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Parka
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A parka, like the related anorak, is a type of coat with a hood, that may be lined with fur or fake fur. Parkas and anoraks are staples of Inuit clothing, traditionally made from caribou or seal skin, for hunting and kayaking in the frigid Arctic. Some Inuit anoraks require regular coating with fish oil to retain their water resistance. Parkas are typically longer, often extending to the thighs or knees. Anoraks are usually shorter than parkas, often hip-length, and are traditionally a pull-over jacket.
The words anorak and parka have been used interchangeably, but they are somewhat different garments. Strictly speaking, an anorak is a waterproof, hooded, pull-over jacket without a front opening, and sometimes drawstrings at the waist and cuffs, and a parka is a hip-length cold-weather coat, typically stuffed with down or very warm synthetic fiber, and with a fur-lined hood.
Etymology
[edit]The word anorak comes from the Greenlandic (Kalaallisut) word annoraaq. It did not appear in English until 1924; an early definition is "a beaded item worn by Greenland women or brides in the 1930s". In the early 1950s it was made from nylon, but changed to poplin by 1959, when it was featured in Vogue magazine as a fashion item. In 1984, The Observer used the term to refer to the type of people who wore it and subsequently, in the United Kingdom, it is sometimes used as a mildly derogatory term.[1]
The word parka is derived from the Nenets language.[2] In the Aleutian Islands the word simply means "animal skin".[3] It first entered the English written record in a 1625 work by Samuel Purchas.
The Inuit who speak Inuktitut use parkas and have various terms related to them as follows:
| English | Inuktitut syllabics | Roman Inuktitut | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| woman's parka | ᐊᕐᓇᐅᑎ | irnauti | [iʁ.na.u.ˈti] |
| parka tail | ᓂᖏᒻᓇᖅᑐᖅ | ningimnaqtuq | [ni.ŋim.naq.ˈtuq] |
| parka hood | ᐊᒪᐅᑦ | amaut | [a.ma.ˈut] |
| parka decoration | ᑰᑦᓯᓂᕈᑎ | kuutsinaruti | [kuːt.si.na.ʁu.ˈti] |
| parka material | ᐊᑎᒋᑦᓴᖅ | atigitsaq | [a.ti.ɣit.ˈsaq] |
| parka button | ᓇᑦᑐᕋᖅ | naturaq | [nat.tu.ˈʁaq] |
| parka belt | ᑕᑦᓯ | tatsi | [tat.ˈsi] |
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Amauti
[edit]The amauti (also amaut or amautik, plural amautiit)[5] is the parka worn by Inuit women of the eastern area of Northern Canada.[6] Up until about two years of age, the child nestles against the mother's back in the amaut, the built-in baby pouch just below the hood. The pouch is large and comfortable for the baby. The mother can bring the child from back to front for breastfeeding or for eliminatory functions without exposure to the elements.[6] This traditional eastern Arctic Inuit parka, designed to keep the child warm and safe from frostbite, wind and cold, also helps to develop bonding between mother and child.[7]
N-3B ("scrub snorkel" or "snorkel") parka
[edit] |
The original snorkel parka (USAF N-3B parka, which is 3/4 length and has a full, attached hood; the similar N-2B parka is waist-length and has an attached split hood) was developed in the United States during the early 1950s for military use, mainly for flight crews stationed in extremely cold areas. It was designed for use in areas with temperatures as low as −60 °F (−51 °C). Originally made with a sage green DuPont flight silk nylon outer and lining it was padded with a wool blanket type material until the mid-1970s when the padding was changed to polyester wadding making the jacket both lighter and warmer. The outer shell material also was changed to a sage green cotton-nylon blend, with respective percentages 80–20, 65–35, and 50–50 being used at various times.
It gained the common name of "snorkel parka" because the hood can be zipped right up leaving only a small tunnel (or snorkel) for the wearer to look out of. This is particularly effective in very cold, windy weather although it has the added liabilities of seriously limiting the field of vision and hearing. Earlier Vietnam-era hoods had genuine fur ruffs; later versions used synthetic furs. Original manufacturers of this parka for the government included Skyline, Southern Athletic, Lancer, Greenbrier, Workroom For Designers, Alpha, and Avirex.
The basic N-3B parka design was copied and sold to the civilian market by many manufacturers with varying degrees of quality and fidelity to the original government specifications. Surplus military parkas are often available for relatively low prices online and in surplus stores; they compare quite favorably with civilian extreme-cold parkas of all types due to their robust construction, designed for combat conditions, and warmth.
The 1970s–1980s civilian version of the parka was made in many colors – navy blue, green, brown, black, maroon, grey, royal blue, sky blue and bright orange. Most had an orange diamond quilted nylon lining, although a very small number did have alternative colored linings such as yellow, pale blue, and green. While still manufacturing parkas to the military standard, Alpha Industries have more recently[when?] adopted the orange lining and a slimmer fit when producing their VF59 model parka which is now more popular than the military version.
In Europe the snorkel parka started to regain popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Fishtail parka
[edit]
The fishtail parka was first used by the United States Army in 1950 during the Korean War. Following the end of the Second World War the US army recognized the need for a new cold weather combat system, resulting in four main styles of fishtail parka: the EX-48, M-48, M-51 and the M-65. The M stands for model, and the number is the year it was standardized. The EX-48 model was the first prototype or "experimental" precursor to all of them. The M-48 then being the first actual production model fishtail parka after the pattern being standardized on December 24, 1948. The name fishtail comes from the fish tail extension at the back that could be folded up between the legs, much like a Knochensack, and fixed using snap connectors to add wind-proofing. The fishtail was fixed at the front for warmth or folded away at the back to improve freedom of movement when needed. The EX-48 parka is distinctive as it has a left sleeve pocket and is made of thin poplin, only the later production M-48 parkas are made of the heavier sateen canvas type cotton. The EX-48 also has a thin fibre glass based liner that is very light and warm, the M-48 has a thicker wool pile liner with an integral hood liner made of wool. Both are distinguishable from any other type of parka by having the sleeve pocket. This was dropped for the M-51 onward. The fur ruff on the hood is also fixed to the shell of an EX-48/M-48 and is of wolf, coyote or often wolverine.[8] The M-48 parka was costly to produce and therefore only in production for around one year.[9] The pockets were wool lined both inside and out. The cuffs had two buttons for securing tightly around a wearer's wrist. The later more mass-produced M-51 parka had just the one cuff button. The liner had a built in chest pocket which again was unique to the M-48 parka.
The next revision was the M-51, made because the M48 was too expensive to mass-produce.
The outer hood of the M-51 Fishtail Parka is integral to the parka shell, an added hood liner as well as a button in main liner make the M-51 a versatile 3 piece parka. The idea behind this 3 part system was to enable a more customisable parka that allowed for easier cleaning of the shell as the hood fur was on the detachable hood liner, not fixed to the shell as in the M-48. It also allowed for both liners to be buttoned in or our depending on the temperature and hence warmth required. It was also cheaper than the M-48 to mass-produce The early M-51 was made of heavy sateen cotton, the same material as the M-48. Later revisions of the M-51 were poplin based. The later liners were also revised from the "heavy when wet" wool pile to a lighter woolen loop or frieze wool design that dried easier and were far lighter. The frieze liners were constructed of mohair and were designed using a double loop system.
The M-65 fishtail parka has a detachable hood and was the last revision. It features a removable quilted liner made of light nylon / polyester batting which are modern synthetic materials. The M-65 fishtail parka first came into production in 1968. These parkas featured synthetic fur on the hoods after an outcry from the fur lobby. As a result, only hoods for these parkas made in 1972 and for one year later have real fur.
Designed primarily for combat arms forces such as infantry, they are to be worn over other layers of clothing; alone, the fishtail parka is insufficient to protect against "dry cold" conditions (i.e. below about -10 °C). As such all fishtail parkas are big as they were designed to be worn over battle dress and other layers.
In the 1960s UK, the fishtail parka became a symbol of the mod subculture. Because of their practicality, cheapness and availability from military surplus shops, the parka was seen as the ideal garment for fending off the elements and protecting smarter clothes underneath from grease and dirt when on the mod's vehicle of choice, the scooter. Its place in popular culture was assured by newspaper pictures of parka-clad mods during the Bank Holiday riots of the 1960s.
However, it is claimed by some that fishtail parks were not seen as fashionable by mods, and they caught on more with the "uncool" general public in the 1970s. Photos of mods wearing the fishtail parkas, so it's claimed, always involved a "weekend at the seaside" and were not within cities.[10]
Cagoule
[edit]A cagoule is the British English term for a lightweight, weatherproof anorak or parka, usually unlined and sometimes knee-length.[11] A cagoule could be rolled up into a very compact package and carried in a bag or pocket.[12][13] It was invented by Noel Bibby of Peter Storm Ltd. in the early 1960s.[14] It may have a full-zippered front opening, or pull over the head like an original anorak and close with snaps or a short zipper, has an integral hood, and elasticated or drawstring cuffs.[15] In some versions, when rolled up, the hood doubles as a bag into which the rest of the coat is pushed. It became very popular in the United Kingdom during the 1970s.
See also
[edit]- Anorak (slang) – Slang term for someone with an interest in niche subjects
- Capote (garment) – Traditional North American garment
- Goggle jacket – Hooded windproof type jacket
- Hoodie – Sweatshirt with a hood
- Mackintosh (raincoat) – British name for a raincoat made of rubberized fabric
- Yup'ik clothing – Traditional clothing worn by the Yup'ik people of Alaska
- The Anorak – a play about the Montreal Massacre written and performed by Adam Kelly[16]
References
[edit]- ^ Games, Alex (2007), Balderdash & Piffle : One sandwich short of a dog's dinner, London: BBC, ISBN 978-1-84607-235-2
- ^ ""parka" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
- ^ Brewers Dictionary of 20th Century Phrase and Fable
- ^ parka (2012) Inuktitut Living Dictionary. Retrieved September 14, 2012, from link
- ^ "Asuilaak Living Dictionary". Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
- ^ a b Issenman, Betty Kobayashi (2007). "The Art and Technique of Inuit Clothing". McCord Museum. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ^ Karetak, Rhoda Akpaliapik (2005), "Amautiit", in King, J. C. H.; Pauksztat, Birgit; Storrie, Robert (eds.), Arctic clothing of North America: Alaska, Canada, Greenland, China: C & C Offset Printing Co., Ltd, p. 80, ISBN 0-7735-3008-8
- ^ "The parka Jacket". November 27, 2016.
- ^ "Authentic M48 / M-1948". www.fishtailparkas.com.
- ^ Knight, John (2020). "The Myth Of The Parka". Mods Of Your Generation. Retrieved June 14, 2025.
- ^ The Chambers Dictionary, 1994. ISBN 0-550-10255-8
- ^ "All About Smocks - from Painters to Paratroopers". 20 April 2023.
- ^ "Ventile History: Wartime Innovation to Vintage Icon". Those That Know. 24 November 2024.
- ^ Mike Parsons and Mary Rose, Invisible on Everest—innovation and the gear makers. ISBN 0-9704143-5-8
- ^ Claudia Wisniewski: Wörterbuch des Kostüms und der Mode. 6. Auflage. Reclam, Stuttgart, ISBN 978-3-15-018762-3, S. 18.
- ^ "Nunatsiaq News 2007-07-27". Nunatsiaqonline.ca. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
External links
[edit]
- A traditional Inuit parka at the Sheldon Jackson Museum, in Alaska
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Parka
View on GrokipediaOrigins and Etymology
Etymology
The word "parka" derives from the Tundra Nenets language, a Samoyedic language spoken by indigenous peoples of northern Russia, where it originally meant "skin" or "pelt," referring to a garment made from animal hides.[4][1] This term was borrowed into Russian as "párka," denoting a hooded jacket or fur coat crafted from pelts, and subsequently entered Aleut languages of the Aleutian Islands with a similar meaning.[9][10] The term made its way into English in the early 17th century, with the first recorded use appearing in Samuel Purchas's 1625 travel compilation Purchas his Pilgrimes, which drew from explorer accounts of Arctic regions.[1][11] By the 18th century, it had become established in English to describe hooded fur garments worn by Inuit and other Arctic peoples, as noted in subsequent expedition narratives.[12] It is distinct from "anorak," another hooded outerwear term, which originates from the Greenlandic Kalaallisut word "annoraaq," meaning a similar type of pull-over jacket made from sealskin.[13] While both words refer to protective Arctic clothing, "parka" emphasizes the skin-based construction from its Nenets roots, whereas "anorak" highlights the Inuit design tradition.[10]Indigenous Origins
The parka originated among indigenous Arctic peoples, including the Inuit across North America and Greenland, the Aleut in the Aleutian Islands, and the Nenets in Siberia, with archaeological evidence indicating the use of tailored skin clothing extending thousands of years into prehistory.[14][15][16] These garments evolved as essential attire in regions characterized by prolonged subzero temperatures and harsh weather, predating European contact by millennia.[16] Primarily designed for protection against extreme cold, the parka facilitated critical activities such as hunting, kayaking, and daily survival in environments where temperatures could drop below -40°C.[17] For the Inuit and Aleut, it provided vital insulation during sea mammal hunts and maritime travel, while for the Nenets, it supported reindeer herding and nomadic life across tundra landscapes.[18][4] Early construction techniques involved sewing multiple layers of animal skins—such as caribou, seal, seabird, or reindeer hides—to create hooded jackets offering superior insulation and wind resistance.[19] Fur was typically positioned inward to retain body heat, with seams meticulously stitched using sinew or bone needles to prevent moisture ingress and enhance durability.[4] These methods, adapted to locally available materials, ensured the parka's effectiveness in trapping warm air while allowing breathability.[20] Beyond functionality, the parka carried profound cultural significance, symbolizing survival expertise and communal resilience in Arctic societies, often with gender-specific adaptations in fit and decoration to suit roles in hunting, childcare, and seasonal migrations.[17] Among the Inuit and Nenets, its creation involved shared knowledge transmission across generations, reinforcing social bonds and environmental harmony essential to community practices.[20] For the Aleut, birdskin variants underscored a deep connection to marine ecosystems, integral to identity and ritual life.[18]Traditional Designs
Amauti
The amauti is a specialized traditional parka worn by Inuit women, distinguished by its integrated kangaroo-like pouch, known as the amaut, located on the back for securely carrying infants from birth to toddler age.[21] Constructed primarily from caribou or seal skins, the amauti features an oversized hood crafted to fit over both the mother and child, providing essential protection from extreme cold, wind, and frostbite while allowing the infant to nestle against the mother's back for shared body heat. The hood's construction enables the baby to be easily pulled forward to the front for breastfeeding without removing the child from the pouch, emphasizing the garment's practical engineering for maternal needs.[22][23] Regional variations in the amauti reflect local adaptations and cultural expressions, differing in size, shape, and ornamentation to serve practical and identity purposes. These differences allow the amauti to serve as a marker of regional affiliation. In Inuit family life, the amauti plays a vital role in fostering close mother-child bonding and supporting matrilineal caregiving practices, as it enables women to maintain mobility for hunting, gathering, or migration while keeping infants warm and protected in harsh Arctic conditions. By freeing the mother's hands for essential tasks, the garment underscores the centrality of women's labor and emotional connections in sustaining family units and cultural continuity.[21]Other Arctic Parkas
The Aleut kamleika, a traditional waterproof parka, was crafted from the intestines of sea otters, seals, or sea lions, sewn with sinew threads using waterproof stitches to create a lightweight, flexible garment ideal for maritime activities.[24] This design formed a watertight seal around the body when tucked into a kayak, protecting wearers from rain, spray, and immersion during hunting and fishing expeditions.[18] Archaeological evidence and ethnographic records indicate its use dates back thousands of years among Aleut communities in the Aleutian Islands, predating European contact and reflecting adaptations to the region's stormy coastal environment.[24][25] Among Nenets and other Siberian Arctic peoples, traditional parkas emphasized reindeer skin construction, often featuring pull-over styles with fur linings to trap body heat in the vast tundra.[20] The mal'tsia, a one-piece hooded pullover coat made from reindeer hides with fur facing inward for insulation, was standard for men engaged in nomadic reindeer herding and was typically worn under an outer layer with fur facing outward for wind resistance, allowing mobility across frozen landscapes while herding thousands of animals.[20] Paired with thigh-high leggings, these designs provided layered protection against extreme cold and wind, prioritizing durability for seasonal migrations over long distances in Yamal Peninsula environments.[26][27] Yupik peoples in Alaska and Chukchi in Russia developed parka styles suited to terrestrial travel, often incorporating split skirts or tapered hems to facilitate snowshoeing and dog sledding in snowy terrains.[28] Yupik parkas, typically fur-lined with ringed seal or caribou, featured extended rear flaps or splits for striding over uneven ice and snow during inland hunts, enhancing balance and preventing drag from sled harnesses.[29] Chukchi designs adapted similarly for herding reindeer across the tundra, using reindeer skins for warmth and mobility in subzero conditions.[30] These parka variations highlight adaptations to specific subsistence activities, such as gut-based Aleut designs for marine fishing and kayaking versus fur-heavy Nenets and Chukchi styles for land-based hunting and herding, each optimizing waterproofing or insulation as needed.[18] In ceremonial and shamanistic contexts, Yupik and Chukchi parkas served ritual roles, with elaborately embroidered gut or fur versions worn during seasonal festivals to invoke spirits for successful hunts or community healing, symbolizing cultural continuity and spiritual protection.[31][32]Military and Modern Development
N-3B Parka
The N-3B parka was developed by the U.S. military in the early 1950s as an extreme cold-weather garment designated under military specification MIL-J-6279, primarily for U.S. Air Force aircrews operating in Arctic environments.[33] Drawing briefly on insulation principles from traditional Arctic parkas, it incorporated a layered design to trap heat effectively against subzero temperatures.[6] Adopted around 1953, the model served pilots and ground crews during the Korean War, where it protected personnel from harsh winter conditions in regions like North Korea.[34] Its deployment extended into Cold War expeditions, including Antarctic missions like Operation Deep Freeze, where it was rated for temperatures as low as -60°F.[35] Key features of the N-3B included a mid-thigh-length nylon twill shell for water resistance, wool pile insulation for warmth, a drawstring waist to seal out wind, and multiple utility pockets such as handwarmers and interior map compartments.[5] The signature snorkel hood, adjustable via a drawcord and lined with a fur ruff (often coyote or synthetic), could cinch tightly to form a protective tunnel around the face, earning the garment its popular nickname "snorkel parka."[36] Additional elements like a full-length zipper with storm flap, knit cuffs, and reinforced elbows enhanced its durability for aviation use.[37] Following its military service, surplus N-3B parkas flooded the market in the late 1950s and 1960s, making them affordable and accessible beyond the armed forces.[5] This availability facilitated a transition to civilian wear, with the parka gaining traction among urban youth subcultures in the 1960s, particularly British mods who valued its practical, insulated style for scooter rides in damp, cold weather.[6] The design's functionality and surplus pricing helped cement its role as a staple in post-war street fashion, influencing broader adoption in casual outerwear.[5]Fishtail Parka
The fishtail parka, designated M-51 by the U.S. Army, emerged in the early 1950s as a military garment developed for cold-weather operations during the Korean War, evolving from earlier prototypes like the M-48 to provide enhanced protection and mobility for infantry including paratroopers.[38][39] This model featured a knee-length cut with a signature fishtail hem extension at the rear, designed to be buttoned or strapped around the wearer's boots for added coverage against wind and debris while allowing freedom of movement during operations.[38] The design shared a concurrent development timeline with other mid-century military outerwear like the U.S. N-3B parka, reflecting broader postwar innovations in protective clothing.[6] Constructed primarily from durable 11.5 oz. cotton sateen for wind resistance and natural water repellency, the fishtail parka prioritized practicality for field use.[38][40] The garment's adoption extended to U.S. paratroopers during the Korean War, where surplus and adapted versions offered reliable protection in cold, windy environments, influencing cross-Atlantic military exchanges.[39] By the 1950s and 1960s, the fishtail parka transitioned into civilian fashion, gaining iconic status among British youth subcultures such as mods and skinheads, who prized its rugged, utilitarian aesthetic as an affordable layer over tailored suits or workwear during scooter rides and urban outings.[5] Sourced largely from military surplus shops, the parka's loose fit, adjustable hem, and neutral olive tones epitomized a blend of postwar rebellion and practicality, appearing in cultural touchstones like films and music scenes.[38] Over time, the fishtail parka evolved into shorter, more versatile iterations for everyday wear, shedding some of its full military length while retaining the hem detail for style. This adaptation influenced heritage outdoor brands, notably Barbour, which incorporated fishtail-inspired elements into their waxed cotton lines, updating the design for modern countryside and urban applications.[41]Contemporary Variations
Cagoule
The cagoule is a lightweight, hooded waterproof jacket developed in the United Kingdom as a packable outer layer primarily for outdoor pursuits such as hiking and mountaineering. It was invented by former Royal Marine Noel Bibby, who founded the Peter Storm brand in 1954 and patented a version that could be rolled into a compact package for easy carrying in a rucksack or pocket; the design was commercially launched in 1960.[42][43] The term "cagoule" derives from the French word for a monk's cowl or hood, reflecting its enveloping, protective head coverage.[44] Key design elements emphasize portability and functionality, including a full-length front zipper for easy donning, an adjustable hood with drawcord for weather sealing, and construction from synthetic waterproof fabrics like nylon taffeta, often coated for repellency. Unlike insulated parkas, cagoules are unlined and non-insulating, prioritizing minimal weight—typically under 300 grams—for activities like cycling and walking in wet conditions without overheating. Bibby's original Peter Storm model featured elasticated cuffs, a large stuff pocket, and simple popper fastenings at the sides for ventilation.[45][46] The garment rose to prominence during the 1960s surge in British outdoor recreation, as post-war prosperity fueled interest in hiking and climbing, making the affordable, durable cagoule a go-to for enthusiasts. By the 1970s, its practical, oversized form influenced youth and subcultural styles, aligning with the era's emphasis on utilitarian clothing amid the outdoor boom and emerging countercultures.[42][47] In contemporary iterations, cagoules have evolved to incorporate breathable membranes such as Gore-Tex, which provide waterproofing (typically rated above 10,000 mm hydrostatic head) alongside vapor permeability (around 15,000-20,000 g/m²/24h) to manage moisture during active use, while retaining the classic lightweight profile.[48][49]Fashion and Urban Parkas
In the 1990s and 2000s, parkas transitioned from military surplus to staples of streetwear, particularly through reissues of designs like the N-3B by brands such as Alpha Industries, which began producing civilian versions in the 1980s and saw surging popularity amid grunge and hip-hop influences.[6] Grunge enthusiasts, inspired by indie music scenes and bands like Nirvana, embraced the oversized, rugged aesthetic of 1950s-inspired parkas like the N-3B for their thrift-store appeal and layered functionality in urban environments.[33] Meanwhile, hip-hop culture incorporated fishtail parkas as part of a broader adoption of military-inspired outerwear, blending utility with bold street styling in cities like New York.[5] Key trends in fashion parkas emphasized versatility and aesthetics, including oversized silhouettes for a relaxed fit, removable fur-lined hoods for adaptability, and expanded color palettes ranging from neutrals to vibrant hues beyond traditional khaki.[50] Designers like Raf Simons elevated these elements on runways, featuring hooded, water-repellent parkas with elongated sleeves and graphic prints in collections such as AW17 "Nightmare" and earlier archive pieces, influencing high-end urban wardrobes.[51] Parkas also permeated subcultures, notably the 1990s UK rave scene, where military-derived outerwear like fishtail styles provided practical layering for all-night events in cold warehouses, contributing to the era's eclectic, functional dress code.[52] In contemporary athleisure, parkas integrate into athletic chic trends, pairing with activewear for everyday urban mobility, as seen in SS25 collections from Prada and Rabanne that highlight hooded, waterproof designs.[53] Post-2010, sustainability became a defining shift in urban parka production, with brands like Patagonia committing to recycled materials; by 2019, all shell fabrics in their outerwear, including parkas, were made from recycled sources to reduce environmental impact.[54] This focus on eco-friendly innovations, such as recycled polyester insulation, aligns with broader consumer demand for durable, low-waste fashion staples.[55]Design and Materials
Key Features
Parkas feature distinctive hood designs optimized for extreme weather protection, with fixed snorkel-style hoods that can be drawn tight to form a narrow aperture, effectively deflecting wind and shielding the face from snow and cold gusts.[56] These hoods commonly incorporate adjustable drawcords to secure a personalized fit around the head and neck, enhancing overall insulation by minimizing drafts.[57] Additionally, many include fur or synthetic ruffs along the hood's perimeter, which trap escaping body heat and disrupt airflow to prevent wind chill from reaching the skin.[36] Closure systems in parkas prioritize usability in low temperatures and gloved hands, often employing full-length zippers covered by storm flaps for rapid ventilation while blocking wind penetration.[58] Button fronts provide an alternative for secure layering over bulky clothing, with overlapping plackets that seal against moisture and cold air ingress.[59] Pull-over necks simplify donning in windy conditions, and integrated adjustments like drawcords at the waist and Velcro or snaps at the cuffs allow for precise fitting to trap warmth and restrict movement of air inside the garment.[58] Pocket configurations emphasize practicality and thermal utility, with multiple external slash or flap pockets on the chest and hips for accessible storage of tools and gear during outdoor activities.[60] Internal pockets offer secure compartments for valuables, while dedicated hand-warmer styles—often fleece-lined and positioned at waist level—enable users to warm hands directly against the body without exposing them to the elements.[61] Length and hem adaptations balance protection with practicality, featuring hip-length cuts that promote unrestricted mobility for tasks requiring agility, such as hiking or fieldwork.[58] In contrast, knee-length designs extend coverage to the lower legs, effectively blocking driven snow accumulation and reducing heat loss from exposed areas during stationary or severe weather exposure.[62] For instance, the N-3B parka exemplifies these elements in a military context for sustained cold operations.[37]Materials Used
Traditional parkas, particularly those developed by Inuit communities in the Arctic, were constructed from caribou, seal, or fox skins, which provided natural durability and insulation against extreme cold.[21][14] These outer layers were often treated with fish oil to enhance water repellency, while inner linings utilized fur from Arctic animals such as caribou or fox for superior thermal retention due to the insulating properties of their hollow hairs.[63][64] In the mid-20th century, military adaptations of parkas shifted toward more industrialized materials to meet demands for mass production and rugged use. Wool blends were commonly employed for insulation, offering reliable warmth, while outer shells incorporated cotton gabardine for weather resistance in designs like the fishtail parka, or early synthetics such as nylon for enhanced durability in models like the N-3B.[65][3] These fabrics, often in nylon-wool or cotton-nylon mixes, balanced protection against wind and moisture with the need for mobility in harsh environments.[37][66] Contemporary parkas favor advanced synthetic and hybrid materials optimized for performance and environmental considerations. Insulation typically includes down for its exceptional warmth-to-weight ratio or synthetic alternatives like PrimaLoft, which maintain loft even when wet; a hybrid parka combines down insulation in the core and hood with synthetic insulation in wet-prone areas for balanced warmth and moisture resistance.[67][68] Waterproofing is achieved through membranes such as Gore-Tex, paired with shells of recycled polyester for sustainability.[69][70][71] Natural materials like fur and down excel in breathability, allowing moisture vapor to escape during activity, but they can provoke allergic reactions and raise ethical issues related to animal sourcing, which intensified post-2000 with growing awareness of fur farming cruelties and live-plucking practices.[69][72][73] In contrast, synthetics such as PrimaLoft and Gore-Tex offer hypoallergenicity and vegan appeal, avoiding animal welfare concerns, though they may trap heat less efficiently in dry conditions and contribute to microplastic pollution.[74][75]References
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parka