover of all remaining islands, including Andrott, to the East India Company, solidifying British administrative control and introducing regulations like the 1912 Lakshadweep Regulation, which limited local leaders' powers while establishing basic institutions such as nine primary schools and a few dispensaries across the territory. Upon India's independence, Andrott and the other islands were transferred to direct Indian administration on , 1956, when was formed as a , initially named the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands, separating it from the . This marked the end of colonial rule and the beginning of national integration, with the territory headquartered initially in before shifting to in 1964. In 1973, the was officially renamed , reflecting its geographic and , and this period saw the launch of initial development initiatives focused on , including expansions in education, healthcare, water supply, and inter-island transportation to address isolation and support economic self-sufficiency.

Demographics

Population Statistics

As of the 2011 Indian Census, Andrott Island had a total population of 11,191 residents. This figure represented the highest population among the inhabited islands of , accounting for approximately 17% of the union territory's overall residents at the time. Estimated at approximately 11,600 as of 2023 based on territory-wide projections, reflecting modest growth driven by limited land availability and controlled migration. The island's population density stands at 2,312 persons per square kilometer, the highest in , owing to its compact land area of 4.84 square kilometers. This density underscores the challenges of on a small coral atoll, where habitable space is constrained by lagoons and reefs. The 2011 Census recorded a sex ratio of 1,035 females per 1,000 males, indicating a slight female majority that contributes to balanced demographic profiles in the . Nearly all residents live in the main Andrott village settlement, classified as an urban with a of 11,191, leaving minimal rural distribution across the island.

Ethnic Composition and Religion

The ethnic composition of Andrott Island reflects its historical role as a key settlement in the archipelago, with the population primarily consisting of indigenous communities tied to maritime traditions. The dominant groups include the Malayali, an indigenous group with fishing and maritime heritage, and Mahls, descendants of Maldivian settlers who arrived through historical trade and migration routes. These groups share ethnic similarities with the Malayali people of , shaped by centuries of interaction across the . Religion plays a central role in defining community identity on Andrott, where over 99% of the population adheres to , specifically the , which emphasizes a balanced approach to influenced by regional . Andrott holds as the first in to embrace , introduced by the saint Ubaidullah, leading to a deeply ingrained Islamic ethos that permeates social norms. A small Hindu minority, comprising less than 1% of residents, maintains distinct cultural practices amid the overwhelmingly Muslim majority. Cultural influences from mainland further enrich Andrott's social fabric, with notable Malayali and Tamil elements evident in , cuisine, and festivals, stemming from ongoing trade and migration ties with and . Family structures on the island retain traces of matrilineal descent from pre-Islamic Dravidian roots, where property and lineage traditionally pass through the female line, though adapted within an Islamic framework that prioritizes communal harmony. This matrilineal heritage underscores the resilience of local kinship systems despite external influences.

Culture and Society

Traditions and Daily Life

The traditions of Andrott Island revolve around Islamic observances and maritime customs that reinforce community bonds. Eid celebrations, particularly Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha, are central events held at the historic Juma Mosque, one of India's oldest mosques dating to the 7th century, where islanders gather for prayers, feasting on coconut-infused dishes, and communal prayers that mark the end of Ramadan or the Hajj pilgrimage. The annual Urs festival honors Saint Ubaidullah, the 7th-century figure credited with introducing Islam to the Lakshadweep islands, featuring devotional recitations, music, and visits to his tomb adjacent to the Juma Mosque, drawing participants from across the archipelago to commemorate his legacy over several days. Daily life on Andrott is shaped by the island's reliance on the and coconut groves, with routines centered on sustainable practices passed down through generations. Communal expeditions, often involving groups of men using traditional pole-and-line methods in the surrounding lagoons and , provide the primary protein source and foster social ties, typically occurring at dawn to avoid the midday heat. Women contribute through home-based coir weaving, transforming coconut husks into ropes and mats using handmade tools, a labor-intensive craft that integrates into household rhythms and supports family needs. Cuisine emphasizes local bounty, with staples like —prepared by simmering fresh-caught tuna in a thick gravy spiced with chili, turmeric, and curry leaves—served alongside rice or flatbreads, reflecting the island's tropical and oceanic resources. Cultural expression thrives through oral traditions that preserve Andrott's seafaring history. Storytelling sessions, often held in the evenings under coconut groves, recount tales of voyages, storms, and ancestral navigators in the Jeseri dialect, a Malayalam-influenced creole spoken widely on the island. Folk songs, sung in the same dialect during gatherings or festivals, celebrate maritime exploits and daily perils with rhythmic melodies accompanied by simple percussion, serving as both and a means to transmit knowledge of and survival to younger generations. Gender roles on Andrott align with traditional divisions adapted to island ecology, where men predominantly undertake sea voyages and fishing to secure livelihoods, venturing out on odams (traditional wooden boats) for extended periods. Women manage home-based crafts like coir production and food preparation, overseeing household sustenance while children assist in lighter tasks, creating a complementary system that sustains community resilience amid isolation.

Education and Social Indicators

Andrott exhibits a high literacy rate of 90.62% as per the , surpassing the national average and reflecting robust educational access within the island community. Male literacy stands at 95.45%, while female literacy is 86.04%, indicating a that targeted educational initiatives aim to address through community programs and scholarships. The island's population of 11,191 directly influences school enrollment, supporting a network of primary and secondary institutions, including the Government Junior Basic School and Senior Secondary School, which provide up to the higher secondary level. For advanced studies, residents rely on scholarships to attend colleges on the mainland, facilitated by the Lakshadweep Scholarship Scheme administered by the Department of . Health metrics in Andrott align with Lakshadweep's overall progress, where at birth is estimated at 71.2 years (66.1 years for males and 76.3 years for females) according to National Family Health Survey-5 data from 2019-21. Community clinics, such as the Community Health Centre in Androth, play a vital role in delivering primary healthcare, with a focus on managing tropical and waterborne diseases like and that pose risks in the island's humid climate. Telemedicine facilities integrated into these centers enhance access to specialized care for prevalent conditions. Social welfare efforts emphasize empowerment through women's self-help groups (SHGs), which operate actively in Andrott to foster development and economic participation. These groups provide in vocational areas such as handicrafts and small-scale , enabling women to build and contribute to livelihoods. Supported by local administration and NGOs, the SHGs have been instrumental in promoting gender equity in social and economic spheres.

Administration and Infrastructure

Governance Structure

Andrott is administratively integrated into the of , which functions as a single district headquartered in , with the island falling under the Andrott subdivision and . This structure was established following the territory's reorganization in , placing local administration under central oversight while maintaining island-specific governance. Local affairs on Andrott are managed through the Andrott Village Panchayat, an elected body established under the Lakshadweep Panchayat Regulation, 2022 (repealing the 1994 regulation), comprising six members responsible for , welfare, and day-to-day decision-making. The panchayat operates within the broader framework of 's 10 village panchayats, which together include 88 elected representatives across the inhabited islands, ensuring grassroots participation in line with the 73rd Constitutional Amendment. The Andrott panchayat holds regular gram sabha meetings, involving registered voters in discussions on local issues twice a year. At the territorial level, governance is directed by the Lakshadweep Administrator, appointed by the under Article 239 of the , who serves as the executive head and oversees policy implementation, including development schemes and . A Subdivisional Officer, also acting as the Block Development Officer, is stationed on Andrott to coordinate central directives with local needs, supported by the district's Collector cum Development Commissioner based in . Access to Andrott, like other islands, is strictly regulated through Restricted Area Permits issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs via the Lakshadweep Administration, requiring prior approval for all visitors, including Indian nationals, to preserve the islands' ecological and cultural integrity. Official communications for the island utilize the PIN code 682551 and the telephone code 04893, facilitating administrative coordination with the mainland.

Transportation and Public Services

Access to Andrott Island is primarily achieved by ship from Kochi, with voyages typically lasting 14 to 20 hours depending on the vessel and weather conditions. Alternatively, visitors and residents can fly to Agatti Airport from Kochi, followed by a transfer via speedboat or helicopter to Andrott, which is approximately 162 kilometers away. Helipads are available on the island to facilitate these connections. Within Andrott, transportation relies on bicycles and walking due to limited roads and a on private vehicles to preserve the island's environment and . This eco-friendly approach supports daily mobility across the compact 4.90 square kilometer area. Public services on Andrott include desalinated water production through planned Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD) plants, each with a capacity of 0.15 million liters per day, addressing the island's reliance on due to limited freshwater sources. is supplied 24 hours a day via a combining diesel generators and , with solar installations contributing to the island's goals, including a proposed 500 kWp solar PV plant integrated with battery storage. Telecommunications are provided primarily by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), enhanced by the Kochi-Lakshadweep Islands (KLI) submarine cable project, which delivers up to 100 Gbps connectivity to support services. Healthcare is managed through the Community Health Centre (CHC) in Andrott, offering services with 30 beds and specialist consultations via telemedicine links to mainland facilities for advanced treatments or referrals. The permit system, administered by local governance, regulates access to these services and island entry.

Economy

Primary Sectors

Fishing serves as the primary economic activity in Andrott, supporting a significant portion of the island's population through direct and indirect involvement in the sector. The local Jasari community plays a central role in these operations, relying on traditional and mechanized methods to harvest tuna species, particularly yellowfin tuna, skipjack tuna, little tuna, and frigate tuna. Approximately 60 mechanized boats operated from the island as of 2011, primarily employing troll line fishing techniques adapted with bamboo poles for single-day outings targeting these pelagic species. Historical data indicate an average annual fish catch of 1,244 tonnes in Andrott from 1992 to 2001, representing about 11% of Lakshadweep's total production, with tuna dominating the landings. Coconut cultivation forms another cornerstone of Andrott's economy, integral to local livelihoods and contributing to production for oil extraction and export. The island dominates coconut oil output within , supported by a production and demonstration center that processes fiber into ropes and handicrafts for domestic and international markets. This sector complements by providing supplementary income, with coconut farming woven into the socio-cultural fabric of the community. Agriculture in Andrott remains limited due to the prevalence of saline soils, restricting cultivation to subsistence levels with crops such as bananas, which are grown on small holdings to meet household needs. These challenges constrain large-scale farming, making secondary to marine-based activities. To bolster these sectors, the administration provides government subsidies under development schemes, including 20% on hull costs and 25% on engine costs for mechanized boats, as well as support for gear like outboard motors and navigation equipment. Over 500 such boats have been subsidized across the territory, enhancing productivity in fisheries.

Tourism and Emerging Opportunities

Tourism in Andrott Island is strictly regulated, requiring visitors to obtain a special entry permit from the Administration due to the island's status as part of a restricted area, aimed at protecting its strategic location and fragile ecosystem. Key attractions draw a modest number of eco-conscious travelers, including its pristine white sandy beaches, vibrant coral reefs ideal for and , and the historic Androth East and West Lighthouses, which offer panoramic views of the and serve as navigational landmarks established in the mid-20th century. Andrott has historically seen limited compared to more developed islands in the . This sector has seen a boost from national promotions, including a Rs. 2.74 allocation in the Union Budget 2025-26 specifically for development in , supporting enhancements and to attract sustainable visitors. In 2025, experienced a significant surge in , with increased arrivals driven by promotional efforts, though specific figures for Andrott remain modest. To promote responsible growth, the island emphasizes models operated by local communities, providing authentic cultural experiences while generating income for residents, alongside eco- initiatives such as guided reef tours and low-impact water sports that prioritize conservation and waste minimization. These efforts align with broader plans for eco-friendly resorts and community involvement, ensuring does not exceed the island's . Beyond tourism, emerging economic opportunities in Andrott focus on leveraging its and renewable potential. Marine exports, particularly and , present significant growth prospects, with the island's fisheries sector poised for expansion through meets and improved supply chains targeting international markets like Gulf countries. An Investors and Exporters Meet focused on , , and ornamental fisheries was held in in November 2025 to promote and exports. In renewable energy, solar projects are advancing, including a 500 kW hybrid plant with battery storage under development by the (SECI), expected to be commissioned by 2026 and contributing to the union territory's goal of harnessing abundant —estimated at over 5 kWh/m²/day—while reducing reliance on diesel generators. These initiatives, part of a larger push for in islands, could create jobs in installation and maintenance, fostering sustainable development. Visitors typically access Andrott via inter-island ferries or flights to nearby , followed by boat transfers.

Climate and Environment

Weather Patterns

Andrott experiences a humid , characterized by warm temperatures year-round with minimal seasonal variation. Average summer temperatures reach 32°C during the hottest months of and May, while winter averages hover around 28°C from November to January. These conditions are influenced by the island's location in the , where sea surface temperatures remain consistently high, contributing to the stable thermal profile. Annual rainfall totals approximately 1,934 mm, with the majority—about 75-80%—occurring during the southwest season from May to , particularly intensifying in through . This pattern supports the island's limited freshwater resources, primarily recharging lenses that form the basis for systems. Relative humidity levels are persistently high, ranging from 70% to 90% throughout the year, peaking at around 80% during the months, which exacerbates the tropical feel of the environment. blow from the west and southwest, especially during the , with average speeds of 2-3 Beaufort (approximately 5-13 km/h), though gusts can intensify during storm periods. The island is occasionally affected by cyclones, as it lies within the cyclone belt, with historical records indicating variability in frequency and intensity. Data from 1965 to 1979, encompassing events such as the 1977 cyclone, highlight periods of heightened activity alongside quieter years, typically occurring from to with peaks before and after the monsoon season. These cyclones bring strong winds and heavy rainfall, contributing to but also supplementing annual totals.

Ecology and Conservation Challenges

Andrott Island, part of the archipelago, hosts a rich marine centered on its fringing reefs, which support over 100 species of , including ornamental varieties, and serve as critical habitats for sea turtles such as the (Chelonia mydas). These reefs, formed by more than 140 species, form the foundation of the island's , fostering a diverse array of that includes crustaceans and other essential to the . Terrestrially, Andrott's ecology is characterized by endemic bird species adapted to its low-lying, coconut-dominated landscape, with at least 115 bird species recorded across the islands, several of which are resident breeders reliant on the island's for nesting and . Coconut groves, a staple of the island's , sustain specialized , including pollinators and pests like the leaf beetle, which interact closely with the plantations that cover much of the land. This terrestrial system, however, remains fragile due to its isolation and limited habitat diversity. The island faces significant conservation challenges from , including projected of 0.5 to 1 meter by 2100, which threatens to inundate low-elevation areas and exacerbate . Warming ocean waters have triggered recurrent events, with historical episodes affecting up to 82% of corals in reefs during El Niño periods, leading to habitat loss for associated . A 24-year study published in July 2025 revealed that coral cover in has declined by 50% since 2001, primarily due to repeated marine heatwaves, underscoring the urgent need for global emissions reductions and local recovery efforts. Additionally, development initiatives from 2021 to 2025, including expansions, have accelerated erosion rates on Andrott's vulnerable shores, compounding natural stressors. Conservation efforts are guided by the Action Plan on , initially formulated in 2012 and updated in the 2020s, which emphasizes mitigation of and bleaching through the establishment of marine protected areas in parts of the archipelago's , with ongoing efforts to designate additional habitats. These measures include monitoring programs for health and nesting sites, alongside community-based initiatives to reduce anthropogenic pressures on Andrott's ecosystems.

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