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Ferroalloy
A ferroalloy is an alloy of iron with a high proportion of one or more other elements such as manganese (Mn), aluminium (Al), or silicon (Si). They are used in the production of steels and alloys. The alloys impart distinctive qualities to steel and cast iron or serve important functions during production and are, therefore, closely associated with the iron and steel industry, the leading consumer of ferroalloys. The leading producers of ferroalloys in 2014 were China, South Africa, India, Russia and Kazakhstan, which accounted for 84% of the world production. World production of ferroalloys was estimated as 52.8 million tonnes in 2015.
The main ferroalloys are:
Ferroalloys are produced generally by two methods : in a blast furnace or in an electric arc furnace. Blast furnace production continuously decreased during the 20th century, whereas the electric arc production is still increasing. Today, ferromanganese can be still efficiently produced in a blast furnace, but, even in this case, electric arc furnace are spreading. More commonly, ferroalloys are produced by carbothermic reactions, involving reduction of oxides with carbon (as coke) in the presence of iron. Some ferroalloys are produced by the addition of elements into molten iron.
It is also possible to produce some ferroalloys by direct reduction processes. For example, the Krupp-Renn Process is used in Japan to produce ferronickel.
The leading world chromite ore-producing countries in 2014 were South Africa (12 Mt), Kazakhstan (3.7 Mt), India (3.5 Mt), and Turkey (2.6 Mt). Most of the chromite ore production was smelted in electric-arc furnaces to produce ferrochromium for the metallurgical industry. The leading world ferrochromium-producing countries in 2014 were China (4.5 Mt), South Africa (3.6 Mt), Kazakhstan (1.2 Mt) and India (0.9 Mt). Most of the 11.7 Mt of ferrochromium produced worldwide was consumed in the manufacture of stainless steel which totalled 41.7 Mt in 2014.
Two manganese ferroalloys, ferromanganese and silicomanganese, are key ingredients for steelmaking. China is the leading world producer of manganese ferroalloys (2.7 Mt), with output much larger than the combined output of the next three biggest producers—Brazil (0.34 Mt), South Africa (0.61 Mt) and Ukraine (0.38 Mt).
Major producers of ferromolybdenum are Chile (16,918 t), China (40,000 t) and the United States (which, in 2008, accounted for 78% of world molybdenite ore production. Canada, Mexico and Peru accounted for the remainder. Molybdenite concentrates are roasted to form molybdic oxide, which can be converted into ferromolybdenum, molybdenum chemicals, or molybdenum metal. Although the United States was the second leading molybdenum-producing country in the world in 2008, it imported more than 70% of its ferromolybdenum requirements in 2008, mostly for the steel industry (83% of ferromolybdenum consumed).
In 2014, about 33% of the world’s annual new nickel was ferronickel, an extensive review article of which was published by Swartzendruber et al in 1991. Many of the meteorites that fall to Earth turn out to be ferronickel, and take the form of kamacite and/or taenite.[citation needed] Ferronickel has a face-centred cubic crystal structure (via Ni). It can take the form of ferrite, martensite, or austenite. The binary Fe-Ni system has been investigated for analogic purposes to steel because the presence of nickel in high-alloy steels such as austenitic stainless steels and maraging steels is a key driver for the transition from body-centered cubic ferrite to face-centered cubic austenite.
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Ferroalloy
A ferroalloy is an alloy of iron with a high proportion of one or more other elements such as manganese (Mn), aluminium (Al), or silicon (Si). They are used in the production of steels and alloys. The alloys impart distinctive qualities to steel and cast iron or serve important functions during production and are, therefore, closely associated with the iron and steel industry, the leading consumer of ferroalloys. The leading producers of ferroalloys in 2014 were China, South Africa, India, Russia and Kazakhstan, which accounted for 84% of the world production. World production of ferroalloys was estimated as 52.8 million tonnes in 2015.
The main ferroalloys are:
Ferroalloys are produced generally by two methods : in a blast furnace or in an electric arc furnace. Blast furnace production continuously decreased during the 20th century, whereas the electric arc production is still increasing. Today, ferromanganese can be still efficiently produced in a blast furnace, but, even in this case, electric arc furnace are spreading. More commonly, ferroalloys are produced by carbothermic reactions, involving reduction of oxides with carbon (as coke) in the presence of iron. Some ferroalloys are produced by the addition of elements into molten iron.
It is also possible to produce some ferroalloys by direct reduction processes. For example, the Krupp-Renn Process is used in Japan to produce ferronickel.
The leading world chromite ore-producing countries in 2014 were South Africa (12 Mt), Kazakhstan (3.7 Mt), India (3.5 Mt), and Turkey (2.6 Mt). Most of the chromite ore production was smelted in electric-arc furnaces to produce ferrochromium for the metallurgical industry. The leading world ferrochromium-producing countries in 2014 were China (4.5 Mt), South Africa (3.6 Mt), Kazakhstan (1.2 Mt) and India (0.9 Mt). Most of the 11.7 Mt of ferrochromium produced worldwide was consumed in the manufacture of stainless steel which totalled 41.7 Mt in 2014.
Two manganese ferroalloys, ferromanganese and silicomanganese, are key ingredients for steelmaking. China is the leading world producer of manganese ferroalloys (2.7 Mt), with output much larger than the combined output of the next three biggest producers—Brazil (0.34 Mt), South Africa (0.61 Mt) and Ukraine (0.38 Mt).
Major producers of ferromolybdenum are Chile (16,918 t), China (40,000 t) and the United States (which, in 2008, accounted for 78% of world molybdenite ore production. Canada, Mexico and Peru accounted for the remainder. Molybdenite concentrates are roasted to form molybdic oxide, which can be converted into ferromolybdenum, molybdenum chemicals, or molybdenum metal. Although the United States was the second leading molybdenum-producing country in the world in 2008, it imported more than 70% of its ferromolybdenum requirements in 2008, mostly for the steel industry (83% of ferromolybdenum consumed).
In 2014, about 33% of the world’s annual new nickel was ferronickel, an extensive review article of which was published by Swartzendruber et al in 1991. Many of the meteorites that fall to Earth turn out to be ferronickel, and take the form of kamacite and/or taenite.[citation needed] Ferronickel has a face-centred cubic crystal structure (via Ni). It can take the form of ferrite, martensite, or austenite. The binary Fe-Ni system has been investigated for analogic purposes to steel because the presence of nickel in high-alloy steels such as austenitic stainless steels and maraging steels is a key driver for the transition from body-centered cubic ferrite to face-centered cubic austenite.